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A 

Pictorial History 



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ARKANSAS 

From Earliest times to the Year 1890. 

A FULL AND COMPLETE ACCOUNT, 

EMBRACING THE INDIAN TRIBES OCCUPYING THE COUNTRY; THE EARLY 

FRENCH AND SPANISH EXPLORERS AND GOVERNORS; THE COLONIAL 

PERIOD; THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE; THE PERIODS OF THE 

TERRITORY, THE STATE, THE CIVIL WAR, AND THE 

SUBSEQUENT PERIOD. 

—ALSO,— 

AN EXTENDED HISTORY OF EACH COUNTY IN THE ORDER OF FORMATION, 
AND OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS; TOGETHER WITH 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF DISTINGUISHED AND PROM- 
INENT CITIZENS. 

SUPERBLY ILLUSTRATED WITH RARE AND VALUABLE MAPS; A FULL COLLEC- 
TION OF PORTRAITS OF GOVERNORS AND OTHER DISTINGUISHED 
MEN; AND WITH NUMEROUS SKETCHES, DRAWINGS, 
VIEWS AND SCENES. 



KAY HEMPSTEAD 



ST. LOUIS and NEW YORK: 
N. D. THOMPSON PUBLISHING COMPANY. 

» 1890. 



F4-II 
.H4q 



COPYRIGHTED 1390 BY 
N. D. THOMPSON PUBLISHING CO. 






AUTHOR S PREFACE 



iY way of preface I shall have only this to say, that my 
idea of a History of a State is that it is sui generis — a 
thing peculiar to itself. It affords no field for literary attractive- 
ness, or individual style. It requires the statement of facts 
and incidents only, and in a plain and definite way. An 
historian must of necessity be a chronicler and an annalist, 
but the nature of his engagement debars him from being 
either an essayist or a moralizer. He must state the facts 
fairly, fully and sufficiently, giving to each circumstance its 
full weight and importance ; "nothing extenuate, nor set down 
aught in malice;" but he is not permitted to go outside 
of this line to indulge in theories, or to follow suppositions. A 
History of a particular matter is often made merely a disqui- 
sition upon that subject, but a History of a State requires the 
recital of incidents, connected intimately or remotely with the 
line of her career and inhabitants, and nothing more. For 
this reason I have not sought to make my work attractive by 
any attempt at literary display, or to afford entertainment by 
means of style. I have aimed to make it more like the 
record of the State's life — to make it what I hope it may be 
accepted as : a vast compendium of facts connected with 
her career. To what extent I may have succeeded therein 
must be left to the judgment of the public. I always had it 
in mind, that when I came to write the preface to the work I 



PREFACE. 

would make an individual acknowledgment of thanks to those 
persons who have kindly assisted me by furnishing informa- 
tion, but now that I have arrived at the time and the place, I 
find it impracticable to do so. The body of the work alone 
has grown so large as to require persistent pruning to get it 
into limits practicable for publication. At the risk, therefore, 
of appearing ungrateful for favors shown, I am obliged to 
content myself with merely a general acknowledgment, which 
I now make. To all who know themselves to have assisted, 
I beg to make the assurance that their kind aid is remembered 
with gratitude. Wherever extended it served to render lighter 
the burden of times that taxed alike my patience and my utmost 

industry. 

FAY HEMPSTEAD. 

Little Rock, Ark., 1890. 






TABHE OF COHTEflTS 



PERIOD I. 

THE COLONIAL PERIOD, FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 1803. 

CHAPTER I. 

Page. 
TO THE YEAR 1543. 

Acquisition. — Aboriginal Tribes. — De Soto's Wanderings 17 

CHAPTER II. 

1543 to 1700. 
Explorations of Marquette. — Hennepin. — LaSalle. — De Tonti, and Iberville. 48 

CHAPTER III. 

1700 to 1800. 

Colonization.— The Company of the West. — John Law's Grant. — LaHarpe's 
Journey. — Forts. — Bienville and the Natchez War. — French Governors.— 
Cession to Spain. — Spanish Governors. — Grants of Land. — Settlement of 
the Upper Part of the Province. — Retro-cession to France 82 

CHAPTER IV. 

1800 TO 1804. 

The Louisiana Purchase 108 



PERIOD II. 

THE ANTE-TERRITORIAL PERIOD, FROM 1804 TO 1819. 

CHAPTER V. 

FROM 1804 TO 1S19. 

Louisiana Territory.— Indian Treaties. — Formation of Arkansas Territory. . . 133 



VI . TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PERIOD III. 

THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD, FROM 1819 TO 1836. 
CHAPTER VI. 

FROM 1819 TO 1S25. 

Arkansas Territory. — The Administration of Governor James Miller. — First 
Legislature. — First Newspaper. — Courts. — Seat of Government Moved.. 169 

CHAPTER VII. 

1825 TO 1829. 

Administration of Governor George Izard. — Ambrose H. Sevier. — First 
Steamboat 205 

CHAPTER VIII. 

1829 TO 1831. 
The Administration of Governor John Pope. — Progress of the Territory 221 

CHAPTER IX. 

1831 TO 1S34. 
Emigrating Indians. — Territorial Affairs. — State House 236 

CHAPTER X. 

1834 to 1836. 

Administration of Governor William S. Fulton.— Arkansas Admitted into 

the Union 247 



PERIOD IV. 

THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD, FROM 1836 TO 1861. 
CHAPTER XI. 

1836 TO 1840. 

Arkansas a State. — James S. Conway, First Governor. — The Real Estate and 
State Banks, etc., etc 261 

CHAPTER XII. 

1840 TO 1S46. 

Administrations of Governors Archibald Yell, Samuel Adams, and Thomas 
S. Drew 287 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll 

page. 
CHAPTER XIII. 

1846 TO 1848. 

'I.-he Mexican War 299 

CHAPTER XIV. 

1848 to 1852. 

The Administrations of Governors Thomas S. Drew, Richard C. Byrd, and 
John Selden Roane 313 

CHAPTER XV. 

1852 TO 1860. 

Administration of Governor Elias N. Conway — Two Terms. — Internal Im- 
provements 323 



PERIOD V. 

THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR, FROM 1861 TO 1865. 

K 
CHAPTER XVI. 

1861. 

Administration of Governor Henry M. Rector. — The Ordinance of Secession. 349 

CHAPTER XVII. 

Safe 

Preparations for War. — Organization of Troops 360 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

1861. 

Organization of Troops. — History of Regiments, Continued 399 

CHAPTER XIX. 

1861. 
Equipment.— Southern Women. — War Songs. — Conflict begun 434 

CHAPTER XX. 

1862. 

General Situation. — Losses in Kentucky. — Fall of Memphis. — Elk Horn. — 
Shiloh. — Emancipation Proclamation 450 



Vlil TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Page. 
CHAPTER XXI. 

1862. 

Progress of the War. — Formation of Trans-Mississippi Department. — Harris 
Flanagin, Governor. — Hardships in Domestic Life 480 

CHAPTER XXII. 

1S63. 

Progress of the War, Continued. — Gettysburg. — Vicksburg. — Helena and 
Port Hudson 510 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

1863. 

Progress of the War, Continued. — Battles of Chickamauga. — Missionary- 
Ridge, and Ringgold Gap 526 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

1864. 
Progress of the War, Continued. — Battles of Atlanta and Franklin 551 

CHAPTER XXV. 

1864— 1S65. 

Re-establishment of a State Government. — Isaac Murphy, Governor. — End 
of the War 577 



PERIOD VI. 

THE PERIOD SINCE THE WAR, FROM 1865 TO 1890. 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

1865 TO 1868. 
Administration of Governor Isaac Murphy 595 

CHAPTER XXVII. 

1868 to 1873. 
Administrations of Governors Powell Clayton, and O. A. Hadley 606 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 

JANUARY, 1873, TO NOVEMBER, 1874. 

Administration of Governor Elisha Baxter 625 



Table of contents. ix 

Page. 
CHAPTER XXIX. 

NOVEMBER, 1874, TO JANUARY, 18S1. 

Administration of Governors A. H. Garland, and William R. Miller 648 

CHAPTER XXX. 

1881 TO 1885. 
Administration of Governors Thomas J. Churchill, and James H. Berry.. 666 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

1885 TO 1889. 
Administration of Governor Simon P. Hughes. — Two Terms 6S2 

CHAPTER XXXII. 

1S89— 1890. 
In the Administration of Governor James P. Eagle 691 

CHAPTER XXXIII. 
History of Little Rock • G99 

CHAPTER XXXIV. 

Biographical Notices of Citizens of Little Rock 763 

COUNTY HISTORIES. 

Arkansas 823 

Lawrence 833 

Pulaski '. 839 

Clark 848 

Hempstead 859 

Miller 875 

Phillips 8S2 

Crawford 892 

Independence 901 

Chicot. 912 

Conway 918 

Crittenden 921 

Izard 924 

Lovely 928 

St. Francis , 929 

Lafayette 932 

Sevier , 935 

Washington s 93S 

Pope 946 



X TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Union 949 

Hot Spring 953 

Monroe 956 

Jefferson 963 

Jackson 982 

Mississippi 991 

Carroll 995 

Pike 998 

Greene 1000 

Scott 1004 

Van Buren 1006 

Johnson 1008 

White 1011 

Randolph 1019 

Saline 1025 

Marion 1029 

Madison 1031 

Benton 1035 

Franklin 1039 

Poinsett 1041 

Desha 1044 

Searcy 1049 

Yell 1051 

Bradley 1056 

Perry 1059 

Ouachita 1061 

Montgomery 1071 

Newton 1073 

Fulton 1075 

Polk 1077 

Dallas 1079 

Prairie 1082 

Drew 1089 

Ashley 1092 

Calhoun 1095 

Sebastian 1097 

Columbia 1109 

Craighead 1112 

Cross 1116 

Little River 1121 

Sharp 1123 

Grant 1125 

Boone , 1128 

Nevada 1130 

Logan 1135 

Lincoln 1140 

Clay 1142 

Baxter 1144 

Garland 1146 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. Xl 

Page. 

Faulkner 1164 

Lonoke H66 

Cleveland , 1171 

Howard ' 11 73 

Lee 1176 

Stone ." 1180 

Cleburne 1182 



APPENDICES. 



A.— LIST OF GOVERNORS 11S5 

B.— EXECUTIVE, JUDICIAL AND LEGISLATIVE OFFICERS. 

No. 1. — Secretaries 11S7 

No. 2.— Auditors 1187 

No. 3.— Treasurers 1188 

No. 4. — Attorneys-General 1188 

No. 5. — Solicitors-General 11S9 

No. 6. — Commissioners of Immigration and State Lands 1189 

No. 7. — Superintendents of Public Instruction 11S9 

No. 8. — Officers of Supreme Court 1189 

No. 9.— Chancellors 1190 

No. 10. — Judges and Prosecuting Attorneys 1191 

10 1 .— Territorial 1191 

10 2 .— State 1192 

10 s . — Pulaski Criminal Court 1096 

No. 11. — Legislators 1097 

C— SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS 1231 

D.— OFFICERS OF THE FEDERAL COURTS IN ARKANSAS..... 1233 

^.—POPULATION AT VARIOUS DATES • 1235 




IBUfite 



J 



Page. 

STATE-HOUSE, LITTLE EOCK Frontispiece 

MAP, CASTE DE LA LOUISIANA A. 16 

MAP, SUPPOSED EOUTE OF DE SOTO 47 

FAC SIMILE AUTOGRAPH MAP, MISSISSIPPI RIVER 50 

BIENVILLE S3 

MAP, LOUISIANA PURCHASE .122 

WILLIAM C. C. CLAIBORNE 125 

GEN. JAMES WILKINSON 135 

MAP, ARKANSAS RIVER 138 

MAP, INDIAN PURCHASES .. 143 

EDWARD HEMPSTEAD .... 154 

ANDREW SCOTT 161 

JAMES MILLER 163 

WILLIAM E . WOODRUFF 171 

BENJAMIN JOHNSON 191 

AMBROSE H. SEVIER 216 

ROBERT CRITTENDEN. 251 

JAMES S. CONWAY 262 

SEAL OF ARKANSAS TERRITORY 264 

SEAL OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS 264 

ARCHIBALD YELL 288 

SAMUEL ADAMS 294 

THOMAS S. DREW 296 

LUKE E. BARBER 298 

JOHN SELDEN ROANE 319 

ELIAS NELSON CONWAY 324 

ARKANSAS SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND 337 

V 



VI 3tl. LUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 

HENRY M. RECTOR 342 

GEN". PATRICK R. CLEBURNE 367 

GEN. THOMAS C. HINDMAN 483 

HARRIS FLANAGIN , . 505 

GEN". STERLING PRICE 527 

GEN. FREDERICK STEELE 530 

FIRST GUN AT CHICKAMAUGA 534 

CLEBURNE'S DEFENSE OF RINGGOLD GAP 539 

BATTLE OF RESACA, GA 554 

BATTLE OF KENNESAW MOUNTAIN 560 

POWELL CLAYTON 607 

O. A. HADLEY , 818 

ELISHA BAXTER 626 

AUGUSTUS H. GARLAND 649 

WILLIAM R. MILLER 657 

THOMAS J. CHURCHILL 667 

INSANE ASYLUM, LITTLE ROCK 669 

J. H. BERRY 675 

ELBERT H. ENGLISH 678 

SIMON P. HUGHES 683 

JAMES P. EAGLE 692 

UNION DEPOT, LITTLE ROCK 700 

LINCOLN AVENUE, LITTLE ROCK 705 

MARKHAM STREET, LITTLE ROCK 70S 

PARK U. S. BARRACKS, LITTLE ROCK 710 

ALLIS BLOCK, LITTLE ROCK 712 

CAPITAL HOTEL, LITTLE ROCK 714 

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, STATE UNIVERSITY 715 

DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTE 719 

CAPITAL THEATER, LITTLE ROCK 721 

CONVENT, SISTERS OF MERCY 725 

COLORED BAPTIST CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK 728 

CUSTOM HOUSE, LITTLE ROCK 730 

BOARD OF TRADE, LITTLE ROCK 732 

SPECIMENS OF RESIDENCE ARCHITECTURE, LITTLE ROCK 734 

CAPITAL HILL COLORED SCHOOL, LITTLE ROCK 735 

SCOTT STREET SCHOOL, LITTLE ROCK 737 

FORT STEELE SCHOOL 73s 

LITTLE ROCK UNIVERSITY , 740 

FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK 742 

CHRISTIAN CHURCH. LITTLE ROCK 743 



ILLUSTRATIONS. Vll 

Page. 
SECOND BAPTIST AND METHODIST CHURCHES, LITTLE ROOK.. 746 

FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK 750 

CATHOLIC CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK 752 

EPISCOPAL CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK 754 

GERMAN LUTHERAN CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK 756 

CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 759 

BETHEL COLORED CHURCH 760 

MAIN STREET LOOKING SOUTH, LITTLE ROCK 762 

ALBERT PIKE 778 

SAMUEL H. HEMPSTEAD 7S2 

CATHOLIC CHURCH, IMBODEN 834 

PULASKI COUNTY COURT-HOUSE 843 

ONE THOUSAND ACRE COTTON FIELD 845 

FANCY STOCK FARM 847 

COURT HOUSE, ARKADELPHIA 849 

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, ARKADELPHIA 853 

M. E. CHURCH, SOUTH, ARKADELPHIA S54 

BAPTIST CHURCH, ARKADELPHIA 856 

OUACHITA COLLEGE, ARKADELPHIA 858 

GRANDISON D. ROYSTON 868 

GATE CITY LUMBER COMPANY. 878 

SISTERS OF ST. AGNES CONVENT 8S0 

BRYN MAWR 897 

ARLINGTON HOTEL S99 

INDEPENDENCE COURT-HOUSE 903 

M. E. CHURCH, SOUTH, BATESVILLE 904 

ARKANSAS MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE 906 

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, BATESVILLE 907 

RIVER VIEW, BATESVILLE 909 

EPISCOPAL CHURCH, BATESVILLE 911 

LIME KILN NEAR BATESVILLE 915 

ARKANSAS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY " .945 

SCHOOL HOUSE, BRINKLEY 961 

STBEET SCENE, PINE BLUFF 965 

HOTEL TRULOCK, PINE BLUFF 967 

SECOND WARD PUBLIC SCHOOL, PINE BLUFF 969 

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, PINE BLUFF 970 

JEFFERSON COUNTY COURT-HOUSE ! 971 

CITY HIGH SCHOOL, PINE BLUFF 972 

CATHOLIC CHURCH, PINE BLUFF 973 

SYNAGOGUE, PINE BLUFF 975 



VI II ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 

BAPTIST CHURCH, PINE BLUFF 977 

EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PINE BLUFF 97S 

BRANCH STATE NORMAL SCHOOL -980 

COURT-HOUSE, JACKSONPORT 9S3 

M. E. CHURCH, SOUTH, NEWPORT 9S5 

EPISCOPAL CHURCH, NEWPORT 9S6 

WALNUT STREET PUBLIC SCHOOL 9SS 

IMMENSE HARDWOOD LUMBER YARD 9: JO 

NE WPORT LUMBER COMPANY 994 

WHITE COUNTY COURT-HOUSE *• • • • -1014 

GALLOWAY FEMALE COLLEGE 1015 

CONVENT MARIA STEIN 1021 

RANDOLPH COUNTY COURT-HOUSE 1022 

CATHOLIC CHURCH, POCAHONTAS • 1023 

GOV. ISAAC MURPHY 1034 

STREET SCENE, FORT SMITH 1100 

CATHOLIC CHURCH, JONESBORO .....1114 

NEVADA COUNTY COURT-HOUSE, PRESCOTT 1131 

HIGH SCHOOL, PRESCOTT. • • 1133 

CENTRAL AVENUE, HOT SPRINGS 1119 

U. S. ARMY AND NAVAL HOSPITAL 1153 

CLUSTER OF BATH-HOUSES, HOT SPRINGS • • • • -1155 

VIEW FROM HOT SPRINGS MOUNTAIN 1159 

CLUSTER OF RESIDENCES, HOT SPRINGS 1162 

VINEYARD NEAR NASHVILLE • • •• 1174 

PUBLIC SCHOOL, NASHVILLE 1175 



»°e illM<^°° 



PERIOD I. 
From Earliest Times to 1803 



Carte de la Louisiane 

r-f^ee ./ur an ynvTid nambre de *sf&>mo{#xj e^ttmu. tn.i jut 




Note. — The manuscript from which the above Map was prepared, was found in the "J 
said to bear date the year 1700.* IE so, it is evident that after the original preparation a]; 
above contains items of as late a date as 1717. Also is to be noted the fact that while all 
be found in the lower right hand corner, to-wit: 4i DeSoto landed 31 May, 1539." This w 
creation and at a time subsequent to its original preparation. — Authok. 

(*) Edmuild J. Tm-stall. in TTrflnfin'o TTicf^i^oi n-ii„~f;~-~ ~*t -.----= ■ ~ HK1 



DU Cqurs du Mississipi c 

JC le ^flaire iTcur G-uill^De llfle dc t^4cade^mu WT dcJ Ucivnccr. 




itheque du Roi." in Paris, in a Volume of Laliarpe's Journeys of 171S-1722. It is 
efore publication some one has added matter subsequently ascertained, for the Map 
Jther parts of the Map are in the French language, one single English phrase is to 
indicate that some one other than the original draughtsman had taken part in its 



CHAPTER I. 
TO THE YEAR 1543. 



ACQUISITION. ABORIGINAL TRIBES. DE SOTO"S WANDERINGS. 

The territory of which the present State of Arkansas con- 
sists, was acquired by the United States in 1803, m what is 
known as the Louisiana purchase, and comprises 52,198 square 
miles, or about 33,406,720 acres of land, according to the 
usual statements ; but in point of fact the area and acreage of 
the State is constantly changing with the changes in the chan- 
nel of the Mississippi river, gaining in some places and losing 
in others. 

From earliest times the country was in possession of the 
Indians, whom Columbus so named from the supposition that 
the coast he had touched on was a part of India. 

The immediate tribes which occupied the land were the 
Osages and the Quapaws, with which latter were the Ozarks, 
both Ozarks and Quapaws being of the Arkansa tribe. 
The Ozark and Arkansas names have now become extinct, 
those of the Quapaw and Osages remain. The Osages, 
who were composed of the Great and Little Osages, oc- 
cupied the land north of the Arkansas river, and into Mis- 
souri, to the Missouri river, bounded on the east by the 
Mississippi river, west an indefinite extent to the Apache 
country. The Arkansas, or as the name is spelled by Mar- 
quette, Arkansa Indians had villages at the mouth of the Ar- 
kansas river, and on the Mississippi south of the Arkansas 
river, and also one is noted on the earliest maps as being near 
2 !7 



1 8 EI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

and south of the St. Francis river, under the name Kappa. 
Westward the Quapaw and Arkansas possessions extended to 
those of "Les Cadodaquoios," or "Caddo-di-kois," as the 
name is given by some, who were the Caddo Indians of North- 
west Louisiana. The United States Government obtained the 
land from the Osages and Quapaws by treaties made in 1808 
and 1 818 with the Osages, and in 1818 and 1824 with the 
Quapaws. The entire amount owned by the two tribes to- 
gether amounted to more than eighty-six millions (86,000,000) 
acres, of which the thirty-three million, four hundred and six 
thousand, seven hundred and twenty (33,406,720) acres, com- 
prising the present State of Arkansas, was a part. 

The Quapaws were a branch or division of the Arkansa In- 
dians. Theirs was the name given by the Algonquins to the 
Ouquapas, a tribe of the Dakota family; and at the time of 
making their treaties they were all that was left of the Ar- 
kansa tribe. According to Gravier, a Jesuit missionary in Illi- 
nois from 1684 to 1708, and who in the year 1700 made a 
canoe voyage to the mouth of the Mississippi to confer with 
Iberville, the Arkansas once lived on the banks of the Ohio 
river, but after a long struggle were driven away by the Illinois 
and their allies, and were gradually forced down the banks of 
the Mississippi, and established themselves along that river and 
on the river named after them. A similar recital was made to 
an Indian agent by a very old Quapaw chief, as narrated by 
Nutall, on his journey in Arkansas in 1819, as will be pres- 
ently shown. They had several villages, named respectively 
Os-o-to-ne, To-ri-man or Tor-ri-ma, Tong-ging-a or To- 
ging-a, and Kappa, scattered about the mouth of the Ar- 
kansas river, and on the banks of the Mississippi, and 
it is from them that the State takes its name. From Kap-pa 
(Kah-pah), or, as some spell it, Kap-a-ha (Kah-pah-hah), 
we have the modern name Qua-paw (Quaw-paw). 

The name Arkansas is often given as being derived from the 
word Kansas, said to mean, in the Indian language, "smoky 



TO THE YEAR 1543. 



19 



water,' 9 with the French prefix "arc," meaning "a bow," 
hence the name, in this combination, meaning "bow of smoky 
water," or "smoky bow." This is extremely improbable ; in- 
deed, bears on the face of it the evidence of its being impossible. 
The word KaniYW is most probably a variation of the word 
Kansas, the possessive case of the word Kans ; the word Kans, 
or Kansas, becoming corrupted into Kans^i". The Kans tribe 
was one inhabiting that country, who were noted on the early 
French maps as "Les Cansez," the Kans, and whom Lieut. 
Zebulon Montgomery Pike found in considerable force on his 
explorations as late as 1806. There is no perceptible affinity 
between Kans or the possessive case Kanses, and Arkansa, the 
original form. 

And with relation to "arc" being a French prefix, signify- 
ing "bow," it is to be observed that when Marquette visited 
them in 1673 — the first Frenchman to encounter them — he 
found the prefix already there in the word A-kan-sa (Ah- 
kahn-sah), and therefore it could not have been thereafter 
added. In the Choctaw language, also, neighbors of theirs, 
living just across the Mississippi, the name is found pro- 
nounced Oc-con-sah. The word is an Indian word, and its 
signification is unknown. 

J. F. D. Smythe, an Englishman, who made a journey 
down the Mississippi river to New Orleans in a flat-boat in 
1769, and who in 1784 published an account of his travels, 
says of them that "the Arkansaws on the Arkansaw river, 
emptying into the Mississippi river in the west, number 2,000 
fighting men." He gives the name of the Arkansas river as 
the "Sotonis or ArkaniYW river," and in another place speaks 
of it as the "Smahana (Smah-hah-nah) or Arkan^w river," 
spelling it both ways. 

An account of the Arkansa Indians is given in a Jour- 
nal by Father Pierre Francois cle Charlevoix, of an explora- 
tion among them made by him in 1721. The following 



20 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

are extracts from the narrative as given in ''French's His- 
torical Collection of Louisiana:" 

" It was the 10th of- November at sunset that I embarked at the little river of 
Kaskias; I had but two leagues to the Mississippi, nevertheless I was obliged to 
encamp at about half way, and the next day I could make but six leagues on the 
river," etc. 

"At length I arrived yesterday, December 2d (1721), at the first village of 
the Arkansas or Akanseas about ten in the morning. The village is built in a 
little meadow on the west side of the Mississippi. There are three others in 
the space of eight (8) leagues, and each makes a nation or particular tribe; but 
they are all comprised under the name of Arkansas. They call the savages 
which inhabit the village from whence I write, Ouyapas. The Western Company 
have a magazine here, which expects some merchandise, and a clerk who fares 
but poorly in the meantime, and who is heartily weary of living here. 

u The river of the Arkansas which they say comes a great way, runs into the 
Mississippi by two channels, four (1) leagues distant from each other. The first 
is eight (8) leagues from hence. This river comes, as they say, from the coun- 
try of certain savages whom they call the Black Pauis and I think they are the 
same which are more commonly called by the name P-a-n-i-s K-i-c-a-r-a-s. I 
have with me a slave of this nation. One goes up the river of the Arkansas with 
difficulty, because there are many falls or torrents in it, and in many places the 
waters are often so low that there is a necessity to tow the pettiaugras (p-e-t- 
t-i-a-u-g-r-a-s). The separation of its two branches is made at seven (7) 
leagues above the second and the smallest of its two mouths, but only at two (2) 
leagues above the first. It receives a fine river that comes from the country of 
the Osages (O-s-a-g-e-s), and which they call La Riviere Blanche (the White 
River) . Two (2) leagues higher are the Torimans and the Togingas, who make 
but one village. Two (2) leagues higher are the Sothonis. The Kappas are a 
little further. This nation was very numerous at the time of Ferdinando De- 
Soto, and even when M. de La Salle finished the discovery of the Mississippi. 

"Over against these villages we see the sad remains of Mr. Law's grant, of 
which the Company remain the proprietors. It was here that nine thousand 
(9,000) Germans were to be sent, which were raised in the Palatinate, and 'tis a 
great pity they never came. There is not perhaps in all Louisiana a country 
more fit after that of Illinois, to produce all sorts of grain and to feed cattle. 
But Mr. Law was ill used as well as the greatest part of the other grantees. It 
is very probable that it will be a long time before they will be able to make such 
large levees of men; they have need of them in the kingdom, and indeed it is 
pretty common among us to square our measures according to the success of such 
enterprises, instead of observing what the miscarriage was owing to in order to 
correct what was before done amiss. 

"I found the village of the Ouyapas in the greatest tribulation. Not long 
since a Frenchman passing this way was attacked by the small-pox, the distem- 
per was communicated presently to some savages, and soon after to the whole 
village. The burying place appeared like a forest of poles and posts newly set 
up, and on which there hung all manner of things; there is everything which 
the savages use. 

"I had set up my tent pretty near the village, and all night I heard weeping; 
the men do this as well as the women; they repeated without ceasing Nihahani 



TO THE YEAR 1543. 2 1 

(X-i-h-a-h-a-n-i), as the Illinois do and in the same tone. I also saw in the 
evening a woman who wept over the grave of her son, and who poured upon it a 
great quantity of sagamite. Another had made a fire by a neighboring tomb, in 
all appearance to warm the dead. 

"The Arkansas are reckoned to be the tallest and best shaped of all the savages 
on this continent, and they are called, by way of distinction, the fine men. It is 
thought and perhaps for this reason, that they have the same origin as theCan- 
sez (C-a-n-s-e-z) of the Missouri and the Pouteoatamis (P-o-u-t-e-o-a-t-a- 
m-i-s) of Canada.* 

A further account of them and of the country is given in a 
narrative of travels among them in the years 1750 and 1751, 
by Captain Bossu, of the French Army, published a few 
years later, from which the following are extracts : 

P. 92. "The country of the Arkanzas is one of the finest 
in the world ; the soil of it is so fertile that it produces without 

(*) Footnote by Mr. Fkench.— "The Arkansas nation next to the Natchez, was probably 
the most civilized of all the aborigines of our country. At the time of De Soto's visit they lived 
in mud-walled towns fortified with high circular towers. They worshipped a Great Spirit 
which they called Coyocophil (C-o-y-o-c-o-p-h-i-1), and when it thundered they said it was 
the Lord of Life who spoke to them. They also worshipped both the sun and the moon. From 
the peculiar structure of their language and the termination of their words, it must be in- 
ferred that they were the descendants of the Aztec race. Before going to war they made a 
great feast and after it was over they held a council to which they invited their allies to assist 
them in the deliberations. The chiefs painted their bodies black and fasted some days before 
setting out, after which they washed it off and painted themselves red. They consulted their 
Manatou (M-a-n-a-t-o-u) on all occasions, which was sometimes an animal, a bird, or a snake, 
and attributed all of their good and bad luck to it. The Natchez, Houmis and other Missis- 
sippi tribes worshipped the sun and kept up a perpetual fire in their temples and at one period 
in the history of the southwestern Indians, the worship of the sun was notless common among 
them than it was among the primitive nations of the Old World, and who can then doubt for a 
moment that most of our southern tribes were the descendants of the Aztecs of Mexico and 
thelncas of Peru? For like them they built mounds and temples and performed sacrifices. The 
best writers on Indian antiquity now admit that they are at least analogous to those of Blexico. 

"The Indian mounds of Louisiana and Mississippi, of which so little is known and much less 
has been written, are among the most extensive and interesting of any on this continent. 

"Many of them are from 50 to 100 yards In length and from 10 to 50 feet high and forming 
regular quadrangular terraces. No less than five extensive mounds are selected near the 
junction of the Washita, Catahoola and Taensas rivers in an alluvial soil. Four (4) of them 
are nearly of equal dimensions, about 20 feet high, 100 feet broad and 300 feet long. The fifth 
(5th) seems to be designed for a tower or turret, the base of which covers an acre of ground. 
It rises by two steps or stories, its circumference gradually diminishes as it ascends and its 
summit is crowned by a flattened cone. The height of the tower is about 80 feet and seems to 
have been designed in part for defense and in part for the reception of the dead. The great 
mounds of the Natchez and others on the coast of and islands of the Gulf of Blexico and the 
lakes of the Delta were no less remarkable for their extent than their height, and evince a 
knowledge of the science of fortification that would do credit both to the ingenuity and science 
of a more civilized people. 

" In time of war the Arkansas tribes armed themselves with a war club, a bow and arrows, 
which they swung to their backs. Their baggage consisted of a bearskin which served them 
for a bed, a buffalo skin to cover them and a wildcat skin for a pouch or bag to hold their cal- 
umet and tobacco. They each take with them small bags of roasted corn, pounded fine, which 
they mixed with a little water to eat with the bear or buffalo meat. If victorious they returned 
with their prisoners to their villages, when it was the privilege of the women to receive them, 
and if they had lost their husbands or sons to replace them with their captives, and if they had 
not, they were then tortured and burned at a slow fire." 



22 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

any culture European wheat, all kinds of food and good fruit 
unknown in France. Game of all kinds is plentiful there. 
Wild oxen, stags, robucks, bears, tygers, leopards, foxes, 
wildcats, rabbets, turkies, grous, pheasants, partridges, quails, 
turtles, wood pigeons, swans, bustards, ducks of all kinds, 
teals, divers, snipes, water hens, golden plovers, stares, 
thrushes and other birds which are not known in Europe. 

"Game is so common in the neighborhood of the river St. 
Francis that when we went on shore in those parts it was im- 
possible to step on account of the multitudes of swans, cranes, 
geese, bustards and ducks that were constantly going up and 
down those watery places. 

"The Arkanzas live on the banks of a river that bears their 
name. It arises in New Mexico and falls into the Missis- 
sippi. These Indians are tall, well-made, brave, good swim- 
mers and expert in hunting and in fishing, and entirely de- 
voted to the French, of which they have given evidence on 
many occasions. 

"The Arkanzas have some expert fellows among them who 
would, perhaps, amaze our jugglers. I saw one of them in 
my presence perform a trick which will appear incredible to 
you. After some wry mouths he swallowed a rib of a stag 
seventeen inches long, held it with his fingers and drew it out 
of his stomach again. He went to New Orleans to show his 
agility to the Governor and the officers of the garrison. This 
the Indians called acting the physician." 

During these travels Bossu, in 1750, met an old man of the 
tribe who had seen LaSalle on the occasion of his descending 
the Mississippi river in 1682, sixty-eight years previousl} 7 . 

The following additional account of the Arkansa and Qua- 
paw Indians is found in "A Journal of Travels in the Arkan- 
sas Territory During the Year 1819," by Thomas Nutall, F. 
P. S., Philadelphia, published in 182 1, p. 81 et seq. 

"The aborigines of this territory, now commonly called the 
Arkansas or Quapaws and Ozarks, do not at this time number 



TO THE YEAR 1543. 23 

more than about 200 warriors. They were first discovered 
about the year 1685 by Chevelier De Tonti. From what 
source Father Charlevoix ascertained that they were very 
numerous in the time of Ferdinand De Soto, I am unable to 
learn. In the abridged relation of this expedition by Pur- 
chas, I cannot possibly discover anything relating to them. 
The people of Quigaute must have occupied a country not far 
from the Arkansas, and are said by La Vega to have been 
numerous and powerful, but that they were the same people 
as the Arkansas or O-guah-pas seems by no means probable. 
From their own traditions it does not appear that they were 
visited by the whites previous to the arrival of LaSalle; they 
say that many years had elapsed before they had any inter- 
view with the whites, whom they had only heard of from their 
neighbors. 

In a council held with the Quapaws some years ago, con- 
cerning the boundaries of the lands which they claimed, a 
very old chieftain related to the Agent, that at a very remote 
period his nation had descended the Mississippi, and after 
having proceeded in a body to the entrance of a large and 
muddy river (the Missouri), they had there divided, one party 
continuing down the Mississippi, and the other up the miry 
river. The descending band was checked in their progress 
b}' the Kaskaskias, K-a-s-k-a-s-k-i-a-s, whose opposition they 
at length subdued. In their further descent they were ha- 
rassed by the Chicasaws and Choctaws, and were in war with 
them for a considerable time, but at length overcoming all 
opposition, they obtained the banks of the Arkarisa, where 
they have remained ever since. Some of them, reverting ap- 
parently to the period of creation, say that they originally 
emerged out of the water, but made many long and circuitous 
journeys upon that element previous to their arrival on the 
banks of this river. 

As their language scarcely differs from that of the Osages, 
Kanzas, Mahas and Poncas, of the Missouri, it is presumable 



2 4 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



that these spring from the band which ascended the Missouri. 
They bear an unexceptionably mild character, both amongst 
the French and Americans, having always abstained, as they 
say, from offering any injustice to the whites. Indeed, to do 
them justice and to prove that this opinion concerning them 
is no modern prejudice, I cannot do less than quote the tes- 
timony of Du Pratz, made about a century ago. Speaking 
of the Arkansa territory, he adds: "I am so prepossessed 
in favor of this country that I persuade myself the beauty of 
the climate has a great influence on the character of the in- 
habitants, who are at the same time very gentle and very 
brave. They have ever had an inviolable friendship for the 
French, influenced thereat either by fear or views of interest, 
and live with them as brethren rather than as neighbors.* 
They say that in consequence of their mildness and love of 
peace, they have been overlooked by the Americans ; that 
they are ready enough to conciliate by presents those who are 
in danger of becoming their enemies, but neglect those who 
are their unchangeable friends." 

The complexion of the Quapaws, like that of the Choctaws 
and Creeks, is dark and destitute of anything like the cupre- 
ous tinge. The symmetry of their features, mostly acquiline, 
often amounts to beaut)', but they are not to be compared in 
this respect to the Osages, at least those of them which re- 
main. Charlevoix says : "The Akansas (as he calls them) 
are reckoned to be the tallest and best shaped of all the sav- 
ages of this continent and they are called by way of distinc- 
tion, the fine 'men.''' 1 I question, however, whether this epi- 
thet is not similar to that of the Illinois and the Lleni-Lenope, 
L-1-e-n-i-L-e-n-o-p-e, or original, genuine men, as it is trans- 
lated of the Delawares. 

The name of Akansa, or Arkansa, if ever generally as- 
sumed by the natives of the territory is now, I am persuaded, 

(*) Du Pratz's History of Louisana, p. 61. 



TO THE YEAR 1543. 



2 5 



scarcely ever employed, they generally calling themselves 
O-guah-pa or Ozark, from which last epithet, in all probabil- 
ity, has been derived the name of the river and its people ; 
indeed, I have heard old French residents in this country term 
it the Riviere des Arks, or d'Osark. * 

About a century ago Father Charlevoix describes the Ar- 
kansas as occup} T ing four villages • that which he visited was 
situated on the bank of the Mississippi in a little meadow, 
which was (1819) McLane's Landing, the only contiguous 
spot free from inundation. 

The people called Akansas by this authority, were then 
made up of the confederated remnants of ruined tribes. The 
village which he visited called themselves Ougapas, evidently 
the O-guah-pas. On the Arkansa six miles from the landing, 
there was a second village consisting of the Torimas and To- 
gingas, six miles higher were the Sothonas, and a little further 
was the village of Kappas (Charlevoix's History, pp. 306, 
307), these are again the same people as the Quapaws or 
O-guah-pas. In the time of Du Pratz the Arkansas had all 
retired up the river of this name and were living about 12 
miles from the entrance of White river. They were still said 
to be pretty considerable in numbers, and had been joined by 
the Kappas, the Michigameas and a party of the Illinois ; he 
likewise remarked that they were no less distinguished as war- 
riors than hunters, and that they had succeeded in intimidating 
the restless and warlike Chicasaws.* Indeed, the valor and 
the friendship of the Arkansas is still gratefully remembered 
by the Canadians and their descendants, and it is much to be 
regretted that they are making such evident approaches to- 
wards total destruction. The brave manner in which they 
opposed the Chicasaws has long ensured them the quiet pos- 
session of their present countiy. Among the most extraordi- 
nary actions which they performed against those perfidious 
Indians, is the story which has been related to me by Major 

(*) Du Pratz's History of Louisiana, p. 318. 



26 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Lewismore Vaugin, one of the most respectable residents in 
this territory : 

"In consequence of the want of ammunition, the Chicasaws 
instead of standing their ground were retreating before the 
Quapaws, whom they had descried at a distance. The lat- 
ter understanding the occasion, were determined to obviate 
the excuse, whether real or pretended, and desired the Chica- 
saws to land on an adjoining sand beach of the Mississippi, 
giving them the unexpected promise of supplying them with 
powder for the contest. The chief of the Quapaws then 
ordered all of his men to empty their powder horns into a 
blanket, after which he divided the whole with a spoon, and 
gave the half to the Chicasaws. They then proceeded to the 
combat, which terminated in the killing of 10 Chicasaws, and 
the loss of 5 prisoners, with the death of a single Quapaw. 
I am informed that it is a custom of the Quapaws, after firing 
the first volley, to throw aside their guns and make a charge 
with their tomahawks." 

Their name, and the names and positions of their villages 
are variously given by different writers. Marquette calls the 
tribe Akansea and the village Akansea. LaSalle's party 
calls the tribe Akansa, and the names of two of their villages 
Kapaha, and Im-a-ha, the largest village of the nation. De- 
Tonti calls the tribe Akancas, and their villages Os-o-to-ny, 
six leagues to the right, descending the river, Cappa, Toy- 
en-ga and To-ri-man, the first three situated on the Missis- 
sippi. Joutel calls the tribe Ac-can-cea, and their villages 
Ot-so-cho-ne and To-ri-man, on the Arkansas river, and Ton- 
guin-ga and Cappa on the banks of the Mississippi. Charle- 
voix gives only the name of one tribe, whom he calls Kappas. 
DeSoto's party, the first to speak of them, gave the name as 
Cap-a-ha. 

In Coxe's "Louisiana" or Carolina, an account prepared 
by Daniel Coxe, from memoirs and journals kept by various 
persons sent into the valley of the Mississippi, of dates believed 



TO THE TEAR 1543. 27 

to be about 1698 or '99, the following mention of the names 
and positions of the Arkansas villages is found. In making 
mention of what rivers empty into the "Meschacebe," which 
was the original Indian name of what we now call the Missis- 
sippi, commencing at the gulf and going northward, he says : 
"Ten or twelve leagues higher on the west side is the river 
Natchitock (Arkansas*), which has a course of many hundred 
miles, and after it is ascended about one hundred, there are 
many springs, pits and lakes, which afford most excellent 
common salt in plenty, wherewith they trade with neighboring 
nations for other commodities they want" (evidently indicat- 
ing the Lake Bistineau region on the Red river in Northwest 
Louisiana). "Upon this river not only inhabit the Natchi- 
tocks, Naguateers, Natsohocks; but higher, several other 
nations." (We recognize the remains of these names in our 
modern names. Natchitoches, Nacogdoches, etc., all situated 
along the Red river region.) "Sixteen leagues further upon 
the west side enter the Meschacebe, two rivers which unite 
about two leagues above and make an island by the name of 
the Torimans, by whom it is inhabited." (These two rivers 
are evidently the Arkansas and the White rivers, united by 
means of the "cut off" forming the island there.) "The 
southerly of these two rivers is that of the Ousoutiwy, upon 
which dwell, first, the Arkansas, a great nation ; higher upon 
the same river, the Kansas, Minton, Erabacha and others" 
(indicating the Arkansas river). "The river to the north is 
named Niska" (this is the White river), "upon which live 
part of the nation of the Ozages ; their great body inhabiting 
a large river which bears their name" (the Osage river, in 
Missouri), "and empties itself into the Yellow river" (this is 
the name by which the Missouri river was early called), "as 
will be hereafter mentioned, and upon this river" (that is, the 
White river), "near the mouth, is the nation Tonginga, who 

(*) This is an error on the part of Mr. Coxe. He evidently meant the Bed 
river. 



28 HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

with the Torimas are part of the Arkansas. Ten leagues 
higher is a small river named Cappa, and upon it a people of 
the same name and another called Onesperies, who fled to 
avoid the persecution of the Irocois from a river which still 
bears their name, to be mentioned hereafter. 

Ten miles higher on the same side of the Meschacebe is a 
little river named Matchicebe, upon which dwell the nations 
MitcKigamia and Epimingina" (this is evidently the St. Fran- 
cis river), "over against whom" (i. e. on the other side of the 
Mississippi river) "is the great nation of the Chickazas, whose 
country extends above forty leagues to the river of the Chero- 
quees, which we shall describe when we come to discourse of 
the great river Hohio." 

Their name by the earlier writers is spelled Akanseas and 
Akansa, without either the terminal s or terminal w , but was 
undoubtedly pronounced Ah-kan-sah, which in our present 
speech is rendered Arkansaw ; a system which we still maintain 
in the pronunciation of such names as Ouachita, Wichita and 
the like. The terminal s was probably only used for the plural 
or to signify the possessive case ; as the Arkansas river, i. e. 
the river of the Arkansa tribe. An animated discussion as to 
the proper pronunciation of the name having arisen and 
'claimed considerable public attention, and having been largely 
entered into by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic 
Society of Little Rock, some pronouncing it Ar-kan-saw 
and others Ar-kan-zas, the Legislature of the State, in 1881, 
passed a joint resolution declaring that in their opinion the 
correct pronunciation is "that which was derived by the 
French from the native Indians and committed to writing in 
the French word representing the sound, and that it should 
be pronounced in three syllables, with the final 's' silent; the 
'a' in each syllable with the Italian sound and the accent on 
the first and last syllables, being the pronunciation formerly 
universally, and now still most commonly used, and that the 
pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the 



TO THE YEAR 1543. 



2 9 



sound of 'a' in man and the terminal 's' is an innovation to 
be discouraged." This pronunciation would be more nearly 
like Arkansah. A significant circumstance bearing upon the 
pronunciation of the name in former and cotemporaneous 
times is found in the Act of Congress of 1819 creating the 
territor}^. It is there called and spelled the Arkan.smc; terri- 
tory. The name occurs ten times in the act, and is spelled 
saw nine times and sas once. And in an Act of Congress, of 
date January 27th, 1814, for the appointment of an additional 
judge for Arkansas territory, to reside in the District of Ar- 
kansas, the name occurs four times and is spelled s-a-w each 
time. 

The first European to traverse the country of whom we 
have any account was Hernando De Soto, who, in 1539, 
sailed from Havana and landed upon the coast of Florida, and 
from there made explorations westward and northwestward in 
search of gold. In 1541 he reached and discovered the Mis- 
sissippi river, which in a short time he crossed into what is 
now the State of Arkansas,) and traversed the county in 
many directions, camping for the winter at an Indian village, 
called Utiamque, or Autiamque. In the spring of 1542 he 
resumed his journey from this village, and moving southeast- 
ward passed out of the State into what is now Louisiana, and 
reached the Mississippi river about the mouth of Red river, 
where he died May 21st, 1542, in the 46th year of his age. 

This much concerning his journeyings is known with com- 
parative certainty, but the details of his march and move- 
ments are involved in great uncertainty. The degree of con- 
fusion and indefiniteness which exists concerning the matter 
is positively disheartening to the searcher after accuracy and 
definiteness. There are three accounts of the journey written 
by persons purporting to have been members of the expedition, 
and, therefore, eye-witnesses of its proceedings, or to have 
obtained their information from those who were eye-witnesses 
and participants ; and while these several accounts do not 



30 BIS TOBY OF ABE AN S AS. 

differ materially from each other as to places and incidents, 
some only being more ample than others, the attempts of 
modern writers to locate the places mentioned in the several 
accounts have produced uncertainty to the utmost degree. 
Thus, for instance, the question where De S oto first reached 
the Mississippi river and where he crossed over, has given 
rise to such diversity of opinion with the modern writers that 
but few agree, and the points are located all the way from 
the Louisiana line up as high as Memphis. Mr. John G. 
Shea, in his "Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi 
Valley," collates several of the opinions as to the point of 
his crossing, as follows : 

Bancroft's History of the United States: — "The lowest 
Chickasaw bluff." (Memphis.) 

Belknap: — "Within the 34th degree" (i. e. from the 
Louisiana line to a little above the mouth of White river). 

Andrew Ellicott's Journal: — "Thirty-four degrees and ten 
minutes" (about the location of Sunflower Landing, Missis- 
sippi). 

Martin's Louisiana: — "A little below the lowest Chicka- 
saw bluff." 

Nutall's Travels in Arkansas: — "The lowest Chickasaw 
bluff." 

McCulloch's Researches: — "Twenty or thirty miles below 
the mouth of the Arkansas river." 

In French's Historical Collections of Louisiana, Vol. I, 
there is an old French map, in which the route of De Soto is 
given, and the point of crossing is placed at about what 
would be equivalent to 34 degrees, 10 minutes, which would 
be a short distance below Helena. The point of crossing is 
designated on the map as "Pointe d'Oziers," above the 
mouth of the Arkansas river, and above where White river 
ought to be on the map, but below the mouth of the St. 
Francis river. 



TO THE YE AH 1543. 3 1 

Of this map Mr. French says : "The valuable and rare map 
accompanying this volume is a well executed facsimile of 
the original. It aspires to a degree of accuracy that is of im- 
portance both to the historian and antiquarian. It preserves 
not only the Indian names of the lakes and rivers, but teaches 
the routes of the early explorers, and lays down the localities 
of the numerous Indian tribes, who once held sway over this 
extensive country." 

On this map the Arkansas river is put down as "Riviere 
des Arkansas ou Tonti;" the Red river, "Riv. Rouge ou 
Sablonier," tributary to the Missouri, or, "Riv. de Pekito- 
noni" is called ."Grande Riv. des Cansez," but the White 
river of Arkansas is not laid down on it at all. 

Mr. Edmund J. Forstall, who prepared an analytical index 
of the public documents relative to Louisiana, deposited in 
the archives of the department "de la Marine et des Colonies" 
and in the "Bibliotheque de Roi," in Paris, says that the 
manuscript from which this map is printed is found in a 
volume in the "Bibliotheque," entitled "Journal du vo} 7 age de 
Louisiane fait par le Sr. Bernard La Harpe, et de des con- 
vertes qu'il a faites dans le partie de l'ouest decette colonie," 
which journey was made in 1718 to 1722, and containing a 
"Journal du vo} r age fait par deux frigates du Roy, la Pradine, 
commandee par Mons. d'Iberville, et le Marin, par Mons. le 
Chevalier de Surgeres, qui partirent de Brest le 24 Octobre, 
1698," and that the manuscript of the map bears date the 
year 1700. 

If so, it is evident that some one must have added to the 
original after that date and before it was printed, for the 
printed map contains recitals of incidents occurring after 1700, 
the latest date given being "Natchitoches etablisment Fran- 
caisfaitin 1 71 7, par Mons. De Bienville." And in one place 
is an item difficult to explain. While all the map is in the 
French language, at Espiritu Santo Bay on the west coast of 
the Peninsula of Florida it is noted : "De Soto landed 31st of 



32 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS . 

May, I539-" How the English word "landed" comes there, 
unless subsequently added by some English speaking person, 
it is difficult to determine. And seeing that the map in the 
original manuscript appears in the volume of La Harpe's 
Journe}7, it is not improbable that the information obtained on 
that journey, of from 1718 to 1722, was added to whatever 
had been prepared of the elate 1700. 

The variances in opinion above given will serve to illustrate 
the difficulty of determining with precision not only the 
place of De Soto's crossing, but other matters connected 
with his march. 

Of the three accounts and the wanderings of De Soto's 
band above mentioned, one was written by Garcilosa de La- 
Vega; another by Louis Hernandez De Beidma, in 1544, 
and the third by an anonymous writer, a Portugese, signing 
himself, "A Gentleman of Elvas," published at Evora, in 
1557; Elvas being a city of Portugal. This last mentioned 
account is an explicit and circumstantial account of the jour- 
ney, and appears to have been the work of some one who was 
a member of the expedition, and, therefore, an eye-witness of 
the incidents he describes. Mr. Coxe, whose history of "Car- 
olina," or Louisiana, has been mentioned, speaks- of him as 
"the judicious and faithful writer of the famous expedition of 
Ferdinando Soto, who was therein from the beginning unto 
the end."'* It would doubtless be unwise to accept any of 
these narrations to the exclusion of the others j but the proper 
method would evidently be to take all three for whatever 
points they agree upon ; and to accept each one for items 
stated by it and not contained by the others. Upon this basis 
then the course of De Soto may be traced as follows : 

Having landed in Florida in 1539, he had gradually pushed 
his way westward, until, in 1540, we find him among the Ali- 
bamos at Tascalousa, below the Tinnase river, and among 

(*) In Claiborne's History of Mississippi, also, it is stated that the Portugese writer was a 
member of De Soto's expedition. 



TO THE TEAIi 1543. 



33 



the Chicatas and Chactas. These names are so familiar as to 
leave little doubt of this locality as being in the present State 
of Alabama. From here he set out to a village called Quiz- 
quiz by the Portugese, and by De Beidma, and called Chisca 
by LaVega. To reach this place, the Portugese writer says: 
"He traveled seven days through a desert of many marshes 
and thick woods, but it might all be traveled on horseback, 
except some lakes which they swam over." 

This description answers well for country in North Missis- 
sippi, which would lie direct in a line of his westward march. 

Arriving at ^uizrijuiz, or Chisca, he found it a small town 
in the midst of a poor country, with the Indians tilling their 
corn fields. As we find the remains of many Indian names 
still subsisting in our modern words, though often in changed 
form, it is not improbable that our modern name Chicot is 
the remains of the name Chisca, the ancient village; but 
whether that village was as low down on the river as our pres- 
ent Point Chicot, is doubtful. The whole of the country to 
that extent may have been inhabited by a people whose vil- 
lage was as high up as Chisca is represented to be. On the 
old French map above mentioned, it is located opposite the 
mouth of the St. Francis river, and is set back a short dis- 
tance from the river. In this it agrees with the narrative, for 
it is said that because there was small store of maize there, 
he moved to another town half a league from the river, where 
there was plenty of maize. And from here he went to see 
the river, and found that near unto it was great store of tim- 
ber to make barges, and good situation of ground to encamp. 
Presently he removed himself thither. 

So, according to the Portugese, this was the point at which 

he first beheld the great river, which they named Rio Grande, 

or Rio de Espiritu Santo, but which the natives called Mesas- 

cebe, or Meschacebe. The impression which its vastness 

and extent made upon them is thus chronicled by the Portu- 
3 



34 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



gese : "The river was almost half a league broad. If a man 
stood still on the other side, it could not be discerned whether 
he was a man or no. The river was of a great depth and had 
a strong current ; the water was always muddy. There came 
down the river continually many trees and timber which the 
force of the water and stream brought down. There was 
great store of fish in it of sundry sorts, and the most of it 
differing from the fresh water fish of Spain, as hereafter 
shall be showed." 

DeSoto remained encamped at the river for 29 or 30 days, 
building barges, after which he crossed in the face of a great 
force of Indians gathered to dispute his passage. The cross- 
ing is thus described by the Portugese: "In thirty days' 
space, while the Governor remained there, they made four 
barges, in three of which he commanded twelve horsemen to 
enter — in each of them four. In a morning, three hours be- 
fore day, men which he trusted would land in despite of the 
Indians, and make sure the passage or die, and some foot- 
men, being cross-bow men, went with them and the rowers 
to set them on the other side. And in the other barge he 
commanded John De Guzman to pass with the footmen, 
which was made captain instead of Francisco Maldonado. 
And because the stream was swift they went a quarter of a 
league up the river along the bank, and crossing over fell down 
with the stream and landed right over against the camp. 
Two stones cast before they came to land, the horsemen went 
out of the barges on horseback to a sandy plot, very hard and 
clear ground where all of them landed without any resistance. 
As soon as those that passed first were on land on the other 
side, the barges returned to the place where the Governor 
was, and within two hours after sun rising all the people were 
over." 

Having passed the river he traveled a league and a half 
and came to a great town called Aquixo (A-quiz-co), which 
was dispeopled before he came thither. "And because the 



TO THE YEAR 1543. 



35 



town whither the Governor went was near unto the river, he 
sent a captain with as many men as he thought sufficient to 
carry the barges up the river; and because in traveling by 
land he went many times by land far from the river to com- 
pass the creeks that came from it, the Indians took occasion 
to set upon them of the barges and put them in great danger ; 
because that, by reason of the great current they darest not 
leave the shore, and from the bank they shot at them. As 
soon as the Governor was come to the town he presently sent 
cross-bowmen down the river which came to rescue them ; 
and upon the coming of the barges to the town he com- 
manded them to be broken and to save the iron for others 
when it would be needful." 

All of which indicates that, having crossed to the west bank 
of the river, he journeyed northward to find the town of 
Aquixo, and that it was situated on the banks of the Missis- 
sippi. 

At Aquixo he learned that the village of Pacaha was one 
day's journev, and the chief told him that "at the end of his 
country there was a lake like a brook which falleth into Rio 
Grande." He set out on his journey thither, and the next 
clay he came to the lake "which was half a bow-shot over and 
of great depth and current." Having passed the lake he 
came to the town of Pacaha, or, as others spell it, Pachaca, 
which he entered June 19th, 1541. It was a great town. 
"Walled and beset with towers, and many loopholes were in 

the towers and wall Where the Governor was lodged 

was a great lake that came near unto the wall, and it entered 
into a ditch and went round about the town, wanting but a 
little to environ it. From the lake to the great river was a 
wear by which the fish came into it, which the Cacique" 
(chief) "kept for his recreation and sport. With nets that 
were found in the town they took as much as they would ; 
and took they never so much there was no want perceived 
There was a fish they called bagres ; the third part 



36 HIS TOE Y OF ABKANSAS. 

of it was head, and it had on both sides the gills and along the 
sides great spikes like very sharp awls. Those that were in 
the lakes were as big as pikes; there were some of an hun- 
dred and of an hundred and fifty pounds weight, and many 

of them were taken with the hook There was 

another fish called a peel-fish ; it had a snout of a cubit long, 
and at the end of the upper lip it was made like a peel 
and all of them" (the different kinds of fish de- 
scribed) "had scales, except the bagres and the peel-fish. " 
This would indicate that the village of Pacaha was on or 
near the Mississippi river ; and thus early are we introduced 
to the well known cat-fish of the western waters. 

On the hypothesis that De Soto crossed the river below 
Helena, and journeyed northward first to Aquixo and then to 
Pacaha, would raise the presumption that one or other of 
these points was where the city of Helena now is. Mr. Mo- 
nette, in his "Valley of the Mississippi," thinks that Helena 
was the local seat of the Indian town called Kappa, and cites 
in corroboration certain appearances of Indian mounds, etc. 
Reasons will presently be given for thinking that this is an 
error, but that it is more probable that Helena was the local 
seat of the town of Pa-ca-hayat wjiich the Spaniards had now 
arrived. This town of Kappa was evidently at another place ; 
but the description of the lake agrees so well with the location 
of the "Old Town Bayou" and neighboring waters, their cir- 
cular walled town, with the natural levee or embankment by 
its margin, together with the general direction of their route, 
would indicate Helena to have been the local seat of Pa-ca-ha, 
but not of Kappa. 

Upon the Spaniards entering the town, the Cacique fled in 
terror and took refuge "on a little island situated between two 
arms of the river," where he had hidden with five or six thou- 
sand of his people. Here they were pursued by the Spaniards, 
and again fled to the east side of the Mississippi, but were 



^ 



TO THE YEAR 1543. 



37 



eventually persuaded to return to Pacaha, where De Soto re- 
mained forty days. 

It will not be needful to follow the Spaniards minutely 
through their entire journeying with its incidents, but sufficient 
will be accomplished by giving merely the leading route and 
direction of it as far as can be either ascertained or con- 
jectured. 

Having remained forty da}?s at Pacaha, De Soto set out to 
the northeast and north, where, after journeying for some clays, 
he came to great marshes, which were probably those on the 
upper regions of the St. Francis river, and passed a town 
called Casqui. Here he met roving bands of Indians, living 
under moveable tents ; and learning from them that there 
were great towns to the southwest, he turned his course thither 
and came to a considerable town called Quigaute, located on 
a river, probably White river. He entered this town August 
4th, 1541^ 

ThlTPortugese writer says that at Quigaute "the Governor 
asked them which way the country was most inhabited? 
They said that toward the South, down the river, were great 
towns and caciques, which commanded great countries and 
much people. And that toward the northwest were certain 
mountains that were called Coligoa. And the Governor and 
all the rest thought good to go first to Coligoa, saying that 
peradventure the mountains would make some difference of 
soil, and that beyond them there might be some gold or silver." 

He set out on his journey for Coligoa, traveling northwest, 
and to reach it, traversed a great plain and many marshes, 
after which he came to the town which was on u a mean 
r i ve r" — that is a small, insignificant river — among the moun- 
tains. "And an Indian, which was his guide, led him 
through great woods without a 1137 way, seven, da}^' journey 
through a desert, where at every lodging they lodged in lakes 
and pools in very shoal water ; there was such store of fish 
that they killed them with cudgels, and the Indians, which 



38 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

they carried in chains, with the mud troubled the waters, and 
the fish being therewith, as it were, astonished, came to the 
top of the water, and they took as much as they listed." 

The plain and marsh country sounds like the swamp and 
prairie country which lies between the White and the Ar- 
kansas rivers along this line of route. 

Coligoa was most probably high up among the Ozark 
mountains ; how high up, can only be made a matter of con- 
jecture. There are traditions that he went as far to the north- 
west as Washington county. There is no doubt that the 
Spaniards were in that region ; the precise points only are 
difficult to determine. 

The village of Coligoa was the western and northern limit 
of his expedition. Learning that to the south there was a 
populous province of the Cayas, he turned his course thither. 
He crossedjthe Arkansas river at a point between Dardanelle 
and Fort Smith, and journeyed south and southeast over 
mountains, which are described as being considerable. 

In 1879, a silver cross was ploughed up in a field on Col. 
Love's plantation, three miles south of Dardanelle, having 
evidently lain long in the ground, the silver being very much 
tarnished. It was 13 inches the long way and 9 inches across 
the arms, and was one-tenth of an inch in thickness. It con- 
tained some scroll work, the figure of a dog or wolf, and the 
letters P. M. stamped into the metal. It was such a cross in 
size as a priest would be likely to carry hung to a girdle, for 
which purpose there was a ring at the top. The cross is now 
in possession of Dr. J. J. Jones, of St. Louis, who is of opinion, 
from observations made in New and Old Mexico, that it is of 
Spanish origin. If so, coupled with the fact that the Span- 
iards are believed to have been somewhere to the north of 
that point, and to have journeyed southward to a point much 
south of it, would afford good ground for an inference that it 
had been lost there by some one of the party, either on the 



TO THE YEAR 1543. 



39 



direct line of march or on some exploration or scouting expe- 
dition. This conjecture, however, is not based on an abso- 
lutely sure foundation, as the Spaniards were themselves after- 
wards possessors of the country from 1763 to 1800, and occu- 
pants of it from 1768 to 1803 ; a garrison being stationed at 
Arkansas Post during the time, and doubtless they made ex- 
cursions and explorations through the country, in some one of 
which the cross may have been lost. 

Setting out from Coligoa, by a journey of nine days over a 
mountainous country, they came to the province of Ca}/as. 
This is one place which is easy to locate without the possibil- 
ity of being mistaken, for it is said by the Portugese writer, 
that their horses "drank of a lake of very hot water and some- 
what brackish." 

This fixes the point to be the famous Hot Springs, of what 
is now Garland county. The province was called Cayas, 
but the town where these hot waters were was called Tanico. 

And again: "Until this time the Christians wanted salt, 
and there they made good store which they carried along with 
them. The Indians do carry it to other places to exchange it 
for skins and mantles. They make it along the river, which, 
when it ebbeth, leaveth it upon the upper part of the sand." 
This unquestionably indicates the salines along the Ouachita 
river near the springs. 

Let it be borne in mind that the country of Cayas embraced 
the Hot Springs, and a clew will be afforded by means of 
which to locate other points reached later. 

From Cayas they went southward, first to Tulla, to reach 
which they crossed high mountains after having passed a river, 
evidently the Ouachita river, and then to Quipaua, which they 
found at the foot of very high mountains. These were prob- 
ably the mountain regions of Montgomery or Pike county. 
From here he retraced his steps and came again to Cayas, 
or, as DeBeidma says, journeyed east; and as the winter was 
coming on, he desired to find some suitable place for winter 



4 o 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



quarters. Learning that to the southeast was a great 
town called Autiamque, or Utiamque, where there was a 
plentiful store of maize, and was near a great water, which he 
supposed to be some arm of the sea, which he desired to 
reach in order to send news to Cuba, he repaired thither in 
the early part of December, and established himself for the 
winter. By this time he had lost, since the beginning of the 
expedition, 250 men and 150 horses. 

Autiamque is described as being in the midst of a cham- 
paign country, i. e. level plains; on a river "emptying into 
the great river we had passed" (the Mississippi). As the 
Portugese expresses it: "Hard by this town passed a river 
that came out of the province of Cayas." This would indi- 
cate the Ouachita river at some point lower down than the 
springs, probably as far down as Ouachita, Union, or Ashley 
county. 

They stayed at Autiamque three months, and during that 
time the cold was so intense that they thought they should all 
perish. "For one whole month they were so enclosed with 
the snow that they went not out of the town, and when they 
wanted firewood, the Governor and his horsemen going and 
coming many times to the wood, which was two cross-bow 
shots from the town, made a pathway whereby the footmen 
went for wood. In this mean space some Indians, which 
went loose, killed many conies with their gyves and arrows. 
These conies were of two sorts, some like those of Spain, and 
the other of the same color* and fashion and as big as great 
hares, longer and having greater loins." 

The Indians taught them how to catch these "conies," 
"which until that time they knew not how to catch, which 
was with great springs which lifted up their feet from the 
ground, and the snare was made of a strong string, where- 
unto was fastened a knot of a cane, which ran close about the 
neck of the cony, because they should not know the string. 
They took man)? in the fields of maize, especially when it 



TO THE YEAH 1543. 4 1 

froze or snowed." All of which or>es on in the same wav at 
the present time. 

On Monday, the 6th day of March, 1542, De Soto "de- 
parted from Autiamque to seek Nilco, which the Indians said 
was near the Great river." Nilco was evidently also on the 
Ouachita river, lower down than Autiamque, being most 
— probably in Louisiana, for it is said: "The Governor spent 
ten days in traveling from Autiamque to a province called 
Ayas, and came to a town which stood near the river which 
passeth by Cayas and Autiamque. There he commanded a 
barge to be made, wherewith he passed the river. When he 
had passed the river, there fell out such weather that for four 
days he could not travel for snow. As soon as it gave over 
snowing he went three da3-s' journey through a wilderness, 
and a country so low and so full of lakes and evil ways that he 
traveled a whole day in water, sometimes knee-deep, some- 
times to the stirrup, and sometimes they swam. He came to 
a town called Tutelpiuco, abandoned and without maize. 
There passed by it a lake that entered into the river which 

carried a great stream and force of water On 

Wednesday, the 29th of March, the Governor came to Nilco 

This river, which passed by Nilco, was that which 

passed by Cayas and Autiamque and fell into the Rio Grande 
or the Great river, which passed by Pacaha and Aquixo." 

This still indicates the Ouachita river near its mouth, for it 
is said to be "near unto the province of Guacho}'a, "which 
was further down on Red river — on the banks of the Missis- 
sippi at the mouth of Red river. The country described also 
answers well for the country in the region of north Louisiana. 

While wintering at Antiamque a great misfortune befell 
them in the death of their interpreter, Juan Ortiz. He had 
come from Spain to Florida with the expedition of Pamphilo 
de Narvaez in 1528, and on the wreck of that expedition 
had remained in the country. By reason of having lived so 
long among the Indians he had learned their language, and 



42 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

thus communication between the Spaniards and the natives 
was easy. As soon as De Soto landed in Florida he learned 
of Ortiz and sent for him. He came with some Indians and 
was almost as wild as they. When he came his body was 
naked and he had a bow in his hand. He had almost forgot- 
ten his Spanish speech from not having heard it spoken in 
eleven years. De Soto took him at once with his band, and he 
proved to be of the greatest service. Now that he was dead 
they had no one to supply his place, except a youth who had 
been taken prisoner at Cutifachiqui, in what is now Florida, 
in 1539, and who had learned a few words of the Spanish 
language, but who could do but little good as an interpreter. 

Says the Portugese "Gentleman of Elvas :" "The death 
of John Ortiz was so great a mischief for the discovering in- 
ward or going out of the land, that to learn of the Indians that 
which in four words he declared they needed a whole day 
with the youth, and most commonly he understood quite con- 
trary that which was asked him, whereby it often happened 
that the way they went one da}', and sometimes two or three 
days, they turned back and went astray through the woods 
here and there." 

Passing the river of Nilco, he was met by Indians of Gua- 
choya coming up the stream. He sent his men in canoes down 
the river, and went himself to land with the rest. He reached 
Guachoya on Sunda} 7 , the 17th of April, 1542, and being now 
where he could at last reach the sea, he commenced the build- 
ing of barges for the purpose. But being greatly worried at 
rinding it so hard to get to the sea, and with seeing his men 
and horses diminishing day by day and his affairs going 
wrong he fell sick, and "being sorely handled with fever" he 
died May 21st, 1542, in the 46th year of his age. Pie had 
been one of the most resolute and intrepid of leaders, but his 
course had been one of unparalleled cruelty and slaughter of 
the hapless savages who came in his wa} T . In this respect his 
career was quite like that of his cruel countryman in Mexico. 



TO THE YEAR 1543. 



43 



On the French map, so often referred to herein, the village 
of Guachoya is located on the banks of the Mississippi river, 
at the mouth of Red river, on the south side, and is accom- 
panied by a note "ou mournt Soto" where De Soto died. 

Finding he was about to die, De Soto called his people to- 
gether and demanded to know of them whom they would have 
for a leader after he was gone. Baltasar de Gallegos, speak- 
ing for the rest, said they desired that he would name his own 
successor. Accordingly he named Lewis de Moscoso, his 
Captain-General, to be his successor, and on the next day he 
expired. 

"As soon as he was dead,' 5 says the Portugese account, 
"Luys de Moscoso commanded to put him secretly in the house, 
where he remained three days, and removing him from 
thence commanded him to be buried in the night, at one of 
the gates of the town, within the wall. And as the Indians 
had seen him sick and missed him, so did they suspect what 
might be. And passing by the place where he was buried, 
seeing the earth moved they looked and spoke one to another. 
Luys de Moscoso understanding of it, commanded him to be 
taken up by night and to cast a great deal of sand into the 
mantles wherein he was wound up, wherein he was carried in 
a canoe and thrown into the midst of the river." 

Thus the hardy explorer found his grave in the bosom of the 
great river he had discovered, and which flows on over him, 
forever linked with his name. 

Of the subsequent proceedings, which are of great interest, 
the following is said : 

"Luys de Moscoso caused all the goods of the Governor to 
be sold at an outcry, to-wit : Two men slaves and two women 
slaves, three horses and seven hundred hogs. For every slave 
or horse they gave two or three thousand ducats, which were to 
be paid at the first melting of gold or silver, or at the division 
of their portion of inheritance. And they entered into bonds, 
though in the country there was not wherewith to pay it 



44 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



within a year after, and put in sureties for the same. Such 
as in Spain had no goods to bind, gave two hundred ducats 
for a hog, giving assurance after the same manner. Those 
which had any goods in Spain bought with more fear and 
bought the less. From that time forward most of the com- 
pany had swine, and brought them up and fed upon them, 
and observed Fridays and Saturda}^ and the evenings and 
feasts, which before they did not. For sometimes in two or 
three months they did eat no flesh, and wheresoever they 
could come by it they did eat it." 

Continuing, the narrative says: "Some were glad of the 
death of Don Ferdinando de Soto, holding for certain that 
Luys de Moscoso (which was given to his ease) would rather 
desire to be among the Christians at rest, than to continue the 
labors of the war in subduing and discovering of countries 
whereof they were wear)-, seeing the small profit that ensued 
thereof. The Governor commanded the Captain and the 
principal persons to meet to consult, and determine what they 

should do He desired them all that every one 

should give his opinion in writing and set his hand to it, that 
they might resolve by general consent, whether they should 
go down the river or enter into the main land. All were of 
opinion that it was best to go by land toward the west, be- 
cause Nueva Es-pana was that way, holding the voyage by 
sea more dangerous and of greater hazard, because they could 
make no ships of any strength to abide a storm, neither had 
they master nor pilot, compass nor chart, neither knew they 
how far the sea was off ; nor had any notice of it ; nor whether 
the river did make any great turning into the land, or had 
any great fall from rocks, where all of them might be cast 

awaj? The Governor, although he desired to get 

out of Florida in shorter time, seeing the inconveniences they 
laid before him in traveling by sea, determined to follow that 
which seemed good to them all. On Monday, the 5th day of 
June (1542), he departed from Guachoya." 



TO THE YE All 1543. 



45 



They traveled westward, a distance given as one hundred 
and fifty leagues, by which they had evidently reached the 
western plains of Texas. On the route, and not many days 
out from Guachoya, westward they passed through a small 
town on the borders of a lake, where the Indians made salt 
from a brackish water which sprang near the town in ponds 
like fountains. Probably the present Lake Bistineau, in 
Northwest Louisiana. 

From this extreme point which they had thus reached, very 
near, in fact, to the New Spain to which they were journey- 
ing ; but finding it a desert, where it was difficult to sustain 
life, they turned back and retraced their steps over all that 
long and weary way until they reached again the village of 
Nilco, where they had once been, which is described as being 
nine leagues from the Mississippi river. So close, indeed, that 
a great overflow of the Mississippi, which occurred while 
they were there, reached. even to Nilco. 

Not rinding Nilco supplied with provisions necessary for 
sustenance, they moved to a neighboring village of Minoya, for 
the purpose of building brigantines, determined to try their 
fortunes in descending the river to the sea and reaching the 
coast of New Spain by water. Minoya was two days' journey 
from Nilco, and nearer the Mississippi, and they came to it in 
the early part of December, 1542, and began the building of 
the brigantines. 

With infinite labor and under many difficulties they con- 
structed the boats, seven in number, which were completed 
by June, 1543, and the June rise of the Mississippi occurring 
shortly after, the waters came up to the town of Minoya, and 
in it they floated the boats and departed from the place July 
2d, 1543, 322 persons in number. They encountered much 
hostility from the Indians on their downward journey and 
lost many men, during seventeen days in which they floated 
with the current aided with oars. The Indians followed them 



46 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

in canoes "shooting cruelly at them." Going what they sup- 
posed to be a distance of 250 leagues they came to the delta 
of the Mississippi, which river they described as being 
"divided into two arms, each of them a league and a half 
broad." Descending one of these arms they reached the 
coast, and put to sea July 18th, 1543, with fair and prosper- 
ous weather for their voyage. 

They were at sea 52 days, and on the 10th of September, 
1543, they reached the river of Panuco, and soon arrived at 
the town. They numbered 311 men, and were lodged and 
entertained with the utmost hospitality by the Inhabitants of 
Panuco, who were their countrymen. 

The following are distances given by "A Gentleman of 
Elvas" of points in Arkansas, but it is to be observed, as 
stated by LaVega, that these distances are merely guessed or 
conjectured, as the Spanish had no means of measuring the 
same, and no doubt the toils and hindrances of the march of 
a large body of men through a tangled country may have 
made the distance seem greater than it was. He says : 

"Along this river" (the Mississippi) "from Aquixo to 
Pacaha and Coligoa are 150 leagues, the country is plain and 
the woods thin, and in some places champaign, very fruitful 
and pleasant. From Coligo to Autiamque are 250 leagues of 
hilly country." 

When the news of DeSoto's death was conveyed to his 
faithful wife, Isabella Bobadilla, who had been awaiting him 
in Havana, her heart broke under the intelligence, and in 
three days she died. She learned of it late in 1543 from 
some of the survivors of Moscoso band on their reaching 
Cuba, and was the first she had heard from him in five years. 



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MAP SHOWING SUPPOSED ROUTE OF DESOTO AND MOSCOSO IN ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 



CHAPTER II. 
FROM 1543 TO 1700. 



EXPLORATIONS OF MARQUETTE. HENNEPIN. LASALLE. DE TONTI AND 

IBERVILLE. 

■ 

History gives no account of any other European traversing 
this particular country for a period of 131 years after De Soto. 
Although having found the Mississippi to be navigable for a 
distance of over a thousand miles, Spain made no effort to 
follow up the discovery. The next exploration was made by 
the French. 

In the year 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet, two 
French Catholic priests, with an exploring party of five men, 
with two canoes, entered the Mississippi river on the 17th da}' 
of June, 1763, a few miles below Prairie du Chien, in Illi- 
nois, and descended as far as 34 degrees of north latitude, 
which would be about the mouth of the Arkansas river, where 
the}/ found a tribe of Indians, whom he calls Akansea, who 
received them in a friendly manner. Here, also, they found 
a village called Arkansea, where the natives exhibited to them 
European implements, and satisfied them of their contact 
with Europeans. Having ascertained that the river which 
they were descending flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, and not 
into the Pacific Ocean as had been supposed, and believing 
that they were only a sh^rt distance from the coast, not more 
than two or three days' journey, but fearing imprisonment by 
the Spaniards if they proceeded lower down, whereby the en- 
tire fruits of their discoveries would be lost, they turned back 

48 



FROM 1543 TO 1700. 49 

from this point on the 17th day of July, 1673, and ascended 
the river. On entering the river they gave to it the name of 
the river Conception, and afterwards others called it the river 
Colbert, in honor of Jean Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Seig- 
neley, an eminent Minister of France under Louis XIV, but 
neither of these names obtained; and it continued to be known 
b}^ the name by which the natives called it, Mescha-sebe, or, 
as now called, Mississippi. 

Both Marquette and Joliet wrote accounts of the voyage and 
made maps of the region over which they had passed, and 
these are the earliest maps of the country and of the river 
which were ever made. The account and maps of Joliet were 
unfortunately lost by the upsetting of his canoe in the St. 
Lawrence river while on his voyage to Canada to deliver them 
to Governor Frontenac for transmission to France. He 
drew another map from memory, but this was not as perfect 
as the first. Marquette's account, as translated from the orig- 
inal French, is contained in French's Historical Collections 
of Louisiana, in Vol. II. 

The following is a copy of the map made by Marquette at 
the time of his voyage, and shows the Mississippi river only as 
far down as the mouth of the Arkansas, the point to which he 
descended. This is undoubtedly the first map ever made of 
the Mississippi river, and dates from about the year 1673. It 
shows the location of the Arkansa Indians, under the name 
Akansea. 

The following are extracts from "Marquette's Journal," 
entitled; "An Account of the Discovery of Some New 
Countries and Nations in North America in 1673, by 
Pere Marquette and Sieur Joliet," translated from the 
French, in French's Historical Collections of Louisiana, 
Vol. II : 

"I embarked with Mons. Joliet, who had been chosen to 

conduct this enterprise, on the 13th of May, 1673, with five 

other Frenchmen, in two bark canoes ; we laid in some Indian 
4 



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} m AitMm 



rfimm 



FROM 1543 TO 1700. 



5 1 



corn and smoked beef for our voyage. We first took care, 
however, to draw from the Indians all the information we could 
concerning the countries through which we designed to travel, 
and drew up a map on which we marked down the rivers, 
countries and points of the compass to guide our journey 

We came into the Mississippi on the 17th of June, 

1673 We continued to descend the river, not know- 
ing where we were going, and having made an hundred leagues 

without seeing anything but wild beasts and birds 

we went south and southwest, until we found ourselves in about 
the latitude of 40 degrees and some minutes, having rowed 
more than 60 leagues since we entered the river. On the 25th 
of June we went ashore, and found some traces of men on the 
sand, and a path which led into a large ravine. We judged 
it led to an Indian village, and concluded to examine it. We, 
therefore, left our canoes in charge, of our men, while M. Joliet 
and myself went to examine it. A bold undertaking for two 
men in a savage country. We followed this little path in 
silence about two leagues, when we discovered a village on the 
banks of a river, and two others on a hill about half a league 
from the first." 

On coming to the village they were presented with the cal- 
umet or pipe, which everyone must smoke, or otherwise he will 
be considered an enemy. It formed a large part of their re- 
ligion, and to it they attached some nrysterious importance. 
On occasions they made it a practice to dance the calumet, 
which is thus spoken of : 

"This dance of the calumet is a solemn ceremony among 
the Indians, which they only perform on important occasions, 
such as to confirm an alliance or make peace with their neigh- 
bors. They also use it to entertain any nation that comes to 
visit them, and in this case we may consider it as their grand 
entertainment We soon descended to 33* de- 
grees north, and found ourselves at a village on the river side, 

(*) This is a mistake for 35 degrees, as 33 degrees is as far down as the Louisiana line. 



5 2 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



called Mitchigamea They told us that at the next 

great village, called Akansea, eight or ten leagues further down 
the river, we could learn all about the sea." 

Proceeding on they reached the village of Akansea, con- 
cerning which and its inhabitants it is said: "We then 
asked them what they knew of the sea, and they said we were 
within ten days' journey of it, but we might perform it in five. 
That they were unacquainted with the nations below, because 
their enemies had prevented them from visiting them. That 
the hatchet, knives and beads had been sold to them by the 
nations of the East, and were in part brought by the Illinois, 
who live four days' journey to the West. That the Indians 
whom we had met with guns, were their enemies who hindered 
them from trading with the Europeans, and if we persisted in 
going any further we would expose ourselves to the nations 

who were their enemies M. Joliet and I held a 

council to deliberate upon what we should do — whether to 
proceed further or return to Canada, content with what dis- 
coveries we had made. Having satisfied ourselves that the 
Gulf of Mexico was in latitude 31 degrees, 40 minutes, and 
that we could reach it in three or four days from the Akansea, 
and that the Mississippi discharged itself into it, and not to the 
eastward of the Cape of Florida, nor into the California Sea, 
we resolved to return home. We considered that the advant- 
ages of our travels would be altogether lost to our nation if we 
fell into the hands of the Spaniards, from whom we could ex- 
pect no other treatment than death or slavery; besides, we saw 
that we were not prepared to resist the Indians, the allies of 
the Europeans, who continually infested the lower part of this 
river. We, therefore, came to the conclusion to return and 
make a report to those who had sent us. So that, having 
rested another day, we left the village of the Akansea on the 
17th day of July, 1673, having followed the Mississippi from 
the latitude of 42 degrees to 34 degrees, and preached the 
Gospel to the utmost of my power to the nations we visited." 



FROM 1543 TO 1700. 



53 



Toward the close of the summer of the year 1680, Louis 
Hennepin, a Franciscan Friar, better known as Father Hen- 
nepin, with a party of five men, set out on a voyage of ex- 
ploration down the river, under the direction of La Salle, but 
who was not with the party. Entering the Mississippi by 
way of Wisconsin, the party descended the river, occasionally 
paddling their canoes and again floating with the current, 
until they reached the mouth of the Arkansas river, the point 
formerly reached by Marquette and Joliet. Here it was as- 
certained from the Indians that the distance to the sea was 
still very great, much greater than had been anticipated, and 
Father Hennepin deemed it best to return to Illinois and 
thence to Fort Creve Coeur, which was a little below the site 
of the present city of Peoria. Late in the autumn he reached 
the posts on the upper Illinois. This was the extent of Father 
Hennepin's exploration of the Mississippi on this voyage, and 
reached only to the mouth of the Arkansas river.* 

In 1682, Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle, a French ex- 
plorer, started from Fort Miami, a trading post which he had 
established at the mouth of the St. Joseph's river, in the 
country of the Illinois, with an exploring party containing 
Henry de Tonti, Father Zenobius Membre, a Recollect Mis- 
sionary, and twenty Frenchmen and Canadians, in canoes, 
and descended the Mississippi to its mouth. On his journey 
down he camped at the Chickasaw bluffs, where Memphis 
now is, and kept on to where the river divides. He explored 
each of the three channels leading to the gulf, and on the 9th 
of April, 1682, erected a column with the arms of France 
carved upon it, at the mouth of the river, and claimed pos- 
session in the name of France of all the country watered by 
the Mississippi and its tributaries, and in honor of Louis 
XIV, then King of France, named the country Louisiana. 

(*) This is the account of Father Hennepin's explorations as given by Monette in his "Val- 
ley of the Mississippi." Jared Sparks, on the other hand, in his "Life of Marquette," says 
that Hennepin did not descend any lower than the mouth of the Illinois river. 



54 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The ceremonies attending his taking possession of the country 
are described in French's Historical Collection of Louisiana, 
and are contained in a certificate or proces verbal, executed 
by Jaques de La Metairie, a notary who had accompanied 
La Salle from Fort Frontenac. The document being trans- 
lated by Jared Sparks, from manuscript in the Department of 
the Marine, at Paris, is as follows : 

"Proces verbal of the taking possession of Louisiana at 
the mouth of the Mississippi, by the Sieur de La Salle, on 
the 9th day of April, 1682. 

Jacques de La Metairie, 
Notary of Fort Frontenac, in New France, commis- 
sioned to exercise the said function of notary during 
the voyage to Louisiana, in North America, by M. de 
La Salle, Governor of Fort Frontenac, King and Com- 
mandant of said Discovery by the Commission of his 
Majesty, given at St. Germain, on the 12th of Ma}', 
1678. 

To all those to whom these presents shall come, Greet- 
ing : — Know } r e that having been requested by the said Sieur 
de La Salle to deliver to him an act, signed by us and the wit- 
nesses therein named, of possession by him taken of the 
country of Louisiana, near the three mouths of the river Col- 
bert, in the Gulf of Mexico, on the 9th of April, 1682. In 
the name of the most high, mighty, invincible and victorious 
Prince Louis, the Great, by the grace of God, King of France 
and of Navarre, fourteenth of that name, and of his heirs, 
and of the succession to the crown, we, the aforesaid notary, 
have delivered the said act to the said Sieur de La Salle, the 
tenor whereof follows : 

On the 27th Dec, 1681, M. de LaSalle departed on foot to 
join M. de Tonti, who had preceded him, with his followers 
and all his equipage, 40 leagues into the Miami's country, 
where the ice on the river Chekagou, in the country of the 
Mascouters, had arrested his progress, and where, when the 
ice became stronger, they used sledges to drag the baggage, 



FBOM 154B TO 1700. 55 

the canoes and a wounded Frenchman through the whole 
length of this river, and on the Illinois, a distance of 70 
leagues. At length, all the French being together, on the 
25th of January, 1682, we came to Pimiteoni (P-i-m-i-t-e- 
o-n-i). From that place, the river being frozen only in some 
parts, we continued our route to the river Colbert 60 leagues, 
or thereabout, from Pimiteoni, and 90 leagues, or thereabout, 
from the village of the Illinois. We reached the banks of the 
river Colbert on the 6th of January, and remained there 
until the 13th, waiting for the savages whose progress had 
been impeded by the ice. On the 13th, all having assembled, 
we resumed our voyage, being 22 French, carrying arms, ac- 
companied by the Reverend Father Zenobius Membre, a 
Recollect Missionary, and followed by 18 New England 
savages, and several women, Ilouquins, Otchipoises and Hur- 
onnes (H-u-r-o-n-n-e-s). 

On the 14th we arrived at the village of Maroa, consisting 
of a hundred cabins without inhabitants. Proceeding about 
a hundred leagues down the river Colbert we went ashore to 
hunt on the 26th of February. A Frenchman was lost in the 
woods,* and it was reported to M. de La Salle that a large 
number of savages had been seen in the vicinty. Thinking 
that they might have seized the Frenchmen, and in order to 
observe these savages, he marched through the woods during 
two days, but returned without rinding them, because they had 
all been frightened by the guns which they had heard, and had 
fled. 

Returning to camp, he sent in every direction French and 
savages on the search, with orders, if they fell in with savages 
to take them alive without injury, that he might gain from 

(*) The name of this Frenchman was Peter Prudhomme, and the locality of the incident is 
believed to have been a little below Osceola, Mississippi county, on the Tennessee hills, about 
where Fort Pillow now stands. A fort was built at the place, and named Fort Prudhomme, and 
Peter Prudhomme was placed in command of it. It was known by that name throughout the 
country for a great number of years. When LaSalle returned from his journey to the mouth of 
the Mississippi, he was seized with malarial fever, and he lay ill at Fort Prudhomme for six 
weeks. DeTonti left him there. F. H. 



56 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

them intelligence of this French man. Gabriel Barbie, with 
two savages, having met five of the Chikacha nation, captured 
two of them. They were received with all possible kindness, 
and after he had explained to them that he was anxious about 
a Frenchman who had been lost, and that he only detained 
them that he might rescue him from their hands, if he was 
really among them, and afterwards make with them an ad- 
vantageous peace (the French doing good to eve^body), they 
assured him that they had not seen the man whom we sought, 
but that peace would be received with great satisfaction. 
Presents were then given to them, and as they had signified 
that one of their villages was not more than half a da} T 's 
journey distant, M. de La Salle set out the next day to go 
thither, but after traveling until night, and having remarked 
that they often contradicted themselves in their discourse, he 
declined to go farther without more provisions. Having 
pressed them to tell the truth, they confessed that it was yet 
four days' journey to their villages ; and perceiving that M. 
de La Salle was angry at having been deceived, they proposed 
that one of them should remain with him, while the other 
carried the news to the village, whence the elders would come 
and join them four days' journey below that place. The said 
Sieur de La Salle returned to the camp with one of these Chi- 
kacha, and the Frenchman, whom we sought, having been 
found, he continued his voyage and passed the river of the 
Chipouteas and the village of the Metsigameas. The fog 
which was very thick prevented his finding the passage which 
led to the rendezvous proposed by the Chikachas. 

On the 1 2th of March we arrived at the Kapaha village of 
Akansa. Having established a peace there and taken poses- 
sion we passed, on the 15th, another' of their villages, situ- 
ated on the border of their river, and also two others, farther 
off in the depth of the forest, and arrived at that of Imaha, 
the largest village in this nation, where peace was confirmed, 
and where the chief acknowledged that the village belonged 



FROM 1543 TO 1700. 



57 



to his Majesty. Two Akansas embarked with M. de La Salle 
to conduct him to the Taensas, their allies, about 50 leagues 
distant, who inhabit eight villages upon the borders of a little 
lake.* On the 19th we passed the Tourika, Jason and Kou- 
era ; but as they did not border on the river, and were hostile 
to the Akansas and Taensas we did not stop there. 

On the 20th we arrived at the Taensas, by whom we were 
exceedingly well received and supplied with a large quantity 
of provisions. M. de Tonti passed a night at one of their vil- 
lages, where there were about 700 men, carrying arms, assem- 
bled in the place. Here again a peace was concluded. A 
peace was also made with the Koroas, whose chief came there 
from the principal village of the Koroas, two (2) leagues dis- 
tant from that of the Natches. The two chiefs accompanied 
M. de La Salle to the banks of the river. Here the Koroa 
chief embarked with him to conduct him to his village, where 
peace was again concluded with this nation, which, besides the 
five (5) other villages of which it is composed, is allied to 
nearly forty (40) others. 

On the 31st we passed the village of the Oumas without 
knowing it, on account of the fog and its distance from the 
river. On the 3d of April, at about 10 o'clock in the morning, 
we saw among the canes thirteen (13) or fourteen (14) 
canoes. M. de La Salle landed with several of his people. 
Footprints were seen and also savages a little lower down, 
who were fishing and who fled precipitatedly as soon as they 
discovered us. Others of our party then went ashore on the 
borders of a marsh formed by the inundation of the river. M. 
de La Salle sent two Frenchmen and then two savages to re- 
connoiter, who reported that there was a village not far off, 
but that the whole of the marsh, covered with canes, must be 
crossed to reach it ; that they had been assailed with a shower 
of arrows by the inhabitants of the town, who had not dared 

(*) Monette thinks this indicates Lake Providence, where the Tensas river has its rise. 



58 HIS TOE Y OF ABKANSAS. 

to engage with them in the marsh, but who had then with- 
drawn, although neither the French nor the savages with them 
had fired, on account of the orders they had received not to act 
unless in pressing danger. Presently we heard a drum beat 
in the village, and the cries and howlings with which these 
barbarians are accustomed to make attacks. We waited three 
or four hours, and as we could not encamp in the marsh, and 
seeing no one, and no longer hearing any thing, we embarked. 
An hour afterwards we came to the village of Maheoula, lately 
destroyed, and containing dead bodies and marks of blood. 
Two leagues below this place we encamped. We continued 
our voyage till the 6th, when we discovered three channels by 
which the river Colbert (Mississippi) discharged itself into the 
sea. We landed on the bank of the northwestern channel, 
about three (3) leagues from the mouth. On the 7th, M. de 
La Salle went to reconnoiterthe shores of the neighboring sea, 
and M. de Tonti likewise examined the great middle chan- 
nel. They found these two outlets beautiful, large and deep. 
On the 8th, we re-ascended the river a little above its con- 
fluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the reach of 
inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about 
27 degrees. Here was prepared a column and a cross, and to 
the said column were affixed the arms of France, with the in- 
scription : 

"Louis le Grand, Roi de France et Navarre, 
Regne le Neuvieme, Avril, 1682." 

The whole party under arms chanted the Te Deum, the 
Exaadiat, the Domine Salvem fac Regem, and then, after 
a salute of fire-arms and cries of "Vive le Roi !" the column 
was erected by M. de La Salle, who, standing near it, said 
with a loud voice, in French : "In the name of the most high, 
mighty, invincible and victorious Prince Louis, the Great, by 
the grace of God, King of France and of Navarre, four- 
teenth of that name, this ninth (9th) day of April, one thou- 
sand six hundred and eighty-two (1682), I, in virtue of the 



PROM 1543 TO 1700. $9 

commission of his Majesty, which I hold in my hand, and 
which may be seen by all whom it may concern, have taken, 
and do now take, in the name of his Majesty and of his suc- 
cessors to the crown, possession of this country of Louisiana, 
the seas, harbors, ports, bays, adjacent straits and all the na- 
tions, people, provinces, cities, towns, villages, mines, min- 
erals, fisheries, streams and rivers, comprised in the extent of 
the said Louisiana from the mouth of the great river St. 
Louis on. the eastern side, otherwise called Ohio-Alighen, Si- 
pore (S-i-p-o-r-e) or Chukagona, and this with the consent of 
the Chaouanous (C-h-a-o-u-a-n-o-u-s), Chickachas and other 
people dwelling herein with whom we have made alliance ; 
as also along the river Colbert or Mississippi, and rivers which 
discharge themselves therein, from its sources beyond the coun- 
try of the Kious or Nadouessious, and this with their consents, 
and with the consent of the Motantees (M-o-t-a-n-t-e-e-s), Illi- 
nois, Mesigameas, Natches (N-a-t-c-h-e-s), Koroas, which 
are the most considerable nations dwelling therein, with whom 
also we have made alliance, either by ourselves, or by others, 
in our behalf, as far as its mouth at the sea, or Gulf of 
Mexico, about the 27th degree of the elevation of the North 
Pole, and also to the mouth of the river Palms, upon the as- 
surance which we have received from all these nations that we 
are the first Europeans who have descended or ascended the 
.said river Colbert, hereby protesting against all those who 
may in future undertake to invade any or all of the countries, 
people or lands above described, to the prejudice of the rights 
of his Majesty, acquired by the consent of the nations herein 
named. 

Of which and of all that can be needed I hereby take to wit- 
ness those who hear me, and demand an act of the notary as 
required by law. 

To which the whole assembly responded with shouts of 
"Vive leRoi," and with a salute of fire-arms. Moreover, the 
said Sieur de La Salle caused to be buried at the foot of the 



60 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

tree to which the cross was attached, a leaden plate on one 
side of which were engraved the arms of France and the fol- 
lowing Latin inscription : 

LVDOVICVS MAGNVS REGNAT 
NONO APRILIS ANNO MDCLXXXII 
ROBERIVS CAVELIER, CVM DOMINO DE TONTY, LEGATO, R. P. 
ZENOBIO MEMBRE RECOLLECTO ET VIGINTI GALLIS PRIMIS HOC 
FLUMEN, INDE AB ILLINEORVM PAGO ENAVIGAVIT EJVS QUE 
OSTIVM FECIT PER VIVM NONO APRILIS ANNI MDCLXXXII.' 55 ' 

After which the Sieur de La Salle said that his Majesty, as 
eldest son of the Church, would annex no country to his crown 
without making it his chief care to establish the Christian re- 
ligion therein, and that its symbol must now be planted; which 
was accordingly done at once by erecting a cross, before which 
the Vexilla and the Domine Saleum fac Regem were sung. 
Whereupon the ceremony was concluded with cries of "Vive 
leRoi." 

Of all and every of the above, the said Sieur de La Salle 
having required of us an instrument, we have delivered to him 
the same signed by us and by the undersigned witnesses this 
ninth day of April, one thousand six hundred and eight}-- 

tw0 * La Metairie, Not my. 

De La Salle, 

P. Zenobius, Recollect Missionaiy, 
Henry deTonti, 
Francois de Boisroudet, 
Jean Bourdon, 
Sieur d'Autray, 
Jacques Cauchois, 
Pierre You, 
Gilles Mencret, 
Jean Michel, Surgeon, 
Jean Mas, 
Jean Dalignon, 
Nicholas de La Salle." 

(*) In the reign of Louis the Great, on the 9th of April, MDCLXXXII, Robert Cavalier with 
Sieur de Tonti, envoy; Rev. Father Zenobius Meinbre, a Recollect Missionary and twenty Gauls 
(Frenchmenl, the first in this river, thence from its first (highest) village, having explored 
even to its mouth, makes this witness (attestation) the 9th of April, in the year MDCLXXXII. 



FEOM 1543 TO 1700. 6 1 

Henr} 7 de Tonti also wrote a Memoir of the Expedition, 
found in French's Collection, embracing many of the partic- 
ulars stated above, from which the following are extracts. 

Extracts from "Memoir, by the Sieur de Tonti."* 

"After having been 8 3-ears in the French service, by land 
and by sea, and having had a hand shot off in Sicily by a gren- 
ade, I resolved to return to France to solicit employment. At 
that time the late M. Chaviliere de La Salle came to court, a 
man of great intelligence and merit, who sought to obtain 
leave to discover the Gulf of Mexico by crossing the southern 
countries of North America. Having obtained of the King 
the permission he desired through the favor of the late M. 
Colbert and M. de Seignelae, the late Monseigneur, the 
Prince Conty, who was acquainted with him, and who 
honored me with his favor, directed me to him to be allowed 
to accompany him in his long journeys, to which he very wil- 
lingly assented. We sailed from Rochelle on the 14th of 
July, 1678, and arrived at Quebec on the 15th of September 
following. 

Having arrived at Poatoutamus, an Illinois village, the cal- 
umet was sung, during which ceremony presents were given 
and received. There is a post placed in the midst of the as- 
sembly, where those who wish to make known their deeds in 
war, striking the post, declaim on the deeds they have done. 
This ceremony takes place in the presence of those with whom 
they wish to make friendship, the calumet being the symbol 

of peace Continuing our voyage about 60 leagues, 

we came to a place which was named Fort Prudhomme, be- 
cause one of our men lost himself there when out hunting, and 
was nine days without food. 

As they were looking for him they fell in with the Chikasas 
savages, whose village was three days' journey inland. They 
had 2,000 warriors, the greater number of whom have flat 

(*) The spelling of the name in these memoirs is Tonty. In this work the spelling usual in 
English, or Tonti, is followed. 



6 2 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

heads, which is considered a beauty among them, the women 
taking pains to flatten the heads of their children by means of 
a cushion which they put on the forehead and bind with a 
band which they also fasten to the cradle, and thus make their 
heads take this form. When they grow up their faces are as 
big as a large soup-plate. All the nations on the sea coast 
have the same custom. 

M. de La Salle sent back one of them with presents to his 
village, so that if they had taken Prudhomme they might send 
him back, but we found him on the tenth day, and as the 
Chikasas did not return, we continued our route as far as the 
village of Cappa, fifty leagues off. We arrived there in foggy 
weather, and as we heard the sound of the tambor, we crossed 
over to the other side of the river, where, in less than half an 
hour, we made a fort. The savages, having been informed that 
we were coming down the river, came in their canoes to look 
for us. We made them land, and sent two Frenchmen as 
hostages to their village ; the chief visited us with the calumet, 
and we went to the savages. They regaled us with the best 
they had, and after having danced the calumet to M. de La- 
Salle, they conducted us to their village of Toyengan (T-o-y- 
e-n-g-a-n), eight leagues from Cappa. They received us 
there in the same manner, and from thence they went with us 
to Toriman (T-o-r-i-m-a-n), two leagues further on, where 
we met with the same reception. It must be here remarked 
that these villages, the first of which is Osotonoy (O-s-o-t-o- 
n-o-y), are six leagues to the right, descending the river, and 
are commonly called Akancas ( A-k-a-n-c-a-s) . The first 
three villages are situated on the great river Mississippi. 

M. de La Salle erected the arms of the king there; they 
have cabins made with bark of cedar ; they have no other wor- 
ship than the adoration of all sorts of animals. Their coun- 
try is very beautiful. 

Having abundance of peach, plum and apple trees, and 
vines flourish there ; buffaloes, deer, stags, bears and turkeys 



FBOM 1543 TO 1700. 63 

are very numerous. They have even domestic fowls. They 
have very little snow during the winter, and the ice is no 
thicker than a dollar. They gave us guides to conduct us to 
their allies, the Taencas, six leagues distant." 

Having taken possession of the country, La Salle ascended 
the river and returned to Fort Miami. Leaving his faithful 
Lieutenant, Henry de Tonti, in command at Fort St. Louis, 
in the country of the Illinois, La Salle departed for France in 
November of the year, to report his discoveries and bring 
back a colony, and reached Paris in the early part of 1683. 

De Tonti remained at Fort St. Louis, or with his head- 
quarters there until 1685, when having learned that La Salle 
had set sail from France, he, in 1686, went to the mouth of 
the Mississippi to meet him, but received no intelligence of 
his chief. He sent two parties in canoes in search of La- 
Salle, one in the direction of Mexico and the other toward 
Carolina ; but after traveling about 90 miles, each party re- 
turned, unsuccessful in their search. Thereupon De Tonti 
gave up the search for the time and ascended the river to Fort 
St. Louis. In doing so he stopped on his upward journey at 
the village of the Bayou Goulas, also called Ounipassas, a 
tribe of Choctaw affinity, living along the Mississippi near the 
mouth of the Iberville river in Louisiana. There he left with 
the chief of the tribe a letter to La Salle, to be delivered to 
him as he came up the river. 

On reaching the Arkansas river, some of the men desired 
to establish a post, and De Tonti granting the request, sent 
six of them to build a house there while the rest accompanied 
him to Illinois. 

This was the first white settlement in Arkansas, and the 
date of it is 1686. The location of the place on Joutel's map 
of LaSalle's expedition, published in 1695, corresponds with 
the location of the present post of Arkansas. 

The following is De Tonti's account of this expedition, as 
taken from his narrative : 



6 A HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Extract from Afemoir by the Sieur de La Tonti: 
"M. de La Barre was directed to deliver up to M. de La- 
Foret the lands belonging to the Sieur de La Salle, and which 
were occupied by others to his prejudice. He brought me 
news that M. de La Salle was sailing by way of the islands to 
find the mouth of the Mississippi, and had at court obtained 
a company for me. He sent me orders to command at Fort 
St. Louis, as Captain of Fort and Governor. We took meas- 
ures together, and formed a company of 20 men to maintain 
the Fort. M. de La Foret went away in the autumn for Fort 
Frontenac, and I began my journey to Illinois. Being stopped 
by the ice, I was obliged to halt at Montreal, where I 
passed the winter. When M. de La Foret arrived there in 
the spring, we took new measures ; he returned to Frontenac 
and I went on to the Illinois, where I arrived in June (1685) ; 
M. le Chavalier de Boyis retired from command, according 
to the orders I brought him from M. de La Barre. The 
Miamis having seriously defeated the Illinois, it cost us 1,000 
dollars to reconcile these two nations, which I did not accom- 
plish without great trouble. In the autumn I embarked for 
Misslimakinacin order to obtain news of M. de La Salle. I 
heard there that Monsieur de Denonville had succeeded M. 
de La Barre; and by a letter, which he did me the honor to 
write me, he expressed his wish to see me, that we might take 
measures for a war against the Iroquois, and informed me 
that M. de La Salle was engaged in seeking the mouth of the 
Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico. Upon hearing this, I re- 
solved to go in search of him with a number of Canadians, 
and as soon as I should have found him, to return back to 
execute the orders of M. de Denonville. 

"I embarked, therefore, forthe Illinois, on St. Andrew's Day 
(30th of October, 1685) ; but being stopped by the ice I was 
obliged to leave my canoe and to proceed on by land. After 
going 120 leagues, I arrived at the Fort of Chicagou, where 
M. de La Darantaye commanded, and from there I came to 



FBOM 1543 TO 1700. 



65 



Fort St. Louis, where I arrived in the middle of January, 
1686. I departed thence on the 16th of February with 30 
Frenchmen, and five Illinois and Chawanons, for the sea, 
which I reached in Holy Week. After having passed the 
above named nations, I was very well received. Sent out two 
canoes, one toward the coast of Mexico, and the other toward 
Carolina, to see if they could discover an}/thing. They each 
sailed about thirty leagues, but proceeded no farther for want 
of fresh water. They reported that where they had been the 
land began to rise. They brought me a porpoise and some 
oysters. As it would take us five months to reach the French 
settlements, I proposed to my men that if they would trust to 
me to follow the coast as far as Manhatte, that by this means 
we should arrive shortly at Montreal ; that we should not lose 
our time, because we might discover some fine county, and 
might even take some booty on our way. Part of my men 
were willing to adopt my plan, but as the rest were opposed 
to it, I decided to return the way I came. 

"The tide does not rise more than two feet perpendicularly 
on the sea coast, and the land is very low at the entrance of 
the river. We encamped in the place where M. de La Salle 
had erected the arms of the king. As they had been thrown 
down by the floods, I took them five leagues further up and 
placed them in a higher station. 

"I put a silver ecu in the hollow of a tree to serve as a mark 
of time and place. We left this place on Easter Monday. 
When we came opposite the Quinipissas village the chiefs 
brought me the calumet, and declared the sorrow they felt at 
the treachery they had perpetrated against me on our first 
voyage. I made an alliance with them. Forty leagues 
higher up, on the right, we discovered a village inland, with 
the inhabitants of which we also made an alliance. Those are 
the Oumas, the bravest savages of the river. 

"When we were at Arkansas, ten (10) of the Frenchmen 
who accompanied me asked for a settlement on the river 



66 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Arkansas on a seignory that M. de La Salle had given me on 
our first voyage. I granted the request to some of them. 
They remained there to build a house surrounded with stakes. 
The rest accompanied me to Illinois in order to get what they 
wanted. I arrived there on St. John's Day, the 24th of June. 
I made two chiefs of the Illinois embark with me in my ca- 
noe to go and receive the orders of M. de Denonville, and we 
arrived at Montreal by the end of July." 

La Salle never lived to rejoin De Tonti. He went to 
France, and upon making his discoveries known, was re- 
ceived with great favor by Louis XIV, and by a patent, dated 
April 14th, 1684, he was appointed Commandant of Louisi- 
ana, and a company of two hundred and eighty persons was 
made up to return with him as colonists, among whom were 
his brother and two nephews. Four ships were provided for 
his use; one of them, the "Belle," of six guns, was a pres- 
ent to him from the King. He sailed from La Rochelle with 
his expedition, July 24th, 1684, and directed his course to reach 
the mouth of the Mississippi. By mistake the expedition 
sailed too far to the westward and passed the mouth of 
the Mississippi in January, 1685. La Salle was convinced 
of the mistake, and wished to alter the course, but he was 
opposed by the sailing master, Beaujeu, who determined 
to keep on, and in January, 1685, a landing was effected 
near Corpus Christi, Texas. Endeavoring to rectify their 
mistake, the expedition set sail again, and proceeding up 
the coast eastward, made a landing on the Bay of San- 
Bernardo, now called Matagorda. In doing so the store 
ship of the expedition, the "Aimable," was driven upon an 
island and sunk. Soon after the sailing master, Beaujeu, 
sailed for France with two of the ships, the "Joli," and an- 
other, and thus La Salle was left with only one small vessel, 
"Belle," with which to prosecute his discoveries. In the 
course of the summer this ship was sent across the bay on an 
excursion, and meeting with an accident, was sunk near Dog 



FROM 1543 TO 1700. 67 

Island, and thus La Salle was deprived of all means of return, 
or of making discoveries by water. He endeavored to main- 
tain himself on the land by building a fort, called Fort St. 
Louis, on the coast of Matagorda bay, and tilling the soil, but 
by January, 1687, so many of his colonists had been killed by 
Indians, or had died from disease, that the number was re- 
duced to less than forty. Leaving half of these at the fort, he 
set out January 12th, 1687, on a journey overland in search 
of the Mississippi. He was accompanied by his brother, M. 
Cavelier, two nephews, Morangetand a young cavalier, Father 
Anastasius Douay, Joutel, Duhaut, L'Archeveque de Raine, 
Hiens, a German, Lietot, a surgeon, Tessier, the pilot, Soget, 
and an Indian. When on the banks of the Trinity river in 
Texas, on the 20th of March, 1687, he, with Moranget, one of 
the nephews, was cruelly murdered by Duhaut and L'Arche- 
veque. Of these Duhaut was shortly afterwards killed by 
Lietot, one of his fellow-conspirators, in a quarrel over the di- 
vision of certain spoils ; and L'Archeveque, with the other 
mutineers, joined the Indians. 

After the death of La Salle, his brother and the remaining 
nephew, under the leadership of Joutel, a commander in the 
expedition, and the historian of the party, with six others, 
pushed on overland. They presently encountered the Cenis 
Indians, by whom they were kindly received, and from whom 
;they obtained horses and guides for their journey. They con- 
tinued their course, guided by the Indians, until they found the 
French post established by De Tonti's orders on the Arkan- 
sas river, which they reached July 24th, 1687, and where 
they found a hut tenanted by two Frenchmen, two of the six 
whom De Tonti had sent to establish the post. At a short 
distance before coming to the river on which the post was sit- 
uated, they met Indians with axes going to gather bark to 
cover their cottages. On coining to the river, as they ap- 
proached it from the south or Texas side, they discovered a 
large cross erected, and near it a house built in French fash- 



68 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

ion on the other or north bank ; and shortly afterwards two 
men, clothed, coming out, and who, on perceiving them, fired 
each a shot into the air as a salute. On coming to the river 
they found that the men were Frenchmen, named Couture and 
De Launay, from Rouen, France, and who had established 
the post there by De Tonti's directions. These two men 
then were two of the first six white men who ever made a 
settlement in Arkansas. 

One of this party with Joutel was Father Anastase Douay, 
a Jesuit priest, and faithful friend of La Salle, who had been 
with him at the precise moment when he was shot down by 
the assassin Duhaut, and who had with his own hands dug 
the great explorer's grave and buried his body, planting a 
cross to mark the spot. 

While on this journey Joutel found and rescued Rutel, a 
sailor from Lower Bretagny, who had been lost from La- 
Salle's party when that explorer descended the Mississippi in 
1682, and who had lived since that time with the Cenis Indi- 
ans. Being accustomed to water navigation, he taught the 
Cenis to build boats and sail on the rivers, which they had not 
known how to do before, and having also aided them in a war 
with some neighboring tribes, and by his superior skill in the 
handling of boats having greatly aided them to overcome 
their adversaries, they looked upon him as a great chief, and 
were much grieved to see him go. 

Joutel kept a diary or journal of this journey, wherein he 
recorded the events of each day. It was published in Paris in 
1695. I* * s ent itled : "A Journal of the Last Voyage Per- 
formed by Mons. de La Salle to the Gulph of Mexico 
to Find Out the Mouth of the Mississippi River. Written 
by Monsieur Joutel, A Commander in that Expedition." 

The work in the original French is extremely rare, and even 
the English translations are very rarely to be found. But few 
copies exist in America, and even then only in great libraries, 
The following are extracts from this journal ; 



FBOM 1543 TO 1700. 69 

"At the time when M. de La Salle was preparing for his 
last voyage into North America, I happened to be at Rouen, 
the place where he and I were both born, being returned from 
the army, where I had served sixteen (16) or seventeen (17) 
years. 

"The reputation gained by M. de La Salle, the greatness of 
his undertaking, the natural curiosity which all men are pos- 
sessed with, and my acquaintance with his kindred, and with 
several of the inhabitants of that city who were to bear him 
company, easily prevailed with me to make one of the num- 
ber, and I was admitted as a volunteer. 

"14th March, 1685. When M. le Beaujean was gone we fell 
to work to make a fort. ...... 

P. 130. "We set out the 12th of January, in the year 1687, 
being seventeen (17) in number, viz: M. de La Salle, M. 
Cavelier, the priest, his brother, Father Anastatuis, the Recol- 
lect, M. M. Moranget and Cavelier, nephews to M. de La Salle ; 
the Sieur Dehaut, the elder L'Archeveque, Hiens, Lietot, a 
surgeon, young Talon, an Indian, and a footman belonging 
to M. de La Salle, etc. 

P. 143. 20th of March, La Salle murdered. 

"24th March. We went on through a marshy country, never 
quitting a small path which led to the village of the Cenis till 
the 28th, when we rested on the bank of a river of the same 
name, though about 10 leagues distant from the village. 

P. 145. "We found the country pleasant enough about that 
river, though the land did not seem to be any of the best, but 
still it was delightful to the eye, well planted with fine trees 
of several sorts, among which is one that M. de La Salle had 
named copal, being very beautiful, the leaves of it between 
those of the maple and the lime trees in resemblance, and 
from it came a gum of a very agreeable scent. 

P. 146. "In the same place we saw a great tree, on which 
the late M. de La Salle had caused crosses and the arms of 
France to be carved. " 



fjO BISTORT OF ARKANSAS. 

After going to the Cenis Indians, he says : 

P. 148. "Then they made us smoke, and brought to us a 
Frenchman of Provence, who was one of those that had for- 
saken the late M. de La Salle at his first journey. 

P. 153. "Though I thought myself not over-secure among 
those Indians, and besides had the dissatisfaction of under- 
standing none of their language, yet I was not unwilling to 
stay, that I might have an opportunity of seeing the two other 
Frenchmen, who had forsaken the late M. de La Salle when 
he first traveled into that country, that I might inquire of 
them whether they had heard no talk of the Mississippi river, 
for I still held my resolution of parting from the wicked mur- 
derers. As soon as they were gone, I gave a young In- 
dian a knife to go bid those two other Frenchmen come to 
me 

P. 155. "They confirmed what I had been told before, that 
the natives had talked to them of the great river, which was forty 
(40) leagues off towards the northeast, and that there were 
people like us that dwelt on the banks of it. This confirmed 
me in the opinion that it was the river so much sought after, 
and that we must go that way to return to Canada or towards 
New England. They told me they would willingly go with us. 

P. 157. "We stayed three days longer in that post. 

The chief wished them to remain and join him in war. 

P. 162. "However, we were not to be moved, and only 
asked one kindness of him, in obtaining of which there were 
many difficulties, and it was that he would give us a guide, etc. 

P. 163. "Thus there were only seven of us who stuck to- 
gether to return to Canada, viz : Father Anastasius, M. M. 
Cavelier, the brother and nephew, the Sieur de Marie, one Teis- 
sier, a young man born at Paris, whose name was Bartholomew, 
and I, with six horses and three Indians, who were to be our 
guides ; a very small number for so great an enterprise, but 
we put ourselves entirely in the hands of Divine Providence, 
confiding in God's mercy, which did not forsake us. 



FROM 1543 TO 1700. 7 I 

P. 165. "The 22d of June, our Indian being somewhat re- 
covered, we decamped and proceeding along a better way and 
pleasanter country than we had left behind, and as we en- 
quired the best we could, of those our Indians concerning the 
neighboring nations, and those we were going towards, 
arriong others they named to us that they called Cappa. M. 
Cavelier told us, he remembered that he had heard his late 
brother, M. de La Salle, name that nation, and say that he 
had seen it as he went from Canada towards the Mississippi. 
This put us in hopes that we should succeed in our discovery. 

P. 1 73 "The 9th and 1 oth of July was spent in visits, and we 
were informed by one of the Indians that we were not far from 
a great river, which he described with a stick on the sand and 
showed it had two branches, at the same time pronouncing 
the word Cappa, which, as I have said, is a nation near the 
Mississippi. We then made no longer question that we were 
near what we had been so long looking after. 

"The night between the 19th and 20th, one of our horses 
breaking loose, was either taken away by the natives or lost 
in the woods. That did not obstruct our departure, though 
the loss was grievous to us, and we held on our way till the 
24th, when we met a company of Indians with axes going to 
fetch barks of trees to cover their cottages. They were sur- 
prised to see us, but having made signs to them to draw near, 
they came, caressed and presented us with some watermelons 
they had. They put off their design of going to fetch bark 
till another time, and went along with us, and one of our 
guides having gone before in the morning to give notice of 
our coming at the next village, met with other parcels of In- 
dians, who were coming to meet us, and expressed extraordin- 
ary kindness. 

"We halted in one of their cottages, which they called 'Des- 
ert,' because they are in the midst of their fields and gar- 
dens. There we found several women who had brought 
bread, gourds, beans and watermelons, a sort of fruit proper 



72 HIS TOST OF ABKANSAS. 

to quench the thirst, the pulp of it being no better than water. 

"We set out again to come to the village, and by the way 
met with pleasant woods, in which there were abundance of 
stately cedars. Being come to a river that was between us 
and the village, and looking over to the farther side, we dis- 
covered a great cross, and at a small distance from it a house 
built after the French fashion. 

"It is easy to imagine what inward joy we conceived at the 
sight of that emblem of our salvation. We knelt down, lift- 
ing up our hands and eyes to heaven to return thanks to the 
Divine Goodness for having conducted us so happily ; for we 
made no question of finding French on the other side of the 
river, and of their being Catholics, since they had crosses. 
In short, having halted for some time on the bank of that 
river, we spied several canoes making towards us, and two 
men clothed coming out of the house we had discovered, who 
the moment they saw us fired, each of them, a shot to salute 
us. An Indian, being chief of the village, who was with 
them, had done so before, and we were not backward in re- 
turning their salute by discharging all our pieces. When we 
had passed the river and were all come together, we soon 
knew each other to be Frenchmen. Those we found were 
the Sieurs Couture and De Launay, both of them of Rouen, 
whom M. de Tonti, governor of Fort St. Louis, among the 
Illinois, had left at that post when he went down the Missis- 
sippi to look after M. de La Salle; and the nation we were 
then with was called Accancea. 

"It is hard to express the joy conceived on both sides ; ours 
was unspeakable, for having at last found what we had so 
earnestly desired, and that the hopes of returning to our dear 
country were, in some measure, assured by that happy dis- 
covery. The others were pleased to see such persons as 
might bring them news of that commander from whom they 
expected the performance of what he had promised them ; 
but the account we gave them of M. de La Salle's unfortunate 



FBOM 1543 TO 1700. 173 

death was so affecting that it drew tears from them, and the 
dismal histor}? of his troubles and disasters rendered them al- 
most inconsoleable. 

"We were conducted to the house, whither all our baggage 
was (p. 175) honestly carried by the Indians. There was a 
very great throng of these people, both men and women, 
which being over, we came to the relation of the particular 
circumstances of our stories. One was delivered by M. 
Cavelier, whom we honored as our chief, being brother to 
him who had been so. 

"We were informed by them that they had been six (6), 
sent by M. de Tonti when he returned from the voyage he had 
made down the Colbert or Mississippi river, pursuant to the 
orders sent him by the late M. de La Salle at his departure 
from France, and that the said Sieur de Tonti had commanded 
them to build the aforesaid house, and that having never since 
received any news from the said M. de La Salle, four (4) of 
them were gone back to M. de Tonti at the foot of the Illi- 
nois. 

"In conclusion it was agreed among us to go away as soon 
as possible towards the Illinois, and conceal from the Indians 
the death of M. de La Salle, to keep them still in awe and 
under submission, while we went away with the first ships 
that should happen to sail from Canada to France to give an 
account at Court of what had happened, and procure succor. 
In the mean time the chief of the Indians came to invite us to 
eat. We found mats laid on the ground for us to sit on, and 
all the village met to see us. 

"We gave them to understand that we came from M. de La- 
Salle, who had made settlement on the Bay of Mexico, that 
we had passed through many nations, which we named, and 
that we were going to Canada for commodities and would re- 
turn down the river ; that we would bring men to defend 
them against their enemies and then settle among them, that 
the nations we had passed through had appointed men to 



^4 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

guide us, and we desired the same favor of them, with some 
canoes and provisions, and that we would reward our guide 
and pay' for what they furnished us. The conveniency of an 
interpreter we then had, gave us the opportunity of making 
ourselves to be easily understood, and the chief answered 
our proposal that he would send men to other villages to ac- 
quaint them with our demand, and to consult with them what 
was to be done in that case ; that as for the rest they were 
amazed at our having passed through so man}/ nations with- 
out having been detained or killed, considering what a small 
number we were. When the discourse was ended, that chief 
caused meat to be set before us, as dried flesh, bread made of In- 
dian corn of several sorts, and watermelons ; after which he 
made us smoke and then we returned to our house, where being 
eased of all those implements, we gave each other an account 
of our affairs at leisure, and were informed that these people 
impatiently expected the return of M. de La Salle, which 
confirmed us in the resolution of concealing his death. We 
observed the situation of that post, and were made acquainted 
with the nature of the country and the manners of those peo- 
ple, of which I shall give the following remarks : 

"The house we were then in was built of pieces of cedar laid 
one upon another and rounded away at the corners. It is 
seated on a small eminence, half a musket shot from the vil- 
lage, in a country abounding in all things. The plains laying 
on one side of it are stored with beeves, wild goats, deer, tur- 
ke} 7 s, bustards, swan, teal and other game. 

"The trees produce plenty of fruit, and very good, as peaches, 
plums, mulberries, grapes and walnuts. They have a sort of 
fruit they call piaguimina, not unlike our medlars, but much 
better and more delicious. Such as live near the rivers, as 
that house is, do not want for fish of all sorts ; and they have 
Indian wheat, whereof they make bread. There are also fine 
plains, diversified with several sorts of trees, as I have said 
before. 



FBOM 1543 TO 1700. 75 

"The nation of the Accanceas consists of four (4) villages. 
The first is called Otsotchone (O-t-s-o-t-c-h-o-n-e), near 
which is the second, Toriman (T-o-r-i-m-a-n), both of them 
seated on the river* the third, Tonguinga (T-o-n-g-u-i-n-g-a), 
and the fourth, Cappa (C-a-p-p-a), on the bank of the Mis- 
sissippi. These villages are built after a different manner 
from the others we had seen before in this point ; that the cot- 
tages, which are alike as to their material and rounding at the 
top, are long, and covered with the bark of trees, and so very 
large that several of them can hold two hundred (200) per- 
sons belonging to several families. 

"The people are not so neat as the Cenis or the Assonis in 
their houses, for some of them lie on the ground without any- 
thing under them but some mats or dressed hides. However, 
some of them have more conveniences, but the generality has 
not. All these movables consist in some earthen vessels and 
oval wooden platters, which are neatly made and with which 
they drive a trade. They are generally very well shaped and 
active; the women are handsome, or, at least, have a much 
better presence than those of the other villages we passed 
through before. 

"They make canoes all of one piece, which are well wrought. 
As for themselves they are very faithful, good natured and 
warriors like the rest. 

"The 25th the elders being assembled, came to see us and 
told the Sieur Couture, that they desired to sing and dance 
the calumet or pipe, because the others had sung it, some of 
them to the late M. de La Salle and the rest to M. Tonti, 
and, therefore, it was reasonable they should do the same to 
get a fire lock as well as the others. M. Cavelier was in- 
formed of it, and he was requested to consent to it to please 
these Indians, because we stood in need of them." They ob- 
tained guides of the Indians. 

"The 27th we again made them a present, promising a good 
reward to our guides, and so we prepared to set forth. Little 



fj6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Bartholomew, the Parisian, having intimated to us that he 
would willingly stay in that house because he was none of the 
ablest of body, we recommended him to the Sieur Couture. 
We desired those that remained here to keep the secret of M. 
de La Salle's death, promised to send them relief, left them 
our horses which were of great use to go a hunting, and gave 
them fifteen or sixteen pounds of powder, eight hundred balls, 
three hundred flints, 26 knives, 10 axes and two or three 
pounds weight of beads. 

"We embarked in a canoe belonging to one of the chiefs, 
being at least twenty (20) persons, as well women as men, 
and arrived safe without any trouble at a village called Tori- 
man (T-o-r-i-m-a-n), for we were going down the river. We 
proposed to these people to confirm what had been granted to 
us by the others. On the 28th they assembled and granted 
our request. 

"The remaining part of the day was spent in going with 
Sieur Couture to see the fatal river so much sought after, by 
us called Colbert when first discovered and Mississippi or Me- 
chassippi by the natives. It is a very fine river and deep ; the 
breadth of it about a quarter of a league, and the stream is 
very rapid. The Sieur Couture assured us that it had two 
branches or channels, which parted from each other above us 
and that we had passed its other branch when we came to the 
first village of the Accanceas, with which natives we still were. 

"The 29th we set out from that village and embarked in two 
canoes to cross the Mississippi. The chief and about a score 
of young folks bore us company to the next village called Tou- 
ningua (T-o-u-n-i-n-g-u-a) seated on the bank of that river 
where we were received in the chief's cottage. 

"The 30th we set out for Cappa, the last village of the Ac- 
canceas, eight leagues distant from the place we had left. 
We were obliged to cross the river Mississippi several times in 
this way because it winds very much and we had some foul 
weather which made it late before we could reach Cappa, etc. 



FBOM 1543 TO 1700. 



n 



"August 2d. We made ready to be going. We took leave 
of the Sieur Couture to whom M. Cavelier made an exhorta- 
tion encouraging him to persevere and have patience in hopes 
of the relief we would send him, and so we embarked on the 
Mississippi in a canoe, being nine (9) in number, that is five 
(5) of us and four (4) Indians. 

' 'On the 9th we found the banks of the river very high and 
the earth of them red, yellow and white, and thither the 
natives came to furnish themselves with it to adorn their 
bodies on festival days. 

"On the 19th we came to the mouth of the river 'Houa- 
bache' (Wabash), said to come from the country of the 
Iroquois toward New England. This is a fine river, its 
waters extraordinarily clear and the current of it gentle. We 
held our way until the 25th, when the Indians showed us a 
spring of salt water within a musket-shot of us, and made us 
go and view it. 

"September 1st we passed the mouth of a river called the 
Missouris, whose waters are always thick. Sunday, 14th of 
September, 1687, about two in the afternoon, we came in the 
neighborhood of Fort St. Louis." 

De Tonti was not at Fort St. Louis when the party arrived 
there. He was east in Canada, but on coming to the fort, in 
the autumn of 1687, found the party there. The following is 
his account of what transpired there : 

P. 70. "I went in company with the Rev. Father Cre- 
viere as far as Misshemakinac, and afterwards to Fort St. 
Louis. There I found M. Cavelier, a priest, his nephew and 
the Father Anastasius, a Recollect, and two men. They con- 
cealed from me the assassination of M. de La Salle, and upon 
their assuring me that he was upon the Gulf of Mexico in 
good health, I received them as if they had been M. de 
La Salle himself, and lent them more than 700 francs (28 C). 
M. Cavalier departed in the spring of 1688 to give an account 
of his voyage at Court. 



78 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

"M. de La Foret came here in the autumn and went away 
in the following spring. On the 7th of April, 1688, one 
named Couture brought to me two Akansas, who danced 
the calumet. The)/ informed me of the death of M. de La- 
, Salle, with all the circumstances, which they heard from the 
lips of M. Cavelier, who had, fortunately, discovered the house 
I had built at Arkansas, where he said Couture stayed with 
three (3) Frenchmen. He told me that the fear of not ob- 
taining from me what he desired had made him (Cavelier) 
conceal the death of his brother, but that he had told them 
of it." 

The following concluding extracts from Joutel's journal 
show the return of his party to France, they having, in the 
autumn of 1688, gone from Fort St. Louis to Quebec, arriv- 
ing there October 9th : 

"The 27th of July (1688), we went aboard a bark to go 
down the river to Quebec, where we arrived the 29th. Father 
Anastase carried us to a monastery of the Father of his order, 
seated half a league from the town on a little river, where we 
were most kindly received by the Father, guardian, and other 
religious men, who expressed much joy to see us, and we, still 
more, for being in a place of safety, after so many perils and 
toils, for which we returned our humble thanks to Almighty 
God, our protector. 

"We chose rather to take up our lodging there than in 
town, to avoid the visits and troublesome questions every one 
would be putting to us with much importunity, which we 
must have been obliged to bear patiently. 

"M. Cavelier and his nephew, whom we had left at Mon- 
treal, arrived some days after us, and were lodged in the sem- 
inar)/. 

"We stayed in that monastery till the 21st of August, when 
we embarked in a large boat, eighteen (18) persons of us, to 
go down the river of St. Lawrence, aboard a ship that was 
taking in and fishing of cod 5 we went aboard it the 30th of 



FROM 1543 TO 1700. 



79 



the same month, and after hearing mass, made ready to sail 
for our dear country ; arrived safe at Rochelle, on Saturday, 
the 9th of October, 1688, whence setting out by land the 
15th, the same Providence which had protected and conducted 
us, brought us without any misfortune to Rouen, the 7th of 
October the same year." 

De Tonti made many explorations up and down the Missis- 
sippi. In 1700, with twenty Canadians, he descended from 
Rock Fort, Illinois, as far as Natchez, to meet Pierre le Moyne, 
Sieur de Iberville, who, in 1698, had received a commission 
from Louis XIV to establish direct intercourse between France 
and Louisiana, and who, in the autumn of that year, began 
the work of colonizing the province. Le Moyne's first 
expedition left France October 24th, 1698, sailing from 
Brest, consisting of two frigates and two smaller vessels, the 
frigates being "La Pradine," commanded by Iberville, and 
"LeMarin," commanded by Le Chevelier de Surgeres, and 
having a company of natives and 200 settlers. They landed 
on Dauphin Island on the Alabama coast, in January, 1699; 
a few huts were put up on Ship Island. On the 27th day of 
February De Iberville set out with an expedition, including 
his younger brother Bienville, Father Anastasius Douay and 
48 men for the Mississippi, which they entered March 
2d. They ascended as high as the mouth of Red river, halt- 
ing awhile at the Ba} T agoula village. The Bayagoulas were 
a tribe of Choctaw affinity, living along the banks of the 
Mississippi. 

In May of 1699 De Iberville built a fort upon a sandy 
shore at the head of the Biloxi Bay. It was a fort with four 
bastions, and had twelve cannon. It was the first white set- 
tlement on the Mississippi and the first fort which the French 
built, and was all that France had to indicate her claim to the 
immense sweeps of territory unknown and unexplored which 
constituted the Province of Louisiana, 



80 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

In the year 1699 Sauvolle, who had come to Louisiana 
under De Iberville was appointed Governor of Louisiana. 
He was the first colonial governor, and held the office until he 
died, July 22d, 1701. He was succeeded by Jean Baptiste le 
Moyne. Sieur de Bienville, who was then only in the twenty- 
second year of his age, and who held the office for twenty- 
six years under three different appointments, to-wit : 1701 to 
1712; i7i8to 1724; 1734 to 1743. He was a younger 
brother of Pierre le Moyne, Sieur de Iberville, and was one of 
eleven sons of a Canadian family of Montreal, all of whom 
were distinguished. They were sons of Charles le Moyne, of 
that city, who had come from Normandy to Canada among 
the earliest immigrants. 

De Tonti never left the gulf regions of Lower Louisiana, 
and died at Mobile in 1704. When De Iberville entered the 
Mississippi in March, 1699, and halted at the Bayagoula 
village, the chief of the tribe then delivered to him the letter 
written by De Tonti to La Salle in 1685, and left with them 
with directions to deliver it to the white man whom they should 
find ascending the river, meaning La Salle, who expected to 
return by this route ; but De Iberville coming instead, they de- 
livered it to him. It was dated April 20th, 1685, but the year 
should evidently be 1686, because De Tonti did not set out 
on his journey down the river, until October 30th, 1685, after 
the date given to his letter; and as the letter speaks of things 
performed on and during the journey it must necessarily have 
been written after such incidents had transpired. 

The letter was as follows : 

April 20th, 1685. 

"Sir, etc: — Having found the column, on which you had 
placed the arms of France, thrown down, I caused a new one 
to be erected about seven leagues from the sea. All the na- 
tions have sung the calumet. These people fear us extremely 
since your attack upon their village. I close by saying that 
it gives me great uneasiness to be obliged to return under the 



FBOH 1543 TO 1700. 8 1 

misfortune of not having found you. Two canoes have ex- 
amined the coast 30 leagues towards Mexico and 25 towards 
Florida." 

If those who were going toward Mexico had gone far 
enough, they would have found La Salle, as he was then on 
the coast of Matagorda Bay. 

This letter had been safely preserved among the Indians 

with wonder and amazement for 13 years. 
6 



CHAPTER III. 
FROM 1700 TO 1800. 



COLONIZATION. THE COMPANY OF THE WEST. JOHN LAW'S GRANT. 

LA HARPE'S JOURNEY. FORTS. BIENVILLE AND THE NATCHEZ WAR. 

FRENCH GOVERNORS. CESSION TO SPAIN. SPANISH GOVERNORS. 

GRANTS OF LANDS. SETTLEMENT OF THE UPPER PART OF THE PROV- 
INCE. RETRO-CESSION TO FRANCE. 

De Iberville was active in bringing colonists to settle the 
newly acquired region. In October, 1698, he brought the 
two hundred emigrants from France, as has been mentioned, 
and again, in 1701, he brought a second compan} 7 , but so 
many perished from fevers that, in 1702, only thirty French 
families remained in Louisiana. His own health was broken 
through this cause, and he was obliged to leave the country, 
and died at Havana in 1706, whither he had gone to re- 
cuperate. His brother, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de 
Bienville, succeeded to the governorship of the province upon 
the death of Sauvolle, July 22d, 1701, and remained at the 
head of affairs until 171 2, when he was superseded by De La- 
Mothe Cadillac, who had founded Detroit in 1701. 

In the latter part of Bienville's term, the Chevalier du 
Muys (or as the name is translated by Mr. Edmund J. For- 
stall, Dumerry), was appointed to succeed him, but having 
sailed from France, Du Muys died at Havana on the journey, 
arid Bienville remained in office until succeeded by Cadillac. 

The following statistics of the colon)', of date 1704, are given 
by a writer, signing himself De La Salle, in a document 
found in the archives of the Department of the Marine, in 
Paris, among the documents relating to Louisiana, to-wit : 

82 




BIENVILLE. 

Governor of the Province of Louisiana. 



84 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

"Total population, including the garrison, 180 men; num- 
ber of families, 27 ; 3 girls and 7 boys, from 1 to 10 years of 
age ; 80 houses covered with lataniers, laid out in straight 
streets ; 190 acres of land, cleared for the building of the city ;* 
9 oxen, of which 5 belong to the King; 14 cows; 4 bulls, be- 
longing to the King." 

The first white child born in the Province of Louisiana was 
Claude Jausset, surnamed Laloire, who grew to manhood, 
as he is mentioned as living of date 1733. 

On the 14th day of September, 1712, Louis XIV. granted 
to Antoine Crozat, merchant, a ..monopoly of the entire Loui- 
siana trade, and Cadillac became his partner, and a sharer in 
the enterprise. The grant was for all the country drained by 
the waters emptying' directly or indirectly into the Missis- 
sippi, included in the boundaries of Louisiana. Crozat held 
this monopoly until 171 7, when he surrendered his charter to 
the Crown, and the territory was transferred to a corporation, 
with extensive powers, called "The Company of the West." 
This Company held its charter for fifteen years, and in that 
time did much to promote the colonization and advancement 
of the province. John Law, a financier of ability and distinc- 
tion of this time, was the organizer, and a large supporter of 
the enterprises of this Company. The charter of the Com- 
pany was surrendered to the Crown June 23d, 1731. 

The Company made great efforts to promote the coloniza- 
tion of the country by inducing immigration ; but, after all, 
the increase of population from this source was but meagre. 
In 1712 it was by enumeration only 28 families in the whole 
province, and in 17 17 numbered only 700 persons all told. 
M. Dargit, writing of its condition in 1730, said of it: 

"After so many failures on the part of the Company, and 
the many millions the colony has cost the King during the 
past eighteen years it has been in his hands, it is scarcely 
more advanced than in the beginning." 

(*; A settlement on Massacre Island, subsequently named Dauphin Island. 



PROM 1700 TO 1800. 85 

In 1716 Cadillac was superseded by DeLepinay,who held for 
two years, when he was in turn superseded by Bienville in 17 18. 

In commencing this his second term of office Bienville, in 
1718, founded New Orleans on a site which had been selected 
the year before, and named it after the Duke of Orleans. He 
made it the capital of the province. In this he was opposed 
by M. Hubert, the King's commissioner, who desired that 
the capital should be located at Natchez, where he had estab- 
lished himself, but Bienville prevailed. The place was sur- 
veyed by the Sieur Le Blonde de La Tour, and a few log huts 
were built in irregular fashion. The Company of the West 
soon brought a colony of 800 persons to settle in Louisiana, and 
located a number of them at New Orleans, but after three 
years, by 1721, the settlement contained only two hundred 
persons, most of whom camped in the cane-brakes around the 
settlement. 

In 1718 John Law obtained a grant of land four leagues 
square, lying on the Arkansas river, and settled on it a num- 
ber of emigrants whom he had brought from France and Ger- 
many, as a part of the colony of eight hundred. According 
to Le Page Du Pratz, who came with the colony, and who 
wrote a history of Louisiana, which was published in London 
in 1774, the land granted to Law was erected into a Duchy, 
and was under the charge of M. Levens, who was trustee for 
it. The failure of Law's schemes and his bankruptcy, which 
occurred shortly afterwards, broke up the settlement and dis- 
persed the colony. The German portion of the colony at 
first settled eight leagues higher up and to the west of the 
abandoned spot, but ultimately returned to New Orleans, 
and obtaining each for himself a small grant of land on 
the Mississippi near the city, formed a colony, which has ever 
since been called the German coast. The locality of this grant 
was somewhere near the Arkansas post. Charlevoix, who 
saw the place in 1721, said of it, in speaking of the Indians 
thereabout, whom he calls the "Kappas:" 



86 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

"Opposite to their village is to be seen the melancholy rem- 
nants of the grant to M. Law, of which the Company (of the 
West) remain proprietors."* 

Dumont, in his Memoirs of Louisiana, in French's Histori- 
cal Collections, part V, says of the location of this grant : 

"When the new settlers were scattered through the colon)', 
each grantee of a concession went to take posession of the 
ground assigned him. The people sent by Law came and 
settled about a league from the Arcanc_as post in the depths of 
the woods, where they found a beautiful plain surrounded by 
fertile valleys, and a little stream of fine, clear, wholesome wa- 
ter. This settlement began to prosper ; pavilions were already 
erected for the officers, and cabins for the workmen ; almost 
all, as I have said, were Germans — married men. Large store 
houses were even built, and eveiything seemed to promise 
that it would soon become flourishing, when those who com- 
posed it, learning of the fall of their patron, disbanded. Most of 
them abandoned the post and returned to the capital, intend- 
ing to cross over to Europe, but the Council of the Country 
opposing this design, they chose a place ten leagues from New 
Orleans, where each one settled on his own account. This 
place, now called the German Coast, was commanded, when 
I left Louisiana, b} T the Sieur d'Arensbourg.f The ground 
was very well cultivated by the new settlers, who were by no 
means indolent, and this place.may be considered the garden 
of the capital." 

M. Dumont, the historian, was a colonist about the years 
1 720-1 740, a lieutenant in the French service, and his history 
was brought down to the latter date, about which time he re- 
turned to France. 

On the nth of August, 1728, the Company surrendered to 
the King all its rights against the assets of Law, which the King 

(*) Vis-a-vis a leur village on volt les triste debris de la concession a M. Law dont le Com- 
pagnie est restee proprietaire. 

(t) A distinguished Swedish officer, who was sent to Louisiana by John Law, at the head of 
250 Germans. His sword is still in the hands of his decendants in Louisiana.— Gayarke. 



FBOM 1700 TO 1800. 87 

accepted on the 3d of September. This proceeding was based 
on a judgment for 20,000,000 francs, which they had obtained 
against Law, but of which only a small part had been paid. 

The Company of the West made many grants of lands or 
"concessions" at about this date, the largest of which were to 
M. le Blanc at the Yazoo river ; to Koly at Natchez ; to Law 
on the Arkansas; Dartaguette at Baton Rouge; Paris de Ver- 
nay at Bayagoulas ; Meuze at Pointe Coupee; Villemont on 
Black river; Cleiac at Natchez ; and Chaumont at Pasca- 
goula. When M. le Blanc sent men to take possession of the 
grant made to him on the Yazoo, the little garrison there, 
which had been kept till then by the Company at that place, 
retired to the Arkansas post, which was then commanded by 
the Sieur de La Boulaye.* 

Another colonist of this date, who conducted operations ex- 
tensively, wasM. Dargit, who left Paris in 1718. He landed 
in Louisiana in 17 19, with forty laborers, forty hogsheads of 
tools, supplies, and 80,000 crowns in letters of credit on the 
Mississippi Company or "Company of the West," of which 
he had been a director. He made his first settlement on the 
Ouachita river, where he built a small fort and several houses 
for his white and negro laborers, a store and blacksmith shop. 
His plantation was one square league of the finest land, on 
which he raised two crops of rice, corn and tobacco in 1721 
and 1722. He was compelled to leave his plantation for lack 
of proper support and protection by the Company. He re- 
moved to the neighborhood of New Orleans in 1723. He 
took the contract for building the fortifications at Natchez and 
half the fortifications at English Turn. This is the name 
given to a point on the Mississippi a little below the upper 
point of the delta in the main river, and is so called because in 
September, 1699, an English ship of 16 guns, commanded b}' 
Captain Barr, came sailing up the river, and at this point en- 
countered De Bienville in the act of descending from explora- 

(*) Historical Collection of Louisiana, Vol. V., p. 34. 



88 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

tions made above. Finding the French in prior possession, the 
English turned back and proceeded no further. From that 
time the place has been known as "the English turn." 

M. Dargit was the first in the colon)/ to construct a water 
mill to clean rice, and was one of the trustees of the parish 
church in New Orleans in 1747 and 1748. 

He wrote a Memoir of Louisiana, giving a history of the 
country and events of the date 1730 to 1750, which existed in 
the shape of manuscript only up to 1 887-' 88, when it was trans- 
lated into English, for publication, by Rev. Father H. A. Pich- 
erit, Pastor of St. Paul's church in Vicksburg, and from which 
translation this extract is taken. 

The year 1719 witnessed the first large or general importa- 
tion of negro slaves into the Province of Louisiana. When 
Crozat took charge under his grant in 171 2, there were only 20 
negroes in the whole colon}/, and although his charter con- 
ferred the privilege of introducing them, it does not appear that 
he availed himself of it to any extent. In June, 1719, how- 
ever, a large number were sent under the auspices of the Com- 
pany of the West, brought from the coast of Guinea, and were 
distributed to the colonists at an agreed price. During the ex- 
istence of the Company, or for some time afterwards, their 
agents continued to supply the demand at the rate of from 
three to five hundred annually. In 1724 De Bienville drew 
up and promulgated a code of laws regulating the treatment 
of slaves, which remained in force until after Louisiana was 
ceded to the United States.* 

In the year 1722 the Sieiir Bernard de La Harpe, a French 
officer, was sent by Bienville to explore the Arkansas river. 
He took with him a company, among whom were the Sieur 
de Franchomme, as lieutenant, and one Bessan, a sergeant, 
and also M. Dumont, as lieutenant and engineer. Dumont 
says the expedition was undertaken, because reports had been 
spread among the Company of the West that there was an 

(*) Historical Collections, Vol. III., p. 89; V. 119, 121. 



FROM 1700 TO 1800. 89 

emerald rock somewhere on "the Arcancas river." The ex- 
pedition ascended the river for more than two hundred and 
fifty leagues, and advanced some fifty leagues into the coun- 
try by land, until the men began to murmur ; and La Harpe, 
fearing that the fate of La Salle might be his, retraced his 
steps and returned to the capital. This is the first known 
official exploration of the river. 

"If in this expedition," Dumont concludes, "we had not 
the good fortune to discover the emerald rock which gave it 
rise, we had the satisfaction of traversing a very beautiful 
country, fertile plains, vast prairies covered with buffalo, 
stags, does, deer, turtles, etc., we saw rocks of jasper marble, 
at the foot of which lay slabs cut by nature's hand, others of 
slate and talc, very fit for making plaster. I have no doubt 
there are gold mines in the country, as we discovered a little 
stream which rolled gold dust in its waters." 

The following are extracts from La Harpe's "Historical 
Journal of the Establishment of the French in Loui- 
siana," giving an account of this journey, found in French's 
Historical Collections, to-wit : 

P. 106. "On the nth of March (1722) he (La Harpe) 
proceeded to the village of the Sotonis, situated on the left 
side of the river, which the French named Arkansas, and the 
Indians Nigette, which signifies red, on account of the color 
of the water. 

P. 107. "On the 2d he proceeded with M. M. Dufresne 
and Boulay to the (concession) plantation of M. Law, situated 
north by northwest from the Sotonis, or Arkansas villages, and 
on the right of the river, ascending about two leagues and a 
half by the river, and one and a half by land. 

"On the 9th men whom M. de La Harpe had sent to the 
Arkansas village returned with an Indian pirogue. In this 
he placed some articles and seven men, with orders to pro- 
ceed up the river and wait for him, at two days' journey, on 
the road. On the 10th, after making some preparations for 



9° 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



his journey, he left the settlement with his detachment, com- 
posed of 22 men, and M. Dufresne, ensign of the company, at 
the post of Arkansas. 

P. 108. "He continued his journey and made ninety 
leagues in a northwest direction to a large rock, which he 
called Le Rocher Francais,* where he arrived on the 9th of 
April. This rock is on the right of the river ascending, and 
forms three steep hills of one hundred and sixty feet (160) in 
height, near to which are several fine slate quarries. He 
ascended the western hill, from which he discovered a fine 
country. At the rock is a waterfall, which forms an exten- 
sive and beautiful basin. The water of this river, for a dis- 
tance of thirty leagues, is of a reddish color, but it afterwards 
becomes clear and excellent to drink. 

"M. de La Harpe continued his explorations up to the 17th 
of April. Then he became short of provisions by the upset- 
ting of one of his pirogues. 

"M. de La Harpe having ascended the Arkansas by water 
one hundred and fifty leagues to this place, although it is not 
above fifty or sixty by land, he laid up his pirogues to visit 
the mountains to the west of the river. 

"On the 15th he commenced his march, each one carrying 
his sack of corn on his back. On the 19th, having advanced 
two leagues, he came to high mountains, between which were 
valleys and prairies, presenting beautiful views. Two leagues 
further he came to the border of a river 200 toises wide. 

"On the 21st he embarked on board his pirogue to return 
to the settlement of M. Law, which he found had been aban- 
doned by his people. 

"On the 4th M. de La Harpe left the Sotonis, or Arkansas, 
to return to Biloxi, which he reached on the 25th of May, 
barely escaping a surprise by the Chicaches party." 

In Martin's History of Louisiana, also, there is an account 
of this journey, mainly as above given. The statement is 

(*) This is evidently what is now called Big Rock. 



FROM 1700 TO 1800. 91 

therein made that La Harpe prepared a map of the river. If 
so, it constitutes, undoubtedly, the first map of it ever made. 

The system adopted by the French, from the necessity of 
the case, was to build forts wherever they occupied, and ac- 
cordingly, from the very mouth of the Mississippi, far up 
toward the great lakes was a chain of forts. One, called Fort 
Louis de La Mobile, was built at the mouth of Dog river in 
1702, but which was abandoned, and a new one built in 171 1 
at the mouth of Mobile river, where the city now stands. 
The earliest one was built at Old Biloxi in 1699, but which 
was abandoned and the garrison moved to New Biloxi in 
1 7 19. At Natchez in 17 16, at Natchitoches in 1718, and at 
the Balize in 1722 they were built. While in the Illinois 
country, Fort St. Louis was built in La Salle's time, or about 
1680, and Fort Chartres is said to have been built in 1720. 
One of the principal ones was that established by Bienville in 
1716 at the site of the present city of Natchez, which, in honor 
of the Countess de Ponchartrain, he called Fort Rosalie. In 
fact it had been the intention of M. Hubert, the King's Com- 
missioner and acting Intendant, ever since his arrival at 
Dauphin Island, March 5th, 1 715, to establish the capital of the 
colony at Natchez, hence he secured for himself, in 1720, a 
grant of land at that place, and opened a fine plantation there. 
He erected a water mill for grinding corn, and planted wheat, 
oats, etc. Everything was in a promising condition, but the 
savages committed such depredations on his plantation and 
stock that he sold it all, and left for France in 1722. 

Among these forts was one called Fort St. Francis, on the 
St. Francis river, in Arkansas, built by Bienville's orders in 
1739, to serve as a resting place and rallying point for his 
troops in his second war against the Chickasaws, which was 
just then opening. The site of this fort is believed to have been 
the site of the present town of Wittsburg, in Cross county.* 

(*) Hon. H. M. McVeigh, of Osceola, has kindly furnished by letter the following information 
on this point, to-wit: "An old friend of mine, Sam Hector, part Indian, who spent his early 
life among the Indians, tells me he has often picked up iron musket balls on the bluff at Witts- 
burg, when a boy , living among the Indians." 



92 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

In 1724 Bienville was relieved of command and was sum- 
moned to France to answer charges made against him, and 
Boisbriant was placed in command in his absence. In 1726 
Bienville was removed from office and Perrier was made 
Governor, and held the office until 1734, when Bienville was 
re-appointed, and came back to that colony with the rank of 
Lieutenant-General, and governed the country until 1743. 

In 1728 it was proposed to make a settlement at Natchez, 
as the place was found very suitable for growing tobacco. 
Several persons settled there and constructed stores, etc., and 
a man-of-war anchored there and was freighted with tobacco. 

In 1729 everything was going well, but, in 1730, the 
Natchez Indians rose secretly against the French, and in a 
dreadful massacre at Fort Rosalie fairly exterminated them. 
Chopart, the commander at Natchez, or Fort Rosalie, had 
cruelly mistreated the Indians, dispossessing them of one of 
their villages, the land of which he wanted, and the Natchez 
determined on the massacre for revenge, and persuaded the 
Yazoos to join them. It was proposed to make the massacre 
general, but their plans miscarried. In order to act simulta- 
neously at the different villages, it is related that to compute 
the time at which to act, bundles of sticks containing an equal 
number were distributed, one to each tribe. They were to 
throw away one stick each day, and when the last stick had 
been thrown away they were to strike at daylight the next 
day. By some means, whether by throwing awa}? too many 
sticks, or by losing some, the Natchez lost the count, and so 
enacted their part in the diabolical business before the others. 
By this means, the massacre took place only at Fort Rosalie, 
instead of generally. Among the slain was Father Du Pois- 
son, who had been the first missionary sent among the Ar- 
kansa Indians, but who was at that time serving among the 
Yazoos and was temporarily at Fort Rosalie. In return for 
the barbarity of this massacre, the French made war on the 
Natchez, and, in a conflict between the two in the following 



FBOM 1700 TO 1800. 



93 



year, 1731, that once powerful tribe was entirely broken and 
scattered ; and the captives taken by the French were treated 
with barbarous cruelty. The Natchez made overtures to 
the Arkansas to join in the massacre, but out of their attach- 
ment for the French they refused. 

In 1736 a war broke out between the French and the 
Chickasaws, and Bienville led a force from New Orleans, to 
meet a similar force, brought from the Illinois country by 
D'Artaguette, numbering 396 men, consisting of 130 French, 
38 Iroquois, 38 Arkansas and 190 Illinois and Miami. The 
expedition left Illinois on the 20th of February, 1736, the ob- 
ject being to attack their principal village, in what is now Lee 
county, Mississippi. The two forces did not meet, as planned. 
D'Artaguette arrived first, and, without waiting for the ar- 
rival of Bienville, attacked the Chickachas on the 24th of 
March, and was defeated with heavy loss ; he himself being 
killed with 45 of his men, including 18 officers. He was de- 
serted by the Illinois and Miamis, hence the defeat and heavy 
loss sustained. 

Bienville's force, 574 strong, arrived a week later, and at- 
tacked the village May 26th. They, likewise, were repulsed 
and retreated to Mobile, with the loss of thirty killed. This 
concluded the war between the two. 

Bienville, however, at once began preparations for a new 
expedition against the Chickasaws. His first step was to send 
to France for re-enforcements. It was while waiting for the 
arrival of these that he built Fort St. Francis, in Arkansas, as 
has been mentioned. On the arrival of a squadron from 
France, with re-enforcements for this war, in May, 1739, 
Bienville sent the first convoy to Fort St. Francis, under the 
command of the Sieur de Moyan, and he himself followed 
in June and at the fort the whole army assembled, composed 
of marines, troops from New Orleans, militia, negroes and 
some neighboring Indians. Leaving a small detachment to 
garrison the fort, the army embarked and proceeded to a lit- 



94 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



tie river, which they called Maigot, now called Wolf river, at 
Memphis. Here Bienville landed and built a fort, which was 
named Fort Assumption, because he had landed on that day 
in the church calendar. The army remained at Fort As- 
sumption until April of the following year, 1740, when peace 
was made with the Chickasaws, and Bienville disbanded his 
Indian auxiliaries, and returned with his marines and regular 
troops to New Orleans. In doing so, both Forts Assumption 
and St. Francis were abandoned and pulled down, being no 
longer of use or service.* 

This terminated Bienville's military career in Louisiana, 
after which he was superseded in command by Pierre De Ri- 
gaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil; and, in May 1743, left for 
France, leaving the Chickasaws masters of the situation from 
the Illinois country to Baton Rouge. f Bienville died in 
France, in 1768, at the age of 88 years. The white popula- 
tion of Louisiana at this time, 1740, is given as about five 
thousand. 

The Marquis de Vaudreuil, coming as Bienville's succes- 
sor, remained Governor of Louisiana until 1753, when the 
Baron de Kerlerec was appointed. Kerlerec took charge 
February 9th, 1753, and remained at the head of affairs until 
1763, when he was succeeded by D'Abbadie. D'Abbadie 
reached New Orleans June 29th, 1763, taking charge and 
remained in office until his death, February 4th, 1765. Upon 
his decease, M. Aubry became governor, and remained as 
such until the country was delivered to Spain, in 1768, serv- 
ing jointly with Antonio de Ulloa, the Spanish appointee, 
after Ulloa's arrival, in 1766. For by an act done at Fon- 
tainebleau, of date of November 4th, 1762, Louis XV secretly 
ceded Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, to the King of Spain, 

(*) Dumont's Memoirs, Chap. XXXIX. 

(f) "The Chickasaws," says Pickett, "have never been conquered. They could not be de- 
feated by DeSoto, with his Spanish army, in 1541; by Bienville, with his French troops and In- 
dian allies, in 1736 and 1740; by Vaudreuil and his army, in 1752, nor'by the Creeks, Cherokees, 
Shawnees and Choctaws, who have continually waged war against them at different times." 
[—Hist. Coll. La., V. page 114.] 



FBOM 1700 TO 1S00. 



95 



which cession was accepted by the Spanish King by an act 
done at the Escurial, of date November 13th, of the same 
year. D'Abbadie was not apprised of the transfer until 
nearly two }<ears after, when he received the King's letter of 
instructions, of date April 21st, 1764, to deliver the coun- 
try to the Spanish, announcing that the cession had been 
made on his (Louis XV's) "own will and motion." It is 
said that on the receipt of this intelligence, which reached him 
in October, 1764, D'Abbadie was so overwhelmed with grief 
that it brought on an illness, from the effects of which he died. 
This act of the King, of 1762, was confirmed in the following 
year in the Treaty of Paris. 

In 1756 war arose in Europe, participated in by England 
and Spain on the one side and France on the other, which 
lasted seven years, and was known as "The Seven Years' 
War." It came to an end by a treat)-, made at Paris, Feb- 
ruary 10th, 1763, called the "Treaty of Paris," in which 
France ceded to Spain all of Louisiana lying west of the Mis- 
sissippi river; thus, by treaty, confirming what had been 
ceded by the King as an individual act the year before. The 
Spaniards, however, delayed taking possession. Although 
the cession was made in November, 1762, it was not, as we 
have seen, until October, 1764, twenty-three months there- 
after, that the news of it reached New Orleans. M. Abbadie, 
the French Governor, remained as totally uninformed of the 
transfer as were the people. 

Even after the news of the transfer had been received, by 
the arrival of the King's letter to M. Abbadie, directing him 
to deliver the province to the Spaniards, there was further 
delay in taking possession. A year passed away, with Aubry, 
a French Governor, at the head of affairs, and nothing was 
done towards taking possession. In fact, as remarked by 
Mr. George W. Cable,* "Louisiana was a gift which Spain 

(*) In his excellent article on New Orleans, Vol. XIX, of the Report of the 10th Census. 



96 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

did not covet. It had been given her only for fear it might 
otherwise fall into the hands of Great Britain." 

This delay on the part of Spain in occupying the country 
gave rise to one of the most remarkable incidents in the history 
of Louisiana. The French inhabitants drew from it the hope 
that their actual transfer to Spain might be averted, and sent 
representatives to France to try and effect this retention by 
the Crown, but all to no purpose. Their hopes were dis- 
pelled by the arrival in New Orleans, March 5th, 1766, of 
Don Antonio de Ulloa, who had been appointed Gover- 
nor of the province. He brought with him only a small 
company of troops, about 80 or 90 in number, as the 
French Government had assured him no troops were neces- 
sary. But being coldly received by the inhabitants, he 
deferred using this small force for the purpose, and entered 
into an arrangement with Aubry by means of which the two 
governed jointly until a farther force should arrive from 
Spain. While matters rested in this shape, a remarkable up- 
rising took place among the colonists, headed by Nicholas 
Chauvin de La Freniere, the Attorney-General. The object 
of the revolt was not so much to be rid of Ulloa as it was to 
overthrow the Spanish rule in Louisiana, and it was even 
contemplated to establish the independence of the province. 
This was the first movement contemplating independence 
made by any colony in America. As a result of the uprising, 
Ulloa was expelled from the colony and was compelled to re- 
turn to Spain in October, 1768, taking his departure Oct. 31st. 

But this was all that the insurrection accomplished. The 
plans of the insurgents were not vigorously carried out, and 
their enterprise failed. Don Alexander O'Reilly was ap- 
pointed Governor of the Province, and was sent with a fleet of 
24 ships with 2,600 troops, and 50 pieces of artiller}', to take 
command and punish the ringleaders of the revolt. He landed 
at New Orleans, August 18th, 1769, and on taking charge 
caused La Freniere, Jean Baptiste Noyan, Pierre Cavesse, 



FBOM 1700 TO 1800. 



97 



Pierre Marquis and Joseph Milhet to be tried by court mar- 
tial and executed, and others to be imprisoned. 

His course was considered as cruel and unjust, and he was 
given the name of "The Cruel O'Reilly." Upon his return to 
Spain in the following year, however, he was justified and up- 
held by the Crown. He was succeeded by Luys de Unzuga, 
who governed from 1770 to 1777, when Bernardo de Galvez, 
a gallant and dashing officer, then just 22 years of age, became 
Governor. This was the period of the American Revolution, 
and in it De Galvez gave great and important aid to the 
Americans. De Galvez remained at the head of affairs from 
1777 to 1784 when he was succeeded by Estevan Miro, who 
governe'd at first ad interim in the absence of De Galvez, and 
afterwards as the regular successor, his service extending from 
1785 to 1 791, at which date Francisco Luys Hector, Baron 
De Carondelet, was appointed. He held until 1797, when he 
was succeeded by Manuel Gayoso de Lemos. Governor de 
Lemos held until his death, which occurred, from yellow fever, 
July 1 8th, 1799. After the death of De Lemos the Marquis 
de Casa Calvo succeeded, and was Governor about eighteen 
months, or until June, 1801, when he was succeeded by Don 
Juan Manuel de Salcedo, who was in charge until the coilntiy 
was delivered to the representative of France, November 30th, 
1803, for the purpose of being transferred to the United States. 
There was no French Governor appointed between 1800, when 
-the country was ceded to France in the Treaty of St. Ildefonso, 
and 1803, the year in which it was sold to the United States. 
In fact, even the existence of the treaty and the ownership of 
France in the country was kept a profound secret. The reason 
for this was that France and England, at that date, were on 
hostile terms, and the making of the treaty was kept concealed, 
for fear that if the English were apprised of it they would at 
once seize the country. 



98 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

During the governorship of the Baron de Carondelet, he 
made many grants of lands in Arkansas, which have come 
down to our times, some of which proved to be accurate and 
valid, but the most of which fell through for indefiniteness, or 
from failure of the grantees to complete and perfect them. 
The most considerable of these were to Don Joseph Valliere, 
the Baron de Bastrop, the Marquis de Maison Rouge, to Don 
Carlos de Villemont, and to the Winter families and Joseph 
Stillwell. 

That to Don Joseph Valliere, who was a captain in the 6th 
regiment of the Spanish arm)/, in service in Louisiana, was 
made June nth, 1793, and embraced a tract of land ? on the 
Rio Blanco (White river), ten leagues on both banks, and 
bounded on the west by the Rio Cibolos. This grant was in- 
validated by the courts, in 1847, on a sm ^ by ^ e hems to re- 
cover it. 

To the Baron de Bastrop he granted, June 20th, 1797, a 
tract twelve leagues square, or more than a million of arpens, 
lying principally on the Ouachita, in the present State of 
Louisiana, but the smaller portion falling in Arkansas, on the 
Bayou Bartholomew, in Chicot county. De Bastrop ceded 
400,000 acres of this grant lying on the Ouachita to Aaron 
Burr, where the latter expected to plant a colony as a nucleus 
for his expedition to the southwest.* 

That to the Marquis de Maison Rouge was made in 1797, 
and was for a large tract lying along the Bayou Bartholomew 
and on the Ouachita river, probably where the town of Ecore 
Fabre arose, which has since become the city of Camden. 

In the year 1795 he granted to Don Carlos de Villemont, 
who was the Spanish commandant at the Post Arkansas from 
some time prior to that year until 1803, fourteen thousand ar- 
pens of land, being a front on the Mississippi river of two 
leagues, by one league in depth, located at "Chicot Island," in 

(*) After the retro-cession of Louisiana to France, in 1800, De Bastrop, who was a Prussian, 
became a citizen of San Antonio, Texas, and died there in 1828 or '29. 



FROM 1700 TO 1800. 



99 



Arkansas, twenty-five leagues below the mouth of the Arkan- 
sas river. An arpen is eighty-five hundredths (85-100) of an 
acre. This grant was invalidated by the Courts for indefi- 
niteness in 1848, there being no such place as Chicot Island, 
and no place corresponding to it twenty-five leagues below 
the post. A town called Villemont, which was the county 
seat of Chicot county, was founded on it in 1823, but could 
not be made to prosper on account of the uncertainty of the 
title. It was also unluckily located, on account of the caving 
of the river banks, so that by the year 1840, about all there 
was of the town had been washed into the river. Quite ex- 
tensive improvements were made there. In 1829 and 1830 
John C. Jones built a large frame tavern at a cost of $5,000, 
and a store house and dwelling. 

On the 27th of June, 1797, the Baron de Carondelet 
granted to Elisha Winter, William Winter and Gabriel Win- 
ter, William Russell, Joseph Stillwell and others, one million 
arpens of land located at, or near, the Post of Arkansas. 
The Winter families and Stillwell moved to the post and set- 
tled in the spring of 1798. The Winters made extensive im- 
provements, erected permanent buildings and cultivated the 
land, and brought to the country sheep and other live-stock, 
the first that were ever brought there. Elisha Winter caused 
a hewn stone to be transported from Lexington, Kentucky, 
and set up to mark his lands. This grant was also invali- 
dated by the courts, in 1848, for indefiniteness in description 
and location. 

In 1798 Governor de Lemos caused a census of Louisiana 
to be taken, which was completed in 1799, and in it the pop- 
ulation of the District of Arkansas was put down at 368 per- 
sons ; and in a census taken in 1785, the population is given 
at that date as 196. 

In the meantime gradual settlement of the upper portion 
of the Province was taking place, but not so rapidly as the 
lower or Gulf region. As early as 1720 the ores and minerals 



IOO HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

found there had begun to attract attention. Marquette, in 
the maps he made of his explorations of 1673, had marked 
"mine de fer" (iron mine) by the Ohio river and the Upper 
Mississippi, "mine de cuivre" (copper mine), and "charbon 
deterre" (coal), in the northeast and near the Great Lakes 
and subsequent explorations had shown his report to be correct. 
Up to this time the French settlements were confined ex- 
clusively to the east bank of the Mississippi, and were scat- 
tered throughout the Illinois country. One had been made at 
Kaskaskia at an early date, and there were a number of 
adjacent villages. In the year 1720 a fort was built on the 
east bank of the Mississippi, about ten or fifteen miles above 
the present town of Ste. Genevieve, which was named Fort 
Chartres, a considerable fortification, with ample quarters 
for officers and men. This fort soon became the center of 
power for the French settlements, which looked to it for pro- 
tection in case of Indian hostilities. About this date also, that 
is in 1 7 19, Renault, the son of a celebrated iron founder, of 
France, established himself at Fort Chartres, and erected 
rude furnaces through the country for the smelting of lead, 
which he found in abundance, although dissappointed in his 
search for gold and silver. In 1735, as given in Switzler's 
History of Missouri, or 1755, as elsewhere given, the French 
made their first permanent settlement in Missouri at Ste. 
Genevieve, the first and oldest town in the State, and by 
1775 its population was about five hundred persons. The 
town of St. Louis, originally a depot, for the fur trade, was 
founded February 15th, 1764, by a company, under Pierre 
Liguest Laclede. The company, Moxent, Laclede & Co., 
had, in 1762, obtained from the Governor-General of Louisi- 
ana exclusive control of the Missouri and other tribes of In- 
dians, as far north as the river St. Peter. The town be- 
came the recognized capital of that part of the Province, about 
the year 1765, when, in consequence of the country east of 
the Mississippi having been ceded to England in the treaty 



FROM 1700 TO 1800. lot 

of Paris, Louis St. Ange de Belle Rive,* the French com- 
mander, at Fort Chartres, surrendered that fort to the Eng- 
lish, and moved his small garrison of troops to St. Louis. 
Here, although not specially authorized to do so, he exercised 
the authority of civil and military Governor over that part 
of the Province by virtue of his position, and from the fact 
that the inhabitants generally gave their adhesion to him, as 
a wise and capable officer. 

About the date of the settlement of St. Louis another settle- 
ment was made on the same side of the river a few miles lower 
down. This settlement was for a time unnamed, and as the 
inhabitants were principally poor persons, the St. Louisans 
nicknamed the place ^videpoche^ meaning "empty pocket." 
In return the inhabitants of the settlement called St. Louis 
u pain court" meaning "short bread," in allusion to the fact 
that there was sometimes a scarcity of provisions at the place. 
Afterwards the name of the settlement was changed to Caronde- 
let, in honor of the Baron de Carondelet. It was at one time 
thought that this settlement would prove to be the larger town 
of the two, but the growth of the great city has been such as 
to entirely absorb Carondelet, which no longer maintains a 
separate existence as a city. Opposite St. Louis, on the Illi- 
nois side of the river, also some progress was made in settling a 
place called Cahoika. This was at or near where there had 
been an Indian village, noted on the maps of 1700 as the vil- 
lage of the "Caouquias." 

In 1789 the town of New Madrid was founded by Col. 
George Morgan of Ohio, on a land grant obtained by him 
from the Spanish authorities. f It was located at a place called 

(*) Probably a contraction of Belle Riviere. 

(t) The following account of the settlement of New Madrid by Col. Morgan's party is from 
an old Magazine. 

"An account of the settlement of New Madrid before the earthquake : 

"New Madrid, April 14, 17S9. 

"Sir. — The inclemency of the season, and the precaution necessary for the advantage and 
security of our party and enterprise, rendered our voyage down the Ohio, a long, though not 
a disagreeable, one. 

"We have now been in the Mississippi two months, most of which time has been taken up 
in visiting the lands from Cape St. Come on the north, to this place on the south; and west- 



102 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

L'Anse de la Graise, or "the greasy bend," so called from the 
fact that for a long time previous the spot had been the favor- 
ward to the river St. Francois, the general course of which is parallel with the Mississippi, and 
from twenty to thirty miles distant. Col. Morgan, with 19 men, undertook to reconnoitre the 
lands above, or north, of the Ohio; this gave him the earliest opportunity of producing his 
credentials to Don Manuel Perez, Governor of the Illinois, who treated him, and the 
others, with the greatest politeness. Their arrival, after their business was known, created a 
general joy throughout the country among all ranks of its inhabitants— even the neighboring 
Indians have expressed the greatest pleasure at our arrival and intention of settlement. There 
is not a single nation, or tribe of Indians, who claim, or pretend to claim, a foot of the land 
granted to Colonel Morgan. This is a grand matter in favor of our settlement. The Governor 
very cheerfully supplied our party with every necessary demanded by Col. Morgan, and par- 
ticularly with horses and guides to reconnoitre all the lands to the western limits, and from 
north to south in the interior country. In an undertaking of this nature it is not to be doubted 
but different opinions have prevailed amongst us, with respect to the most advantageous 
situations to establish the first settlement of farmers and planters, A considerable num- 
ber of reputable French families, on the American side of the Illinois, who propose to join us, 
wished to influence our judgments in favor of a very beautiful situation and country about 12 
leagues above the Ohio. A number of American farmers, deputed from Post Vincent, and 
some others of our party, were delighted with the country opposite to the Ohio, one league 
back from the river, to which there is access by a rivulet that empties into the Mississippi about 
3 miles above the Ohio. We have united in the resolution to establish our new city, whence 
this letter is dated, about 12 leagues below the Ohio, at a place formerly called L'Anse la 
Graisse, or the greasy bend, below the mouth of a river marked in Captain Hutchin's map 
(Sound river). Here the banks of the Mississippi for a considerable length are high, dry and 
pleasant, and the soil westward to the St. Francois is of best for corn, tobacco and indigo, and 
we verily believe that there is not an acre of poor land in a thousand square miles. The coun- 
try rises gradually from the river into fine, dry, pleasant and healthful grounds, superior to 
any place in America. The limits of our city of New Madrid are to extend 4 miles south and 2 
miles west, so as to cross a beautiful living deep lake of the purest spring water, one hundred 
yards wide and several leagues in length, emptying itself, by a constant and rapid stream, 
through the center of the city. The banks of this lake, which is called St. Anne's, are high, 
beautiful and pleasant, the water deep, clear and sweet; the bottom, a clean sand, well stored 
with fish. On each side of this delightful lake streets are to be laid out, one hundred feet wide, 
and a road to be continued round it of the same breadth, and the trees are directed to be pre- 
served forever for the health and pleasure of the citizens. A street 120 feet wide, on the banks 
of the Mississippi, is laid out, and the trees are preserved. Twelve acres, in a central part of 
the city, are to be reserved, ornamented, etc., for public walks, and 40 lots, of half an acre 
each, are appropriated to such public uses as the citizens shall recommend, and one lot of 12 
acres is to be reserved for the King's use. One city lot of half an acre and one lot of 5 acres to 
be a free gift to each of the six hundred first settlers. Our surveyors are now engaged in lay- 
ing out the city lots, and the country in farm tracts of 320 acres. We have built cabins, and a 
magazine for provisions, are making gardens, and we shall plow and plant one hundred aeres 
of the best prairie land in the world with Indian corn, hemp, flax, cotton, tobacco and pota- 
toes. Several French gentlemen at Ste. Genevieve have offered to conduct Col. Morgan to as 
fine iron and lead mines as any in America, in a small day's journey from the river. One 
thousand are being surveyed for the choice and settlement of families who will come here 
next fall. After the surveys are completed, Col. Morgan and Major McCully will proceed to 
New York via New Orleans and Cuba, and Col. Shreve, Captain Light and Captain Taylor, 
with all others who conclude to return immediately for their families, will ascend the Ohio in 
time to leave Fort Pitt again for this place in October. Captain Hewling, and a number of 
single men, will plant one hundred acres of corn and other crops, and will build a mill. Not a 
single person of our party, consisting of seventy men, has been sick, but are all in good health 
and spirits on the discovery of this pleasant clime. 

"We are, sir, your humble servants, 
"(Signed.) 

"GEORGE McCULLY, JOHN WARD, 

"JOHN DODGE, ISRAEL SHREVE, 

"PETER LIGHT, JOHN STEWART, 

"To Dr. John Morgan, Philadelphia." "DAVID RANKIN, JAMES RHEA. 



FROM 1700 TO 1800. I03 

ite camping ground of hunters who killed numbers of bears 
and created quite an industry by shipping the oil from that 
point to New Orleans by the Kaskaskia traders. Before a 
great while the town had a population of some hundreds, com- 
posed of French Canadians, Spaniards, Americans and some 
Negroes. 

On the 20th of June, 1778, Pierre Liguest Laclede, the 
founder of St. Louis, on his return from a business trip to 
New Orleans, died at the mouth of the Arkansas river, in the 
54th 3 r ear of his age, and was there buried. Concerning the 
place of his burial, Switzler, quoting from Hon. J. F. Darby, 
of St. Louis, says : 

"The spot where Laclede was buried is about 200 yards 
back from the west bank of the Mississippi river, on the 
second beach, so called, just above the town of Napoleon, in 
a deep, heavy grove of timber, in a light, sandy soil, and on 
that account the place became a famous graveyard for sixty 
or seventy years. There is no stone to distinguish one grave 
from another. Laclede's grave, therefore, cannot be identi- 
fied. No doubt, however, it was long since washed into the 
Mississippi river." 

As the upper part of the Province had now grown to be 
of importance, the Spaniards, in beginning their domination, 
inaugurated the system of having a lieutenant-governor, to 
regulate its affairs, stationed at St. Louis, and with command- 
ants of districts or commands under him. Accordingly, dur- 
ing Ulloa's incumbency, in August, 1768, a Spanish officer, 
named Rios, was sent to take possession of St. Louis and as- 
sume command. He found the inhabitants there as coldly 
disposed to him as those of the lower part of the Province were 
to Ulloa, and on the 17th of July, 1769, withdrew his troops 
to New Orleans. Thereupon Governor O'Reilly, on taking 
charge, appointed Don Pedro Piernas, Lieutenant-Governor, 
who assumed his authority in 1771, and remained in office 
until May 19th, 1775, when he was succeeded by Don Fran- 



104 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

cisco Crozat, under Governor Luysde Unzaga.* Crozat re- 
mained in office until June 14th, 1778, when he was succeeded 
by Don Ferdinando Leyba, serving under Governor Bernardo 
de Galbez. Leyba was removed from office for misconduct, 
and died in one month after his dismissal. He died in June, 
1780, and Silvio Francisco Cartabona, a lieutenant, command- 
ing at New Madrid, served as acting lieutenant-governor 
during the interim, until' September 24th, 1780, when Don 
Francisco Crozat was again placed at the head of affairs. In 
1787 Crozat's incumbency terminated, and on the 25th of 
November, 1787, Don Manuel Perez succeeded him, serving 
under Governor Estevan Miro. Perez held until July 21st, 
1792, when he was succeeded by Don Lenon Trudeau, under 
the Baron de Carondelet, and on August 29th, 1799, Trudeau 
was succeeded by Don Carlos Dehault Delassus, the last 
Spanish lieutenant-governor. 

It is hardly necessary or important to relate the various ac- 
tions of the commandants of the subordinate districts or com- 
mands, nor are there sufficient data at hand to give them 
fully. The incumbency of Don Henry Peyroux, as Com- 
mandant at New Madrid, in 1800, is one which appears in in- 
structions to him, concerning Spanish affairs, by Don Ramon 
de Lopez Y, Angula, Intendant, at New Orleans, and by Don 
Juan Ventura Morales, of date December 1st, 1802. 

In Arkansas, the commandant at Arkansas Post, from the 
beginning of the Spanish domination, is not known ; but in 
old records there are acts set forth as performed at the place 
by Captain Don Joseph Valliere, of dates from 1786 to 1790, 
from whence it is inferred that he was the commandant there 
at those dates. Don Carlos de Villemont was probably his 
successor, as he appears of record to have been commandant 
there from 1793 to 1803. 

Concerning Spanish titles and grants made by the Spanish 
officers in Upper Louisiana, Mr. J. T. Scharf, in his valuable 

(*) From Scharf 's History of St. Louis City and County. 



FBOM 1700 TO 1800. 



I0 5 



"History of St. Louis City and County," before referred to, 
says : 

"All the Spanish officers, except Delassus, pursued the St. 
Ange method of making and recording grants or concessions 
of land, except that they were somewhat more formal in re- 
citing the official title of the granting officer. 

"The record of all the grants made are contained in six 
small books of cap paper, with leather covers, and constitute 
what is commonly known as the 'Livre Terrien,' sometimes 
called the 'Provincial Land Book.' 

"It does not appear that any surveys of grants were made 
until 1770, when, at the request of a number of the inhabi- 
tants, Lieutenant-Governor Piernas, appointed Martin Duralde 
(D-u-r-a-1-d-e) Surveyor of the Colony of Illinois. 

"He surveyed a large number of the common field lots, as 
they were called, being long, narrow strips of land lying 
side by side, having a common front line, called the 'traile 
quarre,' on which they had a front of from one to four ar- 
pens (the arpen being equal to one hundred and ninety-two 
feet, six inches — 192 ft. 6 in., English measure), by a depth 
of forty (40) arpens, each tract being described by the desig- 
nation of the common field in which it was located, the num- 
ber of arpens front, and the depth, and the name of the ad- 
joining proprietors. 

"It is traditional, that the reason for making the grant in 
that manner was that the owners of the fields might, when 
cultivating their respective tracts, be near to each other, for 
mutual protection against the Indians." 

By way of a note to the above, Mr. Scharf says : "But the 
custom is old French. The shape dictated by the saving in 
fencing. Each lot holder got a lot 40 arpens long, but had 
only to fence two arpens, one at each end, and contributed 
his proportion of two fences, forty arpens long." 

Mr. Scharf gives a list of the common field inclosures, with 
their designation by name, and continues : 



io6 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

"Each of these common fields was inclosed, and the fence 
kept up at the expense of the owners of the several field lots, 
each owner building and maintaining the fence at the front 
and rear ends of the lot, and each contributing his quota of the 
expense of building and maintaining the fences along the 
outer line of the two side boundaries. 

"No plat of said surveys were made, at least none appear 
of record. The certificates of survey (by Duralde) were re- 
corded in Livre Terrien No. 2, and the surveys were made 
in the years 1 770-1 772. 

"The town lots were never separately surveyed. They are 
represented upon a plat made in 1780, but the lines of that 
plat were not strictly followed by the United States Govern- 
ments' surveys ; the variations, however, did not materially 
affect the rights of claimants. 

"There were, also, grants made as 'out lots' — that is to 
say, lots which were not in the town as laid out, nor in the 
common fields, but occupying intervening spaces between the 
same, or located adjoining them on the outer limits. 

"A large tract of land, southwest of the town, contained 
4,510.48 arpens, equal to 3,837.03 acres according to the 
United States surveys, was held by the inhabitants as a com- 
mons for pasturage and cutting wood. 

"Outside of all this, there were grants of larger bodies of 
lands for plantations or farms, one of these being for a league . 
square, equal to 7,056 arpens. 

"It does not appear that the Government derived any rev- 
enue from sales of land. All the small grants were gratu- 
itous. Larger grants were made, some of them in considera- 
tion of services rendered (p. 321), and some of them to aid in 
the establishment of enterprises which were alleged to be for 
the public good. 

"All the grants made by the commandants, or lieutenant- 
governors (as Val. -delegates), were inchoate or incomplete 
titles, regarded as property, and as such were held and trans- 



PBOM 1700 TO 1800. tof 

ferred ; but by Spanish laws and regulations they required a 
survey, and the sanction, or the approval, of the Governor- 
General of the Province, at New Orleans, to make them com- 
plete legal titles. 

"Of the large number of grants so made in Upper Louisi- 
ana, only thirteen (13) were completed in the manner pre- 
scribed by these laws, so as to vest an absolute legal title in 
the grantee. 

"A translation of a complete grant under the Spanish law 
is given in 8 Howard, 314. 

"It was issued on the 29th of May, 1802, by Juan Ventura 
Morales, Intendant ad interim, and not by the Governor- 
General." 

At this date the District or "Command of Arkansaw" is 
described as commencing on the Mississippi river at a place 
called Little Prairie, about fifty miles below New Madrid, 
and extending, on the Mississippi, down to Grand Point Cou- 
pee, now called Lake Providence, in Ouachita Parish, Louisi- 
ana, and extending back, so as to include all the waters which 
empty into the Mississippi from the west between these 
points. After the transfer of 1803, Don Carlos remained in 
the United States, and became a citizen thereof, and was in 
St. Louis as late as 18 13. After his death his widow, Cath- 
erine Villemont, and Matilda, Carlos, Pedro, Louis, Upain, 
Zoe and Virginia Villemont, his heirs, sued for the confirma- 
tion of the grant made to him by the Baron de Carondelet, 
but unsuccessfully. 

Dating from the first cession, as made by the King in 1762, 
when their technical ownership began, the country was under 
Spanish rule for thirty-eight years, or until 1800, in which 
year, by a secret treaty, made on the 1st day cff October, at 
St. Ildefonso, between Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of 
France, and the King of Spain, the country was retro-ceded 
to France by Spain, and thus passed back to its original 
owners. 



CHAPTER IV. 

1800 TO 1804. THE LOUISIANA PUKCHASE. 



The treaty of St. Iklefonso, by which France re-acquired 
Louisiana, was a prospective treaty, and as we have seen, 
was a secret treaty. It was prospective in this, that one 
clause provided that it should be in force and effect "six 
months after the full and entire execution of the conditions and 
stipulations therein relating to his Royal Highness, the Duke 
of Parma." These conditions and stipulations were the 
granting in perpetual succession of the Duchy of Tuscan) 7 , to 
the Duke of Parma, a Spanish prince, son-in-law of the King 
of Spain. These conditions were fulfilled and complied with 
in a treaty ratified at Madrid of date March, 21st, 1801, 
so that only from September 21st, 1801, did the cession 
really take place. In the second place, it was a secret treaty, 
for the reason that the relations between England and 
France at that time were very turbulent, and a collision be- 
tween the two was imminent. Large preparations for war 
were being made on both sides. It was, therefore, to the in- 
terest of France, that her possession of the Province should not 
be known, if possible, to prevent its being wrested from her 
by her adversary. For a long time, therefore, it was kept 
secret. Even the Spanish Governor in Louisiana, de Casa 
Calvo, was not at first informed, but it only became generally 
known as late as 1802. 

108 



1800 TO 1804. 



109 



The possession of the country by France was a subject of 
great uneasiness and alarm to the Americans. France, under 
Bonaparte, was considered a worse neighbor than Spain. 
The possession of the country by any foreign power, and the 
consequent divided ownership of the right of navigation in the 
Mississippi river, was a subject which had for a long time 
given trouble. As early as the time of the American Revolu- 
tion, propositions had been made looking to a cession of the 
right of navigation to some foreign power, for a pecuniar}/ 
consideration, to raise means to help on the war. It was 
contemplated to offer it to Spain, and the American Minister 
at Madrid recommended to Congress that it be done, with a 
view to procuring recognition from that country. A resolu- 
tion to that effect was passed, and an act of Congress followed, 
giving the Minister full power to treat for its cession on the 
above conditions. This being bitterly opposed, Mr. Jay, 
Secretary of State, was called before Congress to give his 
views, and he expressed himself as favoring a treaty of com- 
merce with Spain, giving her the right of navigation of the 
river for twenty-five years. 

Agitation of the subject continued until 1795, when, on the 
27th of October, a treaty was made between Spain and the 
United States, by which it was agreed that the navigation of 
the Mississippi should be enjoyed by these two nations only, 
for the present ; and that the citizens of the United States 
should have the use of the port of New Orleans, in which to 
deposit their merchandise and effects, for the space of three 
years, without paying any duty, except a fair price for the 
hire of stores; and at the expiration of the time, if it had not 
proved prejudicial to the interest of Spain, the time would be 
extended or else another port on the river would be assigned 
for the pupose. 

This treaty did not produce all the harmony that was de- 
sired. There was constant trouble between Spain and the 
United States from 1795 to 1800. Threats were made, and 



HO HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

fears were excited, of closing the Mississippi and preventing 
the transportation of American produce to the sea. 

This dreaded contingency actually came to pass once, and 
remained for a short while, greatly to the annoyance of the 
Americans. On the 16th day of October, 1802, Don Juan 
Ventura Morales, the Spanish Intendant of Lower Louisiana, 
at New Orleans, issued his proclamation, prohibiting the 
further use by the United States of the City of New Orleans 
as a place of deposit, as guaranteed by the treaty of 1795, 
without designating any other port on the river for the pur- 
pose in its stead. Great excitement arose in consequence. 
The Legislature of Kentucky remonstrated, and public meet- 
ings for the same purpose were held. The western States 
declared: "The Mississippi is ours by the law of nature. 
It is our streams and rivers that swell it and make it so mighty, 
and we are resolved that no power in this world shall deprive 
us of this right." Congress also protested, and so much ex- 
citement arose that the right to use the city as before was re- 
stored, and the proclamation countermanded. 

Yet, uncomfortable as had been our relations with Spain 
on the subject, when it became known that the country had 
passed to France, the uneasiness of the public grew greater. 
Bonaparte's methods of acquiring territory made him unde- 
sirable as a neighbor. Besides, there was no very good state 
of feeling between the two countries, and had not been for 
several years, beginning with the refusal of the French Direc- 
tory to receive Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Caro- 
lina, as our Minister, December 9th, 1796, unless a large sum 
($50,000) was paid to each Director, by wa}/ of a bribe, to 
secure international negotiations. This was followed by acts 
to protect the commerce of the United States, of dates May 
28th and July 9th, 1798; February 9th, 1799, and the Act 
of Jul}' 27th, 1800, to suspend commercial intercourse with 
France. And while there had been no open declaration of 
war between the two countries, yet the war feeling was so 



1800 TO 1804. Ill 

great that there had actually occurred a naval conflict off the 
West India Islands, between the American ship "Constel- 
lation," under Captain Truxton, and the French frigate 
"L'Insurgeante," in which the French vessel struck her colors 
in an hour, with 70 killed and wounded, against three wounded 
in the American ship, and one man killed, and he was killed 
by his lieutenant for skulking his gun. In return French 
vessels had preyed upon American commerce to a disastrous 
extent. 

As soon as Mr. Jefferson was inaugurated President, which 
occurred March 4th, 1801, he began diligently to ascertain 
the character of the country embraced in the Province of 
Louisiana, and as soon as it became known that the country 
belonged to France, which was in 1802, he began to consider 
the necessity of attaining at least a free right-of-way and use 
of the Mississippi, or the purchase of a port of deposit in some 
portion of the Province. 

In a letter to Robert R. Livingston, United States Minis- 
ter at Paris, of date April 18th, 1802, he said : "There is on 
the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our 
natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through 
which the produce of three eights' of our territory must pass 
to market." He deprecated the transfer to France, whom 
he considered a vastly more dangerous neighbor than Spain. 
As long as France held New Orleans, he considered that the 
growth of the United States would be impeded. Accord- 
ingly, when Don Morales shut up the port of New Orleans 
with his proclamation, the crisis had arrived. It was evi- 
dent that the possession of that city was a necessity. Mr. 
Jefferson at once forwarded to Mr. Livingston, instructions 
to open negotiations with France, for the purchase of the city 
of New Orleans, and the so-called island, on which it is situ- 
ated, and the Peninsula of Florida. Mr. Livingston did so, 
but found Bonaparte averse to selling, he entertaining quite a 
different scheme with relation to it, which was to send the 



112 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

French fleet, which was then lying at San Domingo, to oc- 
cupy and hold the Province, of which he intended to make 
Bernadotte Governor — he who was afterwards King of Swe- 
den. Bonaparte's project was in such a forward state of 
preparation, that the troops to be used in the occupation, a 
force of 3,000 men under General Victor, were under march- 
ing orders, a lai'ge number of workmen had been gathered, 
settlers or colonists, to settle the country, the fleet was in 
readiness, the necessary stores had been carried aboard, and 
the time for sailing was appointed. 

Mr. Livingston communicated this to President Jefferson in 
a letter in November of that year ; and shortly after its receipt, 
to-wit : December 15th, 1802, Mr. Jefferson communicated 
to Congress the action of Don Morales in closing the Port of 
New Orleans, and asked to have James Monroe, of Virginia, 
sent to France as Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extra- 
ordinary, for the purpose of negotiating the purchase of the 
city. Great excitement arose in Congress over the matter, but 
finally the nomination was confirmed, and an appropriation 
of $2,000,000 was made to carry out the mission. Mr. Mon- 
roe set sail for France, and arrived there April 12th, 1803. 

In the meanwhile Bonaparte had altered his plans about 
the occupancy of the Province. The probability of war with 
England was growing greater every day, and seemed so near 
at hand that he had need of the fleet he intended to send, for 
home defense. The English papers having now learned that 
France possessed the country, were loud in their demands that 
it should be wrested away from her. It was rumored that a 
large fleet of English ships was on its way for the purpose of 
making a descent upon the country. In this crisis Talleyrand 
advised Bonaparte to sell the country to the United States, and 
Bonaparte, convinced of his inability to hold it against Eng- 
land if she attempted to seize it, had about made up his mind 
to do so. Before coming to any conclusion, however, as to 
the best method of resigning the acquisition, the only one he 



Itt^RUH 



1800 TO 1804. 113 

had not accomplished sword in hand, and it being the fruit of 
his own negotiation, he deemed it proper to obtain the opinion 
of two Ministers, one of whom was Francis Barbe Marbois, 
the Treasurer of the French Republic, who had been Secre- 
tary of the French Legation in America, and had been the 
Administrator of affairs of the Island of San Domingo with dis- 
tinction and success, and both of whom were familiar with the 
American countries. Accordingly, on the 10th of April, 1803, 
Easter Sunday, after the necessary time had been devoted to 
the solemnities of the day, he called them into his presence, 
and addressing them with all the vehemence and passion 
which he especially manifested in political matters, said : 

"I know the full value of Louisiana, and I have desired to 
repair the fault of the French negotiator who abandoned it in 
1763. It has been restored to me in consequence of a few 
lines of a treaty, but scarcely have I recovered it when its 
loss again seems inevitable. But, if I must yield its posses- 
sion, it shall cost those less, into whose hands I wish to re- 
sign it, than those who impel me to give it up. The English 
have successively deprived France of Canada, Isle-Royale, 
Newfoundland, Acadia and the richest portion of Asia. They 
are laboring to agitate St. Domingo. They shall not have 
the Mississippi which they covet. Louisiana is nothing as 
compared with their aggrandizements throughout the entire 
globe; and, nevertheless, the jealousy they experience, on ac- 
count of the subjection of that colony again to France, ren- 
ders it palpable to me that they desire to obtain possession of 
it, and that an attempt at its conquest will be the beginning 
of the war. They have twenty vessels in the Gulf of Mexico 
and rule in those seas with sovereign swa} T , whilst our affairs 
in St. Domingo are every day assuming a darker aspect since 
the death of Leclerc. If they will only take the trouble to 
make a descent upon Louisiana, its conquest will be easy. 
There is not a moment to be lost in putting that out of their 



114 HISTOBT OF ARKANSAS. 

grasp. For aught I know they may be there now. This 
would notbecontrary to their custom. As for me, in their place, 
I would not have delayed. I wish, if time yet remains, to de- 
prive them of the remotest idea of ever possessing that colony. 
I am thinking about ceding it to the United States. Scarcely, 
indeed will I be able to say that I cede it to them, for it is 
not yet in our possession. I will transmit merely an empty 
title to those republicans whose friendship I seek to gain. 
They ask me for only one city of Louisiana — New Orleans — 
but I consider the colony as already entirely lost, and it ap- 
pears to me that in the hands of that growing power it will 
be productive of more utility to the policy, and even to the 
commerce of France, than if I endeavor to retain it. Give 
me both your opinions." 

Marbois advised the sale of the Province, but the other 
Minister advised against it. Bonaparte concluded the confer- 
ence without disclosing his positive intention; but the next 
morning, at day-break, he sent for Marbois and showed hirn^ 
some despatches just received from the French ambassador at 
London, which announced that extraordinary preparations 
for war were being made both by land and by sea. 

''Uncertainty and deliberation are now altogether unseason- 
able," said he. "I renounce Louisiana. It is not only New 
Orleans I wish to cede, but the entire colony without reserve. 
I am well acquainted with the value of what I abandon, and 
I have sufficiently evinced the importance it has in my eyes, 
since my first diplomatic act with Spain had its recovery in 
view. I renounce it, therefore, with lively regret, but to per- 
severe in its retention would be the excess of folly. I charge 
you to negotiate this affair with the envoys of Congress. Do 
not wait even for the arrival of Mr. Monroe. Open the sub- 
ject this very day to Mr. Livingston. But I am in need of 
large sums of money for the prosecution of this war, and I 
would not be willing to commence it with new contributions. 
For a hundred years past France and Spain have incurred 



1800 TO 1804. 115 

heavy expenses in order to ameliorate the condition of Louisi- 
ana, for which they have never received any indemnity from 
its commerce. Money has been lent to the companies, and 
to the agriculturists, which will never be repaid into the 
Treasury. We are certainly entitled to a recompense for all 
this. Were I to regulate my condition in accordance with 
the value these vast territories will be to the United States, 
the indemnity would be without bounds. But I will be mod- 
erate on account of the obligation to dispose of them under 
which I lie. Bear this, however, well in mind, I must have 
fifty million of francs, and unless this sum be conceded I 
will not treat. Otherwise I would rather make some desper- 
ate attempt to preserve those beautiful regions. To-morrow 
you will be invested with full powers." 

So, according to Bonaparte's directions, Marbois sought an 
interview with Mr. Livingston that very day and opened up 
the subject with reference to the transfer of the entire Prov- 
ince. Mr. Livingston did not consider that he was authorized 
to purchase so much, as his instructions related only to the 
purchase of the city of New Orleans and the island on which 
it is situated, together with the peninsula of Florida ; but of- 
fered to purchase these parcels for 30,000,000 francs. This 
was declined, and Marbois communicated Bonaparte's ultima- 
tum of all or none. Mr. Livingston then suggested that the 
arrival of Mr. Monroe was hourly expected and that farther ne- 
gotiations await his coming 5 and so nothing further of import- 
ance was done at that time. Fortunately Mr. Monroe arrived 
the next day, the 12th of April, and from that time the negotia- 
tions progressed with animation. Marbois renewed the confer- 
ence on the very next day after Mr. Monroe's arrival, to-wit : the 
13th. On consultation, and in view of the ultimatum which had 
been announced, the American Ministers resolved to entertain 
the idea of the purchase of the entire province if a suitable 
price could be agreed upon, and they accordingly offered 50,- 
000,000 francs first. Notwithstanding Bonaparte had an- 



11 6 EI 3 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

nounced that he was willing to sell for this amount, Marbois, 
thinking the price too small, on his own motion stated the 
price at 80,000,000 francs. The Americans at first objected 
to this sum. Mr. Livingston said: "Our fellow citizens en- 
tertain a great aversion to public debts ; how then shall we, 
without incurring their displeasure, impose upon them the 
enormous contribution of fifteen millions of dollars?" But 
Marbois met their objections with arguments as to the great 
value of the territory and of the importance of its possession to 
the United States. The Americans then proposed that twenty 
million francs should be taken off of the eighty million and ap- 
plied to the payment of claims held by citizens of the United 
States against France for spoliation and illegal siezures of 
their commerce in the recent season of unfriendliness between 
the two countries, commonly called French spoliation claims, 
estimated to amount to from twenty to twenty-five mil- 
lion francs, leaving 60,000,000 to be paid to France. To 
this Marbois made no opposition, and so the agreement was 
definitely concluded. Other subjects relating to boundaries, 
times of payment, and the payment of claims were afterwards 
considered until, step by step, the gigantic affair was arranged 
in every part. It was concluded in three conventions or 
treaties ; first, relating to the cession ; second, to the price and 
terms of payment ; third, as to the payment of claims of Amer- 
icans. The United States agreed to create a stock of $11,- 
250,000.00 in bonds, bearing six per cent, interest, the first 
installment of the principal, $3,000,000.00, being pa}'able at 
the treasury of the United States in fifteen years, and $3,000,- 
000.00 annually thereafter until all should be paid ; the inter- 
est to be paid semi-annually, at the rate of $337,500.00 per half 
year at either Paris, Amsterdam or London, as mightbe selected 
for the purpose. The French bankers declining to handle the 
matter, Messrs. Hope and Labouchere of Amsterdam and the 
Barings, of London, became the financial agents of France in 
the matter; and the amount was promptly paid by the United 



1800 TO 1804. 



JI 7 



States through them, both in principal and interest. In this 
convention, commonly called the treaty of cession, the com- 
pact recites that Bonaparte made the cession, because he "de- 
sired to give the United States a strong proof of his friend- 
ship." The country is described as being "of the same extent 
which it had while in the hands of Spain, and which it still 
has in the hands of France." 

The method of arranging the payment of the spoliation 
claims was provided for in the third convention, but in point 
of fact, these claims have never yet been fully paid. The 
amount of them estimated in American money, was $3,750,- 
000.00. Of this amount, the sum $3,738,268.00 had been 
paid to June 30th, 1883, but with interest added, the unpaid 
balance would still amount to several million dollars. The 
subject of the amount due has been before Congress innumer- 
able times, upwards of fifty reports affirming their justice and 
validity have been made to Congress, but yet they have 
never been paid. Histories usually state that the United 
States paid France $15,000,000.00 for Louisiana. This is 
a mistake; she paid France 60,000,000 francs, or $11,250,- 
000.00, and agreed to pay American citizens 20,000,000 
francs or $3,750,000.00, the whole aggregating 80,000,000 
francs or $15,000,000.00. The 60,000,000 francs or 
$11,250,000.00 alone is all that was paid to France, the re- 
mainder not having been paid to any of her citizens. On 
the basis, as stated in histories, that the principal sum and all 
interest was promptly paid by the United States at maturity, 
the following computation will show : 



ii; 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Amount Paid by the United States to France for the Louisiana 

Purchase. 



principal. 



interest. 



3,000,000.00 



8,250,000.00 
3,000.000.00 



5,250,000.00 
3,000.000.00 



2.250,000.00 
2.250,000.00 



.$10,125,000.00 



495.000.00 



315,000.00 



135,000.00 



§11,070.000.00 
11,250.000.00 



$22,320,000 00 



Principal sum 1S03 $11,250,000.00 

Interest at 6 per cent, to 1S18, 15 years, at $675,000.00 

per annum, being amount paid by tbe United States 

to tbat date 

Paid on principal then 

Balance of principal due 

Interest thereon to 1S19, 1 year, paid. 

Paid on principal 

Balance due. ..... 

Interest thereon to 1820, 1 year, paid 

Paid on principal 

Balance due 

Interest to 1821, 1 year, paid 

Principal paid 

Total of interest paid 

Total of principal paid 

Total of principal and interest paid by the United States to France 

When the result of the conference was announced to Bona- 
parte, who had been kept daily, and even hourly, informed of 
the progress of the negotiations, and he was informed that the 
eighty millions demanded by Marbois had been reduced to 
sixty millions by the offset of the spoliation claims, he pre- 
tended to be angry, and said with sharpness to Marbois : "I 
desire that those twenty millions be restored to the treasury ! 
Who has authorized you to dispose of the funds of the State? 
The rights of the claimants should follow ours !" But this 
little ebullition was speedily calmed b}* calling his attention 
to the fact, which he had forgotten, or had pretended to for- 
get, that he himself had been willing to sell for fifty millions, 
without any indemnity to the Americans at all, and here the 
treasury was getting ten millions more than he had demanded, 
and the indemnity to be paid in addition. "It is true," he 
replied, "the negotiation leaves me nothing to desire! Sixty 
millions for a possession v/hich, perhaps, would not last for a 
day ! It is my wish that France shall enjoy this expected 
capital, and that she may do so by means and works from 



1800 TO 1804. 



II9 



which the navy shall derive benefits." And, he added: 
"This accession has strengthened forever the power of the 
United States, and I have just given England a maritime 
rival who, sooner or later, will humble her pride." 

He was particularly anxious that the inhabitants of Louisi- 
ana should know that he parted from them in friendship. 
He accordingly himself prepared the following declaration, 
which he caused to be incorporated into the journal of the 
days' proceedings: "May the Louisianians know that we 
separate ourselves from them with regret, and that we stipu- 
late in their favor all that they can desire, and may they recol- 
lect that they have been Frenchmen, and that France, in giv- 
ing them up, has secured for them advantages which they 
never would have obtained under the government, however 
kind, of an European mother country. May they cherish for 
us then sentiments of affection, and may a common origin, 
parentage, language, as well as common customs, perpetuate 
our friendship." 

The three treaties were drawn up in the French language, 
and were afterwards translated into English, a work which 
occupied the greater part of three days. So that, although 
concluded on the 30th of April, the documents were not 
signed until May 4th. When all had been concluded, and 
the precious documents signed and exchanged, the three 
Ministers rose spontaneously to their feet, and Mr. Livingston 
said, and truly said : 

"We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our 
whole lives ! It will change vast solitudes into flourishing 
districts. From this day the United States take their place 
among the Powers of the first rank. The instruments which 
we have just signed will cause no tears to be shed 5 they pre- 
pare ages of happiness for innumerable generations of human 
creatures, worthy of the regard and care of Providence, in the 
bosom of equality, under just laws, freed from the errors of 
superstition and bad government." 



120 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

It was a noble phophecy, worthy of the generous mind that 
made it, and we who are now alive already see the beginning 
of its fulfillment. At the time all the world seemed to be 
pleased with the transfer; Napoleon, because he had given 
England a rival; England, because so much of Napoleon's 
project had failed ; and the American people for reasons too 
obvious to require mention. A handful of Federalists, it is 
true, held out against the cession, and predicted untold woes 
from the acquisition of so much territory, but they were too 
few in number to be of consequence. 

Bonaparte affixed his approval to the treaty of cession, May 
22d, without waiting for that of the United States, and at once 
caused it to be forwarded to M. Pinchon, the French charge 
cf affaires at Washington. This was done to put the title to 
the country entirely out of France and into the United States 
as soon as possible. So that if the English proposed to seize 
it they would be obliged to contend for it with the Americans 
and not with him. On this same day, May 2 2d, 1803, he 
declared war against England, and hostilities commenced. 

Mr. Monroe transmitted the treaty and conventions to 
President Jefferson, and then proceeded to London as Minis- 
ter from the United States. The affair had been conducted 
with such secrecy and circumspection that the English were 
wholly unaware of what was taking place, and only learned 
of it now that the treaty had been definitely concluded. Mr. 
Monroe always considered that the part he took in effecting 
the Louisiana purchase was the greatest achievement of his 
life. 

The immense region which was thus added to the domain 
of the United States has become one of its grandest portions. 
It was an empire in itself, and embraced 1,182,745 square 
miles, or 756,956,800 acres of land, and from its area thirteen 
States and three Territories have been carved, to wit: Louisi- 
ana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, 
Montana, Washington, Nebraska and Oregon; and parts of 



FROM 1800 TO 1804. 



121 



Kansas, Minnesota "and Colorado ; the Territories of Idaho, 
Indian Territory and a large part of Wyoming; besides, 
nearly six thousand square miles lying in the States of Ala- 
bama and Mississippi. It extended from the Gulf of Mexico 
northward to the British Possessions, and above Texas it ex- 
tended westward from the Mississippi river to the Pacific 
ocean. It was the greatest cession of territory ever made by 
one country to another. 

The following table will show the area and acreage of the 
States and Territories formed from it : 



STATE OR TERRITORY. 


ESTIMATED NUMBER 

OF SQUARE MILES. 


NUMBER OF ACRES 


In Alabama, 


2,300 


1,472,000 


" Mississippi, 


3,600 


2,304,000 


All of Louisiana, 


41,346 


26,861,440 


" Arkansas, 


52,202 


33,406,478 


" Missouri, 


65,370 


41,824,000 


" Iowa, 


55,045 


35,228,700 


" Nebraska, 


75,995 


48,636,800 


a Oregon, 


95,274 ' 


60,975,360 


" North Dakota, ) 
" South Dakota, ) 


150,932 


96,596,480 


" Montana, 


143,766 


93,290,240 


" Washington, 


69,994 


44,796,160 


In Kansas, 


73,542 


47,066,880 


" Minnesota, 


57,531 


36,819,840 


" Colorado, 


57,000 


36,480,000 


All of Idaho, 


86,294 


55,228,160 


" " Indian Ter. 


68,991 


44,154.240 


In Wyoming. 


83,563 


53,480,320 




1,182,745 


756,956,800 



The map of the Louisiana Purchase shows the extent of the 
ceded regions. 

On receiving the treaties Mr. Jefferson called an extra ses- 
sion of Congress, to assemble October 17th, 1803, to consider 
them. The Senate, on October 19th, ratified the treaty, but 
in the House of Representatives a lengthy political debate fol- 
lowed. It was urged that the consent of Spain was neces- 
sary to the transfer, and a resolution calling on the President 



1800 TO 1804. I2 o 

for a copy of the St. Ildefonso Treaty and for evidence that 
Spain had given her consent to the cession was defeated by 
only two votes. John Randolph, of Roanoke, moved that 
the treaty be approved and carried into effect. After an earn- 
est debate the proposition was carried by a vote of yeas 90, 
nays 25. 

Bonaparte's ratification was already in Washington, in the 
hands of their Minister, M. Pinchon, awaiting action on the 
part of the United States. On the 21st of October ratifica- 
tions were exchanged between the two countries, and the en- 
tire business of the treaty was closed. The same clay Mr. 
Jefferson sent a message to Congress announcing the ratifica- 
tion, and suggesting that laws be enacted for the occupation 
and government of the acquired territory. On the 10th of 
November, 1803, an Act was passed creating a stock of $11,- 
250,000 in bonds for the purpose of carrying into effect the 
first convention. The bonds were duly issued and delivered 
to the agents of France and by them acknowledged. At the 
same date, also, an Act was passed making provision for the 
payment of the spoliation claims which had been made part 
of the consideration, but as we have seen, while the bonds 
were promptly met and paid, a large part of the spoliation 
claims are still outstanding and unpaid. 

The next step was to take actual and positive possession of 
the ceded territory, and to this Mr. Jefferson at once addressed 
himself. On the 15th day of October, 1802, the King of Spain 
had issued his writ from Barcelona, directing the Spanish 
Intendant in charge in Louisiana, the Marquis de Casa Calvo, 
to deliver the Province to whomsoever should be designated 
by France to receive it. On the 9th of June, 1803, Bonaparte, 
as First Consul, designated Citizen Pierre Clement Laussat at 
New Orleans to receive the country in the name of France. 
The actual delivery between the two did not take place until 
November 30th, 1803. 



124 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

On the 31st of October, 1803, Congress passed an Act au- 
thorizing the President to take possession of the ceded country, 
and on the same day President Jefferson appointed Governor 
William C. C. Claiborne, Governor of Mississippi Territory, a 
distinguished lawyer and statesman ; and General James Wil- 
kinson of Maryland, a Brigadier-General in the Army ; Com- 
missioners on the part of the United States to receive the 
country from France. Accordingly on Tuesday, the 20th of 
December, twenty days after the country was received from 
Spain, the respective Commissioners met in the city hall, at the 
place des Armes, now Jackson Square, in New Orleans, and 
after an interchange of powers in diplomatic fashion, a docu- 
ment was formulated and duly signed by both sides, in which 
Citizen Laussat declared that "by virtue of and in the terms of 
the powers, commission, and special mandate dated at St. 
Cloud June 6th, 1803, he put from that moment the Com- 
missioners of the United States in possession of the country, 
territory and dependencies of the Province of Louisiana," that 
he "delivered to said Commissioners the keys of the city of 
New Orleans" and "discharged from their oaths of fidelity to 
the French Republic the citizens and inhabitants of Louisiana, 
who chose to remain under the dominion of the United States." 

An American flag was then raised and the country was 
definitely in the possession of the United States. The Com- 
missioners immediately reported to James Madison, Secretary 
of State, the fact that the country had been delivered to them 
and the American flag raised "amid the acclamations of the 
inhabitants." It is recorded of the Creole inhabitants of 
New Orleans, that when they witnessed the lowering of the 
French ensign they wept. 

Governor Claiborne at once assumed the government of the 
country, in accordance with his appointment; and of date, 
December the 20th, 1803, issued a proclamation in which he 
declared that "the Government heretofore exercised over the 
Province of Louisiana, as well under the authority of Spain 




WILLIAM C. C. CLAIBORNE. 
First American Governor, Province of Louisiana. 



126 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

as of the French Republic, has ceased, and that of the United 
States is established over the same; that the inhabitants 
thereof will be incorporated in the Union of the United States, 
and admitted as soon as possible, according to the principles 
of the Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, 
advantages and immunities' of citizens of the United States; 
and that in the meantime the)- 7 shall be maintained and pro- 
tected in the free enjovment of their liberty, property and the 
religion which they profess." 

On the same day he also issued the following noble address : 
"Fellow Citizens of Louisiana: 

"On the great and interesting event now finally consum- 
mated, an event so advantageous to yourselves and so glori- 
ous to United America, I cannot forbear offering you my 
earnest congratulations. The wise policy of the consul of 
France has, by the cession of Louisiana to the United States, 
secured to you a connection be} r ond the reach of change, and 
to your posterity the sure inheritance of freedom. The Amer- 
ican people receive you as brothers and will hasten to extend 
to you a participation in those inestimable rights which have 
formed the basis of their unexampled prosperity. Under the 
auspices of the American Government you may confidently 
rely upon the security of your liberty, } r our property, and the 
religion of your choice. You may, with equal certainty, rest 
assured that your commerce will be promoted, and } 7 our agri- 
culture cherished, in a word, that your true interests will be 
among the primary objects of the National Legislature. * * 
As for myself, fellow-citizens, accept a sincere assurance that 
during my continuance in the situation in which the Presi- 
dent of the United States has been pleased to place me, every 
exertion will be made on my part, to foster your internal hap- 
piness and to promote your general welfare, for it is only by 
such means that I can secure to myself the approbation of 
those great and just men who preside in the councils of the 

natl0n ' "W. C C. Claiborne. 

"New Orleans, Dec, 20th, 1803." 



1800 TO 1804. 



I27 



On assuming control, Governor Claiborne appointed Eti- 
enne de Bore, Mayor of New Orleans, the first American 
Mayor of that city. Captain de Bore was the first who suc- 
cessfully manufactured sugar from the cane in Louisiana, 
which he accomplished in the year 1795. He was a na- 
tive Louisianian who had lived in France from childhood, 
but came back to Louisiana to live, after his marriage, in 
1 77 1. DeBore's descendants became prominent men in 
Louisiana, one of them, a grandson, being the distinguished 
Charles Gayarre, Secretary of State, Legislator and Historian. 

President Jefferson was desirous of having James Monroe 
Governor of Louisiana, but he preferred to remain Minister 
to England. He also tendered the appointment to Lafayette, 
but he declined, being unwilling to leave France. On the 
1 6th of January, 1804, the President sent the following mes- 
sage to Congress : 

"In execution of the Act of the present session of Congress 
on taking possession of Louisiana as ceded to us by France, 
and for the temporary government thereof, Governor Clai- 
borne, of the Mississippi Territory, and General James Wilkin- 
son were appointed Commissioners to secure possession. They 
proceeded with such regular troops as had been assembled at 
Fort Adams from the nearest posts, and with some militia of 
the Mississippi Territory, to New Orleans, to be prepared for 
anything unexpected which might arise out of the transaction, 
*a respectable body of militia was ordered to be in readiness in 
the States of Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee, and a part of 
those in Tennessee were moved on to the Natchez ; no occa- 
sion, however, arose for their services. Our Commissioners, on 
their arrival at New Orleans, found the Province already de- 
livered by the Commissioners of Spain to those of France, who 
delivered it over to them on the 20th day of December, as 
appears by their declaratory act accompanying this. Governor 
Claiborne, being duly invested with the powers heretofore ex- 
ercised by the Governor and Intenclant of Louisiana, assumed 



128 HISTOBT OF ARKANSAS. 

the government on the same da}?, and for the maintainance of 
law and order immediately issued the proclamation and ad- 
dress now communicated. 

"On this important acquisition, so favorable to the imme- 
diate interests of our western citizens ; so auspicious to the 
peace and security of the nation in general, which adds to our 
country territories so extensive and fertile, and to our citizens 
new brethren to partake of the blessings of freedom and self- 
government, I offer to Congress and our country my sincere 
congratulations. 

Th. Jefferson." 

At the same date as this message, January 16th, 1804, 
General Wilkinson, in command of the troops in Louisiana, 
notified the Secretary of War that orders for the delivery of 
the posts in Upper Louisiana had that day been received by 
him from the French and Spanish Commissioners. He be- 
came uneasy at the delay of the French in evacuating New 
Orleans and the Province, and complained of this in March 
and April. On the 25th of April, 1804, he notified the War 
Department that the Commissioner of France had taken his 
departure from New Orleans April 21st, and the Spanish 
Commissioner on the 24th. 

At St. Louis the transfer of sovereignty of the Province was 
signalized March 10th, 1804, by the lowering of the French 
ensign and the hoisting of an American flag from the balcony 
of the residence of Charles Gratiot, who, in the presence of a 
large crowd of people, saluted with respect the emblem of the 
new country. Captain Amos Stoddard, a captain of artillery 
in the United States Army, succeeded Delassus, the Spanish 
commander, and the authority of the United States in Missouri 
dates from that day. It was an occasion of deep sadness to 
the French residents of the city, thus witnessing the dominion 
of their beloved country pass into the hands of a new nation, 
for their intense devotion to the mother countiy made them 
desirous of remaining in its domain, but they accepted the 



1800 TO 1804. 



129 



situation with dignity and conducted themselves with decorum. 
At this time St. Louis contained a population of about one 
thousand souls. There was not a brick house or a brick 
chimney in the place. It is said that it contained only 150 
houses, three streets and one log church, and that around 
these fortresses or block houses had been built for defense 
against the Indians. It was as thoroughly French as any 
provincial town of France to-day • with French language, 
French usages, habits and customs, and with but few English 
speaking people. 

Thus the sovereignty over this vast area passed to the new 
nation, and the end of the year beheld the United States in 
definite possession of the immense territory, of which the 
present State of Arkansas formed a part. 



PERIOD II 



From 1804 to 1819 



CHAPTER V. 

FROM 1804 TO 1819. 



LOUISIANA TERRITORY. INDIAN TREATIES. FORMATION OF ARKANSAS TER- 
RITORY. 

By an Act of date March 26th, 1804, Congress created two 
territories out of the country which had been ceded by France. 
The lower one, extending from the Gulf of Mexico northward 
as far as 33 of north latitude, or the present northern line of 
the State of Louisiana, was called the Territory of Orleans, 
with the seat of government located at New Orleans, and the 
legislative power vested in the Governor and thirteen of the 
most discreet persons in the territory, to be appointed annually 
by the President of the United States from among those hold- 
ing real estate. The governing body thus formed was called 
the Legislative Council. The remainder of the Province of 
Louisiana, lying north of the Territory of Orleans, was organ- 
ized into a territory called "the District of Louisiana," but com- 
monly known as Upper Louisiana, 45 " and the executive power 
was vested in the Governor and Judges of the Territory of In- 
diana, who were authorized to establish inferior courts and 
prescribe the jurisdiction thereof as might seem conducive to 
good government. The Secretary of Indiana Territory was 
made Secretary of the District of Louisiana. In fact, the 
District of Louisiana was practically made a part of Indiana 
Territory. In the fall of 1804 Gen. William Henry Harri- 

(*) Switzler, in his History of Missouri, says that Upper Louisiana "included the vast extent 
of country now known as Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa and Minnesota, and all the western region 
to the Pacific Ocean south of the 49 degrees of north latitude not claimed by Spain." 

133 



134 HISTORY OF ABE AN S AS. 

son, Governor of Indiana Territory, afterwards President, with 
Judges Griffin, Vanderberg and Davis, Indiana judges, visited 
Saint Louis and established courts for the District of Louisi- 
ana. He appointed Samuel Hammond his deputy, to repre- 
sent him in St. Louis, and appointed Col. Meigs commandant 
at St. Charles, Major Seth Hunt for Ste. Genevieve, and Col. 
F. B. Scott for Cape Girardeau. 

As soon as the dominion of this vast region became fixed in 
the United States, a steady tide of emigration came to it. A 
great and increasing trade in furs was maintained between the 
Indians and French settlers, which attracted many to engage 
in it. But while the upper portion and the gulf legion and 
the country along the Mississippi generally received frequent 
accessions, the emigration to what is now Arkansas was slov/er 
and less than any of the other portions, so that by 1810 it con- 
tained a population of only 1,062 persons, while Missouri had 
19,783, and the Territory of Orleans about 13,000. The 
Arkansas country of that date was a dense wilderness, filled 
with wild beasts; a roaming ground for the Indian, and 
awaiting the advent of the settler. 

On the 3rd of March, 1805, the Territory of Louisiana was 
organized, being what was previously the District of Louisiana. 
President Jefferson appointed General James Wilkinson Gov- 
ernor, and Frederick Bates Secretary. General Wilkinson, 
with Judges R. J. Meigs and John B. C. Lucas, of the 
Superior Court, formed the Legislature for the Territory. 

In the organization of the Territory of Louisiana, all the 
lower part thereof embracing the present State of Arkansas 
and the lower part of the present State of Missouri, was laid 
off into a district called the District of New Madrid. By an 
act of the Legislature of the Territory of Louisiana, of date 
June 27th, 1806, the lower part of this District of New Mad- 
rid was laid off into a new district called the District of Ar- 
kansaw. 




GENERAL JAMES WILKINSON. 
First Governor of Territory of Louisiana. 



136 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

In the year 1806 Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike, 
of the 6th infantry regiment of the United States Army, from 
whom "Pike's Peak" is named, under orders from General 
James Wilkinson, Commander-in-Chief of the Army, con- 
ducted an exploring expedition into the interior of the Louisi- 
ana country and into Mexico. One of this party was Lieu- 
tenant James B. Wilkinson, of the 2d infantry, who was de- 
tached from the regular expedition for the purpose of descend- 
ing the Arkansaw river to its mouth, and from there to Fort 
Adams, on the Mississippi. He, with his party, consisting of 
Sergeant Ballenger and two men, began the descent October 
27th, 1806, in two canoes, one made from a, cottonwood tree 
and the other made of buffalo and elk skins, his starting point 
being near the head of the river. Although much detained 
by floating ice and bad weather, Lieut. Wilkinson reached the 
mouth of the Canadian river December 29th, being "the main 
branch of the Arkansaw and equally as large." On the 
31st he passed the mouth of the Pottoe (Poteau), "a deep, 
though narrow, stream which puts in on the southwest, 
and also the river 'Au Millieu'* which enters from the north- 
east." 

On the 8th of January, 1807, he "passed the two upper 
Arkansaw or Quapaw villages, and on the 9th, after passing 
the lower Quapaw town and a settlement of Choctaws, arrived 
at the post of Arkansaw." Of the presence and abundance 
of game found on the journey, particularly on the upper por- 
tion of the river, Lieut. Pike said: "The borders of the 
Arkansaw river may be termed the paradise (terrestrial) of 
our territories for the wandering savages. Of all countries 
ever visited by the footsteps of civilized man there never was 
one probably that produced game in greater abundance 
and I believe there are buffalo, elk and deer suf- 
ficient on the banks of the Arkansaw alone, if used without 

(*) "Au Millieu" is evidently a misprint for "Vermillion." 



FROM 1804 TO 1819. 137 

waste, to feed all the savages in the United States territories 
one century." 

Lieut. Wilkinson said on the same subject when in the 
hunting ground of the Osages, October 8th, before commenc- 
ing the descent of the river: "In the morning, it having 
cleared up, I began my march early and it appeared as if we 
had just gotten into the region of game, for the herds of buf- 
falo, elk, goat and deer surpassed credibility. I do solemnly 
assert that if I saw one, I saw more than nine thousand buf- 
falos during the day's march." 

Yet great as were the numbers of buffalos of that time not 
one is now to be found there. In the short space of eighty 
years the breed has become extinct from the annual slaughter 
of thousands by hunters, herders, tourists and savages in mere 
wanton cruelty called sport. 

Lieut. Wilkinson made a map or chart of the Arkansas 
river, while he descended, and attached it to his report. 
The following is a cop} 7 of it from the point where he began 
his descent. The western border of the present State of Ar- 
kansas is at the mouth of the "Potteau" (Poteau) river 
where Fort Smith stands. 

In 1807 Governor Wilkinson was succeeded by Capt. 
Merriwether Lewis, of Charlottesville, Virginia, a captain of 
the 1st United States Infantry, who had been private secretary 
to President Jefferson, and who, from 1803 to 1806, in con- 
junction with Capt. W. Clark, had commanded the famous 
Lewis and Clark exploring expedition to the Pacific coast. 
In 1809 Governor Lewis met his death at Nashville, Tennes- 
see, while on a journey eastward. 

After Governor Lewis' death, President Madison appointed 
Gen. Benjamin A. Howard of Lexington, Kentucky, Gover- 
nor of the Territory. Governor Howard was succeeded Oc- 
tober 31st, 181 2, by Capt. William Clark, who remained as 
Governor until Missouri became a State in 1820. Governor 



W'5 



1 



Z M 



> 



"^. 



FBOM 1804 TO 1819. 



139 



Howard resigned his office to accept a Brigadier-Generalship 
of Rangers in the War of 181 2. 

On the 10th of November, 1808, a treaty was concluded at 
Fort Clark, on the right bank of the Missouri river, about 
five miles above "Fire Prairie," in the Territory of Louisi- 
ana, between Pierre Chouteau, agent "of the Osages," and 
appointed by Merriwether Lewis, Governor, and Superintend- 
ent of Indian affairs, and the chiefs and warriors of the 
Great and Little Osage tribes, by which a large body of land 
was ceded to the United States, bounded as follows : From the 
Arkansas river northward to the Missouri river, eastward 
to the Mississippi, and westward to a line due south from 
Fort Clark to the Arkansas river, striking the river at 
a place called Frog Bayou, in what is now Crawford county. 
The quantity of land embraced in this transfer was 48,003,- 
815 acres, of which that lying in the Arkansas Territory 
was estimated at 14,830,432 acres. 

The amounts paid and to be paid, by the United States, for 
this enormous cession of land, were the following sums, to-wit : 
to the Great Osages, $800.00 in cash, $1,000.00 annually in 
goods at first cost, delivered at Fire Prairie, or St. Louis, and 
to the Little Osages, $400.00 in cash, and $500.00 in goods, 
to be delivered at the same place ; the establishment of a 
blacksmith shop and a water mill, or horse-power mill, to fur- 
nish them with plows, and to build for the Great Chief, of 
both the Great and Little Osages,, a strong block house to be 
established near Fort Clark. 

The boundaries of the cession were as follows : "Beginning 
at Fort Clark, on the Missouri, five miles below Fire Prairie, 
and running thence a due south course to the river Arkan- 
sas, and down the same to the Mississippi, hereby ceding 
and relinquishing forever to the United States all lands 
which lie east of said line and north of the southwardly bank 
of said river, and all lands situated northwardly of the river 



I40 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Missouri," and, also, "a tract two leagues square to embrace 
Fort Clark." 

A farther treaty was made with these tribes September 25th, 
18 1 8, by William Clark, Governor of Missouri Territory, by 
which they ceded to the United States another large body of 
land, partly lying in Arkansas and part to the west thereof, 
estimated to be seven million three hundred and ninety-two 
thousand (7,392,000) acres, situated between the Verdigris 
river and the old Osage boundary, defined in the previous 
treaty, being west of the former grant, of which, estimated, 
1,075,648 acres lay in Arkansas; and by a third treaty made 
between the same parties, of date June 2d, 1825, a farther 
cession of seven hundred and fifty-three thousand nine hun- 
dred and twenty (753,920) acres, lying in Arkansas and west 
of it, was made by them, commonly known as the Loveley 
purchase, extinguishing their title and making in all estimated 
forty-six million one hundred and forty-nine thousand seven 
hundred and thirty-five (46,149,735) acres derived by the 
United States from these tribes, of which it is estimated that 
nearly sixteen million (16,000,000) acres lay in Arkansas. 

At this date, 1825, the Osages of both tribes numbered 
about five thousand two hundred persons in Arkansas and 
Missouri, of which it is estimated that about twelve hun- 
dred (1200) were in Arkansas. The Quapaws numbered at 
this date seven hundred (700) persons. 

The Cherokee Indians also once lived in the upper part of 
Arkansas, between the White and the Arkansas rivers, but 
they were settled there by a treaty made with the United 
States July 8th, 181 7, whereby the Cherokee Nation was 
divided, and part remained east of the Mississippi river and 
part were removed west to the Arkansas Territory. The 
Cherokees all formerly lived east of the Mississippi river. 
They were then, and always have been, far in advance of the 
other nations of Indians in point of civilization. They were 
divided into the Upper and Lower towns ; and were not 



FROM 1804 TO 1819. 



I 4 I 



agreed as to the future course of the Nation. Those of the 
Upper town desired to engage in the pursuits of agriculture, 
and lead civilized lives in the country they occupied. Those 
of the Lower town desired to still continue their former 
hunter life, but the scarcity of game where they lived was 
such that they could not support an existence, and for that 
reason they desired to remove across the Mississippi river and 
settle on vacant lands of the United States. 

Accordingly, in the autumn of the year 1808, a deputation 
from each of these divisions went to Washington and laid the 
case before the President. On the 9th of Januaiy, 1809, 
President Jefferson agreed with them that they might send an 
exploring party to reconnoitre the country on the White and 
Arkansas rivers, and when they should find a suitable coun- 
try, not claimed by an}' other Indians, the Government would 
exchange with them portions of the country for that which 
they should leave, acre for acre, and assist them to remove. 

Accordingly, the Indians sent out their exploring party 
and reconnoitered the country. They were not very well 
pleased. They saw only one buffalo and very few deer, but 
the Nation concluded to move, and making choice of the 
country on the Upper White and Arkansas rivers, removed 
thither at some period prior to the winter of 1810. The country 
allotted to them commenced on the north bank of the Arkan- 
sas river, at Point Remove creek, and ran thence in a straight 
line northeastwardly to Chautaunga mountain, or the hill first 
above Shield's Ferry, on White river, running up and be- 
tween said rivers for complement, the two rivers to be the 
boundary lines. They remained here until 1828, when, by a 
treaty of date May 6th, of that year, they ceded these lands 
to the United States, and were moved west to the Indian 
Territory, where they now are. A census of those who set- 
tled in Arkansas, on their removal from Mississippi, was taken 
in 1819, and the number given at 5,000, and the amount of 
land they held was estimated at four million acres (4,000,000). 



142 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



In this treaty of May 6th, 1828, an allowance of $500.00 
was made in favor of George Guess, a native Cherokee, 
whose Indian name was Se-qno-yah, for the invention of an 
alphabet in the Cherokee language, by means of which many 
of the tribe, who had despaired of being able to learn to read 
and write in English characters, soon learned to read in their 
native language. It consisted of eighty-six characters. As 
originally constructed, it consisted of two hundred characters, 
to represent by marks all the sounds uttered by the Cherokees 
in conversation, but from suggestions furnished by his wife, 
and particularly by the assistance of his daughter, he was en- 
abled to reduce the characters to eighty-six. The treaty 
was signed by himself and other Cherokees, in the charac- 
ters of this alphabet. One of his first works was to translate 
the New Testament into Cherokee. The alphabet which he 
constructed is still universally used by the Nation. The 
treaty also provided an allowance of one thousand dollars for 
the purchase of a printing press, types, and printers' materials, 
for the use of the Nation. 

The eastern boundary line of this cession to the Cherokees, 
of 181 7, on the maps of the General Land Office at Washing- 
ton, and the ordinary maps of Arkansas, is indicated on it by 
a line beginning at White river, a short distance above Bates- 
ville, and running thence in a southwesterly course to Point 
Remove, now in Faulkner county. 

The Choctaws, also, by a treaty dated October 18th, 1820, 
negotiated by General Jackson and General Hinds, of Missis- 
sippi, were given a large quantity of lands which belong to 
the western border of the Territory of Arkansas, but by a 
subsequent treaty of January 20th, 1825, negotiated by John 
C. Calhoun, they rerjo-ceded to the United States all lands 
lying east of a line commencing on the south bank of the 
Arkansas river, one hundred paces east of Old Fort Smith, 
and running thence south to Red river, comprising five 
million and thirty thousand, nine hundred and twelve acres 



Territory ceo/e<* Sy JJct of Congress /8% 

four* of ft? rff{KHNSf\5 ftii/Efi 
?vas tost t» fye CAoctaw Treaty /#Z£~ 







MAP SHOWING AREA AND ACREAGE OF PORTIONS OF ARKANSAS 
DERIVED FROM VARIOUS INDIAN TREATIES. 



144 HISTOBT OF ARKANSAS. 

(5,030,912) and this has since been the western boundary line 
between Arkansas and that Nation, between these points. 

The preceding map indicates the area and acreage of the 
several cessions to the United States, made by Indian tribes, 
of lands lying in Arkansas. 

In his "Reminiscences of the Indians," Rev. Cephas 
Washburn gives the following account of the advent of the 
Cherokees in Arkansas, to-wit : 

"At the close of the war of the Revolution, large numbers 
of Royalists, called Tories, took refuge among the Indian 
tribes. This was especially true of the Royalists in South 
Carolina and Georgia. By the instigation of these Ro}-alists 
several of the southern Indian tribes engaged in hostilities 
against the United States. The Cherokees were among those 
who thus engaged, on the pretext that the citizens of the United 
States were intruding on their 'hunting grounds.' This pre- 
text was founded in truth. This war with the Cherokees 
continued until 1785, the date of the first treaty between the 
Cherokees and the United States Government. Ity this treaty 
the Cherokees relinquished some of their lands, and the 
boundaries of their nation were accurately defined. In con- 
sideration of the lands ceded by this treaty, the United States 
stipulated to pay to the Cherokees certain annuities. The 
first payment under this treaty took place, I think, in 1792. 
All the Cherokee people were convened for this purpose at a 
place in East Tennessee, called 'Tellico Block House.' This 
payment went off in harmony and to the satisfaction of all the 
Cherokee towns, and the people started from their homes in 
peace. 

"One of the Cherokee towns was in the southwest part of their 
country, within the limits of the present State of Alabama. 
The inhabitants of this town were returning from their annuit}', 
and had encamped, for the purpose of rest and to procure food 
by hunting, on the bank of the Tennessee river, at the upper 
end of the Mussel Shoals. While thus encamped several 



FBOM 1804 TO 1819. 



r 45 



boats containing emigrants to Louisiana came down the river 
and landed at the head of the shoals. On board were two 
men named Stewart and Scott, who had goods for the pur- 
pose of traffic with the Indians, through whose country they 
were to pass. Among the goods there was, of course, a full 
supply of whiskey. These men soon ascertained that the 
Cherokees had money, and their cupidity was excited. They 
invited the Cherokees aboard, and freely treated them with 
whiskey until they were all drunk. They then displa} 7 ed their 
Indian goods, consisting mainly of beads, vermillion and other 
paints, and pocket mirrors in gilded frames. These they sold 
at the rate of twelve dollars for a string of glass beads ; sixteen 
dollars for a mirror, and thirty dollars an ounce for their 
paints. The result was that the Cherokees and their money 
were soon parted. When the fumes of the whiskey had passed 
off and they were again sober, they perceived that their money 
was all gone, and that they had nothing of real value in re- 
turn for it. The chief of the party, named the Bowl, and 
subsequently known as General Bowls, went aboard the boat 
and remonstrated with Stewart and Scott. He returned all 
the mirrors and beads and paints, and offered to pay for the 
whiskey at the rate of four dollars a gallon, and requested the 
return of the balance of the money. His offer was indignantly 
spurned, and he was ordered off the boat. When he ascended 
the bank to his people and reported the refusal to his people, 
they were greatly incensed and commenced loading their rifles. 
The Bowl, wishing to avoid all violence and outrage, took 
two of the most calm and deliberate of his men and went 
aboard again to remonstrate against the fraud, and to warn 
the traders of the exasperated state of the Indians on shore. 
Stewart and Scott, instead of heeding his warning, seized each 
a boat pole and commenced an attack upon the three on board. 
Stewart plunged the iron socket into the breast of one of the 

men and instantly killed him, Scott struck another on the 
10 



I46 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

head with his pole and knocked him down and then threw 
him into the river. He either drowned or was killed by the 
blow on the head. The Bowl escaped unhurt to land and still 
tried to restrain his men, but his efforts were in vain. They 
were exasperated beyond endurance. They fired on Stewart 
and Scott, both of whom were instantly killed. They then 
went aboard and killed every white man aboard the boat, sav- 
ing the women and children and servants alive. 

"After this bloody tragedy, which is known as the 'Mussel 
Shoals Massacre,' the whole party of the Cherokees went 
aboard the boats, descended the Tennessee, Ohio and Missis- 
sippi to the mouth of the St. Francis river. Here they 
placed all the white women and children in one boat; relin- 
quished to them all the furniture which they claimed ; granted 
to each of the married ladies a female servant; put on board 
an ample stock of provisions and four strong and faithful 
black men and let them descend the Mississippi to New Or- 
leans, the place of their destination After the de- 
parture of the boat for New Orleans, the Bowl and his party 
ran the other boats, with their contents, a few miles up the St. 
Francis river to await the issue of the affair. They feared 
that their conduct at the Mussel Shoals would be regarded by 
our Government as a violation of the treaty of amity, and as 
a renewal of hostility. As soon as the massacre of Mussel 
Shoals was known by the Cherokees in their towns they con- 
vened a general council, and, in a memorial to the United 
States Government, declared that they had no part in the 
tragedy; that they wished to be at peace with the United 
States; and that they would do all in their power to aid the 
United States in bringing the parties to justice. They sent to 
the Bowl and his party to return and submit to a trial, for tak- 
ing the lives of white citizens of the United States. When 
this whole matter was investigated by the Government, the 
Cherokees were fully justified ; the property was confiscated 



FBOM 1804 TO 1819. 



I47 



and declared by treaty to belong to the perpetrators of the 
'Mussell Shoals Massacre.' 

"The course pursued by the Cherokee council toward the 
refugees tended to alienate their minds from their people in 
the home of their fathers, and made them less reluctant to re- 
main in their new homes west of the Mississippi. Added to 
this the abundance of game, the fertility of the soil and the 
blandness of the climate soon made them prefer their homes 
here to those where they had resided in the East. Other par- 
ties, who crossed the Mississippi for the purpose of hunting 
and trapping, when they saw the prosperity of these original 
refugees joined them. In 1812, by an arrangement with the 
Government, they removed from St. Francis and White riv- 
ers and settled on the Arkansas. In 181 3 a considerable ac- 
cession was made to their number by voluntary emigration 
from the old nation, and they became so numerous that an 
agent of the United States was sent to reside among them, 
and from that time until the whole tribe was united in the 
west of the State of Arkansas, in 1839, they were known and 
treated with as the Arkansas Cherokees, or, the Cherokee Na- 
tion, West. By the treaty of Turkeytown, in 181 7,** the 
Government stipulated to give -the Arkansas Cherokees, as 
much land, 'acre for acre,' between the Arkansas and White 
rivers, as they should cede of their domain in the East. The 
.result of this treaty was a considerable emigration from' the 
East to the West, in the years 18 18 and 18 19. From that 
time till their union by the treaty of 1835, which was not ef- 
fected in fact till 1839, the Arkansas Cherokees wereestimated 
at one-third of the whole tribe." 

In 181 1 a great earthquake occurred at New Madrid, in 
the Territory of Louisiana, which reached into the upper 
regions of Arkansas. It extended for the distance of three 
hundred miles southward, from the mouth of the Ohio river, 

(*) Should be Cherokee Agency. The treaty ratified at Turkeytown was in 1816 and related 
to other matters. 



I48 EISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

along the Mississippi Valley. Humboldt, speaking of it, re 
marks that it presents one of the few examples of incessant 
quaking of the ground for several successive months, far 
away from any volcano. The ground rose and sunk in great 
undulations, and lakes were alternately formed and drained 
again. The surface burst open in great fissures, which ex- 
tended northeast and southwest, and were sometimes more 
than half a mile long, and from these fissures mud and water 
were thrown as high as the tops of trees. The disturbances 
continued until March 26th, 1812, when they ceased. This 
was the most extended earthquake ever felt in the United 
States, and the effect of it was to leave a large portion of the 
country near New Madrid sunk and submerged. It has 
since, been called "the sunk country." In Craighead 
county, Arkansas, is to be found a portion of country called 
the "sunk lands," which was submerged by this earthquake 
February 6th, 181 2. The St. Francis river altered its course 
and followed the lowest places, leaving its former bed dry, 
and lakes formed in places where it used to run. 

At the time this earthquake was. in progress the Steamer, 
New Orleans, the first steamboat 011 the western waters, was 
on her first trip from Pittsburg, the place of her building, to 
New Orleans, her destination, under charge of Mr. Nicholas 
J. Roosevelt, her builder and projector. After passing the 
falls' of the Ohio, the existence of the earthquake began to be 
manifest. The following account of it is taken from a journal 
of the journey kept at the time.* "At New Madrid, a great 
portion of which had been engulphed, as the earth opened 
in vast chasms and swallowed up houses and their inhabi- 
tants, terror-stricken people begged to be taken on board, 
while others, dreading the steamboat even more than the 

earthquake, hid themselves as the boat approached 

One of the most uncomfortable incidents of the voyage was 

(*) From address of J. H. B. Latrobe, before the Maryland Historical Society. See Clai- 
borne's History of Mississippi, vol. 1, p. 537. 



FBOM 1804 TO 1819. 



I 49 



the confusion of the pilot, who became alarmed and declared 
that he was lost, so great had been the changes in the chan- 
nel, caused by the earthquake. Where he had expected to 
find deep water, roots and stumps projected above the sur- 
face. Tall trees that had been guides had disappeared. 
Islands had changed their shapes, cut-offs had been made 

through what was forest land when he saw it last 

In the first part of the voyage, when the steamboat rounded 
to at night, she was made fast to the river bank, but when it 
was seen that trees would occasionally topple and fall over, 
as the ground beneath them was shaken or gave way, it was 
thought safer to stop at the foot of >an island, which might 
serve as a break-water, taking care the trees were far enough 
from the boat to obviate apprehension from them. Once, 
however, when such a fastening had been made, and a plank 

carried ashore a new experience was had. No 

shock had been felt during the day, and those aboard the 
boat anticipated a quiet rest; in this, however, they were dis- 
appointed. All night long they were disturbed by the jar 
and noise produced by hard objects grating and striking 
against the planking outside the boat. At times severe 
blows were struck, that caused the vessel to tremble through 
its entire length. Then there would follow a continuous 
scratching, mingled with a gurgling sound of water. Drift- 
.wood had caused sounds of the same sort before, and it was 
thought that driftwood was again busy in producing them. 
With morning, however, came the true explanation. The 
island had disappeared, and it was the disintegrated fragments 
sweeping down the river that had struck the vessei from time 
to time and caused the noises which the occupants of the 
boat had been disturbed by. At first it was supposed that 
the New Orleans had been borne along by the current, but 
the pilot pointed to landmarks on the banks which proved 
that it was the island that had disappeared, while the boat 
had kept its place. Where the island had been, there was now 



I50 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

a broad reach of the river, and when the hauser was cut, for 
it was found impossible otherwise to free the vessel, the pilot 
was utterly at a loss which way to steer. Some flat boats 

were hailed, but they too were lost In the bends 

where the rushing waters struck the shore, to whirl around the 
curve and glance off to form a bend in an opposite direction, 
the deepest water was immediately under the bank, and here 
the trees, undermined by the current, would be seen at times 
to sink into the stream, often erect until the waters covered 
their topmost twigs. Sometimes falling against each other 
and interlacing their great arms, sometimes falling outward 
into the water, and then woe to the vessel that happened to 
be near them in the bend." 

The condition of the country around New Madrid at the 
conclusion of the earthquake is indicated in the following ex- 
tracts from "Howe's Historical Collections of the Great 
West," published in Cincinnati in 1852 : 

"The people of Little Prairie had their settlement, which 
consisted of one hundred families, entirely broken up — only 
two families remained. The whole region was covered with 
sand to the depth of two or three feet. The surface was red 
with oxydized pyrites of iron and pieces of pit coal. The 
country was filled with chasms running from northeast to 
southwest, at intervals sometimes as close as half a mile apart, 
and sufficiently large to swallow up not only men but houses. 
To save themselves the inhabitants cut down large trees at 
right angles to the chasms and stationed themselves thereon. 
The Great Prairie settlement, one of the most flourishing on 
the west bank of the Mississippi, and New Madrid dwindled 
into insignificance and decay, the people trembling in their 
miserable hovels at the distant and melancholy rumbling of 
the approaching shocks." 

In order to recompense people who had lost lands in this way, 
the Government, by an Act passed February 1.7th, 1815, al- 
lowed all such persons to select from unoccupied lands of the 



FBOH 1804 TO 1819. I5I 

Government in the territory, the sale of which was authorized 
by law, an amount equal to what they had lost, not exceeding 
one hundred and sixty acres in any case, and locate them 
under certificate from the United States Land Office certifying 
the loss. These certificates were called u New Madrid certifi- 
cates," and mairy of them were located in Arkansas, the most 
noted of which is one for two hundred arpens of land, is- 
sued to Francis Langlois by Frederick Bates, recorder of 
land titles in Missouri Territory, November 26th, 18 18, and 
assigned to Major Elias Rector, and by him located in 1820, 
embracing the Hot Springs of what is now Garland count} 7 . 
Other entries of the lands subsequently made conflicting 
with the location of this claim or certificate was the cause of a 
prolonged litigation on the subject, which began in 1852 and 
only ended as to the main body of the case in 1876, by a de- 
cision of the Court of Claims, affirmed by the Supreme Court 
of the United States, in favor of the United States Govern- 
ment as against all claimants, those claiming under the Lang- 
lois entry as well as all others. Also one which was issued to 
Eloi Dejarlois, and assigned to William O'Hara and others, 
was located on lands on which the city of Little Rock was af- 
terwards built, but the entry was not held valid and patents 
were issued by the Government in 1839 to other interests 
which intervened. 

On the 8th of April, 181 2, the Territory of Orleans was 
admitted into the Union as a State, under the name of the 
State of Louisiana, and of date June 4th of that }?ear Congress 
provided that the territory previously called the District of 
Louisiana should thereafter be called Missouri Territory; the 
name is derived from a tribe of the Dakota family, which 
Marquette, in his account of his explorations of 1673, spoke 
of as the first tribe living along the banks of the river, which 
bears their name, after leaving the Mississippi. Their real 
name was Nudarcha, but the name Missouri had been given 
them by the Illinois tribes, from whom Marquette learned of 



*5 2 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



them. The name in the Indian tongue means "muddy 
water," and refers to their river, of which Joutel says "the 
waters are always thick." The Act provided that the legis- 
lative power of the territory should be vested in a General 
Assembly, consisting of a Governor, a Legislative Council of 
nine members, and a House of Representatives of thirteen 
members. The seat of government was directed to be at St. 
Louis, and the Governor was directed to divide the State into 
convenient election districts for the election of the thirteen 
delegates to the House of Representatives. 

On the ist of October, 1812, Benjamin A. Howard, Gov- 
ernor of the territory, issued his proclamation, announcing 
that the new Territory of Missouri would begin operations on 
the ist day of December, 181 2, and districting the territory 
into election districts, for the election of the thirteen delegates, 
as follows, to-wit : St. Charles, two delegates; St. Louis, 
four; Ste. Genevieve, three; Cape Girardeau, two, and New 
Madrid two. The proclamation also designated New Madrid 
to be the seat of justice of a county, which should compose 
the then District of New Madrid, and that the Village of Ar- 
kansas, which was the name the Post of Arkansas was known 
by on the Government records, should be the seat of justice 
of a district embracing the greater part of what is now the entire 
State of Arkansas. It furthermore provided for the election 
of a delegate to the Congress of the United States, to be held 
on the second Monday of November, 181 2, which was just 
one week before the opening of the second session of the 
Twelfth Congress. At this election Edward Hempstead, who 
was born at New London, Connecticut, June 3d, 1780, was 
elected delegate, his competitors being Rufus Easton, Samuel 
Hammond and Matthew Lyon. He took his seat in Con- 
gress January 4th, 1813, and served until November 12th, 
1 8 14. He was the first delegate in Congress from Missouri 
Territor}?, and not only this, but, as expressed by Hon. E. B. 



FROM 1804 TO 1819. 



*53 



Washburne,* was "the first man who ever sat in our National 
Councils from west of the Mississippi river and represented a 
country which, in the space of less than three-quarters of a 
century, became an empire in population, enterprise, wealth 
and all the elements that go to make up a great and free peo- 
ple." He represented all that was included in the Louisiana 
purchase, except the State of Louisiana itself, which had now 
become a separate and independent sovereignty. One of Mr. 
Hempstead's most important services while in Congress was 
to heal certain defective grants of land called Spanish grants. 
Defects existed in many of these, for the reason that when 
Spain retro-ceded Louisiana to France, in 1800, it was done, 
as we have seen, by a treaty which was prospective or condi- 
tional in its operation, taking effect "six months after the per- 
formance of certain conditions and stipulations" therein ex- 
pressed, and was not really in force for nearly a year after 
it was concluded ; and it was furthermore a secret treaty for 
obvious reasons. The French did not, therefore, take posses- 
sion of the country under the rights of their cession, but left 
the Spanish in virtual and actual control, even up to Novem- 
ber 30th, 1803, when the country having been ceded to the 
United States, it was received from Spain by France for the 
purpose of being delivered to the United States. Now, in the 
time intervening between the St. Ildefonso treaty of October 
1st, 1800, and the delivery to France, November 30th, 1803, 
the Spanish Governors had made many grants of land the 
same as they had been accustomed to do under their own 
Government. The Governor of Louisiana was not even in- 
formed of the cession until long after it had taken place. Mr. 
Hempstead introduced and advocated a bill to make these 
imperfect grants legal for the saving of innocent purchasers 
and the establishment of definite titles, and under his advocacy 
the bill became a law April 12th, 18 14. 

(*) On presenting the portrait of Edward Hempstead to the State of Missouri, 1881. 




EDWARD HEMPSTEAD. 

First Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory. 



FBOM 1804 TO 1819. 1 55 

This Act, together with a previous Act of June 13th, 181 2, 
served to cure and perfect whatever titles obtained from the 
former foreign owners, were susceptible of cure. The Act of 
181 2 was passed in conformity with the provisions of the 
treaty of cession with France, and confirmed in fee simple to 
the inhabitants, "the town or village lots, out lots, common- 
field lots and commons, in, adjoining and belonging to the 
several towns or villages of Portage des Sioux, St. Charles, 
St. Louis, St. Ferdinand, Village-a-Robert, Carondelet, Ste. 
Genevieve, New Madrid, New Bourbon, Little Prairie and 
Arkansas, in the Territory of Missouri, which lots have been 
inhabited, cultivated or possessed prior to the 20th day of 
December, 1803." 

Edward Hempstead was Speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives, of Missouri Territory, at the session of 1816. He 
died August 9th, 1817, from injuries sustained in falling from 
his horse. He was succeeded as delegate to Congress by Ru- 
ms Easton, November 16th, 18 14, in the thirteenth Congress ; 
and Easton was succeeded by John Scott, who took his seat 
December 2nd, 1816. John Scott was a brother of Judge 
Andrew Scott, one of the early settlers and judges in Arkan- 
sas, and uncle of Captain John R. Homer Scott, now a resi- 
dent of Pope county. 

On the 31st of December, 1813, the Legislature of Mis- 
souri Territory formed the county of New Madrid, bounded 
north by the south line of Cape Girardeau county ; east by the 
Mississippi river ; south by a line commencing on said river, 
opposite the lower end of the island laid down in the Navi- 
gator as Number Nineteen ; thence in a direct line to White 
river at the mouth of Little Red ; thence to the line of the 
Osage purchase; and thence north to the place of beginning. 
This embraced country in the upper part of Arkansas, com- 
prising the northeast corner of the State. 

And by an Act of the same date, all the remainder of what 
is now the State was organized into a county called the 



I56 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

county of Arkansaw, created in the administration of Gov- 
ernor William Clark. A full account of the several counties, 
in the order of their formation, will be found later at the 
division called "County Histories." 

On the 27th of January, 1814, Congress passed an Act 
providing for the appointment of an additional judge in Mis- 
souri Territory, who was required to reside "at or near the 
Village of Arkansas." Under this Act George Bullitt, of 
Missouri, was appointed February 9th, 18 14, and was re- 
commissioned February 19th, 1818. His associates of the 
Court were Silas Bent, of Missouri, appointed Februar} T 18th, 
1813, and January 21st, 1817, and John B. C. Lucas, of 
Pennsylvania, appointed June 1st, 1814, and re-appointed 
April 30th, 1818, and Alexander Stuart, of Virginia, appoin- 
ted February 9th, 1814, and March 6th, 1818. Joshua Nor- 
vell was Prosecuting Attorney from 18 14 to 1820, and John 
Dodge Clerk of the Court. 

On the 15th of January, 181 5, the Legislature of Missouri 
Territory formed the county of Lawrence out of the lower 
part of New Madrid county, in the northeast part of the 
present State. It was the second county formed in what is 
now the State of Arkansas. The town of Davidsonville, 
which was founded in the year 1815 became the county seat. 
On the 28th of June, 1817, a post office was established at 
Davidsonville and Adam Ritchey was appointed postmaster. 
This was the first post office in Arkansas. At that time there 
was only one mail route in all of Arkansas. It was from St. 
Louis, through Davidsonville and the Post of Arkansas to 
Monroe Court House, Louisiana. Mail was carried on 
horse-back and was delivered between those points once in 
thirty days.* 

On the 24th of August, 18 18, a treaty, called a treaty of 
Friendship Cession and Limits was entered into at St. Louis, 
between William Clark and Auguste Chouteau, Commissioners 

(*) For a fuller account of Lawrence county see "County Histories." 



FROM 1804 TO 1819. 1 57 

on the part of the United States, and Heckaton, "the Dry 
Man," Hradapaa, "the Eagles' Bill," Tehonka, "the Tame 
Buffalo," and other chiefs and warriors of the Quapaw tribe, 
by which they ceded to the United States all their lands from 
a point ninety miles below the mouth of the Arkansas river 
westward to the Big Raft on Red river, and northward to the 
Arkansas river, except the central portion, nearly a paralleo- 
gram in shape, extending from a point on the south bank of 
the river opposite the Post of Arkansas ; thence in a south- 
westerly course to the Washita river; thence up that river and 
up the Saline river until a due north line would strike the 
river at the Little Rock, which reserved portion they agreed 
not to sell to any other nation without the consent of the 
United States being first obtained. This surveyed line, pass- 
ing through what is now the eastern portion of the city of Lit- 
tle Rock and terminating in what was called the Point of 
Rocks, distinguishing it from the Big Rock three miles higher 
up the river, is still made use of to describe the location of 
property in the city of Little Rock. Lots and blocks in deeds 
of conveyances are still described by their being east or west 
of the Quapaw line. The western line of the United States 
garrison grounds in Little Rock lies along this line. 

The number of acres of land obtained by the United States 
in this treaty is stated in official publications of the War De- 
partment of 1825 as follows, to-wit : 

In Arkansas and to the west thereof - - 26,698,560 acres 
In Louisiana - - - 2,492,000 " 

Total 29,190,560 " 

Of this amount it is estimated that about 16,000,000 acres 
lay in Arkansas. 

The consideration to be paid for it was the sum of four 
thousand dollars in goods at cost price, and one thousand dol- 
lars in goods every year. 

The amount retained by the Indians in the reserved paral- 
lelogram was one million five hundred thousand (1,5000,000) 
acres. 



158 HISTOBT OF ARKANSAS. 

The area of this reserved parallelogram, or nearly of that 
shape, was ceded to the United States in a treaty entered into 
"at Harrington" — the residence of Bartley Harrington, Esq., 
of Arkansas county, afterwards member of the Legislature. 
The treaty was negotiated between Robert Crittenden as Com- 
missioner on the part of the United States, and Heckaton, 
Saracen and other chiefs and warriors of the Quapaws, of date 
November 15th, 1824. In consideration of $4,000.00 in 
goods to be paid at the time of signing the treaty, and $1,- 
000.00 in money (specie) to be paid annually for eleven 
years, and $500.00 to each of the four head chiefs of the 
nation, the Quapaws agreed to cede to the United States 
their reservation and to move out of the territory. They were 
to settle in a district of country in Louisiana inhabited by the 
Caddo Indians and to amalgamate with that tribe. 

The treaty stipulated that the United States should convey 
to a number of persons Indians by descent designated tracts of 
land, such as Francis Imbeau, Joseph Duchassin, Baptiste 
Socie, Louis Bartelmi, Joseph Bonne and others. Among 
them was one to Saracen, a half-breed Quapaw, "eighty 
acres to be laid off, so as to include his improvements, where 
he now resides, opposite Vaugine's." 

In accordance with the stipulations of this treaty, the Qua- 
paws moved from the State in 1825 and settled on Red river, 
in Louisiana, on a tract of land given them by the Caddo 
Indians, but which was found subject to overflow on account 
of the raft on Red river. Their crops were destroyed by water 
year after } T ear, and it proved to be a very sickly country, and 
where, in a short time, nearly one-fourth of their people died. 
The Cadclos refused to give them any other situation, and also 
refused to incorporate or receive them as a part of their tribe, 
and as the Quapaws saw no alternative but to perish if they 
continued there, they decided to come back to their old resi- 
dence on the Arkansas, and so quitting the Caddo country 
they once more appeared in Arkansas. 



FB03I 1804 TO 1819. 



59 



On arriving at their old grounds, they found themselves in 
a pitiable and most embarrassing attitude. Their former 
lands, and what little improvements they had made, were in 
the hands of white settlers, and the country had filled up a 
good deal more than when they left it. In this exigency the 
Government took action in the matter, and on the 13th of 
May, 1833, a third treaty was made between them and the 
United States, by which they ceded to the United States the 
lands given them by the Caddo Indians on Red river, in con- 
sideration of which the United States conveyed to them one 
hundred and fifty sections of land west of the State line of 
Missouri, and between the lands of the Senecas and the Shaw- 
nees, in lieu of their location on Red river, to provide a perma- 
nent home for the nation. The Government paid their debts 
to various creditors, amounting to $4,180 ; moved them at its 
own expense, and contributed liberally for their comfort in 
their new home ; and thus the Quapaws, as a tribe, disap- 
peared from Arkansas. 

They are now located in the extreme northeastern corner 
of the Indian Territory, and their numbers are less than two 
hundred. Heckaton, their principal chief, was the last full 
blooded Quapaw chief. He died shortly after leaving Arkan- 
sas, and was succeeded by Saracen, who was a half-breed. 
Saracen was a brave and noble Indian. It is related of him 
,that on one occasion a wandering band of Chickasaws roam- 
ing through the Quapaw country stole two children of a 
trapper family below where Pine Bluff now is. The frantic 
mother appealed to Saracen for their recovery. He prom- 
ised to deliver them to her by midnight. Accordingly, when 
night came he crept stealthily to the Chickasaw camp, and hav- 
ing ascertained the exact spot where the children were located, 
raised the warwhoop and made a dash for them. The astonished 
Chickasaws, thinking it was a night attack of the Quapaws, 
were at first in some confusion, in the midst of which Saracen 



l6o HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

made off with the children, and, true to his promise, delivered 
them to the overjoyed mother. 

He went with his tribe to their allotted reservation in the 
Indian country, but, by leave of Governor Pope, was per- 
mitted to return to Arkansas, and live on the lands granted 
to him in the treaty of 1824. He died in 1839, at the age of 
90 years, and is buried in the cemetery at Pine Bluff, being 
the first burial made in the cemetery in which he lies. 
When the Catholic church at Pine Bluff was built, in Decem- 
ber, 1888, a memorial window was placed in it, inscribed to 
him, not because he was a pratical Catholic, but because his 
noble deeds deserved to be held in remembrance. In 1818 
Andrew Scott, of Potosi, Washington county, Missouri, 
brother of the John Scott who was delegate to Congress, was 
appointed Judge of the Superior Court, in the District of 
Arkansas, and took up his residence at the Post of Arkansas, 
and the next year, 1819, he moved his family thither. One 
of the members of the family who thus accompanied him was 
his son, John R. Homer Scott, who is still living (1889), an 
honored citizen of Pope county. Judge Scott was one of the 
first, if not the first officer in the Territory of Arkansas after 
its creation. He reached the Territory before Mr. Crittenden 
came, and was there on Crittenden's arrival. 

On the 15th day of December, 181 8, the Legislature of 
Missouri Territory created the counties of Pulaski, Clark and 
Hempstead, all of which were formed out of portions of 
Arkansas county. They were enormous counties in size, and 
from them many counties have since been taken. Pulaski 
county was named after Count Pulaski, the Polish patriot, 
who aided us in the Revolutionary War. Clark, after William 
Clark, then in office as Governor of Missouri Territory, although 
the Act creating the counties was signed by Frederick Bates 
as acting Governor, and Hempstead, after Edward Hemp- 
stead, first Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory.* 

(*) See County Histories. 




ANDREW SCOTT. 
First Federal Judge in Arkansas Territory. 



1 62 HIS TO BY OF ARKANSAS. 

By an Act of Congress of March 2d, 1819, it was enacted 
that after J uly 4th, 1819, all that portion of Missouri Terri- 
tory which lies south of a line beginning on the Mississippi 
river at 36 degrees north latitude, running thence west to the 
River "St. Francois," thence up the "St. Francois" to 36 de- 
grees 30 minutes (3 6° 30') north latitude, thence to the western 
territorial boundary line of Missouri Territory, should be 
erected into a separate Territory, called the "Arkansaw" Ter- 
ritory. Until otherwise provided by the Legislature of the 
Territory, the seat of Government was directed to be at the 
"Post of Arkansaw," on the "Arkansaw" river. John 
1 Scott, Delegate from Missouri Territory, was the author of 
the Act, and was the means of securing its passage. 

On the next day, March 3d, 1819, James Miller, of New 
Hampshire, was appointed Governor by President Monroe, 
and Robert Crittenden, of Frankfort, Kentucky, was ap- 
pointed Secretary. Mr. Crittenden was then only in the 22d 
year of his age. By law, the Secretary was required to act as 
Governor during that officer's absence, and in point of fact 
Mr. Crittenden, assuming the duties of the office at this early 
age, served as acting Governor the greater part of the term 
for which General Miller was appointed. The Governor's 
salary was $2,000.00 per annum, and that of the Secretary 
$1,000.00. 

The James Miller, who was appointed Governor, was a 
distinguished officer in the war of 181 2. He is the same 
who, as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 21st New Hampshire Vol- 
unteers, distinguished himself at the battle of Maguaga, 
August 9th, 1812, and more particularly at the battle of Lun- 
dy's Lane, July 25th, 1814. At this latter battle General Rip- 
ley, his commanding officer, indicated to Col. Miller a battery 
of the British guns in a commanding position, and asked Mil- 
ler whether he could storm it with his, Riple} T 's, old regi- 
ment, the 2 1 st. Col. Miller, well knowing the perilous nature 
of this duty, modestly replied : "P 11 try, sir!" and immedi- 




JAMES MILLER. 

First Governor of the Territory of Arkansas, 



164 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

ately put his regiment in line for the assault. To the amaze- 
ment of the whole British line, Col. Miller steadily and silently 
advanced up the eminence, until within a few paces of the ene- 
my's cannon, when he impetuously charged upon the artiller- 
ists, and after a short, but desperate contest, carried the whole 
battery, and then formed his line in its rear, upon the same 
ground on which the British force had previously been posted. 
Col. Miller's words, "I'll try, sir!" were afterwards worn on 
the buttons of the 21st regiment, and otherwise became 
historic. 

Governor Miller served as Governor until the latter part of 
1824, when he was appointed Collector of Customs of the 
Port of Salem, Massachusetts, which office he held from 1825 
to 1849. He died at Temple, New Hampshire, July 7th, 
1 85 1. He was born at Peterborough, New Hampshire, 
April 25th, 1776. 

At the time of the creation of the Territor}', the population 
was stated to be about 14,000 persons. The exact number, 
as given by the census in 1820, was 14,255. There were but 
five counties, to-wit : the counties of Arkansas, Lawrence, 
Pulaski, Clark and Hempstead. Mr. Crittenden reached the 
Territory in June, and, as Governor Miller had not yet ar- 
rived, assumed the duties of acting Governor as well as Sec- 
retary. He at once appointed the necessary county officers. 
In Arkansas county they were Eli J. Lewis, clerk, and 
Hewes Scull, sheriff; in Lawrence county, Richard Searcy, 
clerk, and Joseph Hardin, sheriff; in Pulaski county, Robert 
C. Oden, clerk, and Lemuel R. Curran continued as sheriff; 
in Clark county, W. P. L. Blair, clerk, and Moses Graham, 
sheriff; and in Hempstead county, J. M. Stewart, clerk, and 
A. S. Walker, sheriff. 

Charles Jouett, Robert Letcher and Andrew Scott were ap- 
pointed by the President Judges of the Superior Court, who, 
together with the Governor, constituted the first Legislature. 



FBOM 1804 TO 1819. 



165 



With the appointment of these officers the new Territory be- 
gan its official life with the necessary complement of officers 
for its government. 

Thus it resulted that the Arkansas country was now vested 
with an isolated and distinct sovereignty, not embraced in or 
bound up with any other province, but henceforward to 
maintain an existence individually, separate and distinct. 
After the time when it passed from foreign control and be- 
came a part of Missouri Territory, it had been presided over 
and was connected with the career of many prominent and 
distinguished men, whose fame is a common heritage to her, 
as well as to the great State from whose boundaries she was 
taken. Among these, without distinction, may be mentioned : 
Thomas H. Benton, Edward Hempstead, Rufus Easton, 
John Scott, J. B. C. Lucas, Charles Gratiot, Henry Gratiot, 
Pierre Chouteau, Auguste Chouteau, David Barton, Freder- 
ick Bates, Edward Bates, Luke E. Lawless, Robert Wash, 
Benjamin Emmons, Merriwether Lewis and William Clark, 
all of whom were men who left an indelible impression upon 
her history, either by public life or in the force of private 
character and individual worth. 



PERIOD III 



From 1819 to 1836 



CHAPTER VI. 



FROM 1819 TO 1825. 

ARKANSAS TERRITORY. THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JAMES MIL- 
LER. FIRST LEGISLATURE. FIRST NEWSPA*PER. COURTS. SEAT OF 

GOVERNMENT MOVED. 

Being duly organized, the Territory was now to take its 
first steps in governmental procedure. On the 28th day of 
July, 18 19, the first Territorial Legislature held its session at 
the Post of Arkansas. It consisted of the Governor and the 
Judges of the Superior Court. As Governor Miller had not 
at that time reached the Territory, Robert Crittenden, Secre- 
tary of the Territory, acted as Governor. The Judges of the 
court were Charles Jouett, Robert P. Letcher and Andrew 
Scott. They organized by the election of Charles Jouett, 
Speaker, and George W. Scott, Clerk. They remained in 
session until August 3d, 1819, and provided for the establish- 
ment of Circuit Courts. Arkansas and Lawrence counties 
being made the first circuit, and Pulaski, Clark and Hemp- 
stead the second. They created the offices of Territorial 
Auditor and Treasurer, with a salary of three hundred dollars 
per annum for each. George W. Scott, the Clerk, was ap- 
pointed Auditor, August 5th, 1819, and served until Novem- 
ber, 1829; James Scull was appointed Treasurer same date, 
and held till November, 1833. 

Their earliest Act, as printed in the laws, was to declare that 

all laws of Missouri Territory, of a public and general nature, 

in conformity to the organic law of Arkansas Territory, 

should be in force as fully as it had been in the Territory of 

Missouri. r 

169 



iyo EISTOBY OF AMKANSAS. 

By the force of this Act, all the laws of Missouri Territory 
of general application, as set forth in Geyer's Digest of 1818, 
together with any enacted since that date, became the laws of 
Arkansas Territory. 

Shortly after this session, the three judges left the Territory. 
Judge Scott, for the purpose of bringing his family with him 
on his return, and Judges Jouett and Letcher left it perma- 
nently. Thus Mr. Crittenden was the only State officer in 
it for a time, charged with the sole duty of its government. 
The prospect was not encouraging. The central portion of 
the Territory was held by the Quapaw Indians. There was only 
one town and two post-offices in all of its extent, to-wit: 
Davidsonville and Arkansas Post, and mail was received only 
once a month thereat ; the scanty population of 14,000, mostly 
new emigrants, was scattered over wide distances, and settled 
in small detached neighborhoods, separated by inaccessible wil- 
dernesses, without a road to connect them. There was not a 
dollar in the treasury; a treasurer had been elected, it is true, 
but it was to preside over a vacant and empty treasury — 
and there was no hope of any help from the national treas- 
ury, which was then burdened with a large debt, growing 
out of the recent war with Great Britain. It was under such 
discouraging surroundings that Mr. Crittenden, at the inex- 
perienced age of 22 years, addressed himself to the grave task 
of organizing the Territory. 

On the last day of October, 1819, William E. Woodruff 
arrived at the Post of Arkansas, and began the publication of 
the first newspaper in the Territory, the fifth one to be estab- 
lished west of the Mississippi river. Mr. Woodruff was born 
near Bellport, in Suffolk county T , Long Island, New York, 
December 24th, 1795, and in 1809 worked in a printing office 
at Brooklyn, serving his apprenticeship therein. In 181 7 he 
set out from his home with the intention of going west to seek 
his fortune. He made his way to Wheeling, West Virginia, 
where he purchased a canoe, and with a companion journeyed 




WILLIAM E. WOODRUFF. 
Founder of the first Arkansas newspaper. 



172 BIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

by the river to Louisville, Kentucky. From there he walked 
to Russellville, Kentucky, where he stayed a short time. 
From there he walked to Nashville, Tennessee, where he 
worked a year at the printing business. From there he went 
to Franklin, Tennessee. He was undetermined whether he 
would locate in Nashville, Louisville, or St. Louis, but event- 
ually gave up the notion of going to either of these places, and 
as the Territory of Arkansas had just been created, determined 
to come to Arkansas and publish a paper. Accordingly, at 
Franklin, he purchased a small printing press and printer's 
outfit, and had it carried to the Cumberland river. It was 
thence transported on a keel-boat down the Cumberland to 
the Ohio, down the Ohio and down the Mississippi to Mont- 
gomery's Point, at the mouth of White river. There were 
but few boats that ran, on the Mississippi river at that time, 
and none on the Arkansas. The road, from Montgomery's 
Point to the Post, was a mere bridle-path. No such thing as 
teams were to be had for hauling, nor was transportation by 
this means at all possible, but Mr. Woodruff was equal to the 
emergency. He procured two pirogues, and lashed them 
together to transport his freight. Pirogue is the old time name 
for a canoe or dug-out, usually made from the body of a large 
Cottonwood tree. They are often as much as fifty feet long. 
The name is derived from the Spanish word -piragua (J>i- 
raw-gwa) , and signifies a narrow boat. With the aid of two 
boatmen he carried the craft through the cut-off and into the 
Arkansas river, and from there to the Post, at which place he 
arrived safely with his press October 30th, 18 19, having been 
nearly three months in making the round journey. The Post 
was a mere collection of huts and small houses, and contained 
a population of less than one hundred persons, mainly French 
and Indians, and with very few Americans. At the Post no 
house could be found in which to set up the press, but with a 
determination which knew no such thing as failure, Mr. 
Woodruff soon had a log hut in which to place the outfit, and 



FEOM 1819 TO 1825. 



I 73 



made ready to issue his paper. His printer experience now- 
stood him in good stead. He set up the type, did his own 
presswork, was editor, and yet served in all other capacities 
in the office. 

The first number of his paper was issued Saturday, Novem- 
ber 20th, 1819. It was called "The Arkansas Gazette," and 
it is still in existence, published at the capital, and is the leading 
journal of the State. It has been published regularly, first as a 
weekly, and afterwards as a daily and weekly, ever since that 
date, with the exception of the time when it was being moved 
to Little Rock, and a short time during the war. Mr. Wood- 
ruff started with not a single subscriber. Among the adver- 
tisements in the first issue were Robert C. Oden, lawyer, 
Little Rock ; Lewis & Thomas, merchants ; Stokley H. Coulter, 
tailor. In size the first paper was not more than eighteen 
inches square, but was correctly and exceedingly well exe- 
cuted as to type, printing and punctuation. At that time 
there was only one mail route in the whole Territory, and that 
was from St. Louis, by way of the Post, to Monroe, Louisi- 
ana, then called Monroe Court House. Mail was carried on 
horseback between these points, and w r as delivered once in four 
weeks. On the ist day of April, 1820, Mr. Woodruff was, 
by resolution of the General Assembly, appointed printer for 
the Territory, and made the first issue of the Legislative Pro- 
ceedings from his press in 1821. He continued to print his 
paper at the Post as long as the seat of the Territorial Govern- 
ment was there ; but when it was moved to Little Rock, he like- 
wise moved the office to Little Rock, and continued the publica- 
tion there. The last issue of the paper at the Post was made 
November 24th, 182 1, and the first issue at Little Rock, 
made December 29th, 182 1, was Vol. Ill, No. 3, whole 
number 107. From that time on the paper became a great 
power in the Territory and the State, in the leading and 
moulding of public opinion. It was the only paper published 



i74 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



in the Territory up to 1830, and was the organ of the Demo- 
crats as against the Whigs, so long as it remained in Mr. 
Woodruff's control. He continued to edit it until 1838, when 
he sold it to Edward Cole, but in 1841 it reverted to him. 
He sold it again, in 1843, to Benjamin J. Borden, and retired 
from the printing business, and went out of politics. 

In the year 1846, however, he established the "Arkansas 
Democrat," with John E. Knight as one of the editorial staff. 
In 1850, the Gazette having been sold by its owner to Dr. A. 
W. Webb, and being about to suspend publication, Mr. 
Woodruff bought it, and consolidated the two papers under the 
name of the "Arkansas Gazette and Democrat," but soon 
dropped "Democrat" out of the name, and took up the old 
name with which it was originally established. During the 
time it had been out of his possession it had been the organ 
of the Whig party. On the consolidation of the two papers, 
John E. Knight withdrew, and Alclen M. Woodruff, the eldest 
of Mr. Woodruff's sons, became associate editor. In March, 
1853, Mr. Woodruff sold the paper to C. C. Danley, and re- 
tired permanently from the newspaper business. After giv- 
ing up printing, he became an active and successful real es- 
tate agent, and was, also, United States Pension Agent for 
many years. On the 1st of October, 1836, upon the admis- 
sion of the State into the Union, he was elected State Treas- 
urer, and served as such to November 20th, 1838. 

On the 14th of November, 1827, at Little Rock, he was 
married to Jane Eliza Mills, who was born at Louisville, 
Kentucky, February 10th, 1810. His family consisted of 
eleven children, of whom three sons and five daughters sur- 
vived him. He died at Little Rock, June 19th, 1885, in the 
90th year of his age. From his unswerving integrity and 
perfect uprightness of character he possessed the esteem and 
respect of every one. His aged wife, also, survived him, but 
died March, 1887, aged 77 years. His five daughters surviv- 
ing him are Mrs. C. R. Vaughan, Mrs. Mary Bell, Mrs. John 



FBOM 1819 TO 1825. 



75 



Jabine, Mrs. Joseph A. Martin, and Miss Georgine Wood- 
ruff; and his sons are Alden M. Woodruff, William E. 
Woodruff, Jr., the present State Treasurer — having been 
such since January 12th, 1881 — and Chester A. Wood- 
ruff, the youngest of the family. In the different families 
there are over twenty grand-children. 

Judge Daniel T. Witter, in an article written in 1873, re- 
lates the following concerning the establishment of the Ga- 
zette at the Post, to-wit : 

"In November, 1819, I set out from St. Louis, Mo., where 
I was then living, to go to a point on the Arkansas river, then 
known as 'The Little Rock,' which in those days was alwa}-s 
spoken of with the definite article 'the' before it, to distin- 
guish it from the Big Rock, a few miles higher up the river. 
On the evening of the 20th of December, 18 19, a large keel- 
boat from St. Louis, bound for Fort Smith, laden principally 
with provisions for the troops at that place, and on which 
your correspondent was a passenger, entered the Arkansas 
river on its destination upwards. The waters of the Arkan- 
sas had never been disturbed, at that time, by the wheels of a 
steamboat. Progressing slowly up stream, as was usual in 
those days, on the evening of the 25th of December we 
reached the Post of Arkansas, then the seat of Government 
of the Territory. Finding the water too low to proceed any 
farther till a rise in the river, we were compelled to wait there 

several days Loafing about the village, I, one 

day, made the acquaintance of a Dr. Kay, then a resident of 
the Post. Among other things, he told me that a young man 
from New York had arrived there a few weeks before with a 
printing press, and had commenced the publication of a 
weekly newspaper, called the 'Arkansas Gazette.' He 
kindly proposed that I should walk with him to the printing 
office, and he would introduce me to the new editor. I gladly 
accepted the proposition and went with him, and on entering 



176 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

he introduced me to his friend, Mr. Woodruff — the same lit- 
tle, old, white-haired gentleman you often see in the streets of 
Little Rock, apparently as active and as brisk now as he was 
then — fifty-four years ago. Between the parties thus intro- 
duced there sprung up a friendship, a confidence and inti- 
macy, that has existed to the present hour, and which, I trust, 
will be eternal. Mr. Woodruff was at that time the sole editor, 
compositor, clerk and devil of the office, and had no assist- 
ance in either department. He occupied a small, French- 
built house of two rooms, the largest of which was probably 
eighteen or twenty feet square. In this room he had his type 
cases, his editor's table, his stove and his bed, with the other 
necessary paraphernalia of a sleeping room and printing of- 
fice ; in the other, a much smaller room, was his printing 
press, fixtures and appurtenances. On taking leave, Mr. 
Woodruff very politely invited me to call as often as my en- 
gagements would permit, and as I had no engagements on 
hand at that time, I called very frequently. Stepping in one 
day, I found him engaged at the press in the little room, I 
seated myself at his table and looked over his exchanges. I 
saw at my entrance, that he had a young man assisting him 
at the press, and supposed he was some printer on a tramp, 
who had fallen in for a job. They soon worked off the form, 
washed and entered the room where I was sitting. On en- 
tering, Mr. Woodruff introduced Mr. Roane to my acquain- 
tance, who, after sitting a few moments, rose and retired. I 
asked Mr. Woodruff where he picked up this pressman. He 
told me he was not a printer, but a lawyer that occasionally 
assisted him at the press. A lawyer, thought I. It was, Mr. 
Editor, the late Judge Sam. C. Roane, who afterwards ac- 
quired fortune and fame by a strict attention to his own bus- 
iness. The Judge was more seedy in appearance, at that 
time, than any one I had ever known with a lawyer's license 
in his pocket. In fact 'Old Grimes,' so famous in song and 



FROM 1819 TO 1S25. 



177 



story, would have appeared a perfect Beau Nash in his pres- 
ence. In our subsequent associations, the Judge and I had 
many a hearty laugh over our first interview. Judge Roane 
subsequently held several high and important offices and po- 
sitions, discharging the same with ability and fidelity, and 
thereby securing for himself the respect and applause of his 
fellow-citizens. The Judge died a few years ago, leaving a 
large estate to his widow and children, the fruit of his toils 
and labors. But I must go back to my friend Woodruff. 
He still remained for some time the 'man of all work' in 
the Gazette office, and persevering, triumphed over many 
difficulties and embarrassments, and with bat little official 'aid 
or comfort,' succeeded in placing the Gazette high in the con- 
fidence and respect of its patrons, as well as his contempo- 
raries of the press throughout the country. Indeed, within 
two or three years after its first establishment, Mr. Hezekiah 
Niles, of Niles' Register, then published in Baltimore, pro- 
nounced the Arkansas Gazette the best conducted paper west 
of the Mississippi river; a high compliment indeed, as Mr. 
Niles was then the admitted chief of American journalists." 

One of Mr. Crittenden's early acts as acting Governor was 
to issue a proclamation declaring the Territory of Arkansas to 
be one of the second grade of Government, and directing an 
election for Delegate to Congress to be held. This act was duly 
legalized by an Act of Congress on the subject. The election 
took place on the 20th day of November, 18 19. The candi- 
dates were James Woodson Bates, Henry Cassidy, Alex. S. 
Walker, Perley Wallis and R. F. Slaughter. An extremely 
light vote was polled, only 102 votes in all. Of these James 
Woodson Bates received 84 votes, Henry Cassidy 10, Alex. 
S. Walker 8, Perley Wallis and R. F. Slaughter none. Mr. 
Bates thus became the first Delegate to Congress from Arkan- 
sas Territory. He was born in Goochland county, Virginia, 

about 1788. He was a brother of Frederick Bates, Secretary 
12 



I78 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

of Missouri Territory, and followed his brother to St. Louis, 
where he settled in 18 16. In 1 819, on the creation of the 
Territory, he moved to Arkansas, and was at once elected to 
Congress. In 1823 he moved to the newly established town 
of Batesville, which was named after him. In 1825 Presi- 
dent Adams appointed him Judge of the Superior Court. In 
1830, after his term as Judge had expired, he moved to Craw- 
ford county, and lived on a farm near Van Buren. He was 
a Member of the Constitutional Convention of 1836, and was 
Register of the Land Office at Clarksville. He died in Craw- 
ford county in 1846. 

Mr. Bates had previously (August 3d, 1819) been appointed 
Judge of the First Circuit, composed of the Counties of Ar- 
kansas and Lawrence, but resigned to become a candidate for 
Congress, and Stephen F. Austin, late of Missouri Territory, 
was appointed his successor July 10th, 1820. Judge Austin 
held court one term, and resigned in the autumn of 1820, 
being succeeded by Richard Searcy, November nth, 1820. 
Neill McLean, of Kentucky, was appointed August 25th, 
1819, Judge of the Second or Southern Circuit, composed of 
the Counties of Pulaski, Clark and Hempstead. He served 
from this date until December 10th, 1820, when he resigned, 
and was succeeded by Thomas P. Eskridge, of Staunton, 
Virginia. 

On the 26th of December, 1819, Governor Miller reached 
the Territory and assumed the duties of Governor, which up 
to that time had been discharged by Robert Crittenden, as 
acting Governor. 

Judge Witter, who was an eye-witness of the occur- 
rence, thus describes Governor Miller's arrival, and some 
of those who accompanied him: "On the evening of the 
20th of December, 1819, a large keel-boat from St. Louis, 
bound for Fort Smith, laden principally with provisions for the 
troops at that place, and on which I was a passenger, entered 
the Arkansas river on its destination upwards. The waters of 



FBOM 1819 TO 1S25. I 79 

the Arkansas had not at that time been disturbed by the 
wheels of a steamboat. Progressing slowly up the stream, as 
was usual in those days, on the evening of the 25th of Decem- 
ber we reached the Post of Arkansas, then the seat of Govern- 
ment of the Territory. Finding the water too low to proceed 
any farther till a rise in the river, we were compelled to wait 
there several days. 

"The day after our arrival at the Post, Gen. James Miller, 
the hero of Lundy's Lane and Fort Erie, and who had been 
appointed by President Monroe Governor of the Territory, ar- 
rived at that place to enter upon the discharge of the duties 
of said office. He came up the river in a splendidly fitted 
up barge, with a large and well finished cabin, having most 
of the conveniences of modern steamboats. This boat had 
been fitted up, manned and furnished by the U. S. Govern- 
ment expressly for his use. On the after-part of the cabin, 
on both sides, her name, 'Arkansaw,' was inscribed in large 
gilt letters. She had a tall mast, from which floated a magnifi- 
cent national banner, with the word 'Arkansaw' in large 
letters in the center, and the words 'I'll tr}< T , Sir!' the motto 
of the regiment he commanded at Lundy's Lane, interspersed- 
in several places. The Governor had with him some of his 
old army friends as well as several young gentlemen princi- 
pally from the North, who were disposed to try their fortunes 
in the wilds of Arkansaw. 

"Of the former class was Major Noah Lester, then late of 
the U. S. Army, who had distinguished himself for his gal- 
lantry on several occasions in the war with Great Britain. 
Major Lester died at Little Rock the ensuing summer, and 
was the first person that died and the first buried at that 
place. 

"Of the same class, also, was Captain Spencer, of the 

Army, who had been one of Major-General Brown's Aides dur- 
ing his brilliant campaign on the Niagara frontier, in 1813 
and 1814. Capt. Spencer was a nephew of Chief Justice 



l8o HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Spencer of the Supreme Court of New York. He had his 
wife with him, a very interesting and accomplished lady. He 
was the first sheriff of Phillips county, having been appointed 
to that office by Governor Miller. 

"Of the latter class was Samuel Dinsmore, of New Hamp- 
shire, and Rufus P. Spalding, of Connecticut, two 3 T oung 
men of promising talents, who formed a co-partnership in the 
practice of law, but both getting sick the ensuing summer, went 
North, and neither returned again. Dinsmore, a few years 
later, was Governor of New Hampshire. Spalding subse- 
quently settled in Ohio, and soon became a distinguished man 
in the State, was elected several times to Congress, and, I 
believe, is still residing in Ohio. 

"There were, also, Ferdinand Morgan and Dr. James W. 
Mason, both of Massachusetts. Both went to Louisiana and 
settled in Ouachita parish. Morgan became a large cotton 
planter, a State Senator, and General of the Militia, and was 
afterwards killed at Monroe, by Stirling, whilst engaged in a 
street fight with another man. Mason, after marrying in 
Louisiana, was engaged in planting and merchandising for 
several years ; amassed a fortune ; raised a family, which he 
left in affluence, and died several years ago. 

"Among others of that Company was David Miller. 
Everybody on the Arkansaw river in early times knew Dave. 
He was a generous, whole-souled fellow, full of energy, enter- 
prise and fun. He married a daughter of Bill Montgomery, 
at the mouth of White river, and was one of the first and 
most successful steamboatmen on the Arkansas. He died 
several years since." 

During the year 1820 the following appointments are noted 
in the files of the Gazette, to-wit : 

By the President : William Douglas Simms, of Alexan- 
dria, Virginia, to be Register of the Land Office at Arkansas, 
in Arkansas ; Henry W. Conwa}' to be Receiver of Public Mon- 
eys at the same place ; Hartwell Boswell to be Register of the 



FBOM 1819 TO 1825. l8l 

Land Office for the District of Lawrence, in Arkansas ; John 
Trimble, of Kentucky, to be Receiver of Public Moneys at the 
same place; William Trimble to be U. S. District Attorney 
in Arkansas; Col. Joseph Selden, of the Army, late of Vir- 
ginia, to be a Judge of the Supreme Court of the Territory of 
Arkansas; Col. David Brearly to be Agent for the Cherokee 
Indians. 

By the Governor: Major S. B. Archer* to be Judge of 
the Circuit Court of the First Judicial Circuit. Col. Edmund 
Hogan to be Brigadier-General of the Militia of the State of 
Arkansas; Charles Brearly to be Judge of the Court of Com- 
mon Pleas in the County of Arkansas ; R. P. Spalding and 
S. Dinsmoor, Aides de Camp to the Governor, April 8th, 1820. 

Post offices established, and names of Postmasters: Cad- 
ron, Thomas H. Tindall, Postmaster; Clark county, Jacob 
Barkman, Postmaster; Hempstead county, John English, 
Postmaster; White Run P. O., Peyton Tucker, f Postmaster. 

The extent of settlement along the Arkansas river, at this 
date, will be seen by the following extracts from a Journal of 
Travels, made in the year 18 19, by Thomas Nutall, Member 
of the Philosophical Society of the Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences ; Journal published in Philadelphia in 182 1, to-wit : 

"Coming along the bend of the 71 Island, we struck upon 
an enormous planter, or immovable log, but again escaped 
without accident. About noon we landed at Mr. McLane's, 
a house of entertainment. Here I was advised to proceed 
with my small cargo and flat-boat to the Post of Ozark, on the 
Arkansas, by the bayou which communicates between the 
White and Arkansas rivers. 

(*) The name S. B. Archer here is believed to be a misprint for S. F. Austin. The name 
Archer does not appear in the State records as successor to Bates, but the name Austin does. 
Nor is the name Archer mentioned by Judge Witter, a contemporary, in his account of 
those times heretofore quoted. 

(t) From Gazette of March 18th, 1820: "New Post office: Amos Wheeler is appointed 
Postmaster at Little Rock." 

Same, April 8th, 1820: "Richard Searcy is appointed Postmaster at Davidsonville, Lawrence 
county." 

Same, May 9th, 1820: "Colonel Edmund Hogan is appointed Postmaster at Crystal Hill, 
Pulaski county." 



1 82 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

"February 14th. To-day we proceeded up White river 
with considerable difficulty and hard labor, the Mississippi not 
being sufficiently high to produce any edcVy. 

"15th. We continued with hard labor ascending White 
river to the bayou, said to enter seven miles up the stream. 
The latter proceeds from the bayou in a direction of west to 
northwest, the bayou or cut-off continuing to the southwest. 

"In this distance there are no settlements, the land being 
overflowed by the back-water of the Mississippi. We passed 
nearly through the bayou, in which there are four high points 
of land; the current carrying us almost three miles an hour 
towards the Arkansa, which it entered nearly at right angles 
with a rapid current and a channel filled with snags. The 
length of the bayou appears to be about 8 or 9 miles. 

"16th. Leaving the bayou we entered the Arkansa, 
which was very low, but still red and muddy from the freshet 
of the Canadian. 

"18th. To-clay we towed along two bars much more con- 
siderable than any preceding bends, but had the disappoint- 
ment to spend the night only a single mile below Madam 
Gordon's, the place of our destination, with the boats, and 
only sixteen miles above the bayou by which we entered the 
Arkansa. This house is the first which is met with in 
ascending the river. A mile and a half from Madam Gor- 
don's there was a settlement, consisting of four or five 
French families, situated upon an elevated tract of fertile land, 
which is occasionally insulated by the overflowings of the 
White and Arkansa rivers. 

"On this side of the Arkansa, the floods cover the whole 
intermediate space to White river, a distance of 30 miles. 
Within this tract cultivation can never take place without re- 
course to the same industry which has reclaimed Holland 
from the ocean. The singular caprice of the river, as it acci- 
dentally seeks its way to the sea, meandering through the al- 
luvial valley, is truly remarkable. The variation of its channel 



FROM 1819 TO 1825. 1 83 

is almost incredible, and the action which it exercises over 
the destiny of the soil can scarcely be conceived. After pur- 
suing a given course for many ages, and slowly encroaching, 
it has at length, in many instances, cut through an isthmus, 
and thus abandoned, perhaps, a course of six or eight miles, 
in which the water stagnates, at length becomes totally insu- 
lated, and thus presents a lagoon or lake. One of these insu- 
lated channels, termed a lake, commences two miles from 
hence and approaches within four miles of the Arkansas, or 
the Post of Ozark, offering a much nearer communication 
than the present course of the river. 

"The town, or rather settlement, of the Post of Arkansas, 
was somewhat dispersed over a prairie nearly as elevated as 
that of the Chickasaw Bluffs, and containing in all 30 or 40 
houses. The merchants there transact nearly all the business 
of the Arkansa and White river, where Messrs. Brahan & 
Drope, Mr. Lewis and Monsieur Notrebe, who kept well 
assorted stores of merchandise, supplied chiefly from New 
Orleans, with the exception of some heavy articles of domestic 
manufacture obtained from Pittsburgh. 

"The improvement and settlement of this place proceeded 
slowly, owing, in some measure, as I am informed, to the 
uncertain titles of the neig-hborino; lands. Several enormous 
Spanish grants remained still undecided. That of Messrs. 
Winters, of Natchez, called for no less than one million acres, 
but the Congress of the United States seems inclined to put in 
force a kind of agrarian law against such monopolizers ; had 
laid them, as I was told, under the stipulation of setting up 
on this immense tract a certain number of families. 

"The first attempt at settlement on the banks of the Arkansa 
was begun a few miles below the bayou, which commu- 
nicates with White river. An extraordinary inundation oc- 
casioned the removal of the garrison to the borders of the 
lagoon, near Madam Gordon, and again disturbed by an 



184 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

overflew, they at length chose the present site of Arkansas. 

Had the unfortunate grants of Mr. Law 

been carried into effect, which proposed to settle at and around 
the present village of Arkansas 9,000 Germans from the Pa- 
latinate, we should now probably have witnessed an extensive 
and flourishing colony in place of a wilderness still struggling 
with all the privations of savage life. 

"March 4th. About noon, I arrived at the cabin of Mr. 
Joseph Kirkendale, 4 miles above the cut-off in the river. 

"This farm, like those below on Old river, was situated 
upon a small and insulated prairie, or open and elevated 
meadows, about 15 miles from the Great Prairie. 

"At Mr. Kirkendale' s I had an interview with the principal 
chief of the Quapaws, who landed here on his way down the 
river. His name, to me, unintelligible was Ha-kat-ton (or 
the dry man). He was not the hereditary chief, but received 
his appointment as such in consequence of the infancy of the 
children of the Grand Barbe. His appearance and deport- 
ment were agreeable and prepossessing, his features aquiline 
and symmetrical. 

"He brought with him a roll of writing, which he unfolded 
with great care and gave it me to read. This instrument 
was a treaty of the late cession and purchase of lands from the 
Quapaws, made the last autumn, and accompanied by a sur- 
vey of the specified country. 

"To my inquiry respecting the reputed origin of the 
O-guah-pas, he answered candidly that he was ignorant of 
the subject ; and that the same question had been put to him 
at St. Louis by Governor Clark. 

"We spent the evening with Major Lewismore Vaugin, 
the son of a gentleman of noble descent, whose father for- 
merly held a considerable post under the Spanish Govern- 
ment. 

"Fifteen miles above this place, Monsieur Vaugin informed 
me of the remains of an aboriginal station of considerable ex- 



FROM 1819 TO 1825. 1 85 

tent, resembling a triangular fort, which the Quapaws, on 
their first arrival in this country, say was inhabited by a peo- 
ple who were white and partially civilized, but whom at length 
the)/ conquered by stratagem. 

"Six miles above Mr. Vaugin's, at Monsieur Michael Le- 
Bonn's, commences the first appearance of a hill in ascend- 
ing the Arkansa. It is called the Bluff, and appears to be a low 
ridge, covered with pine, similar to the Chickasaw Cliffs. In 
the evening we came to a little above the second Pine Bluff. 

"14th. We proceeded to Monsieur Bartholomes, where Mr. 
Drope stayed about two hours. Mons. Bartholomes, and two 
or three families, who are his neighbors, are entirely hunters, 
or in fact Indians in habit, and pay no attention to the culti- 
vation of the soil. These, with two or three families at 
the first Pine Bluffs, are the remains of the French hunters, 
whose stations have found a place in the maps of Arkansa, 
and they are in all probability the descendants of those ten 
Frenchmen whom De Tonti left with the Arkansas on his 
way up the Mississippi, in the year 1685.* From this place 
we met with no more settlements until we arrived at the Little 
Rock, 12 miles below which, and about 70 miles from hence, 
by the meandering course of the river, we again met with a 
house. 

"25th. Two miles further lived Mr. Daniels. f From this 
place proceeds the road to St. Louis on the right, and Mound 
Prairie Settlement, and Natchitoches on Red river on the left. 
From the appearance of aboriginal remains around Mound 
Prairie, we may safely infer the former existence of the na- 
tives on that site, and it appears also probable that this 
must have been the fertile country of the Cay as, or the Tani- 
cas, described by LaVega, a people who, at this time, are on 
the verge of extermination. 

(*> lose. 

(t) Wright Daniel. 



1 86 HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

"In the course of the day we passed the sixth Pine Bluff, 
behind which appears the first prominent hill that occurs to 
view on the banks of the Arkansa. The facade or cliffs, 
in which it terminates on the bank of the river, is called the 
Little Rock, as it is the first stone which occurs in place. 
The river, no longer so tediously meandering, here presents a 
stretch of six miles in extent, proceeding to the west of north- 
west. 

"In the evening we arrived at Mr. Hogan's, or the settle- 
ment of the Little Rock, opposite to which appear the cliffs,* 
formed of a dark, greenish colored, fine grained, slaty sand- 
stone, mixed with minute scales of mica, forming what geol- 
ogist commonly term the granwacke slate, and declining 
beneath the surface at a clip or angle of not less than 45 de- 
grees from the horizon. The hills appear to be elevated from 
150 to 200 feet above the level of the river, and are thinly 
covered with trees. 

"There are a few families living on both sides, upon high, 
healthy and fertile land ; and about 22 miles from Hogan's 
there is another settlement of nine or ten families, situated 
towards the source of the Saline Creek, of the Washita, which 
enters that river in 33 degrees, 27 minutes. This land, though 
fertile and health) 7 , cannot be compared with the alluvious of 
the Arkansa, notwithstanding which, I am informed, they 
were receiving accessions to their population from the States 
of Kentucky and Tennessee. The great road to the southwest 
connected with that of St. Louis, already noticed, passing 
through this settlement, communicates downwards also with 
the Post of Washita, with the remarkable thermal springs 
near its sources, about 50 miles distant, and then proceeding 
250 miles to the settlement of Mound Prairie, on Saline Creek, 
of Red River, and not far from the banks of the latter, con- 
tinues to Natchitoches. 

(*) Big Rock. 



PBOM 1819 TO 1825. 1 87 

"On the 27th of March, we arrived at the Cadron settle- 
ment, containing in a contiguous space about five or six 
families. Mr.Mdlmery, one of the first, is at present the only 
resident on the imaginary town plot. A cave of rocks here 
affords a safe and convenient harbor and a good landing for 
merchandise. 

"No village or town, except Arkansas, has }'et been produced 
on the banks of the river. There is not yet a grist mill on 
the Arkansa, and flour commonly sells about the Post at $12 
per barrel. For the preparation of maize a wooden mortar 
or different kinds of hand or horse mills, are sufficient. Sugar 
and coffee are also high priced articles, more particularly this 
year. I suppose sugar retails at 25 cents a pound, and coffee 
at 50 cents. 

"The United States have now ordered the survey of all the 
alluvial and other saleable lands of the Arkansa, which are to 
be read}^ for disposal in about two years from the present time. 
One of the surveyors, Mr. Pettes, was now laying out the 
lands contiguous to the Cadron into sections. Another sur- 
veyor is also employed in the Grand Prairie, and proceeding 
at this time from the vicinity of Arkansas to this place. The 
poor and hilly lands generally are not yet thought to be worth 
the expense of a public survey. Some of these surveys, how- 
ever, extend as far to the north as the banks of White river. 

"The pre-emption rights, as they are called, are a certain 
species of reward or indemnification for injuries sustained in 
the late war, and apply to such individuals only as had made 
improvements in the interior of the Territories prior to the 
year 181 3. Such individuals are entitled to one or more quar- 
ter sections, as the lines of their improvements may happen to 
extend into the public lines, when surveyed, of one or more 
such plots or fractional sections of land. 

"These rights have been bought up by speculators, at from 
$400 or $500 to $1,000, or at the positive rate of from $3 to 
$10 per acre, including the price of $2 per acre to the United 



1 88 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

States, a certain proof of the growing importance of the coun- 
try, where lands previous to the existence of any positive title 
have brought a price equal to that of the best lands on the 
banks of the Ohio not immediately contiguous to any con- 
siderable town. 

"March 31st. This evening we proceeded to David M. 
Henry's, about 3 miles above Cadron. 

"April 2d. Proceeded about 8 miles above Fraser's, and 
remained the rest of the afternoon nearly opposite to the 
bayou on Rivulet Point Remove, from whence on that side 
commences the Cherokee line. Both banks of the river, in 
this distance, are one continued line of cabins. 

"5th. We passed the outlet of the Petit John, a rivulet 
about 200 miles long, deriving its source with the Pottoe and 
other streams in the Magazine Mountains, Here the hills 
turned off abruptly to the South, and for four or five miles bor- 
dered the rivulet, which, for some distance, keeping a course 
not far from the x\rkansa, approaches within 10 miles to the 
southeast of. the Dardanelle Settlement. At the distance of 
about five miles'" from the first Cherokee Village, called the 
Galley, Mr. Drope and myself proceeded to it by land. 
Here the Cherokees had a settlement of about a dozen fami- 
lies who in the management of their farms, imitated the 
whites, and appeared to be progressing towards civilization. 

"Arriving in the afternoon at Mr. Raphael's, who keeps a 
store for the supply of the Cherokees, I hastened to examine 
the neighboring ridge of rocks, which originated the name of 
Dardanelle, or, as it is here more commonly called, 'Dardani,' 
both by the French and Americans. 

"The fire which commonly takes place among the dry 
herbage, and which had but recently been in action, prevented 
me from making any botanical collections, and I amused my- 
self by ascending the riclge, which, at the first approach, ap- 
peared to be inaccessible. At length I gained the summit, 



FBOM 1819 TO 1825. 1 89 

which, at the highest point on the bank of the river, might be 
300 feet. The rock was a massive sand-stone. 

"From the summit opened up another sublime view of the 
surrounding country. Again, to the south and southwest, I 
could distinguish three of the four chains of mountains, which 
were visible from the high hill of the Petit John, and still, to 
my surprise, distinctly appeared the Mamelle, though by 
water near upon 100 miles distant, and not less than 60 by 
land, which would appear to argue an elevation more con- 
siderable than that which I had at first imagined. The 
Magazine Mountains to the west, though at first apparently 
so near, not less than 10 miles distant, looking, if anything, 
more considerably elevated than the Mamelle, and probably 
not less than 1,200 feet high. In this point of view it ap- 
pears isolated, gradually descending into the plain, and ac- 
cumulating in magnitude to the northwest, it here descends 
rather more abruptly, though the highest point is still to the 
south, where it appears to rise in broken facades unconnect- 
edly with the auxiliary ridge. 

"Nearly opposite Vache Grass Creek we passed the rapids, 
over which there is scarcely more than 1 2 inches of water at 
the lowest stage. No hills now appear on either hand, and a 
little distance in the prairie, near Vache Grass, stands the last 
habitation of the whites to be met with on the banks of the 
Arkansa, except those of the garrison. 

"24th. This morning we passed the hills of Lee's Creek, 
which, for a short distance, border the Arkansa, and about 
noon arrived at the garrison, which comes in view at the dis- 
tance of about four miles, agreeably terminating a stretch of 
the river. Rising, as it were, out of the alluvial forest, is seen 
from hence, at the distance of 35 miles, a conic mountain, 
nearly as blue as the sky, and known by the French hunters 
under the name of Point de Sucre, or Sugar Loaf. 

"The garrison, consisting of two block houses and lines of 
cabins or barracks for the accommodation of 70 men whom 



190 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



it contains, is agreeably situated at the junction of the Pottoe, 
on a rising ground of about 50 feet elevation, and surrounded 
by alluvial and uplands of unusual fertility. The view is more 
commanding and picturesque than any other spot of equal 
elevation on the banks of the Arkansa." 

The following concluding extracts relate to the return jour- 
ney down the river, by Mr. Nuttall : 

"6th January, 1820. This evening we arrived at Mr. Dan- 
iels', an industrious farmer, and provided with a rough look- 
ing, but comfortable, winter cabin. About 2 miles from hence 
Mr. Daniels, who lives upon a confirmed Spanish right, had 
erected a grist-mill ; saw-mills were also about to be erected 
at the Cadron, and two or three other places. 

"The establishment of a town was now contemplated also 
at the Little Rock, by Colonel Hogan and some others. They 
had not, however, sufficient capital, and no doubt expected to 
derive some adventitious wealth from those speculators who 
were viewing various parts of the newly formed Territory. 

"On the 15th (Januar}') we again arrived at the Post of 
Ozark, or, as it is now not very intelligently called, Arkansas, 
a name by far too easily confounded with that of the river, 
while the name of Ozark, still assumed by the lower village 
of the Quapaws, in memory of whom this place was so called, 
would have been perfectly intelligible and original. 

"16th. This morning we observed the newly appointed 
Governor, General Miller, going up to the town from his 
boat, which appeared to be very handsome and conveniently 
fitted up, bearing for a name a motto, 'I'll Try,' commemorat- 
ive of an act of courage for which the General had been 
distinguished by his country." 

Governor Miller did not remain a great while in the Ter- 
ritory. He was appointed Collector of the Port of Salem, 
Massachusetts, and assumed the duties of that office. His 
first term expired March 23d, 1823, and his re-nomination 
was not sent to the Senate until December 16th, Robert 




BENJAMIN JOHNSON. 
Federal Judge for twenty-nine years. 



192 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



Crittenden served as Governor -pro tem. not only before Gov. 
Miller's arrival, but also in 1821 and 1823, and up to the ap- 
pointment of Governor Izard, in 1825. 

On the 23d of January, 1820, Judge Benjamin Johnson, a 
native of Scott county, Kentucky, was appointed by President 
Monroe Judge of the Superior Court of Arkansas Territory. 
He held the position by four different appointments, to-wit : 
Again by President Monroe, December 12th, 1824; 3d, hy 
President John Quincy Adams, January 2d, 1829; and 4th, 
by President Jackson, December 12th, 1832. On the State 
entering the Union, in 1836, he was appointed District Judge 
of the United States Court, and held as such to his death, in 
1849, a period of 29 years' service on the Bench. 

His associates of the Superior Court Bench were Andrew 
Scott, who was appointed 1819, and served till 1827 ; Joseph 
Selden, of the United States Army, formerly of Virginia, ap- 
pointed 1821 ; William Trimble, 1824; Thomas P. Eskridge, 
1827; James Woodson Bates, who was the first Delegate to 
Congress from Arkansas Territory, and served as such from 
1820 to 1823, appointed Judge 1828, under an Act of Con- 
gress of April 17th, 1828, providing for the appointment of a 
fourth Judge of the Court; Edward Cross, appointed 1830; 
Charles S. Bibb, 1832; Alexander Clayton, 1832; Thomas 
J. Lacy, 1834, an d Archibald Yell, 1835. Joshua Norvell 
was Prosecuting Attorney for the United States, and had 
been such from 1814, while it was Missouri Territory. He 
was succeeded, in 181 9, by William Trimble, who held the 
office till 1824, when he was succeeded by Samuel Calhoun 
Roane, who served from 1824 to 1833. 

The first session of the Court was held at the Post of Arkan- 
sas, in January, 1820, Judge Andrew Scott presiding. It was 
first held in Little Rock, in June, 182 1, by Judges Johnson and 
Scott. After being removed to Little Rock, and until the State- 
House was built with a Federal court-room in it, the sessions of 
the Superior Court were held "in the Baptist Meeting-House." 



FBOM 1819 TO 1825. 



193 



On the 7th day of February, 1820, the first regular session 
of the General Assembly, with Delegates elected by the peo- 
ple, was held at Arkansas Post, and organized by the election 
of Edward McDonald, Member from Lawrence county, Presi- 
dent of the Legislative Council, corresponding to the Senate 
in State Legislatures, and Richard Searcy, Secretary. The 
House of Representatives elected Joseph Hardin, of Lawrence 
county, Speaker, and J. Chamberlain, Clerk. William 
Stevenson, Member from Hempstead county, was elected 
Speaker, and served one day and resigned, and Joseph Hardin 
was elected in his place. The Body sat until February 24th, 
and took a recess to the first Monday in October, and re- 
mained in session till October 25th. The session in February 
was held at the house of Robert Crittenden, but that of Oc- 
tober was held in a house rented from John Larquier. At 
this time many Acts were passed. Stringent laws were passed 
against dueling ; but a large part of the penalty, that which 
forbids any person fighting a duel from holding office, was 
taken off afterwards by a subsequent Legislature. Provision 
was made for securing the due observance of the Sabbath. 
The county seat of Pulaski county was directed to be estab- 
lished at the town of Cadron, now in Faulkner county. 

The most important Act of the session, however, was that 
which looked to the selection of another place for the terri- 
torial capital. 

On the 1 8th of February, 1820, Mr. Tynclall, of Pulaski 
count}', presented a Bill for the removal of the seat of gov- 
ernment. 

The subject was considered by the Committee of the Whole 
February 22c! and 23d. After considerable discussion Mr. 
English, of Hempstead county, reported the Bill with an 
amendment which was read, concurred in by the House, and 
engrossed for a third reading and final passage. It was passed 
13 



194 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

and sent to the Council for concurrence. The Council 
amended the Bill, and returned it to the House February 24th, 
for its concurrence. Upon the amendments being read in the 
House, Mr. Joab Hardin, of Lawrence county, moved that 
the further consideration of the Bill be postponed until the 
next meeting of the General Assembly, which was adopted, 
and so the Bill went over. On this date the Legislature took 
a recess until October. 

The Body sat in adjourned session October 2d, 1820. A 
proposition was presented from Amos Wheeler, for himself 
and as agent for others, offering inducements for its removal 
to the Little Rock. The proceedings thereon, as stated by the 
Journals, were as follows : 

"On the nth of October, 1820. On motion of Mr. 
Stevenson, of Hempstead county, the amended Bill from the 
Council for the removal was taken up, and the amendments 
agreed to. Mr. Tyndall, of Pulaski county, moved that the 
House accept the proposals of Amos Wheeler, and others, 
'proprietors of certain lands laid off as a town at the Little 
Rock' (offering a donation of certain lots for the use of the 
Territory), which was agreed to by the House, and the Coun- 
cil was informed thereof. 

"On the same date the Council also accepted Amos Wheel- 
er's proposal, and informed the House of its concurrence. 
On the 13th, on motion of Mr. Tyndall, the House again re- 
solved to accept Wheeler's proposals, and that the Governor 
be requested to take security of Wheeler for the performance 
of the contract, and notified the Council. On the 14th of Oc- 
tober the Council concurred therein, and notified the House. 

"On the 1 8th of October, a resolution was adopted in both 
bodies that the proposals of Wheeler be accepted, and the 
Governor take security of him in the sum of $20,000.00, 'for 
the faithful performance and good faith by which the seat of 
Government is moved,' and on the same day an Act for the 
removal to the Little Rock was approved by the Governor. 



FBOM 1819 TO 1S25. 1 95 

"On the 24th of October, Mr. Tyndall, of Pulaski county, 
moved that the rules be dispensed with, and that he have 
leave to bring in a Bill explanatory of the Act for the re- 
moval of the temporary seat of government to Little Rock. 
Which was agreed to, and the Bill being read, on motion of 
Mr. Fish, of Clark county, was rejected by a vote of 4 to 3." 

So without further legislation the removal stood determined 
on, to be put into effect after June 1st, 1821, in accordance 
with the terms of the Act. 

In the matter of new counties, four were created, to-wit : 
Miller, April 1st; Phillips, May 1st; Crawford, October 18th, 
and Independence, October 23d. 

In the early fall of 1820, about September, Rev. Cephas 
Washburn* established a Mission Station among the Cherokee 
Indians, to which the name of Dwight was given, in honor of 
Rev. Timothy Dwight, President of Yale College. He was 
assisted by his brother-in-law, Rev. Alfred Finney, and 
Messrs. Orr and Jacob Hitchcock. During September, 1820, 
two cabins were erected, and Reverends Washburn and Fin- 
ney departed for Elliott, a Mission Station in the Choctaw 
country, where their families and Miss Minerva Washburn, 
had been left in the month of January, 1820. 

They returned to the Dwight Mission on the 10th of Ma}', 
182 1. During the summer of the year 182 1, considerable 
-was done in the way of putting up buildings and the making 
of arrangements for commencing a boarding school. In 
December, 1821, the Mission was re-enforced by the arrival 
of Misses Ellen Stetson and Nancy Brown, and Mr. Asa 
Hitchcock. Shortly after the arrival of the party, there were 
two weddings at the Mission. Miss Minerva Washburn mar- 
ried Mr. Orr, and Miss Nancy Brown Mr. Jacob Hitchcock, 

<*) Mr. Washburn's name, in the Cherokee language, was "Oo-kuh-squah-tuh," 



I96 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

the two latter having been affianced previously to his leaving 
New England. 

At this time there was war between the Osages and the 
Cherokees. The Osages, as the prior possessors, looked upon 
the Cherokees as- intruders, and soon after the arrival of the 
latter, waylaid a hunting party and slew them. The Cher- 
okees, wishing to be at peace, overlooked the outrage, and a 
delegation of their chiefs and warriors visited the Osage towns 
and proposed a treaty of friendship. This was agreed to by 
the Osages, and all seemed settled, but even on the return of 
the delegation from the conference another hunting party was 
wa}'laid and slain by a party of Osages, who had dogged their 
footsteps thus far. This treachery was even several times re- 
peated before the Cherokees declared war, but which they 
finally did and conquered the Osages, who sued for peace. 
Peace had been established but a short time, when the treaty 
was again violated by the Osages. This time the Cherokees 
again declared war, and under the leadership of Ta-kah-to- 
kuh, their war chief — John Jolly being the civil chief — declared 
that the war should be eternal. The Cherokees were always 
the victor, yet still they were the greatest losers, as they had 
houses, farms, horses and oxen, which the Osages destined, 
while the Osages had nothing. In this state of affairs, Gov- 
ernor James Miller, as ex officio Superintendent of Indian 
affairs, was directed to bring the war between the two tribes 
to a close. He visited the Osage towns for the purpose, in 
1820, and would have succeeded, had it not been for the in- 
fluence of Ta-kah-to-kuh, who stood out against all induce- 
ments to peace, with the answer : "The Osages are liars, and 
no liar should ever be trusted. If we make peace with them, 
they will break it. Let there be perpetual war with the 
Osages." 

Finding his efforts unsuccessful, Governor Miller appointed 
a second conference to be held in the summer of 1821. This 
conference was not held, and a third one was appointed to be 



FROM 1819 TO 1825. I97 

held in the autumn. This time Governor Miller was present 
and the Osage chiefs, but Ta-kah-to-kuh would not attend. 
Governor Miller was highly exasperated, but neither threats 
nor persuasion could move the obstinate old chief, and he would 
not come. Finally, after a number of unsuccessful efforts, 
the matter was, in 1823, referred to General Pendleton 
Gaines for settlement. He appointed a council to be held at 
Fort Smith in the autumn of that year. Governor Miller, 
Col. David Brearley, agent for the Cherokees, General 
Gaines, the Osage chiefs, and many of the Cherokee chiefs 
attended at Fort Smith, but again stubborn old Ta-kah-to-kuh 
would not attend. The council, instead of effecting peace, 
provoked a fresh outburst of war. The Cherokee chiefs, ex- 
asperated at the high demands of the Osages, re-opened the 
conflict, and raising a small but determined party of 80 of 
their bravest warriors, commanded by Colonel Wat Webber, 
went on the warpath. They encountered the Osages in a 
narrow defile in the mountains, and utterly routed them. A 
council was now held, in which it was agreed to refer the 
question of peace to twelve of the principal warriors. To 
this Ta-kah-to-kuh assented. The council unanimously de- 
cided in favor of peace. Among them was one named Chih- 
kil-leh, who was greatly distinguished for his eloquence. He 
was appointed to deliver the decision of the council for the 
approval of Ta-kah-to-kuh and the other chiefs. 

When the council was held to pass on the question, Chih- 
kil-leh made a speech in favor of peace, which was an irre- 
sistible torrent of eloquence. Overcome by its power and its 
melting pathos, Ta-kah-to-kuh's iron will gave way, and in 
an uncontrollable burst of emotion he shed tears — weeping, 
as he said contemptuously of himself the next day, "like a 
girl or like a woman." When the final vote was taken, 
which was just at the setting of the sun, terminating the da}''s 
proceedings, his vote, with the others, was for the conclusion 
of hostilities. The subtle eloquence of Chih-kil-leh had ac- 



I98 HISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

complished what neither the threats nor the persuasions of 
Governor Miller and all the force of Government authority 
could move the resolute old chieftain to. 

In August, 1 82 1, an election for Delegate to Congress was 
held. James Woodson Bates' term having expired, he was a 
candidate for re-election, and Col. Matthew Lyon was his op- 
ponent. Bates was elected by a majority of eleven votes. 
His vote was 1,031, and Lyon's 1,020. 

Col. Matthew Lyon, the defeated candidate, was a distin- 
guished man, and had been a prominent politician in the East- 
ern States. He was born in Wicklow county, Ireland, in 
1746, and emigrated to New York in 1755. Being unable 
to pay for his passage, he was hired out by the ship captain to 
a Connecticut farmer, until his hire should equal the amount. 
He settled in Vermont in 1776, and entering the militia, rose 
to the rank of Colonel, serving in the Revolutionary War. 
After the war he married a daughter of Governor Chittenden, 
and became an active political leader. In 1797 he was 
elected to Congress from Vermont, by the Anti-Federalist 
part}', and was re-elected in 1799 to 1801. At the expiration 
of his term of office, to-wit : about 1802, he moved to Ken- 
tuck) 7 , and was at once elected to Congress from that State, 
and served by subsequent elections till 1811. Subsequently 
he was appointed Agent of the Cherokee Indians by Presi- 
dent Monroe, and moved to Arkansas, settling at Spadra ; 
and at the Congressional election of 1821 became a candidate 
for the position, with the result stated. He died at Spadra, 
August 1st, 1822, in the 76th year of his age. Appleton's 
Encyclopedia makes the erroneous statement that "he was 
the Territorial Delegate elect to Congress at the time of his 
death." Vol. X, p. 756. The files of the Gazette of 1821 
show the vote as above given. 

In the territorial period of our history there is but little to 
interest the general reader. It was the formative period, the 
period of organization. The Legislatures, which convened 



FBOM 1819 TO 1825. 



I 99 



during the period, were kept busy forming new counties, es- 
tablishing county seats, and granting divorces. They were 
called upon to do so much of these two latter, that it became 
necessary to govern the subjects by general laws. The prac- 
tice of the Legislature granting divorces, had become quite 
frequent, until Governor Izard broke it up by declaring that 
he would withhold his signature from any bill of the kind. 

On the 1st dav of October, 1821, the second session of the 
Legislature was held — the first to be held in Little Rock. 
Sam. C. Roane, Member from Clark county, was elected 
President of the Legislative Council, and Richard Searcy, 
Secretary. Of the House, William Trimble was Speaker, 
and Ambrose H. Sevier, Clerk. Among the acts of this ses- 
sion, which were not numerous, were two of importance. 
One to authorize the Governor to borrow ten thousand dollars 
for the use of the Territory, and another appointing James 
Billingsly, of Crawford, and Sam. C. Roane, of Clark, and 
Robert Bean, of Independence, Commissioners to locate the 
county seat of Pulaski county. 

As the Territorial Capital had already been established at 
the Little Rock, the Commissioners selected that place also 
to be the county seat, instead of the town of Cadron, and the 
county records were moved thither. In 1823 Henry Arm- 
strong, Archibald McHenry and Edmund Hogan were ap- 
pointed to superintend the repairing of the public jail at the 
new town. No public buildings had been put up at Cadron 
while it was the county seat. 

In 1823 an election for Delegates to Congress took place. 
The contestants were James Woodson Bates, whose second 
term had expired, and who was again a candidate for re- 
election, and Henr}/ W. Conwa}?, one of the sons of Thomas and 
Ann Conway, the members of which family became so prom- 
inently connected with the history and public affairs of the 
State, as will be more fully noticed in its proper place. Mr. 
Conway was elected by a majority of 1,586. He was like- 



200 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

wise elected in 1825, and in August, 1827, defeated Robert 
C. Oden for the office, by a majority of 1,571. He remained 
a member of that body and filled the position ably and accept- 
able until his death, in November, 1827. 

In the apportionment of the Courts, in 1823, Thomas P. 
Eskridge was appointed Judge of the First Circuit, Decem- 
ber 10th, and served until 1827, when he was succeeded by 
Andrew Scott. Richard Searcy was appointed Judge of the 
Second Circuit, and served until 1825, when he was succeeded 
by James Woodson Bates; and Samuel S. Hall was ap- 
pointed to <the -Third Circuit, and served till 1836. 

In the fall of 1823 Joseph C. Brown, a surveyor, ran the 
north boundary line of the State between Arkansas and Mis- 
souri. He began at the southwest corner of the State of Mis- 
souri, on the parallel of latitude 36 degrees, 30 minutes, and 
ran thence east 233 miles, to the St. Francis river. At this 
point he left off until the fall of 1824, when he again returned 
to the St. Francis river where the line struck it, and resumed 
the survey by meandering down the St. Francis to latitude 36 
degrees, from whence the line was carried to the Mississippi ; 
but the country was all under water, and the line had to be 
traced in canoes, and hence was very indefinite and imperfect. 
The boundary line was not marked, but mile-posts were set 
designating the distance, and noted as 36 miles. 

The line thus surveyed was re-surveyed and located in 1844 
and 1845 by Commissioners from Missouri and Arkansas. 
Hon. Davis Thompson for Arkansas, and Governor Dunklin 
and Dr. George Penn for Missouri. Governor Dunklin died 
during the progress of the work, and Dr. Penn succeeded him. 

On the 6th of October, 1823, the Third Territorial Legis- 
lature sat at Little Rock, remaining in session till October 
31st. Sam C. Roane was elected President of the Legis- 
lative Council, and Thomas W. Newton, Secretary. Mr. 
Newton was at that time only in his nineteenth year. 



FROM 1819 TO 1825. 201 

The House of Representatives organized by the election of 
Terence Farrelly, of Arkansas county, Speaker, and D. E. 
McKinney, Clerk. The principal Act of the session was to 
create the office of Prosecuting Attorney, and establish the 
different circuits for Courts. W. B. R. Horner, of Phillips 
count) 7 , was appointed Prosecuting Attorney, November ist, 
1823, for the first circuit ; Robert C. Oden, of Pulaski county, 
for the second, and Townsend Dickinson, of Independence 
count}- 7 , for the third. One new county was created, to-wit: 
the county of Chicot, formed October 25th, 1823. 

By an Act of Congress, of elate May 26th, 1824, secured 
mainly through the influence of Henry W. Conway, Dele- 
gate, the western boundary line of the Territory was fixed at 
a point forty miles west of the western boundary of Missouri, 
where it had been fixed by the Act of 18 19, creating the Ter- 
ritory, and running thence south to Red river, thence clown 
Red river to Louisiana. This added to our domain a strip 
of country forty miles wide by about two hundred miles long; 
but this splendid advantage was lost, and the boundaries were 
cut down through subsequent treaties, by the United States, 
with the Choctaw and Cherokee Indians, whereby the line 
between us and the Choctaws was agreed to be a line which 
should commence on the south bank of the Arkansas river, 
one hundred paces east of Fort Smith — the old fort, not the 
.town — and run thence due south to Red river; and with the 
Cherokees, May 28th, 1828, the line between us and the 
Cherokee Nation was agreed to be a line which should run 
from Fort Smith, northwesterly, to the southwest corner of 
the State of Missouri; and these have since remained the 
lines between us and those Nations. The line between us 
and the Cherokees was surveyed by the United States, and 
was completed November 19th, 1828. Robert Crittenden, 
acting Governor, issued his proclamation January 7th, 1829, 
requiring all white persons living west of that line to move 
east of it within ninety days from that date, as all west of it 
belonged to the Indians. 



202 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The treaty with the Choctaws, by which so much of our 
western border was clipped off, caused great indignation 
throughout the Territory. The district ceded to the Choctaws 
was largely filled with white settlers ; the number of them is 
stated to have been five thousand, of whom full)' two-thirds 
moved into that portion of Mexico which now is Texas, and 
were thus lost to the Territory. It included Fort Gibson, and 
other towns now situated in the Indian country. Congress 
made provision to compensate persons who had lost lands in 
this way ; for all settlers were required to move out of the 
ceded area; but though it could give them new lands, and the 
value of improvements left behind, it could not give them new 
homes. 

The extent of country ceded to the Choctaws was described 
as follows: "Beginning on the Arkansas river, where the 
lower boundary line of the Cherokees strikes the same, 
thence up the Arkansas to the Canadian Fork, and up the 
same to its source, thence due south to the Red river, thence 
down Red river three miles below the mouth of Little river, 
which empties itself into Red river on the north side, thence 
a direct line to the beginning. The point at which the lower 
Cherokee line struck the Arkansas river, as defined by the 
treaty of July 8th, 1817, was a point on the north side of the 
river, at the mouth of Point Remove, or Budwell's old place, 
running thence by a straight line northwardly, to strike 
Chataunga Mountain, or the hill first above Shield's Ferry, 
on White river. The point on Red river three miles below 
the mouth of Little river, would be not far from the present 
town of Fulton, so that the western boundary line of this ces- 
sion was a line which would run from near Fulton north- 
eastwardly to Point Remove, now in Faulkner county. 

By another treaty with that Nation, of date January 20th, 
1852, negotiated by John C. Calhoun, the Choctaws ceded to 
the United States all lands east of line beginning one hundred 
paces east of the old Fort Smith, and running thence south 



FROM 1819 TO 1825. 203 

to Red river, comprising 5,030,912 acres. The treaty refers 
to the previous cession to the Choctaws, and recites that it 
had been ascertained that said cession embraced a large num- 
ber of settlers, who were citizens of the United States. 

By means of this last mentioned treaty, the 5,030,912 acres 
of what had been lost in the previous treaty was recovered. 
President John Quincy Adams appointed James S. Conway, 
of Lafayette county, afterwards Governor, to run this line, 150 
miles in length. He did so, the work occupying nearly three 
months, and this survey has since remained our western bound- 
ary line. Thirty years afterwards the line was re-traced by 
other surveyors, and throughout its entire length the new 
survey did not vary an inch from the old one, so straight and 
correct had the line been run in the first instance. 

In 1855, during the administration of President Buchanan, 
a farther effort was made to disturb the western boundary line, 
and directions were given by the Interior Department for a 
survey to be made with a view of adding to the Choctaw 
country astripof landten miles wide, and one hundred and fifty 
miles long, off of the western portion of the State, extending 
from the south bank of the Arkansas river to Red river. The 
Indians had been given to understand by agents or interested 
parties that the land would be ceded to them, and taking the 
matter in advance, numbers of them had crossed the State 
line and staked off parcels of lands, oftentimes the improved 
farms of white settlers, who had held patents for the land for a 
quarter of a century, with a view of occupying them when 
the cession should be made. These proceedings created great 
uneasiness and alarm among the inhabitants of that particular 
district; and the then Governor, Elias N. Conway, took the 
matter in hand and entered such a vigorous protest against the 
proceeding that the Secretary of the Interior, Hon. Jacob 
Thompson, gave orders that no survey should be made, and 
recalled the surveyors, and the matter ended. The Choctaws 
failing to get the land, a claim was made against the United 



204 III 8 TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

States Government in their name for compensation to the 
amount of $3,000,000.00 for their failure. This subject has 
since been known as the Choctaw claim, efforts have been 
made before Congress and the Departments to secure the 
allowance and payment of the matter, but without success. 

On the 15th of November, 1824, occurred the treaty with 
the Quapaws, the one negotiated by Robert Crittenden, which 
has been mentioned, whereby they ceded to the United States 
the 1,500,000 acres out of the central portion of the State, 
which had been reserved to them in the treaty of 1818. In 
the witnesses to this treaty were the names of many who were 
either then or who afterwards became well known in the 
annals of the State, such as Thomas W. Newton, Secretary 
to the Commission ; Robert C. Oden, Lieut. -Col. 2d Regi- 
ment Arkansas Militia ; Terence Farrelly, Adjutant-General 
of Militia; Gordon Neill, Edmund Hogan, Thomas W. 
Johnston, Antoine Barraque, David Barber, Etienne Vau- 
gine, who acted as interpreter, and Bartley Harrington, who 
afterwards became a member of the Legislature from Arkan- 
sas count) 7 , and at whose house the treaty was concluded. 
When the treaty was presented by Mr. Newton, Secretary of 
the Commission, to Secretary Calhoun, the latter, when he had 
been made acquainted with its features, remarked that it was 
the best treaty which the United States had ever made with 
any tribe of Indians. 



CHAPTER VII 

FROM 1825 TO 1829. 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR GEORGE IZARD. AMBROSE H. SEVIER. 

FIRST STEAMBOAT. 

On the 5th of March, 1825, President John Quincy Adams 
appointed General George Izard, of South Carolina, Gov- 
ernor of the Territory of Arkansas. He assumed the duties 
of the office in the latter part of the month, and held the 
same until his death, in the latter part of 1828. Robert Crit- 
tenden, Secretary of the Territoiy, was urged for the Gov- 
ernorship, and was supported for the position by Henry W. 
Conway, the Delegate from the Territory, but Governor Izard 
received the appointment, Mr. Crittenden remaining Secretary. 

Governor Izard was born in Charleston, South Carolina, 
in September, 1777. He received a classical education, and 
in 1794 was appointed a Lieutenant in the United States 
Arm}'. In 1803 he was Captain of Artillery. In the War of 
181 2 he was appointed Colonel of the Second Artillery, and 
was promoted to Brigadier, and afterwards to Major-General, 
and at one time was placed in command of the northwest 
frontier. His corps was disbanded in 181 5. He died in Lit- 
tle Rock, November 22c!, 1828, and is now buried in Mt. 
Holly Cemetery, where a plain tablet marks his resting place. 
He is interred in the family burying ground of the Ashley 
family. His remains were moved to their present resting 
place by direction of Col. Chester Ashley, on the establish- 
ment of that cemetery, in 1843. 

205 



2o6 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The following, from an extended account of Governor Izard, 
appears in "Niles' Register," published in Baltimore, in 1814, 
supplemented by statements as to him, made by Judge Dan- 
iel T. Witter, who was intimately acquainted with him during 
his term of service as Governor: 

"General George Izard was born in Charleston, South Car- 
olina, in the month of September, 1777, and is the second 
son of Ralph Izard, Esq., who was a gentleman of large for- 
tune and high respectability, in South Carolina. Mr. Izard, 
having been charged by Congress, during the Revolution, 
with a secret mission to one of the Courts of Europe, took 
his family to Paris, where they resided until the peace of 

1733. 

"Here George commenced his studies under the care of a 
private tutor in the family, and showed great aptitude in the 
acquirement of classical learning. He was particularly dis- 
tinguished for a turn for the mathematics, in which he made 
great proficiency at an early age. His father having returned 
to America at the conclusion of the war, was, on the adoption 
of the Federal Constitution, in 1789, elected to represent 
South Carolina in the Senate of the United States. He, 
therefore, removed to New York, and entered George at 
Columbia College, where he was placed, on examination, at 
the head of his class, although the youngest boy in it. As he 
was intended for a military life, his father obtained from the 
President of the United States, in 1792, a subaltern commis- 
sion for him in the Regiment of Artillerists and Engineers (as it 
was then called), with permission to send him to Europe, for 
the purpose of qualifying him in his profession. He was ac- 
cordingly sent to England, under the care of General Thomas 
Pinckne}*, who was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the 
Court of St. James. By General Pinckney he was placed in 
a military school near London, until arrangements could be 
made for sending him to Germany, where the best military 
instructors were then supposed to be obtained. He was, af- 



FROM 1825 TO 1829. 207 

ter some time, transferred to one of those institutions of great 
celebrity on the Continent, where he remained for two years. 
Great attention was then paid to the exercise of the body, in 
which the young American was found to excel, nature having 
endowed him with an uncommon portion of strength and ac- 
tivity. 

"On Mr. Monroe's appointment as Minister to France his 
influence was used to obtain for young Izard permission to en- 
ter the Corps of French Engineers, and, as the American 
Government was then high in favor, the request was granted. 
This is said to be the only instance of a foreigner having been 
admitted into that corps. In this situation he had the best 
means afforded him of acquiring a knowledge of the most 
useful branch of military science. Having completed his 
studies, and received from the officers at the head of the Insti- 
tution ample testimonials of approbation, he returned to 
America, in the year 1797, and joined the regiment. On the 
commencement of hostilities between France and the United 
States, in 1798, Captain Izard was appointed engineer for the 
harbor of Charleston, and erected, with great despatch, some 
works for its defense. 

"In 1799, he was appointed Aide de Camp to the Inspector- 
General (the late Alexander Hamilton), in which position he 
remained until the disputes between France and America 
were compromised by treaty. No active service offering at 
that time, Captain Izard was indulged with a furlough, to ac- 
company our Minister to the Court of Lisbon, in the capacity of 
Private Secretary, but in reality to afford him an opportunity 
of traveling on the Continent of Europe, various countries of 
which he visited. On his return to America, in 1802, finding 
the Army of the United States placed on a very reduced es- 
tablishment, Captain Izard resigned his commission, married 
a lady from the State of Virginia, and found himself in the 
vicinity of Philadelphia, where he continued to reside until 
his nomination to the command of a regiment of artillery." 



208 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

This was in the War of 1812, and shortly after this he was 
made a Brevet Major-General, and assigned to an important 
command on the Canadian frontier. 

Continuing, Judge Witter adds to the foregoing notice : 

"Before the Army assigned to General Izard could be or- 
ganized and brought into the field, General Brown had met 
and repulsed the main British Army at Chippewa and Lundy's 
Lane ; and General McComb, at Plattsburgh had defeated 
and driven back, with great disorder and loss, the only re- 
maining; British force then on that frontier. As the cold 
season was then rapidly advancing, arid no enemy within 
striking distance, the command of General Izard went early 
into winter quarters to await the issues of the coming campaign. 

"In December following, the treaty of peace was entered 
into between the United States and Great Britain, and the 
war closed without giving the General or the army he com- 
manded an opportunity of distinguishing themselves on the 
battle-field. At the close of the war, General Izard resigned 
his commission, and returned to his family in Philadelphia, 
where he lived in refined and literary retirement until the 
spring of 1825, when he was appointed by the then President 
of the United States — John Quincy Adams — Governor of the 
Territory of Arkansas, in place of General James Miller, re- 
signed. General Izard was of princely presence, and of 
noble physique — a true type of the southern gentleman of 
the old school." 

Judge Witter relates that, on entering upon the discharge 
of his duties, Governor Izard found a considerable propensity 
on the part of the Legislature to grant divorces, and that the 
business of the sessions of the General Assembly was fairly 
clogged with applications and bills therefor, but he announced 
at once his intention to withhold his approval of any bill of 
that character, which had the effect of breaking up the prac- 
tice, and eventually to turn all such matters into the Courts, 
where they were susceptible of more exact adjudication. 



FBOM 1825 TO 1829. 



209 



Governor Izard was of opinion that the correct method 
of spelling the name of the State was Ar-kan-sa. Docu- 
ments are now in existence, in which the name of the State 
is spelled in that way by him. On beginning the duties of his 
office he found in the stationery for public use a number of 
blank commissions for officers in the "Territory of Arkansas." 
Being obliged to use them before he could procure others 
differently spelled, he was careful to erase the final s to the 
name, as being an interloper, and having no proper place 
there. 

The fourth Territorial Legislature convened at Little Rock, 
October 3d, 1825, and remained in session until November 
3d. Jacob Barkman, one of the pioneers of Clark county, 
and a resident of the Territory before the county was formed, 
was President of the Legislative Council, and Thomas W. 
Newton, Secretary. Of the House, Robert Bean, of Inde- 
pendence county, was Speaker, and David Barber, Clerk. 
The labors of the session were largely devoted to the forma- 
tion of new counties. Conway county was formed out of 
Pulaski, October 20th ; Crittenden county was formed out of 
Phillips, October 22d, and Izard county was formed out of 
Independence, October 27th. 

In the matter of the apportionment of arms to the Militia, 
the United States report of this year, 1827, shows that the 
number of Militia in the Territory at that time was 2,028, to 
whom 25 muskets had been apportioned and issued. 

On the 2d day of March, 1827, Congress passed an Act 
granting twenty sections of land, the proceeds of which should 
go to the establishment of a seminary of learning in Arkan- 
sas. A supplemental Act was passed March 2d, 1833, di- 
recting the Governor to offer the lands for sale at public sale. 
On the 7th of May of this last named year Governor Pope issued 
his proclamation, giving notice that the lands thus granted 
would be sold at public sale on the first Monday of November. 
14 



2IO IIIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

On the admission of the State into the Union, Congress, by 
an Act of the 23d of June, 1836, confirmed the seventy-two 
sections which had been selected as seminary lands to the 
State of Arkansas, to be applied to the support of an institu- 
tion of learning. On the 18th of December, 1844, the 
Legislature passed a resolution requesting Congress to consent 
to a modification of this compact, so as to allow them to apply 
the seventy-two sections to common schools. Congress gave 
its consent thereto July 29th, 1846, and thereafter the pro- 
ceeds of these lands have been distributed to the several coun- 
ties whenever sold. 

The fifth session of the Territorial Legislature was held 
October 1st to 31st, 1827, with Daniel T. Witter, of Hemp- 
stead county, President of the Council, and Thomas W. New- 
ton, Secretary; and A. H. Sevier, of Pulaski county, Speaker 
of the House, and Andrew Roane, Clerk. A special session 
of this Legislature was also held October 6th to 28th, 1828, 
with E. T. Clark, President of the Council, and Charles Cald- 
well, Secretar}/; John Wilson, of Hempstead county, Speaker 
of the House, and Daniel Ringo, Clerk. 

A considerable portion of its labors was devoted to the 
formation of new counties, of which four were created, to-wit : 
St. Francis county was formed out of Phillips, October 13th, 
1827 ; Lafayette county out of Hempstead, October 15th, 1827, 
and Loveley county was formed October 13th, 1827, out of a 
body of land in the extreme northwest corner of the Territory, 
not previously assigned to any county. This body of land 
was what was known as "the Loveley purchase," and was in 
that scope of country added by the Act of Congress of 1824, 
lying west of the western boundary line of Missouri. 

The year 1827 witnessed the outgrowth of party spirit 
among the people, which now for the first time made its ap- 
pearance. Up to the year ^ 2 S there had been the utmost 
harmony in all directions. After that date little bickerings 
began to arise which were augmented by concurring events, 



FROM 1825 TO 1829. 211 

until they obtained such full headway as to produce the utmost 
discord and distraction, and which even resulted in bloodshed. 
Mr. Crittenden said on this subject in his address, on becoming 
a candidate for Congress in 1833 : 

"When Governor Izard reached here in 1825 we had been 
six 3'ears a Territory, yet up to that time no party spirit had 
distracted our country. We might then have challenged the 
Union to show a more united or harmonious people. We 
were then one, and recognized a common interest. No news- 
paper scribblers had then been found hardy enough to hint at 
discord, or those party feuds and conflicts which have since 
distracted us at home, and sunk us in the estimation of the 
good and virtuous abroad." 

Shortly after Governor Izard's advent into the Territory a 
personal difference arose between himself and Mr. Crittenden, 
which resulted in a coolness between the two. This was fol- 
lowed by a series of articles in the Gazette over the signature 
of "Jawbone," and "A voter of Pulaski county," which 
were a continued attack upon Mr. Crittenden, and designed 
as charged for the purpose of "putting him down." He 
responded in a severe and bitter manner directed against the 
supposed author, or authors of the articles ; and this was kept 
up for a considerable time, many publications passing, until 
public opinion in the town was in a ferment of excitement 
.over it. Eventually it drew other persons into the controversy, 
and tended greatly to augment the state of bad feeling 
which was at that time springing into existence. The inhabi- 
tants of the Territory generally had become divided into two 
political parties, of which Robert Crittenden was the leader of 
one, and Henry W. Conway was the leader of the other. 
They were known respectively as the Crittenden party and the 
Conway part}/. 

In this and succeeding years there also occured a number of 
homicides and personal conflicts, so frequent indeed as to give 
the community an undesirable name abroad ; and one which 



212 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

we, their descendants, have found it difficult to overcome, even 
after long years of integrity and peace. One relic of those 
times is likely to be handed down to time immemorial in the 
name the people commonly bear. We are extensively 
known as the "Tooth-pick" State, because in the times now 
being treated of, it was. customary for the people generally to 
go armed ; and the common weapon was a Bowie-knife of a 
peculiar pattern, and which was absurdly said to be used by the 
natives for a tooth-pick. From the frequency with which they 
were carried, the people generally got the name of it, and no 
matter that it has long ago been discontinued, the name still 
clings in the public mind. 

During the first week of September, 1827, a duel was 
fought at Point Remove, now in Conway county, a few miles 
above Little Rock, between Thomas W. Newton and Am- 
brose H. Sevier. 

Hon. George W. Jones, a brother-in-law of Judge Andrew 
Scott, and who was afterward United States Senator from 
Iowa, acted as Mr. Newton's second ; Dr. William P. Rey- 
burn acted as his surgeon, and Robert C. Oden as his friend. 
Col. Wharton Rector acted as Sevier's second; Dr. Nimrod 
Menefee as his surgeon, and there was a friend accompany- 
ing him, whose name has not been obtained. Mr. Jones, 
now General, had recently came to Arkansas on a visit to his 
relatives, and brought with him a pair of dueling pistols which 
he presented to Mr. Newton, with which the duel was fought. 
They were of the flint-lock pattern, as were all fire-arms of that 
day. The adversaries took positions, standing sideways, ten 
paces apart, with the muzzles of the pistols down. Both be- 
haved with great coolness and courage. By lot, it fell to Mr. 
Jones to give the word, which was to be, "Gentlemen, are you 
ready? Fire ! One, two, three, stop !" At or about the word 
"two" both pistols were discharged, but neither party was hit. 
A second shot was demanded, whereupon the pistols were re- 
loaded, and placed in the hands of the principals. Posi- 



FROM 1825 TO 1829. 213 

tions were taken for the second fire, when Dr. Menefee 
jumped in between them, and dashing his cap violently upon 
the ground, exclaimed, "Gentlemen, this thing must stop. 
Mr. Jones, can we not have a settlement of this duel?" Mr. 
Jones replied, "It is for Col. Rector to say." Col. Rector said, 
"I am willing for a parley." The two surgeons and mutual 
friends then went off, and after a short consultation returned, 
when Dr. Menefee said, "It is agreed that these gentlemen, 
never having had any quarrel, and always being on good 
terms, shall shake hands and be friends." Mr. Jones then 
commanded, "Gentlemen, march up; now, shake hands." 
It was done, and thus the affair ended, and the parties re- 
mained on good terms thereafter. In fact, there had been no 
unfriendliness between them prior to the incidents of the meet- 
ing. The duel grew out of a remark made by Mr. Sevier at 
a barbecue, expressing a wish to fight the writer of a certain 
newspaper article which had recently appeared over a nom de 
■phime criticising Henry W. Conway, and which was being 
commented on at the barbecue. The remark being circulated 
about, and it coming to be understood that the article in ques- 
tion was Mr. Newton's writing, what. Mr. Sevier had said 
was repeated to him. Whereupon Mr. Newton avowed him- 
self to be the author of the piece. Following which the .meet- 
ing was arranged, and took place as above stated. 

On the 29th of October, 1827, a duel was fought opposite 
the mouth of White river, on the Mississippi side, between 
Henry W. Conway and Robert Crittenden, in which Mr. 
Conway was mortally wounded. 

The duel grew out of the Congressional election, held in 
August, at which Mr. Conway and Robert C. Oden were op- 
posing candidates. All the bitterness which existed between 
the Crittenden party, whose candidate Oden was, and the 
Conway party found vent in this canvass. Mr. Crittenden 
was a vigorous supporter of Oden. As it was much the cus- 
tom of the times to write bitter political articles for the papers 



214 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

over impersonal signatures, the columns of the Gazette were 
filled with letters from "a voter of Pulaski county," attacking 
Mr. Crittenden on personal grounds, and from "a voter of 
the Territory," abusing Mr. Conway, and some of the let- 
ters being over Mr. Crittenden's signature. A great amount 
of bitter personality appeared in these publications on both 
sides, calculated to produce an extremely bad state of feeling, 
and agitate the public mind into a ferment of excitement. 

After the appearance of these publications, Mr. Crittenden 
addressed the following note to Mr. Conway : 

"Little Rock, August 28th, 1827. 
Sir : — I had believed that the newspaper altercation be- 
tween us had closed with my last publication, and that you 
would have sought a different issue. Indifferent as to who 
should make the call, I now announce to you that / iv ill chal- 
lenge you on or before the 20th of October, next. I regret, 
sir, that the ill-health of my family precludes an immediate 
settlement of our difference. Col. Oden will hand you this 
note and act for me for the present, Col. Ben]. Desha will act 
as my first friend after his arrival, which will be in six or 
eight days. 

Yours, etc., 

Rob't Crittenden. 
Hon. H. W. Conway." 

It is stated in files of the Gazette subsequent to the event, 
that about the time indicated Mr. Crittenden sent the chal- 
lenge which he had announced in his note would be sent; and 
that, Mr. Conway accepting it, the meeting took place. Col. 
Wharton Rector acted as second for Mr s Conway, and Cap- 
tain Ben. Desha for Mr. Crittenden. At the first fire Mr. 
Conwa}' fell mortally wounded. He was carried to Arkansas 
Post, the nearest town, where he lingered until November 
29th, thirty days from the time of the duel, when he died. 



L 



FBOM 1825 TO 1829. 21$ 

He was buried at Arkansas Post, where a monument to his 
memory was erected by his elder brother, James S. Conway. 
At the time of his death he was in the 35th year of his age, 
and was unmarried. His death was a great loss to the pub- 
lic service, as he was active and zealous in the discharge of his 
duties, a faithful public servant, and was very popular. 

Mr. Conway was born in Green county, Tennessee, March 
1 8th, 1793, entered the United States Army as Ensign, in 
18 1 2, and was promoted to Second Lieutenant. He was re- 
tained in the Army after the war, but resigned in 181 7, 
receiving an appointment in the Treasury Department at 
Washington. This he resigned in 1818, and emigrated to 
Missouri. He came to Arkansas in 1820, having been ap- 
pointed Receiver of Public Moneys, and was, at the time of 
his death, in his third term as Delegate to Congress. 

Upon Mr. Conway's death, Ambrose H. Sevier, of Pulaski 
county, then 26 years of age, was elected to serve the unex- 
pired term, defeating Richard Searcy by 56 votes. Few men 
have ever been more honored with public trust than was Col. 
Sevier, and in all of them he discharged his duties ably and 
well, and was the means of accomplishing great good to the 
Territory and the State. He was born in Greene county, 
Tennessee, November 4th, 1801, and came to the Territory 
when but a youth. He was elected Clerk of the House of 
Representatives, October 1st, 1821, being then only nineteen 
years of age. In 1823 he was Member of the House from 
Pulaski county, and was Prosecuting Attorney in 1824. In 
1825 and 1827, he was again Member of the House, and was 
Speaker of the House October 1st to 31st, 1827. He suc- 
ceeded Henry W. Conway in Congress, in December, 1827, 
and was re-elected over Richard Searcy, in 1829, by a ma- 
jority of 308 votes; and in 1831 was again elected over Ben. 
Desha, by a majority of 453 votes; and in 1833 defeated 
Robert Crittenden for the office by 1,956 votes. After this, 
Col. Sevier was invincible in politics. 




AMBROSE H. SEVIER. 
Congressman and U. S. Senator. 



FROM 1825 TO 1829. 21 7 

When the Territory became a State, in 1836, he was elected 
United States Senator, and was a second time elected as such 
in 1842. 

In 1847, a t tne conclusion of the Mexican War, he was ap- 
pointed by President Polk, United States Minister to Mexico. 
He resigned his seat in the Senate to serve asMinister, andMajor 
Solon Borland was elected by the Legislature as his successor 
for the unexpired term. Resigning his position as Minister, 
Col. Sevier was again a candidate for Senator, but was de- 
feated by Major Borland, the incumbent — his only defeat in 
twenty-six years of public service. He retired to his planta- 
tion in Jefferson county, where he died December 31st, 1848, 
in the 48th year of his age. He was a zealous and indefatig- 
able worker, and the Territory owed much of her advance- 
ment to his efforts. He procured the passage of the law 
allowing the people to elect their own officers ; the law author- 
izing payment of the expenses of the Legislature by the Gov- 
ernment instead of the Territory ; he procured the grant of the 
ten sections and of the 1,000 acres ; he procured the establish- 
ment of post offices, the opening of roads, the improvement of 
our rivers, etc. His services of this kind were so well appreci- 
ated, that the State caused a handsome monument to be erected 
to his memory at the place of his grave in Mount Holly Ceme- 
tery, in Little Rock. In 1827 he married Miss Juliet Johnson, 
a daughter of Judge Benjamin Johnson. His family con- 
sisted of a daughter, Ann, who is the wife of General T. J. 
Churchill, and a son, Ambrose H. Sevier, now a resident of 
Lewisville, Lafayette county. 

In January 1828, the first steamboat to navigate the Ar- 
kansas river ascended the river, reaching Little Rock on the 
24th day of that -month. It was the Steamer "Facility," 
commanded by Captain Philip Pennywit. Steamboating at 
that date, or indeed steam navigation of any kind, was in its 
infancy. Robert Fulton had only invented the steamboat in 
1803 to 1806. His boat, the Clermont, made its first trip 



2I§ HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

on the Hudson, from New York to Albany, in August, 1807. 
The Neiv Orleans, the first steamboat for use in the West, 
was, as we have seen, built at Pittsburgh, in 181 1, by Nicholas 
J. Roosevelt, and made her first trip from Pittsburgh to New 
Orleans in the latter part of September of that year. The first 
ferryboat between New York and Brooklyn began running in 
1 813; the first steamboat on Lake Erie began running in 
181 8 ; and the first trip across the Atlantic ocean, by a steamer, 
was made by the Savannah, sailing from Savannah, Georgia, 
in June and July, 18 19. Navigation of the Mississippi by 
steamboats at this date was not uncommon, but only recently 
had the demand for it so far arisen as to tempt navigators into 
the unknown waters of the Arkansas, and Captain Pennywit 
was the first to make the venture. He was the pioneer of the 
enterprise. He was born in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, 
in 1793, but emigrated west while quite a young man. Long 
before steamboating had fairly commenced on the Mississippi 
river, he engaged in navigating the western waters as the 
supercargo of a keel-boat, plying between Cincinnati and 
New Orleans. The method of such navigation was to float 
the boat down with the current on the down trip, and on the 
return trip to cor dell it back — that is, push it with poles up 
stream. He settled at Cincinnati when there was only one 
other merchant in the place. He built the first steamboat 
ever built at that place, and named her the Cincinnati. He 
first navigated the Arkansas river in 1828, as stated, in com- 
mand of the Facility. January, 183 1 , navigated White river, 
in command of the Waverly. This was the first steamboat 
to ascend White river as high as Batesville, which place 
he reached January 3d, 1831. He continued actively in the 
navigation of the rivers until 1847, when he gave up steam- 
boating, and entered into mercantile business at Van Buren, 
and was of the firms of Bostick, Pennywit & Co., and Philip 
Pennywit & Co., large dealers. He erected a large flouring 
mill there, known all through the State as "Pennywit' s mill." 



FBOM 1825 TO 1829. 219 

He was a bachelor, and during the last twenty years of his life 
lived in the family of his business partner, Charles G. Scott, at 
whose residence, in Little Rock, he died January 9th, 1868, 
aged 75 years. That he was the first to navigate the river, 
is definitely stated in his biographies, evidently obtained from 
authentic sources by others. It is said, that prior to his com- 
ing, a steamboat, called the "Comet," had entered the river, 
and at least ascended as high as the Post of Arkansas. But 
even under this state of the case, the credit of the first regular 
ascent of the river, and navigation of it, must be accorded to 
Captain Pennywit. 

On the 17th of April, 1828, Congress passed an Act for the 
appointment of a fourth Judge of the Superior Court. The 
Legislature at this session provided the necessary circuits to 
accommodate the new arrangement. The counties of Clark, 
Hempstead, Miller, Lafayette and Sevier were formed into 
the first circuit, and assigned to William Trimble, as Judge ; 
Pulaski, Conway, Crawford and Washington were made the 
second circuit, with Benjamin Johnson, Judge; Izard, Law- 
rence and Independence the third circuit, with Thomas P. Es- 
kridge, Judge; and Crittenden, Phillips, St. Francis and Ar- 
kansas counties the fourth circuit, with James Woodson Bates 
as Judge, and in this order the circuits remained up to the 
time when the Territory became a State. 

On the 22d day of November, 1828, Governor Izard died 
at Little Rock, after an illness of some duration, in the 53d 
year of his age. On his demise, the State Government again 
devolved upon Robert Crittenden, until a successor should 
be appointed. 

A special session of the Legislature was held October 6th, 
1828, in pursuance of a proclamation of Governor Izard, of 
June 20th, 1828, convening it. In the Senate, E. T. Clark 
was elected President of the Council, and Charles Caldwell, 
of Pulaski county, Secretar}^. In the House, John Wilson, 
of Hempstead county, was elected Speaker, and Daniel 



220 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Ringo, Clerk. The Body concluded its labors October 2 2d 
and adjourned, having transacted matters of only special im- 
portance. 

In the matter of new counties, two were created, to-wit : 
Sevier county, formed October 17th, 1828, out of portions of 
Hempstead and Miller counties ; and Washington county, 
formed October 17th, 1828, the latter being created to take 
the place of Loveley county, which had been abolished, as its 
territory was lost in making the Cherokee treaty of the 
6th of May, 1828. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



FROM 1829 TO 1831. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOHN POPE. PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 

The opening of the year 1829 witnessed a number of 
changes in the territorial administration. President Adams 
nominated Hon. Hutchings G. Burton, of North Carolina, as 
Governor, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Governor 
Izard, but the Senate did not confirm the nomination, not 
from any objection to the nominee, but taking the ground 
that, as a new President had been elected, but not yet inaugu- 
rated, it would be a matter of courtesy to await the nomination. 
Governor Burton was a Delegate in Congress from North Car- 
olina, and shortly before his nomination was Governor of that 
State. It was next announced in the Territory that Hon. 
Charles A. Wickliffe, of Kentucky, was appointed; but this 
proved to be unfounded, the appointee being John Pope, of 
Louisville, Kentucky, who was commissioned by President 
Jackson, March 9th. Governor Pope was a distinguished 
lawyer, and had particularly made a great reputation for him- 
self as a criminal practitioner. He was, at the time of his 
appointment, fifty-five years of age. He reached the Terri- 
tory the last of May, and entered upon the discharge of his 
duties. He went back to Kentucky, July 1st, and returned 
in October, bringing his family with him, and making the re- 
turn journey overland from the mouth of Cache river. He 
was welcomed with a public dinner given "at Major Peays," 
participated in by about 100 citizens. The people were ap- 

221 



222 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

parently pleased that he had come to make his home among 
them, bringing his family and possessions with him, the first 
of the Governors to do so. 

He was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, in 1770. 
In 1794 he located in Lexington, Kentucky, and began the 
practice of law, and soon went into politics. In 1806 he 
was elected to the United States Senate for the full term, and 
at the same time Henry Clay was also elected for an unex- 
pired term. Being now appointed Governor, he was re- 
appointed in 1832, and held till 1835, after which he returned 
to Kentucky, and was a candidate for re-election from his old 
district in Congress, but was defeated by Ben Hardin, the in- 
cumbent, who was a candidate for re-election. In 1838, 
however, he was elected, and again in 1840. He died in 
1844, aged 74 years. 

Judge William Savin Fulton, of Florence, Alabama, was 
appointed Secretary of the Territory, April 8th, to succeed 
Robert Crittenden, who had now served for ten } T ears. He 
reached the seat of government, with his family, May 21st, 
1829, and assumed the duties of his office; and Governor 
Pope not having arrived, served also as acting Governor. He 
held the office of Secretary until February, 1835, and was ap- 
pointed Governor of the Territory, March 9th, 1835, by 
President Jackson, and served as such until the State was ad- 
mitted into the Union, in 1836, when he was elected United 
States Senator, and served till 1841. He was born in Cecil 
county, Maryland, June 2d, 1795, an< ^ died at "Rosewood," 
his family residence, in Little Rock, August 15th, 1844, in 
the 50th year of his age. At Florence, Alabama, February 
9th, 1823, he married Matilda F. Nowland. There was 
born of this marriage three daughters : Mrs. Moorehead 
Wright, who is still living; Mrs. James M. Curran, who af- 
terwards was Mrs. George C. Watkins, and Mrs. William 
Hunter. Gov. Fulton's name is preserved in the given 



FROM 1829 TO 1831. 



223 



names of descendants of these, but has otherwise passed 
away, from the failure of any male line to perpetuate it. 

Two important Acts by Congress, which were secured 
through the efforts of Col. Sevier, in the early part of this 
year, were : to permit the people to elect their own officers, 
except such as were appointed by the President, as all such 
had, heretofore, been appointed by the Governor, and thus 
gave the Executive a tremendous power ; and the other a 
grant by the Government of ten sections of land to provide 
the means for building a State-House at Little Rock. An- 
other Act also provided for the payment of the expenses 
of the Legislature out of the Government treasury, instead 
of out of the Territorial treasury, which was a great 
lessening of the expenses of the young Government. In 
fact, no Territory had ever been allowed so many and such 
important privileges as were extended to the Territory of 
Arkansas by Congress, and this condition of things was 
chiefly due to the zealous and untiring efforts of Col. Sevier 
in her behalf. 

One of Governor Pope's first acts was to press upon the 
Post Office Department of the Government the expediency of 
establishing a weekly mail, by "steamboat," between Little 
Rock and Memphis, instead of the long and uncertain over- 
land carrying which had existed before that, and at his instance 
the carrying by this means was established. At that time 
there were only two steamboats which ran the river. The 
"Facility," commanded by Capt. Phillip Penny wit, ran to 
Louisville and to New Orleans, and the "James O'Hara," 
Capt. James Stewart, made occasional trips from Louisville, 
and was largely used in Government transportation, carrying 
troops and supplies to "Cantonment" Gibson, in the Indian 
country, or when the water was low, changing with the 
"Facility" at this point, as the "O'Hara" was the heavier boat 
of the two. A steamboat journey of that date was a formi- 
dable thing. The round trip between Little Rock and New 



224 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Orleans was usually advertised to occupy between twenty-five 
and thirty days. Capt. Stewart, the old time commander of the 
"O'Hara," is still living, and was recently Postmaster at 
Van Buren. In October, 1839, Capt. Pennywit secured a 
new boat, called the "Waverly," with which he navigated the 
river for many years. In one of her early trips, December, 
1829, the "Waverly" accomplished the trip from Little Rock 
to New Orleans and back "in a few hours over 20 days." To 
show of what magnitude a journey of that date was, it is 
recorded that Col. Sevier left Little Rock, October 28th, 1829, 
and traveling incessantly reached Washington City, Novem- 
ber 16th, and the "National Intelligencer" spoke of it as "the 
most expeditious journey by several days that has ever been 
made between Little Rock and Washington." The reason 
is it continued, "that the waters of the great rivers are in the 
best state of fullness for steamboat navigation." 

In August, 1829, an exciting election for Delegate to 
Congress was held. Mr. Sevier having served out the un- 
expired term of Henry W. Conway, was a candidate for re- 
election. The candidate of the opposition was Richard 
Searcy. Col. Sevier's good record, made during his service 
in the two preceding years, was greatly in his favor, and after 
an active race he was elected by a majority of three hundred 
and eight votes. The total vote for him was 2,064, an d f° r 
Searcy 1,756. 

The sixth Territorial Legislature sat at Little Rock from 
October 5th to November 21st, 1829. Charles Caldwell, of Pu- 
laski, was President of the Legislative Council, and John Cald- 
well, Secretary. In the House, John Wilson, of Hempstead, 
was re-elected Speaker, and Daniel Ringo, Clerk. Upon 
their assembling, the Governor's first message urged upon 
them the importance of passing an election law, which should 
prepare for the election of officers to be held after December 
1st, as the Act of Congress providing for elections by the peo- 
ple fixed that date as the time of taking effect. This sugges- 



I 



FBOM 1829 TO 1831. 2 2q 



tion was duly acted on, and a law was passed to meet the con- 
tin gen cy. 

The subject for the formation of counties was again upper- 
most in the Body. Pope county was established out of the 
territory of Conway county; Hot Springs was formed out of 
Clark; Union out of Hempstead and Clark; Monroe out of 
parts of Phillips, St. Francis and Arkansas ; Jefferson out of 
Pulaski and Arkansas, all of date November 2d ; and Jack- 
son out of Independence, November 5th, six counties in all. 
The seat of justice for each was established at the house of 
some citizen, until other selections should be made, but in all 
of them Commissioners were either appointed for that pur- 
pose, or else provision was made for their election. 

On the 7th of November an election was held by the 
Legislature for Territorial Auditor and Treasurer, and Richard 
C. Byrd, of Pulaski county, was elected Auditor, to succeed 
George W. Scott, who was appointed United States Marshal 
for the Territory. James Scull was re-elected Treasurer, 
having now held the office for ten years, or since August 5th, 
1819. Mr. Byrd held the office until November 5th, 1831, 
when he was succeeded by Emzy Wilson. 

The year 1830 was one of great emigration to Arkansas. 
There were now several boats plying the river. The "Waver- 
ly," Capt. Pennywit; the "Industry," Capt. Johnson, after- 
wards Capt. Gaskill ; the "Saratoga," Capt. Strause ; the 
""Laurel," Capt. Baldwin, and the "Reindeer," Capt. David 
Miller, made regular trips on the Arkansas river, and were 
constantly loaded with emigrants coming from Tennessee, Ala- 
bama, Mississippi, Kentucky and Missouri. Many of these 
penetrated as high up as the counties of Washington and Craw- 
ford. In the southwestern part of the Territor} T , there was con- 
siderable emigration from Virginia, and some from South Caro- 
lina. The settling in the towns was frequent. In the Capital, 
not a week went by without its receiving one or more families, 

15 



2 26 HIS TOBY OF ASEAN 8 AS. 

and the papers of the day noted with exultation that there was 
not a single house or cabin in its limits unoccupied, and that 
as many as four steamboats a day landed on its wharf, on fre- 
quent occasions. It was a busy year with the steamboat 
men generally, for in addition to the white emigration seek- 
ing new homes, there were man)/ Indians removing to the 
country allotted to them west of the Mississippi river, which 
greatly augmented business and travel. 

In March of the year, Charles P. Bertrand began the 
publication of a new paper at Little Rock, called "The Ar- 
kansas Advocate." The first issue was made Wednesday, 
March 31st, 1830. Its prospectus announced that it would 
be Republican in politics ; referring to the doctrines of that 
division of the original Republican party which, after the 
year 1824, took the name of National Republicans, and 
eventually became known as Whigs, the other division being 
known as Democrats. The word Democrat, had been 
adopted from French societies of the Revolution of 1798, and 
applied to American political societies, which were in sympathy 
with the French. Both of these divisions, when united, un- 
der the name Republicans or Anti-Federalists, had originally 
opposed the Federalist party, which maintained an existence 
until 1820, but which went to pieces as a national party of 
any strength upon the election of Thomas Jefferson as Presi- 
dent, in 1800. The "Advocate" expressed itself as not ap- 
proving of the abuse which was being heaped upon General 
Jackson, "the venerable patriot, who, b}' an overwhelming 
majority, had been elected to the office of Chief Magistrate," 
but its course eventually indicated a decided leaning towards 
Henry Clay. It became the organ of the party in the Terri- 
tory in sympathy with the National Republicans, and con- 
tinued such as long as it was conducted by Mr. Bertrand. 

The paper yielded a mild support to Jackson's administra- 
tion in general, but once, in 1832, when ill health compelled 
Mr. Bertrand to leave the office for a time, and travel through 



FBOM 1829 TO 1831. 227 

the country for recuperation, he left his step-father, Dr. 
Matthew Cunningham, in charge as editor, and under his 
management the paper assumed a tone quite averse to the 
administration and condemning its policy. The Gazette 
called it (,i Throtuiiig' off the mask" in an editorial of that 
title, claiming that while seeming to support General Jack- 
son, the "Advocate" had been a Clay organ in disguise. On 
Mr. Bertrand's return, and after the second election of Gen- 
eral Jackson, he endeavored to bring the paper more in har- 
mony with the course and policy of the General Government, 
though taking strong ground in local politics in behalf of those 
who were sympathizers with Mr. Clay. As the Territory had 
no voice in the election of a President, its only field of politics 
was in local affairs. 

The politics of that day were extremely bitter, and the war of 
words between the "Gazette," as the organ of the Democrats, 
and the "Advocate," for the Whigs, at all times was hot and 
sharp. Everything moved on smoothly between the two pa- 
pers, until the "Gazette" let fall a casual remark about "new- 
light Jackson men," meaning persons who had come to the 
support of the President since his election, and the "Advocate" 
took umbrage at the remark ; and from that time the course 
of the two papers became exceedingly, acrimonious ; being a 
mere reflex, however, of the sentiments of the two parties on 
the subject. There is nothing in the journalism of the pres- 
ent day that begins to equal the bitter personalities with which 
the papers of that day and time were filled, and nothing in 
party strife that can at all compare with the hatred that ex- 
isted between the old parties, Federalist and Republican first, 
and Whig and Democrat afterwards. From the standpoint 
of present times, the length to which such matters went is al- 
most inconceivable. On the 27th day of Januaiy, 1835, Mr. 
Bertrand sold the paper to Albert Pike, who, from that time, 
became editor. Under his editorship the relations of the two 
papers were more amicable and harmonious than before. . 



228 HISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

During this year a census of the inhabitants was taken, un- 
der the direction of the United States Marshal, and the total 
population of the Territory footed up 30,388 souls, an in- 
crease of 16,104 °ver that of 1820, when it was only 14,276. 
By counties the enumeration was as follows : Lawrence 
county, 2,806 inhabitants; Hempstead, 2,506; Crawford, 
2,440; Pulaski, 2,390; Washington, 2,182; Arkansas, 
1,426; Conway, 982 ; Monroe, 461; Sevier, 634 ; Jackson, 
333; Izard, 1,266; Miller, 358; Independence, 2,032; Chi- 
cot, 1,165; St. Francis, 1,505; Union, 640; Hot Springs, 
458; Crittenden, 1,272; Jefferson, 772; Clark, 1,369; La- 
fayette, 748; Phillips, 1,152; Pope, 1,483; of these 25,670 
were free whites, and 4,710 were colored. 

Toward the close of the year the boundary line between 
Arkansas and Louisiana was surveyed in pursuance of the 
Act of May 19th, 1828, directing it to be done. James S. 
Conway, of Lafayette county, and William Pelham, of 
Batesville, were appointed by the President to make the sur- 
vey on the part of Arkansas, and the State of Louisiana ap- 
pointed R. A. Crane, of Alexandria, Louisiana, to make the 
survey on her behalf. The parties appointed met at Ville- 
mont, Chicot county, and began their labors November 1st, 
1830. They were much delayed by bad weather, but fin- 
ished the survey January 30th, 1831. The line commenced 
on the west bank of the Mississippi river, on the 33d degree 
of north latitude, and ran west until it struck Red river, 
one hundred and forty-nine and one-half miles from the 
place of beginning. The line as it progressed was mutually 
agreed upon by both, parties, and the entire survey was pro- 
nounced satisfactory by all. It was a season of very great 
hardship and exposure for the surve} r ors. During the whole 
time, owing to the great amount of rain and snow, there 
were only three whole days in which the party was not con- 
tinually wading, and oftentimes breaking the ice, to make 
progress. The line ran through an interminable, stretch of 



F&OM 1829 TO 1831. 



229 



flat, marshy country, made all the worse by the wet season in 
which the survey was made. Mr. Conway's health was 
seriously injured by the exposure he endured in doing the 
work . 

In February 1831 a fatal duel took place. It was between 
William Fontaine Pope, nephew of the Governor, and 
Charles Fenton Mercer Noland, of Batesville, Independence 
count}*, formerly of Virginia, in which Pope was mortally 
wounded, so that he died from the effects of it the following 
June. Politics had much to do with occasioning the en- 
counter, but the immediate cause of it was a newspaper con- 
troversy in which the two had engaged. Mr. Noland had 
published, in the columns of the "Advocate," a series of arti- 
cles with a political bearing, signed "Devereux," knomde 
■plume, taken from Bulwer's novel of that name, which had 
been published two years before, and was then all the rage ; 
and in one of them, dated December 15th, 1830, made a severe 
attack on Governor Pope, and in another referred in a sar- 
castic way to Major Pope. The latter replied by a published 
card in the "Gazette," of January 5th, 183 1, which was most 
caustic and bitter in its terms. 

Mr. Noland replied in a card to the "Advocate," January 
1 2th, 1 83 1, and which was couched in terms calculated to 
provoke a conflict. 

To this card Major Pope answered with force and severity, 
whereupon Noland sent a challenge, which Pope accepted. 
Considerable effort was made to prevent the meeting by 
friends of both, but came to nothing in the end. The parties 
met on Saturday, February 5th, 183 1. They traveled 200 
miles for the purpose in a season of very severe weather. 
They went south of Red river into the State of Texas, and 
fought at the distance of twenty feet apart. Both behaved with 
the utmost courage. Col. Benjamin R. Milam, Thomas W. 
Johnston, Jacob Buzzard and several others were present. As 
the combatants faced each other on that cold February day, the 



230 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

scene presented a forcible comment upon the evils of dueling. 
Both were young men, just upon the threshold of life, both were 
men of ability, and would undoubtedly in time have risen to 
high place, as men were few, and positions in those earlier 
days generally found the men capable of them. Mr. Critten- 
den said of them afterwards, that he did not know of any 
two men in this or any other State who were men of any greater 
promise, yet they were there with the design each of taking 
the life of the other, and each one risking the loss of his 
own, all the outgrowth of political bitterness descending into 
personal insult. 

At the first fire Major Pope fell, shot in the right hip. He 
was carried first to Washington, Hempstead county, where 
he remained awhile, and was then brought to Little Rock. 
Here he lingered until June 17th, when death terminated his 
sufferings, thus making another victim sacrificed upon the 
false altar of the Code. The occurrence made a profound 
and painful impression throughout the Territory, and was 
never forgotten in the generation in which it occurred. As 
the party spirit of that day ran exceedingly high, Governor 
Pope was made the subject of much harsh criticism by his 
political opponents, but he was far from deserving it, judging 
him by his public and official career. 

Looking through the lapse of nearly sixty years, the charac- 
ter of Governor Pope stands revealed as that of a faithful pub- 
lic servant, and who through all the flood of party abuse which 
was cast upon him, verified the estimate which was given of 
him by the "Gazette," that the people of the Territory had 
cause to thank General Jackson for sending them so good a 
Governor. Even his political enemies — out of the Territory 
— spoke nobly of him. The Russellville (Kentucky) "Cham- 
pion of Freedom," after reviewing the correspondence with 
Mr. Crittenden said: "Politically, we are opposed to Gover- 
nor Pope, but personally we esteem him on the score of every 
good quality that can possibly recommend a human being. 



FROM 1829 TO 1831. 23 1 

To the noblest generosity of heart, and the highest integrity, 
is added a mind profound, capacious and discriminative. From 
our knowledge of his character, we conclude that his gener- 
ous and manly nature is incapable of doing injustice to any 
one. In the present unfortunate controversy, we think he is 
not to be censured. An enlightened and high-minded peo- 
ple will stand by and sustain him, for they cannot be ignorant 
of his worth or insensible of his wrongs." 

And the Harrodsburg "American" said of him: 

4 'There is no man who possesses a more benevolent heart 
than the Governor, nor who has borne with more becoming 
forbearance and fortitude the efforts of aspiring men to in- 
jure his political fame. As to his moral character, envy 
itself dares not reproach him. We trust the good people of 
Arkansas will know how to appreciate the worth of a man, 
such as he is." 

Col. Sevier, in a speech on the floor in Congress, paid a 
high and just tribute to his worth. Undoubtedly such en- 
comiums would not be passed by friend and foe alike, without 
there being good ground to warrant it. 

On the 29th of June, 183 1, Col. Benjamin R. Milam, of 
Lost Prairie, Miller county, who afterwards became the "hero 
of San Antonio," navigated a steamboat, "The Alps," 
through the raft of Red river and up the river beyond, being 
the first boat of the kind that ever ascended Red river above 
the raft. 

The seventh Legislature met at Little Rock, October 3d, 
and organized by the re-election of Charles Caldwell as Presi- 
dent of the Council, and Absolom Fowler, of Little Rock, 
Secretary. In the House, William Trimble, of Hempstead, 
was elected Speaker, and G. W. Ferebee, of Helena, Clerk. 

In politics, the Crittenden men were in the majority in this 
Body ; for, although on the Congressional issue Sevier had 
been elected, yet dividing on local issues and personal popu- 
larity, a majority had been chosen who were the other way. 



232 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

One of their early acts was to take the public printing away 
from William E. Woodruff, and give it to Charles P. Ber- 
trand, of the "Advocate" office. 

Act of date November 7th was to incorporate the town of Lit- 
tle Rock, the first town to be incorporated in Arkansas. But 
what produced the most interest and excitement in their pro- 
ceedings, was the legislation attempted to be had with refer- 
ence to the ten sections of land granted by Congress. 

As has been mentioned, Congress, of date March 2d, 1831, 
granted ten sections of land, to be selected by the Territory 
out of any unoccupied Government lands in its limits, the 
proceeds of which, when sold, should be applied to the build- 
ing of a State-House at Little Rock. At the time of the sit- 
ting of this Legislature, the lands themselves had not been 
selected and located, but merely the grant of the right to se- 
lect extended. The necessity for public buildings for official 
use was very great. Every since the organization of the Ter- 
ritor} 7 , there had been no house in which the Superior Court 
or the Circuit Court could sit, but such as could be tempora- 
rily obtained. They had frequently to sit in the depth of winter 
in miserable hovels, destitute of every comfort. The Clerk's 
offices of those Courts, with all their valuable records and 
papers, had been kept wherever the incumbent could find food 
and shelter, packing his papers under his arm from place to 
place, as whim, caprice or necessity directed. The offices of 
Territorial Auditor and Treasurer were kept in the same wa} T . 
It was a common thing in Little Rock to see strangers search- 
ing for those offices on important business, when they had to 
spend considerable time in minute inquir}-, before the offices 
could be found, and when found, would be located in some 
merchant's counting house, to which all had access. The 
records of the executive office of the Legislature, and Secre- 
tary of the Territory, were kept in the same way until 1827, 
when Mr. Crittenden built in the suburbs of the town, his 
family residence, which has been mentioned as being now 



FBOM 1829 TO 1831. 233 

known as "The Old Johnson Place" on east seventh street, and 
as was the custom of that time, and even much later, built a 
small office on one corner of the square. These buildings 
were of brick, the first brick houses to be built in the town, and 
in this brick office, Mr. Crittenden kept the records of the Gov- 
ernor and Secretary as long as he was in office. When he 
was succeeded as Secretary by Governor Fulton, these records 
were moved into a little frame building about fourteen feet 
square, which served as Governor and Secretary's office, and 
office of the Clerk of the Superior Court. The accommoda- 
tions for the Legislature, also, were insufficient, and altogether 
abominable. They were compelled to sit in a wretched un- 
furnished frame building, entirely too small for the purpose, 
and devoid of a solitary comfort, not even having a fire-place, 
and so open that the smoke almost precluded the use of stoves. 
When the previous Legislature assembled, the one of 1829, 
the first day of the session was a day of excessive rain, and 
as Hon. Edward Cross, Judge of the Superior Court, stood in 
the Legislature to administer the oath to members, he was 
quite drenched with rain, which fell upon his head, and satu- 
rated not only his clothing, but the credentials of the members 
as they were presented — so bad was the roof. The liberality 
of Congress, however, had now provided a means of being 
free from such misery at an early day. 

As the time for the session of the Legislature was approach- 
ing, Secretary Fulton, lamenting that he had no better quar- 
ters for the use of the Body, remarked in casual conversation 
to Robert Crittenden, that it would be a good thing for the 
Territory, and provide them with an immediate house, if he 
would exchange his residence for the ten sections granted by 
Congress. Mr. Crittenden did not at first take to the idea, 
but in a few days he called upon Judge Fulton, and said that 
he had reflected upon the suggestion of the exchange, and 
that it presented itself to him thus : that he was poor j that he 
had invested nearly all he was worth in the house ; that the 



234 HIS TO BY OF ARKANSAS. 

building was much in advance of the Territory, and that if 
constrained to sell, no private individual of the community 
could afford to give one-third of its value, that he could sell 
the ten sections for from six to eight thousand dollars, and that 
although this would be less than the value of the house, 
it would probably be the best disposition he could make 
of the house after all, and for these reasons he had de- 
termined to offer to the approaching Legislature to make the 
exchange. After this the matter was talked of publicly, until 
it became generally known that when the Body met the offer 
of exchange would be made. 

When the Legislature met, the proposition of Mr. Crittenden 
for the exchange was presented. He was to convey to the 
State his residence, in return for which he was to have the 
lands. He offered to make an agreement that whatever se- 
lection he should make would be with due regard to any 
acquired rights, and would not conflict with any locations on 
entries previously made. The proposed measure met with 
some opposition in the Body, and particularly in the columns of 
the Gazette, which took strong grounds against it. But the 
necessity for public buildings was very great and immediate : 
and based on this State of case a Bill for the purpose ultimately 
passed both the Council and the House. 

The final action of the Legislature, acceeding to the propo- 
sition of Mr. Crittenden, was promptly vetoed b}^ the Gover- 
nor, on the ground that the action seemed to be chiefly in the 
interest of Mr. Crittenden, and would really sacrifice the in- 
terests of the people. The veto of the Governor greatly 
offended that element in the Legislature which had carried 
the measure through, and gave rise to a memorial to Con- 
gress, requesting the removal of the Governor, and ask- 
ing the privilege for the Territory of electing its own 
chief magistrate. This memorial had hardly a hearing at 
Washington, where the character of the man who placed 
integrity and the public good above all personal interests 



FBOM 1S29 TO 1S31. 



235 



was too well known to be so easily overthrown. The re- 
ply of Congress to the memorial of the Legislature was the 
passage of a bill directing that the ' 'powers previously vested 
in the Territory, relative to the 'ten sections,' : ' should here- 
after be exercised by the Governor personally; and that he 
should make selections, sales, etc. 

The time so fruitlessly and heedlessly consumed in this con- 
troversy, prevented any action during the session relative to 
"Public Buildings" — and in different ways proved disas- 
trous to the territorial interests, and goes on record only as an 
instance of the strange blindness with which newly rising 
communities work their way through weakness and perplexi- 
ties toward strength and a clear field, and as bringing to 
view another of those regal characters whose self-reliance 
and resolute faithfulness to convictions are here and there ap- 
pearing in the histories of developing States, whose individual 
influence often contributes more to the general weal than 
the wisdom of Assemblies. The bitterness of interested par- 
ties made his discharge of public duty the ground of per- 
sistent personal attack. The war of opinion spread over all 
the Territory ; when all was quiet, the Governor stood em- 
phatically endorsed by the general government, and hon- 
ored by the people as a man faithful to their interests. 



CHAPTER IX. 
FROM 1831 TO 1834. 



EMIGRATING INDIANS TERRITORIAL AFFAIRS STATE HOUSE, ETC. 

The year 1832 was notable on account of the unusually 
large number of Indians who passed through the Territoty. 
More than 13,000, chiefly Choctaws, Cherokees and Semi- 
noles, came under conduct of various U. S. officials, going 
westward in search of new homes. 

In the autumn these travelers were much distressed by the 
ravages of Asiatic cholera, which had been prevailing in sev- 
eral of the Eastern cities. From the Indians the disease 
spread to some extent in the Territory, but such wise 
and energetic measures were adopted as prevented great 
prevalence or fatality among citizens. Among the honored 
names, remembered with sorrow, when the anxiety had 
passed by, were those of Austin Kendrick, Judge Charles S. 
Bibb, of the Supreme Court, and Captain David Miller. 

The number of migrating Indians contributed largely to 
the increasing river navigation, which began to attract atten- 
tion during this year. 

In addition to the boats which ran regularly, there were 
trips made by the "Elk," Capt. English; the "Volant," 
Capt. Kelly; the "Spy," Capt. Clarkson ; and two new 
boats were built expressly for navigating the Arkansas river, 
to-wit: the "Little Rock," Capt. Rudd, and the "Arkan- 
saw," Capt. J. B. Thompson. Capt. Reese Pritchard, af- 
terwards well known in steamboat circles, and who was an 

236 



FBOM 1831 TO 1834. 



237 



active steamboatman up to 1884 or 1885, ran on the "Little 
Rock" in this year. In one of the early trips of the "Little 
Rock," Washington Irving, the distinguished author, was a 
passenger. He visited Fort Smith in the autumn of 1832, 
and stayed some little while there. One of the characters in 
his "Sketch Book" is taken from General E. B. Bonneville, 
who lived at Fort Smith. 

In January, 1832, Sevier procured the passage of a Bill in 
Congress, by which one thousand acres of pulic land were do- 
nated to the city of Little Rock, for the building of a court- 
house and jail. A part of this grant was that now known in 
the city, as "Pope's Addition" — the total receipts from the 
sale of the grant were $20,000. The buildings were erected. 

In March, Charles S. Bibb succeeded Judge Bates on the 
bench of the Supreme Court. An honor which he was per- 
mitted to wear so short a time before falling a victim to the 
fatal epidemic. 

In October, Governor Pope issued his proclamation, di- 
recting that the ten sections granted by Congress should be ex- 
posed for public sale on the third Monday of February, 1833, 
unless sooner sold at private sale at the assessed value, to-wit : 
$15,000.00 for 5 sections, and $15.00 per acre for the re- 
mainder. When the time arrived, the public sale was post- 
poned. Col. Sevier had bought $15,000.00 worth, 30,000 
acres, and the remainder had been sold in parcels to other 
parties, until only a small amount remained undisposed. 

With the funds in hand, which now amounted to $24,- 
504.00, and $400.00 subscribed by Chester Ashley, Joseph 
Anderson, R. C. Byrd, Win. E. Woodruff, and A. H. Sevier, 
Governor Pope proceeded to purchase a site for the State- 
House building. Blocks 80 and 81 of the town were selected. 
Chester Ashley, David G. Eller and William Russell donated 
a portion of the ground, and Governor Pope bought the re- 
mainder from Russell for $800.00, and conveyances from 
Eller and Russell of date January 4th, 1833, were taken in 



238 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

the name of Governor Pope, in trust for the Territory of Ar- 
kansas, and with a guarantee of title to such persons as the 
same might be vested in when the Territory should become 
a State. Governor Pope then set to work to procure plans 
for the building. Application was made to a Mr. Gideon 
Shr}< 7 ock, architect, of Lexington, Ky., who had designed the 
capitol building of Kentucky. He prepared the plans, and 
sent them by a Mr.. George Weigart, who was recommended 
to superintend their being carried out. The plans proved 
to be of a splendid building, but far in excess of the funds 
available to build it with. Accordingly, Governor Pope 
and Mr. Weigart abridged and reformed the plans to bring 
them within the means applicable to the object. The 
plan being agreed upon, a contract for the brick and 
stone work was made with Thorn and Cook, and the 
work was begun. Mr. Weigart was retained as architect. 
Col. Chester Ashley had been made agent to superintend 
the sale of the ten sections and court-house lands, and 
to him also was assigned the duty of superintending the work 
of erection of the public buildings, and it was prosecuted by 
him with a zeal, fidelity and discretion which elicited from 
Governor Pope a warm encomium in his report to the Gen- 
eral Assembly, as to the progress of the work. 

Of the site selected for the buildings, Governor Pope said, 
in a public letter : 

"It is a commanding situation on the river, with a street on 
every side, and the view from the river or the town can never 
be obscured by other buildings. It is equal, if not superior, 
to an}/ place on the river." 

The work on the building was prosecuted as diligently as cir- 
cumstances would permit during 1833, 1834, J ^35 an d 1836, 
when the exterior of the main building was completed, but the 
buildings were unfinished inside. The plastering and other in- 
side finishing of the main building was completed, however, in 
time to permit the occupancy by the first State Legislature, 



FROM 1831 TO 1834. 239 

which assembled September 12th, 1836; but th,e entire work 
was not completed until 1840. In 1839 and 1840 Rev. W.W. 
Stevenson, superintendent of public buildings, enclosed the 
grounds and set out trees, had them graded, etc., in the process 
of carrying on the work. The entire proceeds of the sale of 
the ten sections was $31,722.00. 

In November, 1833, Mr. Crittenden sold his house and 
grounds, which it was proposed to exchange for them for 
$6,700.00. 

By an Act of Congress of the 23d of June, 1836, supple- 
mental to the Act admitting the State into the Union, an ad- 
ditional grant of five sections of land was made, to be located 
at any time, as the General Assembly might direct, on any of 
the unappropriated land of the United States, within the limits 
of the State. This grant of lands yielded on sale the sum 
$38,000.00. 

In the year 1877, the coat of arms of the State, which had 
been used on the Arkansas building by the Commissioners at 
the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia the year before, 
was placed in position on the front of the central building 
over the main entrance, and the fountain which was also used 
by the Commissioners there, was brought back and set up in 
the centre of the grounds opposite the front of the main build- 
ing. This fountain was purchased for use at the Centennial 
by the organized efforts of various Ladies' Centennial Associa- 
tions throughout the State, organized to prepare for the cele- 
bration. During the incumbency of Col. Jacob Frolich as 
Secretary of State, the grounds were much beautified, and 
largely brought to the present state of attractiveness. 

In the year 1885 the Legislature provided for the making 
of certain alterations, improvements and repairs in the build- 
ings to be done under the superintendency of the Secretary of 
State, E. B. Moore; the State Land Commissioner, Paul M. 
Cobbs, and the Clerk of the Chancery Court, J.W. Callaway. 



240 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The plans adopted resulted in an entire change of the arrange- 
ment of the rooms, amounting almost to a remodeling of 
the whole of the interior. The room formerly used b}' the 
Pulaski Circuit Court when occupying the east wing, was con- 
verted into the Supreme Court room ; the Supreme Court room 
became the Chancery Court room. Chambers were built for 
the Judges in the second story, where Probate and Count)'' 
Court and juries formerly sat; new offices were made for 
clerks, and for land and educational departments; the Secre- 
tary of State's office became the Governor's office, and an ad- 
dition was made for the Secretary. The Governor's office be- 
came the office of Attorney-General. The Senate Chamber 
by additions was made the Hall of the House of Representa- 
tives, and the Hall of the latter became the Senate Cham- 
ber; steam heating was introduced; new floors and new 
pavements made, and the whole upholstered and furnished in 
a comfortable and elegant manner, so that there was no 
part of the former interior of the buildings but what was made 
the subject of change in some respect. On the outside sky- 
lights were placed in the roof for better lighting, new roofing 
was put in, and the finish of the front was completed by the 
placing in position of figures of statuary. 

The amounts expended on the builings have been : 
From the sale of the ten sections, - - $31,722.00 

From the sale of the 1,000 acres for Court-House, 

160 acres, - 872.00 

From the sale of the 1,000 acres for Court-House, 

• 840 acres, - 15,785.00 

From the sale of the five sections, - - 38,000.00 

From appropriated by the Legislature 1840 to 

finish, - - - - 37,000.00' 

From appropriated by the Legislature 1885 to 

repair, -.-'-"- 35,000.00 

Total cost, $158,379.00 



FROM 1831 TO IS 34. 



241 



In December, 1832, by an Act of Congress, the office of 
Surveyor-General of the Territory of Arkansas was created, 
and James S. Conway, of Lafayette county, was appointed 
by President Jackson, Surveyor of Public Lands. Mr. Conway 
went to St. Louis, where the office of the district embracing 
Arkansas had previously been located, and there received the 
records pertaining to the Territory, and caused them to be 
conveyed to Little Rock, where they were received the latter 
part of January, 1833, at which time the office was estab- 
lished and opened. 

The extent to which party spirit of the times went, is shown 
in an effort which was made before Congress in this month, 
to secure the impeachment of Judge Benjamin Johnson, who 
was now serving his twelfth year on the Bench. William 
Cummins preferred charges against him, some of which 
were against his official conduct, and others against him per- 
sonally. When the charges were brought before the Senate 
for consideration, Mr. Sevier met them in a strong and manly 
speech, and refuted them by the opposing testimony of Gov- 
ernor Pope, Secretary Fulton, Judges Cross and Eskridge, 
Sam. C. Roane, who for twelve years had been under Judge 
Johnson as United States Attorney, and a large majority of 
the officers of the Courts and Members of the Bar of Judge 
Johnson's circuits, and the territorial officers generally. The 
result was that the Judiciary Committee, to which the matter 
was referred, made a report completely vindicating Judge 
Johnson, and holding that the charges were not sustained ; 
and Congress adopting the report, disposed of the matter en- 
tirely. The extent to which Judge Johnson possessed the 
confidence and respect of the people and authorities is shown 
in the fact that, having served as Judge for twelve 3/ears before 
this incident, he was continued as such for nearly eighteen 
years afterwards. 

In February of 1833, work begun was being actively pros- 
ecuted on a road from Memphis to Little Rock, for which 

16 



242 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



Congress, in the previous year, appropriated $20,000.00, to 
be expended under the direction of the Governor. Lieut. R. 
D. C. Collins, of the Engineer Corps of the United States 
Arm)', was detailed to superintend the work, in which he was 
assisted by William Strong, Samuel M. Rutherford and 
Sampson Gray, Road Overseer of Pulaski county. The road 
began on the north side of the Arkansas river, opposite Lit- 
tle Rock, and ran by the most direct practicable route in the 
direction of Memphis. Lieut. Collins was most zealous and 
efficient in the discharge of this duty, and gave the work his 
careful and unremitting attention. In the latter part of this 
month Col. Sevier secured a farther appropriation by Con- 
gress, of $100,000.00, to improve so much of the road as lay 
between the Mississippi and St. Francis rivers. A fair road 
was made of it, and, as a consequence, the Post Office Depart- 
ment established, in May, a semi-weekly mail from Little 
Rock to Memphis by stage, the first regular stage line to be 
opened in the Territory. 

On the 8th of May a great debate in politics was held in 
Little Rock, between the rival candidates for Congress. The 
time of election was August, and the campaign was now 
fairly opened. Robert Crittenden, the chief of the party in 
the Territory, was the Whig candidate, and A. H. Sevier that 
of the Democrats. It was a combat of the leaders, and was 
proportionally exciting. Both of the men were at their best, 
and both young. In fact, it was the practice in the Territory 
to put forward the young men. Col. Sevier was first elected 
to Congress when he was twenty-six, and now, having been 
three times previously elected, was only 32. Mr. Crittenden 
was but 22 when he served as Secretary and acting Governor, 
and was now only 35. Richard Searcy was only 30 when he 
first ran for the office, and was 32 when Judge. Henry W. 
Conway was 30 when first elected Delegate. Judge Ben- 
jamin Johnson was 36 when appointed Judge. And many 



FROM 1831 TO IS 34. 243 

similar instances might be shown. The debate on this oc- 
casion drew a large crowd. Both men were good speakers. 
Mr. Crittenden was pronounced at all times an eloquent man, 
and Col. Sevier was a strong logical speaker. Mr. Critten- 
den opened with a speech of three hours' length, and was 
followed by one from Col. Sevier of one hour. Mr. Critten- 
den responded in a speech of an hour and a half, and Col. 
Sevier closed in a reply of fifteen minutes. In narrating the 
occurrence, in its next issue the "Gazette" jocularly put it, 
that, "Mr. Crittenden's cause must either be a very bad one or 
a very desperate one, to require a speech of three hours to de- 
fend it." 

The election, which took place August 5th, resulted in an 
overwhelming defeat for Mr. Crittenden, the vote standing 
4,476 to 2,520. 

In the same paper which contained the Governor's official 
announcement of the election of Sevier, there was published a 
challenge to him to fight a duel, sent by one of the opposition, 
who had considerately waited until the election was over to 
do so. After stating the cause of grievance, the challenge 
proceeded : 

"It therefore becomes my duty to inform you that I shall 
call on you in the next thirty days for that justice and satisfac- 
tion which all honorable men are ever ready to give. The 
pendency of the election has induced me to procrastinate thus 
long. Numerous professional engagements, involving duties 
to others, make it necessary that a delay of one month should 
yet take place." 

And in pursuance of this due notification, the challenge was 
promptly on hand according to promise, with the direct re- 
quest for the privilege of making a target of the elected dele- 
gate in the following note : 

A. H. Sevier: "Little Rock, Sept. 7th, 1833. 

Sir: — In compliance with the notice contained in my 
note to you of the 9th ultimo ...... I now demand of 



244 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

you an interview, for the purpose of settling and adjusting the 
differences between us referred to in my note. This will be 
handed to you by my friend, who is fully authorized to make 
any arrangements that may be deemed necessary." 

Col. Sevier had the good sense to decline the proffered in- 
vitation to battle, in the following letter: 

"Little Rock, Sept. 9th, 1833. 
Sir:—Or\ the 10th of last month — five days subsequent to 
our late election — I received a written communication from 
you, dated the day previous bearing your signa- 
ture. In that communication I was informed that within 
thirty da} 7 s from that date I should be called upon to render 
you personal satisfaction, and, lest I should be ignorant of 
them, you have taken the trouble of specifying the reasons 
for your proclamation of war. Your alleged grounds of com- 
plaint are the sentiments expressed by me in a speech de- 
livered by me on the floor of Congress, some seven or eight 
months ago, and my recent publications elicited from me 
by your repeated calls through a public paper. These are 
your assigned reasons for the course you have taken, and it 
will be for the public to judge if these are your true and only 
reasons. In your notice I was further informed that you 
would have to ask a month's delay in sending your challenge 
on account of ' 'numerous -professional engagements , involving 
duties to others? The time being about to expire, I was hon- 
ored on Saturday last with } T our call, or challenge, and when 
I read it I informed 3'our friend that it should be attended to 
but how, or when, I did not apprise him. I have now to in- 
form you that the interview you seek cannot be granted. 
' 'Numerous -professional engagements, involving duties to 
others,'' composing the citizens of the whole Territory, ren- 
ders such an interview inadmissible. When the engagements 
into which I have entered with my constituents shall have 
been discharged, and the pledge I have made to them upon 



FROM 1831 TO IS 84. 245 

such subjects shall have been redeemed, should it then be your 
pleasure to renew your call, I shall then occupy different 
grounds, and be left to act according to the then state of the 

Very truly, 

A. H. Sevier." 

Nothing farther ever came of the affair. 

The month of May, 1833, was a season of almost inces- 
sant rain. Thousands of acres of corn and other crops, to- 
gether with the dwellings, barns, stables and fences of citi- 
zens living in the vicinity of the rivers, were swept away. 
Many plantations were ruined by the caving in of the river 
banks, and by the water making deep channels through lands 
never known to have been overflowed before. The loss of 
life from the flood was frequent, and the destruction of cattle 
from the rapid rise of the waters was something unprece- 
dented. Indeed, the entire freshet was one not equaled in the 
history of the land as far back as any one could remember, 
and which has not been equaled since. 

Mr. Featherstonhaugh, Principal Geologist of the United 
States, said in his Geological Report, as to Arkansas, that on 
this occasion the river rose thirty feet, and that the water 
stood fifteen feet high on trees in the bottoms. 

In June, an official census of the Territory was published 
for 1833. The total population was shown to be 40,026, an 
increase of 9,638 since the enumeration of 1830. 

In Jul)/, 1833, a newspaper was established at Helena, 
Phillips county, called "The Helena Herald," John Steele, 
editor, and C. S. Smith and James Linclsa}^ printers. It was 
the third newspaper established in the Territory, and the only 
one, to that date, on the banks of the Mississippi. 

The eighth session of the Territorial Legislature met at 
Little Rock, October 7th, 1833, and remained in session until 
November 16th. Owing to the dilapidated condition of the 
house formerly used for the purpose, they were compelled to 



246 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

rent two rooms of Charles Caldwell in a long frame row, on 
what is now Second street, for their sitting. The session was 
largely devoted to the formation of new counties. Mississippi 
county was formed out of Crittenden ; Carroll county out of 
Izard, and Pike county out of Hempstead and Clark, No- 
vember 1st; Green county out of Lawrence, and Scott county 
out of Crawford and Pope, November 5th ; Van Buren county 
out of Conway, Izard and Independence, November nth; 
and Johnson county out of Pope, November 16th. 

On the morning of Wednesday, the 13th of November, 
1833, a curious astronomical phenomenon was witnessed 
throughout the United States, known as the "falling of the 
stars." Commencing between 12 and 1 o'clock at night, a 
clear, cold, frost} 7 night, with the thermometer at this place at 
two degrees below freezing point, the sky was filled with 
meteors. The} 7 continued falling incessantly until day-break, 
and produced consternation and dismay wherever seen. They 
could be seen in every quarter of the sk} T and flying in every 
direction, but generally towards the southwest, producing a 
grand illumination of the heavens, and making so much light 
that persons were able to read the finest print by the light of 
them. No unusual atmospheric conditions followed the oc- 
currence. 



CHAPTER X. 
FROM 1834 TO 1836. 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM S. FULTON. ARKANSAS ADMITTED 

INTO THE UNION. 

The rapidly increasing population of the Territory, and the 
enlarged demands for facilities of travel, naturally gave great 
prominence to the question of roads and improved navigation. 

With the opening of the year 1834? the tide of Indian emi- 
gration was renewed, and thousands out of various tribes 
passed through in search of homes beyond the embarrass- 
ments of civilization. The wonderful resources of the coun- 
try were attracting travelers and settlers from older States. 

The vigorous prosecution of the work of improving the 
navigation of her streams was urged in Congress by Col. 
Sevier. A former Congress had appropriated $15,000.00 for 
this object, and now the faithful champion of the Territory's 
interests secured large additional appropriations. For the Ar- 
kansas river, $40,000.00 ; for the Red river, $50,000.00 ; for 
the road from Memphis to St. Francis river,, $106,000.00 ; for 
a road from Jackson to Red river, $20,000.00; and $10,000 
for a road from Little Rock to Columbia. Besides these ap- 
propriations there was secured from Congress $3,000.00 to 
be expended in providing a "Digest of the Territorial Laws." 

The work of internal improvement was pressed with much 
wisdom and energy. Capt. H. M. Shreve, the inventor of 
"Snag-Boats," entered the Arkansas in August of 1834, 
with a squadron of his boats, and, in conjunction with other 

247 



248 HIS TOBY OF Alt KANSAS. 

officials, carried forward the work with such faithfulness and 
success, as won for him the highest esteem, and distinguished 
citizens of the Territory publicly applauded his services in a 
complimentary banquet, at the capital; such gentlemen as 
Wm. Field, Daniel Ringo, James B. Keats, Wm. Cum- 
mins, Win. E. Woodruff, John Fisher and Samson Gray 
being conspicuously present and cordial in their appreciation 
of the captain's work. 

In February, 1834, there occurred a disastrous overflow of 
Red river. The rise was sudden and terrific, it sprang up 15 
feet in a single day, and swept in unexpected, overwhelming 
floods over fields and homes. The entire valley was inun- 
dated ; fences, corn, bales of cotton, cattle and horses were car- 
ried away. Many houses were torn from their foundations, 
and precious lives were lost. Multitudes, who found refuge in 
trees, were rescued by passing steamboats, and carried to 
places of safety. The date lives in the memories of old men 
as the most disastrous in the history of the Red river country. 

A matter of interest, and of excitement even, arising during 
the year, was the arrangement made by the Governor for the 
publication of a Digest of the Laws. Congress had provided 
that the compiling and printing of the Digest of the Territorial 
Laws be made under the direction and superintendency of the 
Governor. Without asking for bids from any other person, 
Governor Pope, in August, gave the job, by a contract, to John 
Steele, editor of the "Intelligencer." Mr. Steele, besides be- 
ing editor, had once been a lawyer of eight years' practice in 
Missouri. He was a new-comer in the Territory, having pub- 
lished his paper, the "Herald," but a short time at Helena, 
and had been a resident of Little Rock scarcely a month, 
editing the "Intelligencer." His contract was to do the com- 
piling of the laws for nothing, and was to print for the Terri- 
tory six hundred copies, with the right to sell copies of the 
book individually in excess of this. When this arrangement 
came to be known, it produced a violent rupture between 



FBOM IS 34 TO 1S3G. 



2 49 



Governor Pope and the "Gazette." The paper published 
some exceedingly sharp editorials, claiming that the Governor 
had passed over the claims of many older lawyers of the 
Territory, and given the matter of compiling into the hands 
of a man who could reasonably have little or no knowlege of 
the territorial enactments ; and that as to printing, the rate 
at which pay was to be made for the 600 copies, was much 
greater than should have been paid. To this Mr. Steele 
answered, that he had made arrangements to associate with 
himself in the compilation of the laws, James McCampbell, 
of Jackson county, a lawyer who had practiced forty years 
in Virginia, and who, since his residence in the Territory, had 
devoted himself to the compilation of a digest, and in point of 
fact, had one on hand read) 7 made, which, ever since 1832, 
he had been endeavoring to bring out by subscription. 
There was much controversy about the matter. The popu- 
larity of Governor Pope suffered no little, the general result 
being to estrange from him many of those with whom he had 
previously acted in close concert. The Digest was finished 
and delivered to the Governor, February 10th, 1835, anc ^ ls 
the first digest of Arkansas laws ever published. 

In 1 83 1 the question of going into the Union as a State had 
been agitated, and the general drift of publicsentiment was against 
it, as being premature. The Territory was not at that time able 
to stand the increased expense, nor had it the necessary popu- 



lation ; but in the lapse of four years, changes had occurred 



in both of these particulars. Accordingly, on the i^th of 
December, 1833, Col. Sevier, on his own motion, seeing a 
necessity and fit time to present the matter, offered a resolu- 
tion in Congress, which was referred to the Committee on Ter- 
ritories, that that Committee inquire and report as to the ex- 
pediency of admitting the Territory of Arkansas into the 
Union as a State, upon an equal footing with her sister States. 
A Bill for the purpose was reported from the Committee, and 
presented to the House, June 3d, 1834 '■> ^ ut ^ contained a 



2 5< 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



provision for the admission of Michigan also. Considerable 
discussion arose in Congress as to the expediency of the pro- 
ceeding, and the result was that, on the 22d of July, the Bill 
was laid over. An animated discussion arose in the news- 
papers of the Territory upon the advisability of the step, and 
while there was some opposition, the general sentiment was 
in favor of the measure. And so while the matter slept in 
Congress, it was ripening in the minds of the people. 

During the next year activity on the subject became very 
great. The people were fairly ablaze with excitement. Pub- 
lic meetings were held all over the State, at which speeches 
were made and resolutions adopted favoring a State govern- 
ment. The first one was a large meeting held at Litchfield, 
Jackson count)*, April 25th, at which a series of ringing resolu- 
tions favoring the movement were adopted, almost without 
opposition. This was followed by one at Hot Springs in May, 
at which Dr. Ira N. Sabin was Chairman, and H. A. Whit- 
tington, Secretary, endorsingandadoptingthe Litchfield resolu- 
tions ; then by one at Little Rock, June 13th, with Samuel S. 
Hall, Chairman, and Peter T. Crutchfield, Secretary. The 
general sentiment had became so strongly in favor of the 
movement, that upon the question being submitted to the peo- 
ple in an election held September 29th, 1835, ^ ie proposi- 
tion carried by a majority of 1,034. The vote was for ad- 
mission, 1,942; against admission, 908. 

One valiant servant of the Territory, whose heart was in 
this matter, was cut down before its achievment. 

On the 1 8th of December, 1834, Robert Crittenden died 
at Vicksburg, Mississippi. By the death of Robert Critten- 
den there passed away one who had perhaps been more promin- 
ently identified with the history of the Territory than any 
person then living in it, by his having served as Secretary for 
ten years, from 1819 to 1829; by his organization of the Ter- 
ritory, by his service as acting Governor from time to time, 
and by his prominence in politics and law matters, since he 




ROBERT CRITTENDEN. 

First Secretary and first acting Governor of Arkansas Territory. 



2 5 2 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



had passed out of office. He was a man of fine appearance ; 
in oratory was eloquent and impressive, and as an advocate 
was prominent and successful. His name is inseparably 
linked with the early history of the Territory. In 1813, when 
he was but 16 years old, young Crittenden entered the Army 
of the United States as an Ensign in the war with Great 
Britain, and proceeded to Maiden, in Upper Canada, where 
he was ordered on duty in the company of Capt. Ben. 
Desha. Attracted by his youth, Capt. Desha became much 
attached to him, and acted towards him more as a kinsman 
than as a superior officer. He served in Canada until peace 
was made, and the two remained fast friends. Years after 
they were together again in Arkansas, and the former friend- 
ship was continued even closer, if possible, than before. He 
had but few advantages in early life, and was indebted to his 
elder brothers for his education. His father was an enlisted 
man in the Revolutionary War. He studied law in the office 
of his brother, John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky. 

In 18S7 a splendid portrait of Mr. Crittenden, executed by 
Mrs. L. P. Yandell, of Louisville, was placed in the Secre- 
tary of State's office. The original portrait, of which this is 
an exact copy, was painted in 1821 by Jouett, at that time 
one of the most celebrated portrait painters in the United 
States ; Mr. Crittenden was then 24 years of age. Judge 
Jesse Turner, of VanBuren, writing in 1888, said of him, in 
connection with this portrait: 

"When I first saw him, in December, 1831, he was ten 
years older than when the original portrait was taken, yet I 
had no difficulty in recognizing the likeness of Crittenden. 
The eyes, mouth, chin and contour of face are his." 

And speaking of him generally, said : 

"Mr. Crittenden was a man of brilliant and powerful mind, 
and as a law}'er and advocate stood in the front ranks of his 
profession. As an orator he had no rival in the Territory, 
and, in the judgment of the writer, has had no equal here 






FROM IS '34 TO 1S36. 253 

since his day. His speeches at the bar and on the rostrum 
were models of true eloquence. % The style always chaste and 
elegant, but sometimes impassioned, and when aroused by the 
importance of the occasion, carrying away jur}^ and audience 
by the power and splendor of his eloquence. 

"He was a man of handsome person, of fine physical pro- 
portions, of pleasing and attractive manners, and his magnet-, 
ism was almost irresistible. In temper and disposition he 
was kind, generous, magnanimous and noble. Although in 
the minority politically, he had hosts of friends, and no man 
ever had more devoted friends than Robert Crittenden." 

In the fall of 1822 Mr. Crittenden married Miss Ann J. 
Morris, of Woodford county, Kentucky, who died at Frank- 
fort, Kentucky, April 7th, 1888, aged 82 years. Many years 
after Mr. Crittenden's death she married Rev. Dr. John Ed- 
gar, an eminent Presbyterian divine, of Nashville, Tennes- 
see. Mr. Crittenden also left two daughters and a son to 
honor his memory. 

The census taken this year showed that on the 1st day of 
Januar} T , 1835, the population of the Territory of Arkansas 
was 51,809, an increase of 11,149 over that of 1833, when it 
was 40,660. Of these 41,971 were white, and 9,838 colored. 

Four new steamboats made their appearance in the navi- 
gation of the Arkansas river during this season, the "Neosho," 
Capt. Pennywit; the "Ottawa," Capt. Page; the "William 
Parsons," Capt. Tunstall ; and the "Eagle," Capt. J. Bige- 
low — making nine steamers which were now regularly en- 
gaged in the traffic. 

On the 23d of Februar} T , 1835, President Jackson appointed 
William S. Fulton, former Secretary, to be Governor of the 
Territor}-, and Lewis Randolph, a grandson of Thomas Jef- 
ferson, Secretary. Mr. Randolph arrived May 12th, and as- 
sumed the duties of his office. 

On the 3d of March, 1835, Archibald Yell was appointed 
by the President, Judge of the Superior Court, in place of 



2 54 



III ST Oil Y OF ARKANSAS. 



Judge Eskridge, whose term had expired, and at the same 
date Major Elias Rector was re-appointed United States 
Marshal. 

On the 1 6th day of July, Bernard Smith, Register of the 
Land Office, died at Little Itock, aged 59 years. He was 
appointed Register in 182 1 by President Monroe, and held 
the office up to the date of his death. 

Later in the year Ben. Desha died at his residence in Ar- 
kansas county, aged 45 years. In 1824 he was appointed by 
President Monroe, Receiver of Public Moneys of the Little 
Rock Land District, and came to Arkansas in October of that 
year, which office he held until January, 1832, when he was 
superseded by Archibald Yell. The date of his death was 
November 21st, 1835. 

In December of the year Thomas P. Eskridge died. He 
was a native of Staunton, Virginia, and came to Arkansas in 
182 1, and in 1828 was a Judge of the Superior Court, suc- 
ceeding Andrew Scott, and was afterwards Territorial Circuit 
Judge. 

In August the Congressional election for Delegates took 
place. This time Col. Sevier, who was now a resident of 
Chicot county, had no opposition. He received 5,764 votes. 
This was the fifth time he had been elected to the office. 

At this time the revolution in Texas was assuming large 
proportions, and the public mind was becoming excited over 
its incidents. Commencing with the previous autumn, num- 
bers of persons had from time to time gone out of Arkansas, and 
joined the Texans. From Little Rock a party of young men had 
been made up on two occasions, and gone to the aid of the pa- 
triot army. Our close proximity to the scene of hostilities cre- 
ated a feverish state of feeling among the people, which made it 
difficult to preserve equanimity. On the 1 2th of November the 
distinguished David Crockett was in Little Rock, on his way 
to Texas. He was given a complimentary supper at Jeffrie's 



FBOM 1834 TO 1S36. 



; 55 



Hotel, which was attended by a number of citizens. The 
next day he, with his party, mounted and heavily armed, set 
out for their destination. One month later the tardy mail of 
those times brought the news of the storming of San Antonio, 
and the death of Benjamin R. Milam, formerly of Lost Prairie, 
in Arkansas; and five months later, Jesse B. Badgett, one of 
the party who had gone from Little Rock in the previous 
autumn, returning home, brought the news of the fall of the 
Alamo, with the death of Crockett, Travis, Bowie, and the 
whole devoted garrison. 

On the 5th day of October, 1835, the ninth and last Ter- 
ritorial Legislature met at the capital, and were convened in 
the Baptist Meeting-House. Charles Caldwell, of Pulaski 
county, was chosen President, and Simon T. Sanders, of 
Hempstead county, Secretary. The House of Representa- 
tives elected John Wilson, of Clark county, Speaker, and L. 
B. Tully, Clerk. 

The most important measure of the session of 1835 was 
the passage of a Bill calling a convention to frame a Constitu- 
tion, as the basis of admission into the Union, and to pray of 
Congress admission accordingly. The Act recited that the 
number of inhabitants in the Territory exceeded 47,700, and 
directed an election to be held for Delegates. In pursuance of 
the Act, elections were held in all the counties then formed, 
and Delegates chosen. 

The convention thus provided for met in Little Rock, 
January 4th, 1836, and assembled in the Baptist Meeting- 
House, the customary place at the capital for the holding of 
legal assemblies, there being no hall obtainable. It organ- 
ized by the election of John Wilson, of Clark, President, and 
Charles P. Bertrand, Secretary. 



256 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

The following is the list of Delegates : 

Arkansas County, Bushrod W. Lee. - Johnson and Pope, Andrew Scott. 

Arkansas and Jefferson, Terence Far- Lafayette, Josiah N. Wilson. 

relly. Lawrence, Robert Smith, Thomas S. 

Carroll, John F. King. Drew, David W. Lowe. Hy. Slavens. 

Clark, John Wilson. Miller, Travis G. Wright. 

Chicot, John Clarke, Anthony H. Da- Monroe, Thomas J. Lacy. 

vies. Phillips, Henry L. Biscoe, George W. 

Conway, Nimrod Menefee. Ferebee. 

Crawford, James Woodson Bates, John Pike, Elijah Kelly. 

Drennen, Richard C. S. Brown. Pope, Thomas Murray, Jr. 

Crittenden, J. D. Calvert, W. W. El- Pulaski, White and Saline, William 

liott,* Wm. D. Ferguson.* Cummins, Absolom Fowler, John 

Greene, G. L.Martin. McLean. 

Hempstead, Grandison D. Royston, J. Scott, Gilbert Marshall. 

H. Walker. Sevier, Joseph McKean. 

Hot Springs, James S. Conway. St. Francis, Wm. Strong, Caleb S. 

Independence, John Ringgold, Town- Manly. 

send Dickinson. Union, Andrew J. May. 

Izard, Chas. R. Sanders. Van Buren, W. W. Trimble, John L. 

Izard and Carroll, John Adams. Lafferty.f 

Jackson, John Robinson. Washington, Davis Walker, Mark Bean, 

Jefferson, Sam C. Roane. Abraham Whinnery, Wm. MoK. 

Johnson, Lorenzo 1ST. Clark. Ball, Jas. Boon, Robt. McCamy. 

The convention, proceeding with their labors, framed a Con- 
stitution suitable for a Republican form of government, em- 
bracing in its topics such matters as seemed conducive to good 
government, and adjourned January 30th, 1836. 

C. F. M. Noland, of Batesville, was appointed messenger, 
to bear the Constitution to Washington. He did not arrive 
there until March 8th. In the meantime, Mr. Sevier, waiting 
impatiently for the arrival of the instrument, received, Febru- 
ary 29th, a copy of the ''Gazette," with the Constitution, all 
except the ordinance, printed as an extra. 

On the next da) 7 , there being some urgency about having 
the matter before the Body, he laid this "Extra" before the 
House of Representatives as the Constitution, and had it re- 
ferred to the Committee on Territories, intending to replace 
it with the original instrument when received. When Mr. 
Noland arrived with the document, March 8th, it was at once 

(*) Wm. D. Ferguson contested seat of W. W. Elliott, and was seated in his stead, 
(t) John L. Lafferty contested seat of W. W. Trimble, and was seated in his ste;id. 



FEOM 1834 TO 1836, 257 

used for the purpose of being laid before the President. As 
the matter had already been considered by the Committee, 
President Jackson communicated it to Congress, March 10th. 
Before Congress the matter experienced considerable delay, 
and a long discussion— the discussion, as two years before, as- 
sociating the reception of Michigan with Arkansas. 

The point of objection in the case of Arkansas was that it 
proposed to be a slave-holding State. The opposition also 
took the ground that her proceedings for securing a State 
Government were revolutionary and unusual; that her people 
had dared to form a Constitution for themselves, before re- 
ceiving the permission of Congress to do so. This objection 
was even urged to the extent of taking the opinion of the At- 
torney-General, Benjamin F. Butler, on the subject. His 
opinion was in favor of her proceedings. He took the view 
that it was the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and 
present by petition any request that they might desire to 
make; that the holding of the convention was nothing more 
than their peaceably assembling, and their formation of a 
Constitution, and accompanying requests for a State Govern- 
ment, was nothing more than their petition to Congress to be 
admitted into the Union on the basis thereof. Finally, when the 
consideration of these matters had run through- three months, 
the Bill to admit both Arkansas and Michigan, upon their ac- 
ceptance of its provisions, passed Congress, June 15th, 1836, 
" and received the signature'of the President the next da}/. In 
the Senate, the vote on the passage of'the Bill was 31 a} r es to 
6 noes, 11 members were absent or not voting. The State 
was allowed one Representative until the next census, and the 
laws of the United States were declared extended over it. 

17 



PERIOD IV. 



From 1836 to 1861 = 



.PTER XL 



FROM 1836 TO 1840. 

ARKANSAS A STATE. JAMES S. CONWAY, FIRST GOVERNOR. REAL ESTATE 

AND STATE BANKS, ETC., ETC. 

The Constitution under which the new State entered the 
Union, provided for an election of State officers, to be held 
on the first Monday in August, and that a Representative to 
Congress should be chosen at the same time. It was further 
provided, that the Assembly should convene on the second 
Monday in September, and declare the result of the election. 

The Democrats brought forward James S. Conway for Gov- 
ernor, and Archibald Yell for Congress. The Whigs were led 
by Absolom Fowler, of Pulaski, for Governor, and Win. Cum- 
mins for Congress. Strong majorities declared James S. Con- 
way and Archibald Yell the choice of the people for the high- 
est trusts in their keeping. 

The State Legislature assembled in its first session in the 
unfinished State-House, September 12th, 1836. Sam. C. 
Roane was elected President of the Senate, and J. Greer, 
Secretary. In the House, John Wilson was. chosen Speaker, 
and Samuel H. Hempstead, Clerk. The valedictory of Gov- 
ernor Fulton was delivered. With his retirement, the Territory 
gave place to the State. The result of the election for Gov- 
ernor was formally declared, and 3 o'clock P. M. was set for 
the inauguration of Governor elect Conway. At the time 
appointed, Mr. Conway appeared, escorted by Robert Mc- 
Anry , of the Senate, and Grandison D. Royston, of the House. 

261 




JAMES S. CONWAY. 
First Governor of the State. 






PBOM 1836 TO 18-40. 263 



The oath of office was administered by Albert Pike. The 
Governor chose for his Private Secretary John J. Clendennin. 

James Sevier Conwa}', who thus became the first Governor 
of the State, was born in Green county, Tennessee, December 
5th, 1796, son of Thomas and Ann Conway, the second of 
seven sons, all of whom became distinguished men. In 1816 
he emigrated to St. Louis, Missouri, and from there came to 
Arkansas on a surveying expedition in 1820, and in 1823 came 
to the Territory to live, settling on a farm on Red river, in 
Lafayete county. In 1825 he surveyed the western bound- 
ary line of the Territoiy, and in 183 1 surve} 7 ed the southern 
boundar}', as has been stated. In 1832, on the creation of the 
office, he became Surveyor-General of the Territory, and was 
in the discharge of its duties up to the time when he was 
elected Governor. At the time of his election he was a resi- 
dent of Hot Spring county. He served as Governor one term 
of four years. He died at Walnut Hills, Lafayette county, 
March 3d, 1855, in the 59th year of his age. The members 
of this family surviving are a son, Frederick Elias Conway, of 
Little Rock, and three daughters, Mrs. Dr. Sevier, Mrs. 
Logan, and Mrs. M. C. Bradley, living on Red river, or in 
the vicinity of Walnut Hills. 

At this session of the Legislature, A. H. Sevier and William 
S. Fulton were chosen United States Senators. Doctor 
Robert A. Watkins became the first Secretary of State. 
Townsend Dickinson, Daniel Ringo, and Thomas J. Lacy 
were elected Judges of the Supreme Court, Daniel Ringo 
being chosen Chief Justice. Elias N. Conway was elected 
Auditor without opposition, and William E. Woodruff was 
elected Treasurer. Woodruff and Pew were made State 
Printers. President Jackson appointed Benjamin Johnson 
United States District Judge, Thomas J. Lacy District Attor- 
ney, and Elias Rector, Marshal. Judge Lacy declined the 
Attorneyship, and served as Judge. The Judges of the Su- 



264 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



preme Court appointed H. Haralson, Clerk of the court, an 
office which he held for a number of years. 

And thus, with a full complement of officers for her gov- 
ernment, the State began her official life. 

In the autumn occurred the first Presidential election in which 
the State of Arkansas took part. The candidates were 
Martin Van Buren, the nominee of the Democrats, and 
William Henry Harrison, the nominee of the Whigs, with 
Daniel Webster and Hugh L. White also Whig candidates. 
The vote of Arkansas was for Van Buren, the successful can- 
didate. 

Upon this, the first Legislature, devolved the arrangement 
of all the minute and numberless matters of State life. Many 
Bills were passed defining duties of officers, guarding pub- 
ilc interests. Militia was to be organized, Courts estab- 
lished, public buildings erected, census provided for, taxes 
levied, etc., etc. 



^*±*^ 




'<§§>- 



SEAL OF ARKANSAS TERRITORY. 




'**^..*-*-*- ir 



SEAL OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 



It was enacted that the familiar seal of the Territory, im- 
pressions and devices unchanged, with the simple addition of 
the words, "Seal of the State of Arkansas," be retained for 
the State. This seal remained in use, until the Legislature of 
1864, by Act of May 3d, adopted a new seal for the State. 
The devices on this new seal show an eagle at the bottom, 



FB03I 1836 TO 1540. 265 

holding a scroll in its beak, inscribed "Regnant Populi," a 
bundle of arrows in one claw and an olive branch in the other; 
a shield covering the breast of the eagle, engraved with a 
steamboat at top, a bee-hive and plow in the middle, and a 
sheaf of wheat at the bottom ; Goddess of Liberty at the top, 
holding a wreath in her right hand, a pole in the left hand 
surmounted by a liberty cap, and surrounded by a circle of 
stars ; outside of which is a circle of rays ; figure of an angel 
on the left, inscribed "Merc)' ;" a sword on the right hand, in- 
scribed "Justice," surrounded b}* the words, "Seal of the State 
of Arkansas." This is the seal at present in use. 

It was stipulated by Act of Congress, on the admission of 
the State into the Union, that the 16th section of each town- 
ship be granted to the State, for the use of the inhabitants of 
such township, for school purposes, or when such section had 
previously been disposed of, then other equivalent sections ; 
that twelve salt springs be reserved for the use of the State ; 
that five per cent, of the net proceeds of the sale of govern- 
ment lands in the State, deducting expenses, be reserved for 
making public roads and canals ; that five sections of land be 
granted to complete public buildings ; that two townships be 
granted. for seminary purposes; the State should not interfere 
with the disposal by the United States of any of its lands, 
nor to tax them ; that non-resident proprietors be taxed no 
higher than residents, and that all bounty lands, granted for 
services in the War of 1812, be exempted from taxation for 
three years from the date of the patents therefor. 

These stipulations were acceded to by the General Assembly, 
in a resolution of October 18th, 1836, and the items thereof 
became the compact between the State and the General Gov- 
ernment—irrevocable, except by the consent of the United 
States. 

BANKS. 

Financial questions, always vital, appeal with particular em- 
phasis to most enlightened wisdom, in the earlier history of 



266 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

communities, with rapidly increasing population, and rapidly 
multiplying industries. The demands for money, which had 
been engaging the consideration of Congress and the various 
Legislatures during the administration of Mr. Van Buren, 
were claiming increased attention. The single solution which 
seemed to be suggested by the wisdom of that time for all 
the financial problems, was found in the one word — ba?ik. 
The whole country fell under the bank mania. The wildest 
speculative adventures were called conservative, the forces 
were working which culminated in widespread financial dis- 
aster. 

It was hardly to be expected,. that the pioneers in Arkansas 
should be wiser than leaders in older States, and the emergen- 
cies of their people were certainly not less pressing. The 
particular necessity of the times required the creation of an 
adequate circulating medium. Manjr persons had lands, 
while but few had ready money, and to relieve this stringenc}' 
seemed to be the first requirement of legislation. 

The Legislature of 1836 met the occasion with Banks. 
Bills were passed, establishing u The Real Estate Bank," and 
incorporating the "State Bank." 

The system under which these banks were created, was 
that the State should lend its credit as a guaranty for bonds 
which they should put forth, but that the banks should pay 
the bonds both in interest and principal as they fell due, thus 
securing the State against any loss or demand on account of 
them. In order to create a capital for them to operate upon, 
the Acts creating them provided, that the State should issue 
bonds, and deliver them to the institutions, who were author- 
ized to sell them upon the market only at par, and the pro- 
ceeds thus obtained should constitute their capital. 

In the case of the State Bank, which was exclusively a 
State institution, whose officers were to be elected by the 
General Assembly, the capital stock was put at $1,000,000.00. 



FROM 1836 TO 1840. 267 

The Governor was directed to issue them one thousand bonds 
of the denomination of $1,000 each, bearing five per cent, at 
first, but afterwards raised to six. 

The proceeds of the sale of the seminary lands, the five per 
cent, on sales of public lands, all moneys derived from Con- 
gress, distributing the surplus revenue to the States, and all 
other State funds, were directed to be deposited in the bank, 
and constitute a part of its capital. Administrators were 
permitted to make time deposits of trust funds for dividends, 
branches of the bank were directed to be opened at Bates- 
ville and at Fayetteville, each with a capital of $300,000.00. 

In the State Bank at Little Rock the names of Major 
Jacob Brown, United States Army, appeared as President, 
with John H. Crease, Cashier. At Fayetteville, James Mc- 
Kisick, President, and Win. McK. Ball, Cashier; at Bates- 
ville, D.W. Lowe, President, John Ringgold, Cashier. The 
doors were all thrown open, and the State was engaged in a 
general banking business. 

January 31st, 1843, the entire Institution went into the 
hands of the Receivers. After a career of five years, the State 
Banks closed, with liabilities placed at $1,910,023.00, and 
assets at $1,176,810.00. 

Of the liabilities, $1,295,781.00 was on account of the 
bonds issued by the State, for which the State stood responsi- 
ble as endorser. Of the assets, $1,510,619.00 was due from 
individuals, but few of whom could be expected to pa}^. The 
Receivers experienced many trials in the almost fruitless 
struggle to turn the nominal assets into ready money. The 
very failure of the banks had precipitated the community into 
such confusion and disaster, that even where the disposition 
existed there was small ability. 

The reputation of the State suffered greatly. The de- 
pressed condition diverted emigration. Many, burdened with 
debt, sought relief in removal to distant parts. Still the 
Trustees persevered. 



268 EI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The collection of the debts and realizing of the assets of the 
bank, however, though attended with great delay and loss, 
yet made some progress. In the Legislature of 1848, the 
Joint Select Committee reported that they had canceled State 
bank bonds and coupons to the amount of $156,286.00, and 
registered Real Estate Bank bonds and coupons to the amount 
of $120,280.00, total $276,566.00, all of which had been re- 
ceived in satisfaction of claims of the State Bank. This may 
be said to be the commencement of the formal extinguish- 
ment of the State debt on account of these bonds. 

This extinguishment of the debt was continued from time 
to time as means came to hand, but still, in October, 1858, 
the State accountants, Messrs. William M. Gouge and A. 
H. Rutherford, reported, in an able and exhaustive report 
made by them of that date, that the deficit of the bank, after 
deducting all assets in the least degree available, was still 
$1,167,236.00, for which the faith and credit of the State stood 
pledged, and that on such portion of it as consisted of bonds, 
interest was accumulating at the rate of $37,710.00 a year. 

The Real Estate Bank was organized upon a system in 
some respects similar to the other, yet in many particulars differ- 
ent. It did a general banking business, but made loans and 
discounts with only mortgages on lands for securit}^. Its char- 
ter provided that the capital stock should be two million dol- 
lars. To raise this amount in money, the Governor was di- 
rected to issue 2,000 bonds, of one thousand dollars each, 
bearing interest at five per cent., afterwards raised to six, pay- 
able in twenty-five years. For the payment of these bonds 
the faith of the State was pledged. Any person becoming a 
stockholder in the bank, should have credit to the amount of 
one-half of his shares, secured by mortgage upon lands of ap- 
praised value, and any person not a stockholder could secure 
loans b}' a mortgage being laid upon his lands. For the pay- 
ment of loans long time was given, conditioned upon the 
payment of interest at stated periods. Branches of the bank 



FROM 1836 TO 1840. 269 

were established at Washington, Columbia and Helena, and 
subsequently at Van Buren. 

The entire amount of stock provided for by law was quickly 
taken — more subscriptions being offered than were authorized 
to be received,, 

The two thousand bonds contemplated by the charter were 
issued by the Governor, and delivered to the officers of the 
bank. For a Ions; time no market could be found for them. 
Finally, in September, 1838, five hundred of them, for 
$1,000.00 each, were disposed of to the Secretary of the 
Treasury of the United States, being purchased by him as an 
investment of the funds of the Smithsonian Institute. One 
thousand, for $1,000.00 each, to the North American Trust 
and Banking Company of New York. 

The bank at Little Rock opened for business, December 
12th, 1838; the branch at Helena, February 15th, 1839; 
that at Columbia, March 5th ; that at Washington, April 1st. 
By the 31st of October, 1839, these banks had made loans 
and discounts to the amount of $1,585,190.00, 

On the 2d of November, 1839, the bank at Little Rock 
suspended specie payment, although it had in circulation only 
$156,910.00, with $111,967.00 of coin in its vaults. In ex- 
planation of the action, it was argued, that it was found im- 
practicable, on a specie paying basis, to keep in circulation as 
much mone}/ as the necessities of business demanded. The 
Directors proceeded to put into effect a policy of expansion. 
Under this policy the bank increased its issues so rapidly that 
in Ma}', 1849, it had in circulation $759,000.00. This cur- 
rency very naturally lost its commercial value — falling 35 to 40 
per cent, below par. 

While the bank was thus extending its circulation and in- 
creasing its loans and discounts, it did not collect enough in 
actual funds to pay interest on the State bonds. To meet 
this and some other demands of a pressing nature, the bank 
made use of the 500 bonds which they held, and in violation 



270 HI3T0BY OF ARKANSAS. 

of the provisions of their charter pledged these bonds, amount- 
ing to $500,000,00, to the North American Trust and Bank- 
ing Company, obtaining thereon only $121,336,00. In 
breach of faith, the North American Trust and Banking 
Company sold these bonds to James Holford, a banker, of 
London, receiving from him an advance of $325,000,00. 
This was a subject of much after-difficulty, the State justly 
contending that the bank had no right to dispose of the 
bonds in such way, and the bank contending that the North 
American Trust and Banking Company had no right to 
part with them in the manner it did, Mr. Holford contending 
that he was an innocent purchaser of the bonds, and ought 
to be paid the full amount of them, with the interest. It is a 
subject which has come down to our times, and will be more 
fully noticed hereafter in its appropriate place. 

There was a brief and vigorous struggle for the recovery of 
lost standing, but to little effect, and on the 1st of April, 
1842, the Central Board of the bank passed an ordinance, 
placing the affairs of the bank in liquidation, by assigning 
all of its assets to Trustees appointed by the Board. On the 
2d of April the deed of assignments was made to fifteen per- 
sons, all of whom were Directors of the bank. They were, 
therefore, making an assignment from themselves in one ca- 
pacity, to themselves in another. From this arrangement the 
State, the party most in interest, was entirely excluded. 
From that time the management of the bank's affairs became, 
as far as she was concerned, what Governor Elias N. Conwa}/ 
in his message to the Legislature of 1854 called u a sealed, 
book." 

Very great dissatisfaction with the entire transaction prevailed. 
The local boards of the bank at Little Rock, and of the 
several branch banks, for a time resisted the action of the 



FBOM 1836 TO 1840. 27 I 

Central Board, and refused to surrender their assets to the 
trustees appointed by them. The matter was finally taken to 
the Supreme Court. Judges Dickinson and Lacy sustained 
the assignment; Chief Justice Ringo dissented, but in vain. 
The assignment of interests, so vital to the State, without her 
voice in the matter, was confirmed, and went into effect. 

When the deed of assignment was made, April 2d, 1842, 
the assets and liabilities of the Real Estate Bank were stated 
by the officers as follows : 

liabilities : 
To 1,530 bonds sold and outstanding, . . $1,530,000.00 
6 per cent, interest en same, then due, . 75?735« 00 

Amount received on 500 hypothecated 

bonds, ...... 122,389.00 

6 per cent, interest on same, then due, . 7,648.00 

Notes issued by the bank, outstanding, . 495,725.00 
Due to banks and depositors, . . 165,410.00 

Total liabilities, $2,396,907.00 

ASSETS — TO MEET THESE DEMANDS : 

Specie in its vault, ..... $53,551.00 

Principal and interest of loans on notes and . 

.bills, ...... 2,000,192.00 

Real Estate, valued at ... 34,394.00 

Amount due from other banks, . . 30,242.00 

In notes of Arkansas Bank and loaned to State, 364,535.00 

Total assets (nominally stated), $2,482,916.00 
- Excess of assets over liabilities, $86,009.00. 

Upon the assembling of the Legislature of 1842, Governor 
Yell presented the bank matter in a strong light, saying, 
that the effect of the assignment had but the bank's affairs 
beyond the scrutiny and control of the State, although the 
State remained responsible for the payment of interest on the 
bonds, 



272 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



But all the efforts of Governors and Legislatures to correct 
the evil failed. For years the Trustees held the field. Until 
as late as 1853, 'when the Attorney-General was directed to 
file a bill in chancery to divest the Trustees of the assets in 
their possession. This was followed in 1855, by an Act "to 
aid in bringing to light the true condition of The Real Estate 
Bank." Bv this Act the Governor was directed to procure 
the services of competent accountants to examine the affairs 
of the bank. Mr. Wm. M. Gouge, of the U. S. Treasury 
Department, was induced to take hold of the matter, and was 
ably assisted by William R. Miller. Vast volumes treasure 
the results of the investigations. The progress of the suit in 
court was slow, until it became necessary to create a new 
tribunal to consider it. Accordingly the Legislature, in 
January, 1855, created a new Court, "The Court of Chancery 
of Pulaski county, with special jurisdiction in all cases wherein 
the State is concerned." Hon. H. F. Fairchild was ap- 
pointed Chancellor. The end came April 20th, 1855, by a 
decree of the Court of Chancery of Pulaski — the assets of the 
Real Estate Bank were transferee! to C. F. M. Noland, 
Receiver. 

While these 'matters were in progress, Albert Pike and 
Ebenezer Cummins, attorne3 7 s for foreign creditors, brought a 
number of suits against the State to enforce the payment of 
interest on the bonds issued to the State Bank and to the Real 
Estate Bank. Among them was one in the name of William 
A. Platenius, administrator of James Holford, deceased, for 
interest, amounting to $1,000,000.00, on the 500 bonds he 
had bought from the Trust and Banking Company, com- 
monly called the "hypothecated" bonds, known to us as the 
"Holford" bonds, and another, in the same name, on bonds 
amounting to $500,000.00. The suits were founded merely on 
copies of the bonds. Samuel H. Hempstead, State Solicitor, 
defended on the ground that the originals should be produced, 



FBOH 1836 TO 1840. 273 

and this defense being sustained by Chief Justice Taney, in 
the Supreme Court of the United States, in an opinion ren- 
dered at the December term of that Court, 1857, the matter 
found rest for a time. 

When the doors of the bank closed, a long struggle was 
begun to convert the assets into money, but with no better 
success than in the case of the State Bank. Debtors were 
unable to pa} r , however willing; the debts were made on ten 
years' time, hence collection could not be enforced before ma- 
turity. Man}? debtors let their lands go for the debts, and 
many, becoming insolvent, moved out of the State. In gen- 
eral, but little was accomplished, and in 1858, sixteen years 
after the assignment, the situation was expressed in the report 
of Gordon N. Pea)-, who had become Receiver of the assets 
since the death of Mr. Noland, as follows: Liabilities, Octo- 
ber 1st, 1858, $2,170,132.00; assets, $889,506.00; defic- 
iency, $1,280,620.00. And for this deficiency the State stood 
in the attitude of an endorser whose principal has become in- 
solvent, and has left him with the debt to pa}\ 

The early intervention of the war thereafter prevented any 
action on the bank matters, until, as far as the lands were 
concerned, suits having been brought to foreclose the mort- 
gages on them, Chancellor Yonley, in 1874, made a decree 
giving fifteen years in which to pay them out by installments; 
and as to the bonds, they were comprehended in a general 
Funding Act, passed by the Legislature in 1869, April 6th, 
by which all bonds, including the disputed Holfords, were 
allowed to be exchanged for new bonds, running twenty-five 
years, bearing six per cent, interest. 

Thus closed a dismal chapter in the financial history of the 
State. The general result had been the means of bringing 
ruin into thousands of homes. The bank mania had proved 
to be the "sowing of the storm," out of which the State and 
the people subsequently "reaped the whirlwind." 

18 



274 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Under this Funding Act the following amount of bonds is- 
sued to banks were presented and exchanged for new bonds : 

Bonds issued to the State Bank, 249, of $1,000.00 

each, ...... $249,000.00 

Bonds issued to the Real Estate Bank, 212, of 

$1,000.00 each, .... 212,000.00 

Bonds issued to the Real Estate Bank (Holford's) , 

500, at $1,000.00 each, . . . 500,000.00 

Total, 961 bonds amounting to . $961,000.00 
These were converted into new bonds, as follows : 
6 per cent. Funded Bonds of 1869, 9°3 bonds, 

of $1,000.00 each, ... $ 903,000.00 

6 per cent. Funded Bonds of 1870, 2,050 bonds, 

of $1,000.00 each, . . . 2,050,000.00 

Total, 2,953 bonds, amounting to $2,953,000.00 

Those bonds held by the Secretary of the Treasury of the 
United States for the Smithsonian Institute, have not been 
presented for funding. 

In 1888 twenty-two bonds, of $1,000,00 each, sold to the 
Bank of Washington, through W. W. Corcoran, were pre- 
sented to the State Treasurer, and paid, principal and interest, 
total to January, 1888, $73,700,00. 

With relation to the 500 bonds which the Real Estate Bank 
hypothecated, which were known by the name of the "Holford 
Bonds," we have seen that the charter of that institution 
required that the bonds should be sold at par only. It 
contained no permission to hypothecate. On the contrary, 
the requirement that all bonds parted with by it should be at 
par, forbade the idea of hypothecation, which, in a business 
sense, involves the pledging of a thing for an amount some- 
thing less than its actual value, and doubtless to prevent just 
this thing the provission was inserted in the charter, 
meaning, in effect, that no bond should go beyond its con- 



FB03I 1836 TO 1840. 



2 75 



trolfor anything less than its face. The act of hypothecation, 
was, therefore, an act clearly beyond and not contemplated 
by the provisions of the charter. 

Had the matter gone no farther, had the bank in time, in 
the usual course of business, redeemed the pledge, and the 
North American Trust and Banking Company held the col- 
lateral, subject to redemption, there would have been but little 
harm done, and this, doubtless, was what was expected by 
the bank in placing it there. But, by a breach of good faith, 
and in derogation of all principles of fair dealing, the Trust 
and Banking Company sold the bonds to James Holford, a 
banker, of London, for an advance of $325,000,00, the bank 
having received considerably less than this. 

In all ordinary business transactions, when a loan is made, 
and collateral is given to secure it, the lender has no right to 
sell the collateral until the borrower has made default in the 
payment of the principal debt. Yet not waiting for this 
event to transpire, the North American Trust and Banking 
Company transferred the collateral to James Holford, and 
thereby pocketed the neat sum of $203,664,00 and over, at 
the expense of the State of Arkansas. Having done this, the 
concern shortly afterwards, August 31st, 1841, went into liqui- 
dation itself, and when Mr. Hugh Wilson,' Financial Re- 
ceiver, addressed a letter to the officers of the broken institu- 
tion, with relation to making a claim in behalf of the State 
against its assets, he was informed that whatever assets it 
had possessed, had been assigned to preferred creditors, and 
that there were no assets to apply to the claims of general 
creditors. Hence, being hardly dealt with in the unlawful 
transfer of her property by her trusted agent, the bank, in the 
first instance, the State now found herself deprived of the 
means of recompense by the insolvency of the chief wrong- 
doer in the second, and so she took nothing by her suit. 

When Mr. Holford applied for the payment of the interest 
on the bonds, none having been paid since 1841, payment not 



276 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

being made, he opened a correspondence with Governor Yell 
on the subject. Governor Yell stated the case fairly and 
strongly in his reply, taking the ground that the transfer was 
without consideration to the State, and in violation of the 
duties of the lenders holding the bonds as collateral, which 
the lenders themselves had acknowledged. 

The following are extracts from his letter to James Hol- 
ford, then in New York, of November 10th, 1841 : 

"The State of Arkansas saw proper to incorporate the Real 
Estate Bank, and to aid her citizens she loaned to the cor- 
poration her credit in the shape of bonds, to enable the bank 
to raise money for the purpose of banking. She issued her 
bonds in this instance to the amount of $500,000.00, and 
authorized the bank to make sale of them upon certain express 
terms and stipulations, forbidding the sale, except they are liter- 
ally sold (not mortgaged or hypothecated) at par value, thereby 
securing to the bank the means of payment, operating as 
an indemnity to the State, by furnishing the bank the full 

amount of mone}*- to redeem the bonds The 

next question is, have the bonds been disposed of as required 
Xyy the charter? If so, common honesty and a proper regard 
for the honor of the State, requires us to meet the interest as 
it becomes due, and to prepare for the payment of the princi- 
pal at maturity. What are the facts in relation to the hypothe- 
cation? It is admitted by the North American Trust and 
Banking Company, in its agreement with the Real Estate 
Bank, dated September 7th, 1840, that the bonds were placed 
in her hands as collateral security only, to secure the payment 
of the sum of $250,000.00, to be advanced to the Real Estate 
Bank, and that she advanced on said bonds, at the date of the 
contract, the sum of about $120,000.00 only. The Company 
also make the same statement in their deed of trust in favor 
of Holford & Co., dated the 31st of August, 1841. They 
farther state that they had no authority to assign the bonds, ex- 
cept upon the failure of the Real Estate Bank to repay, as 



FROM 1836 TO 1840. 277 

stipulated at the date of the hypothecation, which is farther 
evidence that they did not consider the bonds as sold, the only 
mode of negotiating them which would create any liability on 
the part of the State of Arkansas. Under the contract with 
the North American Trust and Banking Company, we are 
clearly by their own showing neither legally nor equitably 
bound." 

Mr. Holford's reply was a strong argument for his side of 
the case. He said : 

"I most solemnly assure }'our Excellency, that from the be- 
ginning to the end of the negotiation, 'between himself and the 
North American Trust and Banking Company,' and indeed, 
until months after the money bad been advanced, I was not 
informed, and did not know, and had no reason to supector be- 
lieve, nor did I suspect or believe, that the bonds thus h} 7 pothe- 
cated to me were not the absolute and bona fide property of 
the North American Trust and Banking Company. Nor was' 
there anything in the whole transaction calculated to excite in 
the most doubting mind any such suspicion or belief. The 
bonds were payable to order, and were duly, and on the face 
of them, absolutely endorsed to the Company. They claimed 
the right to dispose of them, and in the absence of any contrary 
proof or even ground of suspicion, and according to the 
universal sense of commercial communities they were, as far 
as third parties, and the rights of third parties forwarding or 
advancing money on the faith of them is concerned, to be 
deemed the lawful owners. In addition to this, it was well 
known in the community, and had repeatedly come to my 
knowledge, that this same Company had a year or two pre- 
viously been large owners of the bonds of the State of Ar- 
kansas. (I have since learned, to the amount $2,000,000.00.) 
These bonds they had been in the habit of disposing of by 
sales, hypothecation or otherwise, the interest on these bonds 
had always been paid by the North American Trust and 
Banking Company, and no question has ever been raised, and 



278 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

I understand that no question exists with regard to their valid- 
ity. The North American Trust and Banking Company were 
the agents in this city who paid the interest on these bonds, 
and in this manner became the reputed agents of the Real 
Estate Bank of Arkansas, and indirectly of the State of Ar- 
kansas , and when the five hundred bonds I have spoken 
of were offerred to me for hypothecation, had any doubts 
arisen in my mind as to the right of the Company to dispose 
of them, their previous ownership and disposition of a large 
amount of bonds of the same description, and the confidence 
reposed in them by the Real Estate Bank in constituting them 
their agents, would naturally have tended to allay any such 

suspicion But I do not appeal to your 

Excellency as to what are merely my legal or technical rights, 
but what are my rights in honor and good conscience. The 
State of Arkansas issues her bonds, on the face of which she 
'acknowledges to be indebted to the Real Estate Bank of Ar- 
kansas in the sum of one thousand dollars, which sum the said 
State of Arkansas promises to pay, in current money of the 
United States, to the order of the President, Directors and 
Stockholders of said bank,' etc. These bonds are presented to 
me, and I find on the face of each of them, that 'in testi- 
mony' of this acknowledgment of indebtedness the Governor 
and Treasurer of the State have signed their name thereto, 
and the whole has been finally and conclusively verified by 

the broad seal of the State The bonds were 

issued to the Real Estate Bank of Arkansas, they are payable 
to their order, and by the provisions of the law authorizing 
their issue are made negotiable by endorsement. On looking 
at the back of the bonds, I find that they are duly endorsed 
by the Real Estate Bank, 'for value received,' as expressed in 
the endorsement, and that the bonds themselves are in the 
hands of parties who had already disposed of two million of 
these very bonds without question or comment. If the State 
of Arkansas puts forth her unqualified promises to pay, and 



FROM 1836 TO 1S40. 279 

entrusts them to its own creature, the Real Estate Bank, limit- 
ing them not to dispose of them under par ; and if the bank 
sends them out into the world under their endorsement 'for 
value received,' and innocent third person, ignorant and un- 
suspicious of any irregularity in their issue, advances his money 
on their security ; I appeal to your Excellency as a matter, I 
will not say of technical law merely, but of equity and good 
conscience, on whom should any loss fall, which may result 
from the transaction? Surely on the parties who have un- 
guardedly put these promises to pay into circulation, with 
every indication that they were regularly issued, rather than 
upon the party who has been misled by these appearances, 
and on the strength of them has parted with his money." 

Finding he could accomplish nothing by correspondence 
and argument, Mr. Holford, after a while came to Little 
Rock in person, and finding the Real Estate Bank in liqui- 
dation, and seeing what was the situation of affairs, in a letter 
to the Governor gave it as his conviction that the best that 
could be done for the next ten or twelve years would be to 
gather up the fragments from the wreck of the Real Estate 
Bank, and apply as far as the}' would go to the payment of 
interest on the bonds, in the hope that by that date increased 
revenues would enable the State to meet the interest promptly 
and the principal at maturity. Mr. Holford departed, hav- 
ing accomplished no more by his personal visit than he did 
by his correspondence. And although we were called repu- 
diators on account of it, public sentiment could never be made 
to agree that the State was either legally or morally bound 
for the bonds. Committees after committees in Legislature 
after Legislature considered the subject, and all arrived at the 
same conclusion that there was no obligation on the State to 
pay. Finally, when the war came, and resulted in the tem- 
porary downfall of so much of the State's progress, the ulti- 
mate payment of the bonds at any time seemed hopeless. 
Agitation of the subject, however, arose from time to time. 



280 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

James Holford was then dead, and had been dead for many 
years, and his representatives, the owners of the bonds, it is said, 
were willing to compromise them for a small proportion of 
their face. However, the Funding Act was passed 1869, 
and was made sufficiently broad and comprehensive in its 
terms to include these bonds, and accordingly the Holford rep- 
resentatives presented 498 of them, out of the original 500 
for funding into the new bonds. Two of the original ones 
have never been presented, but the 498 presented were ex- 
changed for new bonds, and the old ones were duly cancelled 
and now lie filed away in the vaults of the State Treasurer's 
office. The new and substituted bonds are themselves called 
and known by the name of "Holfords." 

Statements made by John Crawford, Auditor, to the Fi- 
nance Board, of date August 7th, 1880, showed that the whole 
amount of principal and interest to that date was $399,691.00 ; 
amount paid to that date, $329,370.00 ; leaving balance due 
at that date of $70,321.00. 

This, however, was a computation on the undisputed por- 
tion of the debt, being interest calculated on $121,336.00, 
received by the Real Estate Bank from September 7th, 1840, 
the date of receiving it. 

If the calculation be upon the whole amount of the debt, 
which was thereby created, and not on the amount received 
only, the computation would stand thus : 

Amount of bonds transferred $500,000.00; interest from 
September 7th, 1840, to say September 7th, 1880, 40 years, 
at 6 per cent. $1,200,000.00; due then, $1,700,000.00; 
total of all payments, being less than interest, $329,370.00 ; 
balance due at that date, $1,370,630.00. 

The first pa}mient of interest made on these bonds, was 
made January 1st, 1871, and amounted to $82,200.00, being 
1,370 coupons. $41,100,00 was paid July 1st, 187 1 ; $41,- 
100.00 January 1st, 1872, and $40,950.00 July 1st, 1872, 
and smaller amounts afterwards. 



FBOM 1836 TO 1840. 281 

The funding of the old bonds and the issue of the new did 
not, however, entirely conclude all proceedings as to them. 

In the year 1879, Col. William M. Fishback, of Fort 
Smith, a Member of the Legislature from Sebastian county, 
introduced a Joint Resolution providing for an amendment to 
the Constitution of the State, which should prohibit the Gen- 
eral Assembly from levying any tax or making any appropri- 
ation to pay either the principal or the interest of a large num- 
ber of bonds issued by the State under various Acts of the 
Legislature, among which were these bonds "numbered from 
491 to i860, being the 'funding bonds' delivered to F. W. 
Caper, and sometimes called 'Holford bonds.' " 

This Joint Resolution was passed by the General Assembly, 
and the question of the adoption of the Amendment it pro- 
posed was submitted to the people in a general election held 
in September, 1880. From the name of its author, the pro- 
posed Amendment became known almost universally as the 
"Fishback Amendment." 

The question of the adoption of the Amendment became 
an exciting topic in the canvass. Public sentiment was con- 
siderably divided on the subject, and a hot and vigorous can- 
vass ensued. Among the many prominent and influential 
persons who took a stand against the adoption of it was Sen- 
ator A. H. Garland, who labored assiduously with tongue and 
pen, by speech and letter, for its defeat, fighting it, as he 
said, "inch by inch, foot by foot, step by step." 

In a great speech made by him, at Russellville, July 12th, 
1880, in a debate with Col. Fishback, the author of the 
Amendment, he said, in his unique way: 

"If these bonds are ignored, repudiated, destroyed, yet 
still the debt remains to haunt the Courts and the State. If 
these bonds are rejected, you will still have to meet the ques- 
tion at last — where is the debt which these bonds represent? — 
and, until the paper is drawn in and receipts passed, there is 
no settlement before God or man, or before gentlemen — and 



282 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

the State cannot afford to be anything else but a gentleman 
before the world. 

"I think this Amendment is conceived in a mistaken policy. 
I think its advocates and friends have gravely erred in pro- 
pounding it to the people of Arkansas, and urging it upon 
them for adoption. If they were the sworn enemies of the 
State, armed with a sword in one hand and a torch in the 
other, determined to do the State the utmost damage, they 
could not, in my judgment, more completely accomplish their 
end, than by having the proposed Amendment incorporated in 
the Constitution." 

In another place he said : 

"The adoption of this Amendment would, in my opinion, be 
the memorial blunder, if not the crowning crime, of the age." 

The "Gazette" took strong ground against it, holding in 
effect, that even though the bonds had been wrongfully hy- 
pothecated by the Real Estate Bank, in the first instance, and 
had been more wrongfully sold by the North American Trust 
and Banking Company, in the second, whereby the debt was 
created ; and that now new bonds had been put forth as the 
representatives of the debt, it was better for the State to pay 
the debt than to take on the appearance of repudiation. 

The Amendment was not without able advocates to support 
it, but at the election it was defeated by a vote of the people. 
The Constitution of the State under which the vote was held 
provided, that an Amendment thereto should require for adop- 
tion the affirmative votes of "a majority of the votes cast." 
The vote cast at the election was, . . . 132,985 

A majority thereof was, ..... 66,493 

The vote on the question of amendment was : 
For Amendment, . . . . . 64,497 

Against Amendment, ..... 41,049 

Number not voting on the question, . . . 27,439 

Total vote, 132,985 



FROM 1886 TO 1840. 



283 



Majority for Amendment on vote cast on the sub- 
ject 23,448 

Majority of all the votes cast .... 66,493 

Number voting for Amendment . . . 64,497 

Number short of a majority of all the votes cast 

at the election . . . . . . 1,996 

The Board of Commissioners to declare the result, consist- 
ing of the Governor, the Secretary of State, and the Attorney- 
General, issued their proclamation, declaring the Amendment 
rejected. There was considerable dissatisfaction with the re- 
sult, until it was ascertained that the fault lay with the law, 
and not with the Board of Commissioners; that under the 
law, every failure to vote on the subject of Amendment was 
equivalent to a negative vote, so that really the vote was : 
Negative votes actually cast .... 41,049 

Negative votes from not voting on the subject 

Total negative votes, . . . . 

Total affirmative votes, . . . 

Excess of negative votes, 



2 7?439 
68,488 
64,497 



3,99i 

The friends of the Amendment, however, renewed their ef- 
forts in its behalf, and in the Legislature of 1883 it was 
re-adopted on a Joint Resolution, was re-submitted to a vote 
of the people in the general election of 1884, and was this 
time adopted by the vote of the people, and is now a part of 
the State Constitution. Under its provisions the following 
bonds are practically repudiated : 



DATE AT 
WHICH ISSUED. 



Jan. 1, 1870. 
Apr. 



Mar. 23, 1871 . 



RATE OF 
INTEREST. 



6 per cent. 

7 

7 " 



DESCRIPTION OF BONDS. 



Funding Bonds, Numbered 491 to 1860, 
inclusive of both numbers, 

Memphis & Little Rock Railroad Aid, 

Mississippi, Ouachita & Red River Rail- 
road Aid, ______ 

Little Rock, Pine Bluff & New Orleans 
Railroad Aid, - 

Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad Aid, 

Arkansas Central Railroad Aid, - 

Levee Bonds, - 

Total, - 



AMOUNT OF 
PRINCIPAL. 



$1,370,000.00 

1,200.000.00 

600.000.00 

1,200.000.00 

1,000,000.00 
1,350,000.00 
3.005,846.05 

$9,725,S46.05 



284 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The doors of the bank closed, all of its affairs were placed 
in the hands of Receivers. The old story began to repeat 
itself. Every conceivable expedient to escape obligations re- 
inforced the real embarrassments of the time. The hopeless 
and practically fruitless struggle to collect, which was experi- 
enced by the State Banks, fell to the lot of the Real Estate 
Banks. 

The difficulty of making pa}^ments, suggested to many 
minds arguments for not wishing to pa)-. The banks had 
came to be regarded the cause of widespread financial de- 
pression. The popular mind came to think of them as per- 
sonal enemies. But little was accomplished. The wearying 
story runs through years of trial and disappointment. The 
State staggered under the weight it carried, while multitudes 
of individuals fought the battle of life, fettered by humiliating 
embarrassments, and worn by actual wants. In 1858, Octo- 
ber 1 st, by report of the Receiver, the situation was expressed 
in these figures : liabilities $2,170,132.00; assets $889,506.00. 

Thus closed a dismal chapter in the history of Arkansas. 
The bank mania had wrought like a mad-man. Sowing the 
wind, the people had reaped a whirl-wind. 

The war came on, and the State passed into experiences 
yet darker and sadder. 

The intervention of the war, and the subsequent prostration, 
deferred attention to the bank matters until 1869. The 
Legislature of that year, under date of April 6th, passed a 
general funding act, under which all outstanding bonds 
issued to the State Bank, Real Estate Bank, or any other, 
were permitted to be exchanged, on presentation, for new 
bonds, running twenty-five years, bearing interest at 6 per 
cent. 



FBOM 1836 TO 1840. 285 

The second regular session of the General Assembly con- 
vened, according to law, on the 5th day of November, 1838, 
and remained in session until December 17th. The Senate 
organized by the election of Mark W. Izard as President, and 
J. M. Stewart, Secretary. The House elected Gilbert Mar- 
shall, of Scott county, Speaker, and Samuel H. "Hempstead, 
of Little Rock, Clerk. This Assembly passed 100 Acts, Reso- 
lutions and Memorials, making 321 in all, acted upon in three 
sessions. The principal ones were the prohibiting of the issue 
by cities, towns and corporations, of small notes or bills, com- 
monly called "shinplasters; " authorizing the sale of the 
seminary lands; promulgating a Revised Code of Laws, pre- 
pared by William McK. Ball and Samuel C. Roane, under 
the superintendency of Albert Pike ; establishing the counties 
of Desha and Searcy; incorporating a number of stock com- 
panies, and companies for railroads and turnpikes — which 
never were built— defining boundary lines between counties, 
and many Acts for individual relief. 

On the 20th of November, 1838, John Hutt was elected 
State Treasurer, and held the office till 1843. 

An important act of the session was of date December 
13th, 1838, establishing a State Penitentiary at Little Rock, 
for the building of which the sum of $20,000.00 was appropri- 
ated, and Commissioners were directed to be appointed to 
conduct it. The work of the building of it was begun early 
in 1840. At the session of the Legislature of 1840 the Com- 
ittee on the Penitentiary reported that it would take $40,- 
000.00 to complete it, and accordingly that amount, with 
$500.00 added, $40,500.00 was appropriated for the purpose. 
The building was constructed at an entire cost of $70,000.00, 



286 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

and was completed by 1842. It was then put into use, and 
was made use of until August 5th, 1846, when, in a revolt 
among the prisoners, and an attempt to escape, the buildings 
were set on fire by them and were burned to theground. An 
appropriation of $10,000.00 was made by the Legislature of 
that year to rebuild it, and George Brodie entered into a con- 
tract to rebuild it at that price. The new buildings were put 
up and completed in 1849. 

In August, 1839, occurred the election for Congressman, 
the term of Archibald Yell expiring. Judge Edward Cross 
was elected to the position. He was subsequently twice re- 
elected, in 1841 and 1843, filling the position for six years, or 
until 1845. 

On the 2 1st of November, 1838, four Lodges of Free- 
Masons held a convention at Little Rock, and established a 
Grand Lodge. They were : Washington Lodge, of Fayette- 
ville, represented by Onesimus Evans, Washington L. Wil- 
son, Robert Bedford, Abraham Whinner}-, Richard C. S. 
Brown, Samuel Adams and Williamson S. Oldham; Wes- 
tern Star Lodge, of Little Rock, represented by William 
Gilchirst, Charles L. Jeffries, Nicholas Peay, Edward Cross, 
Thomas Parsell, Alden Sprague and John Morris; Morning 
Star Lodge, of the Post of Arkansas, represented by John 
W. Pullen ; and Mount Horeb Lodge, of Washington, rep- 
resented by James H. Walker, Allen M. Oakley, Joseph W. 
McKean and James Trigg. Upon the Grand Lodge being 
organized, William Gilchirst was elected the first Grand 
Master, and George C. Watkins the first Grand Secretar} T . 
The organization thus established has grown to have 408 
Lodges, scattered all over the State, with a membership of up- 
wards of 12,000. 



CHAPTER XII. 
FROM 1840 TO 1846. 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS ARCHIBALD YELL, SAMUEL ADAMS AND 
THOMAS S. DREW. 

In the spring of 1840 the establishment of the boundary 
line between the United States and the Republic of Texas 
was begun. The Commissioners commenced at the mouth of 
the Sabine river, and proceeded thence northward as far as the 
3 2d degree of north latitude, when the sickly season coming 
on, they were obliged to suspend operations until autumn. 
At that time the work was resumed, and the line was carried 
due north to Red river. Dr. John R. Conway was the Com- 
missioner, on the part of the State of Arkansas, to conduct 
the survey from the 33d degree, or Louisiana line, to Red 
river. By this survey the most of what had been the 
County of Miller, and in which Arkansas Judges had held 
Court, and over which the State had claimed jurisdiction, fell 
jn the limits of the Republic of Texas. 

During the year the United States built two arsenals in the 
State. One at Little Rock, the other at Fort Smith. 

Archibald Yell was elected Governor in August of this year, 
without opposition. He was inaugurated November 5th, and 
chose as his Private Secretary, Thomas W. Newton. 

Governor Yell was born in North Carolina, in August, 
1797, but when young emigrated to Tennessee, and located 
at Shelbyville. He came from Shelbyville, Tennessee, to 
Little Rock, in January, 1832, having been on the 31st of 

287 




ARCHIBALD YELL. 

Second Governor of the .Slate. 



FROM 1840 TO 1846. 289 

December, 1831, appointed Receiver of Public Moneys of the 
Little Rock Land Office. He held the office less than a year, 
resigning it in the latter part of 1832. In January, 1833, he 
opened an office in Little Rock, and began the practice of law. 
In 1835 he was appointed Judge of the Superior Court. On 
the admission of the State into the Union, in 1836, he was 
elected Delegate to Congress, and served as such to 1839, when 
he was succeeded by Judge Edward Cross. He was then 
elected Governor in 1840. In 1846 he was again elected to 
Congress, succeeding Judge Cross. During his term of office 
as Congressman the second time, in 1846, the Mexican War 
broke out, and resigning his seat in Congress, he raised a regi- 
ment of cavalry and went into the war. He was killed in the 
battle of Buena Vista, February 23d, 1847, by a lance wound 
in the face, received in a charge made on his regiment by the 
Mexican Lancers. He was buried on the field where he fell, but 
when the regiment returned home in the summer of 1847, his 
remains were brought home, and were buried at his home in 
Fayetteville, August 3d, 1847, where they rested until June, 
1872, when they were moved to their present resting place in 
the Masonic Cemetery at that city. 

The third session of the Legislature was held November 
2d, 1840, and remained in session until December 28th. 

In the Senate, Mark W. Izard, of St. Francis county, was 
elected President, and John Widgery, Secretary. In the 
House, George Hill, of Hempstead county, was elected 
Speaker, and Stephen S. Tucker, of Little Rock, Clerk. In 
this Body there were in attendance 22 members of the Senate, 
and 64 of the House. 

In the labors of this Body matters of importance acted on 
by them were : providing for the construction of levees along 
the banks of the Mississippi river, in Chicot county ; donating 
forfeited lands to actual settlers; for the organization of the 
militia ; authorizing the Governor to dispose of the seminary 

19 



290 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



lands; creating the counties of Yell, Bradley and Perry ; regu- 
lating affairs of the Real Estate Bank, and much local bus- 
iness pertaining to scrips, county sites, county lines, and Acts 
of individual relief. 

On the 9th of November, 1840, David B. Greer was 
elected Secretary of State, and on the 12th, William S. Ful- 
ton, United States Senator. 

In the autumn of 1840 occurred the Presidential election, 
between Harrison and Tyler, candidates of the Whigs, and 
Van Buren and Johnson, of the Democrats. Harrison being 
elected by an overwhelming majority. The vote of Arkansas 
was for Van Buren. 

The fourth session of the Legislature met November 6th, 
1842, and adjourned February 4th, 1843, having made 149 
enactments. 

Samuel Adams, of Johnson county, was elected, President, 
and John Widgery, Secretary; Williamson S. Oldham, of 
Washington county, Speaker of the House; and Stephen S. 
Tucker, Clerk. 

Among the laws of this session were Acts passed putting 
the State Bank and Real Estate Bank into liquidation; cre- 
ating the office of Attorney-General; to survey the northern 
boundary line of the State ; creating the counties of Ouachita, 
Montgomery, Newton and Fulton ; providing for a geological 
examination of the State and establishing a system of com- 
mon schools. 

The Act creating the office of Attorney-General, provided 
that the Prosecuting Attorney of the 5th Judicial Circuit 
should be the Attorney-General of the State until the next 
election. This officer was Hon. Robert W. Johnson, who 
thereby became the first Attorney-General of the State. He 
entered upon the discharge of his duties in 1843, and served 
as such till 1847. 

On the 22d of November, 1842, Ambrose H. Sevier was 
elected, for a second term, United States Senator. 



FROM 1840 TO 1846. 



29I 



On the 31st of November, 1842, George W, Paschal, of 
Crawford county, was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme 
Court, to succeed Judge Townsend Dickinson. 

In the election for Auditor, February 2d, 1843, Elias N. 
Conway was elected without opposition, and John Hutt, 
Treasurer. 

The month of February, 1843, was marked by extraordi- 
nary high water in Red river. It stands on record as both 
the highest and most destructive flood in the history of that 
erratic stream. So sudden was the rise, that people retired to 
bed apprehending no danger, and at midnight had to beat a 
retreat to save their lives. At Fort Towson the water rose 
fifteen feet higher than was ever known before. Lost Prairie, 
and other points lower down, which had never before been 
under water, were inundated to the depth of several feet. 
The flood caught the people along the river totally unpre- 
pared, and swept resistlessly down, in one wide and general 
ruin, every vestige of human industry — houses, fences, stables, 
cotton presses, cotton bales, cattle, hogs, etc. The loss of 
human life, however, constitutes the painful feature of this 
great calamity. Over a hundred people were drowned be- 
tween Jonesboro and Fulton. Six families of Indians were 
drowned near the former place. Amid the general distress, 
Capt. Crooks, of the steamer Hunter, rendered the sufferers 
every possible succor in his power. He steamed from place 
to place, picking up survivors from house-tops and tree-tops; 
and rescued from a watery grave over a hundred persons. 
Some were necessarily left to perish in the cane and timber, 
as it was impossible to reach them. The distressing cries of 
those thus situated were often heard above the noise of the 
elements. The steamer Napoleon, during a trip up the river, 
also rescued a number of imperiled lives. At Lost Prairie 
two people were drowned. At this point, a man named An- 
derson, underwent a thrilling experience. He was caught in 
the bottom by the rising waters, and climbed a tree to save 



292 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



himself. Four days and nights he remained perched in the 
tree, without a mouthful of food. The late Capt. Richard H. 
Finn was paddling about through the river bottom, looking af- 
ter stock. Having his gun along, he shot a turkey, and at the 
crack of the gun, he heard a mournful voice a short distance 
away, which cried out in feeble accents : "Save me, for God's 
sake!" Paddling in the direction from whence came the 
sounds, Anderson was discovered sitting in the very top of a 
gum sapling, not more than six inches in diameter at the butt. 
With black-jack vines, he had lashed himself so firmly to the 
tree that, had he been so disposed, he could not, in his then ex- 
hausted condition, have broken himself loose. By this means 
he was enabled to take a little sleep occasionally without dan- 
ger of falling into the water, which roared and bubbled like a 
cataract beneath him. Capt. Finn rescued the unfortunate 
man, and conveyed him to his house. The extent and severity 
of this overflow greatly surpassed that of 1834, °f which men- 
tion has been made, and which, up to that time, was the great- 
est freshet that had been known along that river. 

In pursuance of the Act of the previous Legislature, pro- 
viding for a survey of the northern boundary line of the State, 
the Governor appointed Hon. Davis Thompson, Commis- 
sioner to take charge of the work. The State of Missouri 
appointed Governor Dunklin its Commissioner. The two 
Commissioners met October, 1843, and began the survey; 
commencing on the 36th parallel of north latitude, they ran 
west to the St. Francis river. Deeming, that by the mean- 
ders of the river Nature had herself sufficiently marked the 
line, the Commissioners proceeded up that river to 36 degrees, 
30 minutes, and from there ran west to Big Black river. 
Here the weather became so severe as to compel a suspension 
of operations until spring. In the meantime Governor 
Dunklin died, and this, with other delays, prevented further 
progress of the work, until the autumn of 1843, when it 
was begun and prosecuted, until in the summer of 1845 it was 



FBOM 1840 TO 1846. 293 

completed. Dr. George Perm was appointed by the State of 
Missouri to take the place of Gov. Dunklin. 

Some idea of the difficulties encountered by the Commis- 
sioners will be gathered from the following extracts from the 
report of Commissioner Thompson : 

"It will be perceived that the portion of the line surveyed 
(from the Mississippi to the St. Francis, up the St. Francis to 
36 degrees, 30 minutes, thence west to Big Black river) lies 
in a low, marshy region, known by the name of the 'Swamp 
of the Mississippi, Saint Francis and Black rivers.' The 
difficulty of accurately tracing that portion of the line was 
exceedingly great, and the obstacles thrown by Nature in 
the way of the surveyor can hardly be estimated by one unac- 
quainted with the character of the district. The whole coun- 
try is flooded nearly every spring, and the depressions, 
whether naturally existing or caused by the earthquakes of 
18.11, are filled with water, which, having no outlet, stagnates 
in them until the next annual freshet. The water-courses, 
not being confined by banks, spread over a wider or narrower 
space, according as the season is wet or dry. That portion of 
the land which is comparatively dry, is occupied either by 
dense cane-brakes or tangled thickets of brushes and briers, re- 
quiring much time and labor to penetrate. Some delay was 
incurred on account of the unfavorableness of the weather 
for those astronomical observations on which the correctness 
of the line depends. An additional expense also arose from 
the greater number of horses and men required to transport 
the baggage of the party through so difficult a country." 

The line as established by the Commissioners varied only 
slightly from that established by Joseph C. Brown, in 1823 
and 1824. 

On the 29th of April, 1844, by the resignation of Gov. 
Yell, Mr. Samuel Adams, President of the Senate, became 
Governor, holding the office until November 9th. 



SAMUEL ADAMS, ACTING GOVERNOR. 



FROM 1840 TO 1846. 



295 



Governor Samuel Adams was born in Halifax county, 
Virginia, on the 5th day of June, 1805. When a child, his 
father moved to Humphrey county, Tennessee, where he was 
raised. On the 16th of December, 1824, he married Re- 
becca, the daughter of John W. and Elizabeth May, of Dick- 
son county, Tennessee, who died at Clarksville on the 4th day 
of June, 1840. They had six children, two of whom are liv- 
ing, i. <?., Major John D. Adams, of Little Rock, and Mrs. 
Martha J. Mills, of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. He moved from 
Tennessee to Johnson county, Arkansas, in the spring of 
1835, wnere ne remained until the winter of 1846, when he 
was elected Treasurer of the State, and moved to Little Rock. 
While in Johnson county, after the death of his first wife, he 
married a second time, Mrs. Catherine A. Fagan, of Little 
Rock, in December, 1842. There were no children by this 
marriage. General James F. Fagan, who now lives in Lit- 
tle Rock, is a son of Mrs. Fagan by her former mar- 
riage. Governor Adams died February 27th, 1856, while on 
a visit to his farm, on Saline river, in Saline county, and was 
buried in Mount Holly Cemetery, in Little Rock. 

When the election occurred in August, Thomas S. Drew 
was the choice of the people for Governor, and was inaugu- 
rated November 19th. Governor Drew was born about the 
year 1801, in Vermont; emigrated thence, when a young 
man, to Missouri. He came to Arkansas in 1821 or 1822, 
and settled in Clark county, of which he was Clerk from 1823 
to 1825. He afterwards moved to Lawrence county, and rep- 
resented that county in the Constitutional Convention of 1836. 
He was twice elected Governor, in 1844 and 1848, and at the 
time of his first election was a resident of Independence 
county. He moved from Arkansas at some date after his sec- 
ond election. He died in Lampasas county, Texas, in i88o ? 
at an advanced age. 

At the Congressional election Governor Yell was elected to 
succeed Hon. Edward Cross. 




THOMAS S. DREW. 
Third Governor of the State. 



FROM 1840 TO 1846. 



297 



The autumn of 1844 witnessed an exciting national elec- 
tion between Henry Clay and Theodore Frelinghuysen, candi- 
dates of the Whigs, and James K. Polk and George M. 
Dallas, of the Democrats, for President, in which the latter 
were elected by an electoral vote of 170 to 105. The vote of 
Arkansas was one of the States given for them. 

It seems that there was diversity in pronouncing the name of 
the State in those days as well as recently, and it is related that 
Mr. Dallas, when presiding over the Senate, recognized the 
two Senators from Arkansas according to each one's particular 
style of pronouncing the name. When Col. Sevier was 
recognized, it was as "the Senator from Arkansaw," and Col. 
Ashley as "the Senator from Arkansas. " 

The fifth session of the Legislature of Arkansas was held, 
commencing November 4th, 1844, and continuing until Janu- 
ary 10th, 1845. The Senate organized by the election of John 
Williamson, President, and John M. Ross, Secretary. In 
the House, John S. Roane, of Crawford county, was elected 
Speaker, and Stephen S. Tucker, of Little Rock, Clerk. 

The records of this Legislature contain a statement which is 
worthy to be noted. Governor Adams, in his message 
upon the organization of the two Houses, made ,the announce- 
ment that, whereas the sum of $288,425.00 had been appro- 
priated by the previous General Assembly for the support of the 
government, 3?et, "owing to the enconomy and fidelity of its 
officers in their administration, only $163,005.00 thereof had 
been expended, leaving on hand at this time $125,409.00, 
which will be subject to the direction and control of the Legis- 
lature." 

In 1845, Luke E. Barber was appointed Clerk of the 
Supreme Court, which office he held continuously until his 
death, in 1886, with the exception of a period from 1868 to 
1874, a period of service covering a period of 35 years. 
About the same date, or in 1846, Elbert H. English was ap- 
pointed Reporter of the Decisions of the Supreme Court, and 
served as such to 1853, when he was succeeded by L. E. Bar- 
ber, as Reporter. 




LUKE E. BAHBER. 
Clerk of Supreme Court for thirty-five years. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

FROM 1846 TO 1848. 



THE MEXICAN WAR PERIOD. 



The next matter of public concern was the war with 
Mexico, growing out of the annexation of Texas. Texas had 
originally been claimed by the United States as a part of the 
Louisiana purchase, but had been sold to Spain in 1819, in 
exchange for Florida, and was made a part of Mexico. In 
1 82 1 Mexico threw off the Spanish yoke, and in 1836 Texas 
revolted from Mexico, and established her independence as a 
Republic, with limits extending to the Rio Grande. She 
soon made proposals to be admitted into the American Union. 
Mexico claimed Texas, and declared that to admit her would be 
regarded as a cause for war. The matter dragged along for 
nine years, until, in 1846, a Bill was passed in Congress ad- 
mitting Texas. As soon as this occurred, President Polk 
ordered General Zachary Taylor to take a position on the 
Texas side of the Rio Grande, and defend her soil from inva- 
sion. Upon General Taylor doing so, the Mexicans opened 
fire on his camp at Matamoras, and attacked his troops at 
other points. The Congresses of both countries formally 
declared war, and called for volunteers. Those called for 
from Arkansas Were speedily raised, more men offering to 
enlist than were authorized to be received. One company 
marched 250 miles to the rendezvous, but, the regiment being 
full, returned home, dependent upon their own means. 

299 



300 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Companies were organized in many parts of the State, 
and rendezvoused at Smithville, Lawrence county; Fay- 
etteville, Washington county; Fort Smith, Sebastian county; 
Dover, Pope county; Clarksville, Johnson county, and 
Little Rock, Pulaski county. At Little Rock, Albert Pike 
had an artillery company already formed, organized as 
early as 1840. Under the President's call, 27 of them en- 
listed at once, mainly young men of the place, and the re- 
mainder were recruited in Pulaski county. Solon Bor- 
land also raised a company in Pulaski county. William S. 
Davis, a well known citizen, now of Little Rock, was the 
man who blew the fife, with Christian Tscheimer beating 
the drum, arousing enthusiasm by parading the streets of Lit- 
tle Rock for volunteers, and by their efforts did considerable 
to promote the organization of the company. Archibald Yell 
left his seat in Congress to go to the war. He enlisted as a 
private in Borland's Company. 

The general rendezvous of all the troops destined for ser- 
vice in the field, was appointed to be at Washington. The 
several companies gathered there in June, 1846, and organ- 
ized a regiment, of which Archibald Yell was elected Colo- 
nel ; John Selden Roane, Lieutenant-Colonel ; Solon Bor- 
land, Major; ,Gaston Mears, Adjutant; Josiah Houston, 
Sergeant-Major; Dr. Craven Peyton, Surgeon; William 
Quesenbury, Quartermaster. 

The regiment was composed of the following companies : 
Company "A," raised in Pope county, was at first com- 
manded by Capt. James S. Moffett, afterwards by Capt. H. 
W. Taylor; Cincinnattus Trousdale, First Lieutenant; Wal- 
ter F. Scott and Addison Cochran, Second Lieutenants; J. 
H. Shinn, Sergeant; strength, 67 men. 

Company "B," known as Borland's Company, from its 
having been raised by him, but owing to his being elected 
Major of the regiment, he never commanded it. C. C. Dan- 
ley being chosen as Captain; Isaac D. Hamilton, First Lieu- 
tenant; Hiram Carr and Josiah M. Giles, Second Lieuten- 



FROM 1846 TO 1848. 301 

ants. Fifteen officers, commissioned and non-commissioned. 
Sixty-six men. Total strength, eighty-one men, recruited 
from Pulaski county. 

Company "C," George Washington Patrick, Captain; 
John F. Hill, First Lieutenant. And at the close of the war 
James F. Fagan, was Second Lieutenant, and John D. 
Adams was Orderly Sergeant, having enlisted at the age of 
19. James F. Fagan also enlisted in it as a private, at the 
age of 18 years, but rose to the rank of Second Lieutenant. 
The company was recruited from Johnson county and vicin- 
ity, and nnmbered eighty men. 

Company "D," was first commanded by Capt. Andrew 
Porter, with Franklin W. Desha, First Lieutenant ; Jesse 
Searcy and Richard Searcy, Second Lieutenants. Captain 
Porter was killed at Buena Vista, and Franklin W. Desha 
became Captain, with Robert F. Finley, First Lieutenant ; 
Jesse and Richard Searcy, Second Lieutenants. This was a 
company raised from Batesville, and Independence counties, 
composed of seventy-nine men. 

Company U E," Albert Pike, Captain; Hamilton Reyn- 
olds, First Lieutenant ; William H. Causin and John C. 
Peay, Second Lieutenants. Strength of company about 70 
men, recruited from Little Rock and Pulaski county. 
Among the enlistments from Little Rock were Alden M. 
Woodruff, the late George S. Morrison and Jacob Tscheimer. 
A. M. Crouch, now of Hempstead county, was the bugler of 
the company. 

Alden M. Woodruff becoming Second Lieutenant in the 
1 2th United States Infantry, was transferred to that company. 

Company "F," J. J. Dillard, Captain; George S. Foster, 
First Lieutenant; Alex Stewart, and Leonard Wilhoff, 
Second Lieutenants ; recruited in Crawford county. Strength 
81 men. 

Company "G," Edward Hunter, Captain; J. S. Dollar- 
hide, First Lieutenant ; Roger McCann and George C. Stew- 



3° 2 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



ard, Second Lieutenants ; recruited in Sevier county. Strength 
of the company, 81 men. 

Company "H," William G. Preston, Captain ; Thomas G. 
Tomberlain, First Lieutenant; John W. Tomberlain, and 
after his death, John R. DeGraffenreid, and Richmond B. 
Sedgely, Second Lieutenants; recruited in Franklin county. 
Strength of company, 79 men. 

Company "I," William K. English, Captain; Thomas A. 
Reeder, First Lieutenant; William Albert and John C. 
Douglas, Second Lieutenants ; recruited from Saline and Hot 
Spring counties and vicinity. Strength of company, 79 men. 

Company "K," John Preston, Captain; Lewis S. Poe, 
First Lieutenant; Ezekiel Gilbert and Dane Thompson, 
Second Lieutenants ; strength of company, 79 men ; re- 
cruited in Phillips county ; total strength of the regiment, 
870 men, enlisted for twelve months. 

A battalion for the defense of the frontier to garrison forts 
on our western border, from which the regular troops had 
been withdrawn, was also formed, consisting of six com- 
panies, under Lieutenant-Colonel William Gray; Caleb 
Davis, Adjutant, and Oliver Basham, Sergeant-Major. 

These companies consisted of : 

Company "A," P. B. Collins, Captain; 72 men, enrolled 
at Clarksville, July 22d, 1846. 

Company "B," David West, Captain; Stephen Pye, First 
Lieutenant; Newton W. Brown, Second Lieutenant; 72 
men, enrolled at Dover and Fort Smith, July 16th, 1846. 

Company "C," John S. Ficklin, Captain ; A. N. Imboden, 
First Lieutenant; N. G. Tucker, Second Lieutenant. 69 
men, mustered in at Smithville, Lawrence county. 

Company "D," John H. Felch, Captain; Charles M. 
Hudspeth, First Lieutenant; Charles W. Russell, Second 
Lieutenant. 94 men, mustered in at Fort Smith. 

Company "E," David West, Captain? 71 men, mustered 
in at Dover, 



FROM 1846 TO 1848. 303 

Company "F," Stephen B. Enyert, Captain. Organized 
at Fayetteville, June 1847 ; marched to Fort Smith, distance 
60 miles, arriving there June 13th, 1847. Strength of com- 
pany, 100 men. 

Total strength of the battalion, 478. 

In addition to these troops, two companies of the 12th In- 
fantry, Regulars, were largely recruited frpm Arkansas. The 
1 2th Infantry was a regiment composed of troops from Texas, 
Arkansas and Missouri, who had enlisted for the war, or 
longer, if the Government desired to retain them. One com- 
pany was commanded by Captain Allen Wood, of Carroll 
county, and its ranks contained about 30 men, who had 
been recruited by Alden M. Woodruff, Second Lieutenant of 
the company, in Little Rock and Pulaski county. 

The other company contained about the same number, 
making the number in Col. Yell's regiment, 870; in Col. 
William May's battalion, 478; in 12th Infantry, say, 52; 
total of Arkansas troops in the service, 1 ,400. 

By the last of August, 1846, various detachments of the 
American Army concentrated at San Antonio de Bexar, 
where some time was spent in drill and thorough military or- 
ganization. By the 25 th of September the stores had all ar- 
rived, and the 26th was the day appointed for the Division to 
move. Yell's regiment was placed in the Division of General 
John E. Wool, called the "Division of the Center." 

On the 23d of January, 1847, a disaster befell a portion of 
the Arkansas troops, in which a number of them were made 
prisoners. 

Rumors were afloat that General Santa Anna was rapidly 
approaching with a large force, and Major Solon Borland, 
with Captain C. C. Danley, and 35 men, went on a recon- 
noitering expedition to ascertain the correctness of the report. 
When near the Hacienda of Encarnacion, they were overta- 
ken by Major John R. Gaines, with Captain Cassius M. 
Clay and Lieutenant Davidson, from Col. Humphrey Mar- 



3°4 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



shall's First Regiment of Kentucky Volunteers, and Lieuten- 
ant Harris, of Texas. With these officers there were 30 men. 
The two detachments camped together near the Hacienda. 
During the night of the 23d of January, they were surprised 
and surrounded by a large force of Mexican cavalry, num- 
bering 3,000, under General Minon, and were made prisoners. 

Among them were Thomas Smart, Stephen Jester, Joseph 
Jester, W. Montgomery and A. Stinson, of Captain English's 
Company "I." E. P. Martin, C. P. Whitten, C. S. 
MooneyandJ. E. Brown, of CaptainDanley's Company "B." 
John Magness, Moses Nelson, George W. Rainey, Wash- 
ington Trigg, Simon Carson, James Richmond, J. Crooks 
and W. L. Edwards, of Captain Desha's Company "D." 
Charles C. Lyon and George Underwood, of Captain Ed- 
ward Hunter's Company "G;" and W. R. Speegle, J. W. 
Curtis, L. J. Webb, R. Williams, W. Rieves, R. J. Steele 
and R. F. Huggins, of Captain William G. Preston's Com- 
pany "H." 

The prisoners were subjected to terrible hardships and in- 
dignities. They were tied in couples by the arms, and rapidly 
marched on foot, at the point of the lance, from Encarna- 
cion to the City of Mexico. The ropes with which they were 
bound were tied so tightly that many suffered excruciating 
pain, and several fell, fainting on the march. This was con- 
tinued for three days. Upon theirbeing unbound, at the end of 
the third day Joseph Jester, a resident of Hot Springs, found 
his left arm entirely paralyzed from the tightness of the liga- 
ture; and it remained useless to him for years. Being cav- 
alrymen, unaccustomed to walking, the march on foot was 
additionally trying ; and it being made over a road covered 
with rocks and gravel, a distance of from twenty-five to 
thirty miles a day caused many of them extreme suffering 
from foot soreness and swollen limbs. At nights they were 
compelled to sleep in the pens of sheep and cattle on the bare 



FBOM 1846 TO 1848. 



305 



ground, with but a single blanket to serve the double purpose 
of bed and covering, some not even that. 

At the City of Mexico they were thrust into a wretched 
prison, called the prison of Santiago. They were kept in close 
confinement during the months of March, April and May, 
and up to June 5th. Crowded into the same cells with them, 
during this time, were as many as three hundred convicted 
Mexican felons of the lowest caste. They were rarely sup- 
plied with a full meal, and more rarely still with one of pal- 
atable and wholesome food. The drinking water supplied 
them was most scanty in measure and revolting in kind. 
Their sleeping places were close and crowded cells, the brick 
floors of which, forming their only couch, resting on marshy 
soil, were saturated with water. Under these horrible sur- 
roundings many sickened and died. 

On the 5th of June they were taken out of prison and 
were told that they were going to be sent home. Twenty of 
the entire number of prisoners were unable to walk. Those 
who could were marched on foot to the village of Zacualta- 
pan, ninety miles from the City of Mexico, in the direction of 
Tampico. Here they were halted by order of Santa Anna,, 
and detained for several weeks farther. This march from 
Mexico to Zacualtapan and subsequently to Tampico, was 
more terrible even than the former. It was made under the 
burning rays of a tropical sun, with no protection. Though 
their sufferings before had been great, and almost unendur- 
able, they were now cruelly augmented. The men were re- 
duced almost to the verge of starvation. So dire were their 
exigencies that the Mexican Commander, having them in 
charge, General Garvy, sent an official despatch to his Gov- 
ernment, saying that he had no food for the American pris- 
oners, and had no means of getting any. Santa Anna sent 

back the cruel reply, "Keep them there, food or no food," 
20 



306 his toby of Arkansas. 

Finally an order for their liberation came. They were 
once more led out of prison and marched to Tampico. But 
during their confinement at Zacualtapan, fourteen of their 
number had sunk under the terrible sufferings, and were un- 
able to move. Eleven of the fourteen died, the remaining 
three were abandoned by their Mexican guard, and when 
almost upon the point of dissolution, were discovered by some 
kind-hearted foreigners, who ministered to their wants and 
saved them from death by starvation. 

At Tampico the survivors were delivered to the United 
States authorities, and were conveyed to New Orleans, where 
they were mustered out of service by order of General 
Worth, and returned home. 

When the reconnoitering party had been out for some time 
and hadfailed to return, Col. Marshall, becoming uneasy about 
them, sent a detachment from his regiment to look for them. 
This second detachment, when near the Hacienda, were like- 
wise made prisoners by General Minon's Cavalry, and were 
forwarded on to the City of Mexico, and incarcerated in the 
prison of Santiago with the others. One of this second de- 
tachment was Lieutenant Thomas J. Churchill, who was our 
Governor in 1880. 

These horrible sufferings were what the privates were com- 
pelled to endure. The officers were subjected to the same 
for a time, but after April 18th were released on parole to re- 
main in the City of Mexico. When General Scott was ad- 
vancing upon the city, and an attack was being anticipated, 
the Mexican commandant, General Lombardini, summoned 
them before him on the 1st day of August, 1846, and ex- 
plained that they were to be removed to Toluca, about sixty 
miles distant, and required them to give their parole that they 
would proceed thither of their own accord. Major Borland, 
Major Gaines and Captain Danley refused to give the parole, 
for the reason that an agreement had been made between 
Generals Taylor and Santa Anna for their exchange five 



FBOM 1S46 TO 1S48. 307 

months before, and which the Mexicans had perfidiously 
failed to carry out, and demanded their exchange instead. 
Captain Clay, Lieutenants Churchill and Davidson agreed to 
go to Toluca, and gave the required parole. Lieutenant 
Churchill rode the distance on his own horse without a guard, 
and delivered himself up at that place, where they were subse- 
quently exchanged. The Mexican commandant then an- 
nounced that the parole of the others was at an end, and 
they should go back to prison. Before being returned to 
prison, seeing an opportunity, they made their escape. 
When they reached the American camp, they found that their 
regiment had been mustered out of service. Major Borland 
became an Aide to General Wool. Captain Danley became 
Aide to General Worth, and Major Gaines, who was the 
Father of Archibald K. Gaines, now at Little Rock, became 
Aide to General Scott. At the capture of the City of Mexico, 
Captain Danley received a gunshot wound in the leg, which 
disabled him for life. 

About noon of the 21st, General Taylor, at Buena Vista, 
received, by flag of truce, this note from General Santa 
Anna: 

"You are surrounded by twenty thousand men, and can- 
not, in any human probability, avoid suffering a rout, and 
being cut to pieces with your troops ; but as you deserve con- 
sideration and particular esteem, I wish to save you from a 
catastrophe, and for that purpose give 3 T ou this notice, in or- 
der that you may surrender at discretion, under the assur- 
ance that you will be treated with the consideration belonging 
to the Mexican character, to which end you will be granted 
an hour's time to make up your mind, to commence from the 
moment when my flag of truce arrives in your camp. With 
this view, I assure you of my particular consideration." 
General Taylor's answer was : 

"In reply to your note of this date, summoning me to sur- 
render my forces at discretion, I beg leave to say that I de- 



308 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

cline acceding to your request. I am, sir, with high re- 
spect, your obedient servant." 

On the 22d of February, about 9 o'clock, the pickets at 
Encantada, three and a half miles from Buena Vista, re- 
ported the Mexican Arm}? in sight. Arrangements for an en- 
gagement were immediately made. Yell's regiment was 
placed on the left of the second line at the base of a moun- 
tain. In the afternoon the engagement began, the Mexican 
infantry moving to pass around the left of the American 
forces. A force, including Yell's regiment, was prepared to 
meet this party and check their movement. Skirmishing was 
carried on from that time until nightfall. 

That night the regiment, together with the rest of the 
troops, remained under arms, in the positions they had occu- 
pied at nightfall, except that Captain Pike's company and 
Captain Wm. Preston's company were detached from the 
regiment and placed with Lieut. Col. May's cavalry com- 
mand, acting in conjunction with the Kentucky and Arkansas 
troops. 

At about 2 o'clock on the morning of the 23d of February, 
the American pickets were driven in, and about daylight the 
action began. From that time on, for nine hours, was fought 
the chief battle of the war, lasting, with slight intermissions, 
until dark. The enemy attacked with a furious fire of artil- 
lery and infantry, and with desperate charges of lancers and 
cavalry. 

The chief onset was made on the right and left flanks of 
the American Army, and so heavy was the assault, that for 
several hours the fate of the day was doubtful, and General 
Taylor was urged by some of his most experienced officers to 
fall back and take a new position. But he declined to do so, 
and stubbornly held on until the tide turned, and victory 
finally declared for him. 

On the left, where the Arkansas troops were stationed, the 
enemy, in the forenoon, at first gained considerable advan- 



FBOM 1846 TO 1848. 309 

tage. By an immense superiority of numbers, and an over- 
whelming attack of his lancers, the left was driven back. 
Marshall's Kentucky regiment, which formed the first line, 
sustained a heavy charge, and was dispersed. The victorious 
lancers next bore down on Yell's regiment, which was the 
second line, and dispersed it. 

At this attack Col. Yell, who was at the head of his com- 
mand, was killed by a lance wound received in a hand-to- 
hand conflict with the Mexicans. Captain Andrew Porter, of 
Company "D," Corporal Saunders, the Standard Bearer of 
the company, John Pelham, Albert Phipps, Painter and 
Higgins were killed at the same onset. Saunders received 
seventeen lance wounds in his body. Ta}/lor was also wound- 
ed, and died from the wound. Thomas Roland, of Com- 
pany "B," Danley's Company, was killed, and Joshua F. 
Danle}', L. A. Torosky, William Turner, Horatio Dodd and 
William Russell, of the same company, were wounded, all 
with lance wounds. 

After the death of Col. Yell, the command devolved upon 
Lieutenant-Colonel Roane, who reformed the command, and 
in turn checked the advance of the lancers, who had been 
pressing them so heavily. At this juncture Col. May's 
squadron, with Captains Pike and William Preston's Com- 
panies, supported by two pieces of artillery from Sherman's 
, Battery, under Lieutenant Reynolds, came to the relief of 
the exhausted Americans, and checked the advance of the 
lancers. They did not wait to receive Col. May's charge, 
but split up into two parties, under the rapid discharge of his 
artillery, one party passing to the right, making a circle back 
to where they came, and the other to the left around the 
mountain and out of sight. Col. May's timely support saved 
the day in that part of the field. 

Although the battle was fought February 23d, 1847, the 
news of it was not received in Little Rock until April 3d, 



316 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

thirty-nine days after it took place — so tardy was the course of 
mail in those days. 

This was the only battle in which Yell's regiment was en- 
gaged. No other engagement took place in that portion of 
the country in which they operated, before their time of en- 
listment expired, in July, 1847, at which time they were mus- 
tered out of service and sent to New Orleans, from whence 
they were returned home. 

As they were about being mustered out, General Wool, 
Brigade Commander, made a speech to them, telling them 
that by reason of the term of enlistment of many volun- 
teer regiments expiring just at that time, his cavalry force was 
so much reduced that he had scarcely enough men of that 
arm to do picket duty, and urging them to re-enlist for the 
term of the war. 

Upon this, 84 men of the regiment re-enlisted, and with 
some from the First and Second Illinois Regiments, who had 
likewise been mustered out, formed a company of 102 men, 
of which Gaston Mears, the former Adjutant of the regi- 
ment, was made Captain, with Benjamin F. Ross, First Lieu- 
tenant, Allen L. McAffee and D. T. W. Morrison, Second 
Lieutenants. They were mustered in at once by General 
Wool, at Buena Vista. This company served till the end of 
the war, but were not in any farther battles. From the date 
of Buena Vista, the war was conducted mainly by General 
Scott, in his operations against Vera Cruz and the City of 
Mexico. 

General Scott's campaign in Mexico was a succession of 
triumphs. The siege of Vera Cruz, begun on the 23d of 
March, 1847, was concluded on the 29th by the surrender of 
the city and castle. He encountered the enemy at Cerro 
Gordo, April 18th, and gained a brilliant victor}^, and on the 
19th of August defeated them at Contreras, and again, on 
the next day, the 20th, at Cherubusco, after which an armis- 
tice was granted pending negotiations for peace. 



FBOM 1S46 TO 1S48. 311 

There were no Arkansas troops engaged in these battles, ex- 
cept in those of Contreras and Cherubusco, at which Captain 
Allen Wood, of Carroll county, commanded the 12th Regi- 
ment of Infantry, which contained parts of two companies 
recruited in Arkansas. 

In these battles Col. Wood held an important post, and for 
his gallant and meritorious services received an honorable 
mention from the commanding General, and was brevetted a 
Major, by order of the President. As a farther manifestation 
of the esteem in which his services, and those of his com- 
pany were held, General Scott presented to the company a se- 
ries of maps of the battles in the Valley of Mexico. These 
maps, with the muster roll of the company, Col. Wood pre- 
sented to the Legislature, in January 1857, and they were laid 
up in the archives of the State, in the Secretary of State's 
office, for safe keeping. A vote of thanks was rendered to 
Col. Wood, and also to Captain Stephen Enyert, for meretori- 
ous services of himself and his company, and was spread at 
large on the journals. 

When Yell's regiment was mustered out of service, the 
bodies of Col. Yell, Captain Porter and John Pelham, who 
fell with him at Buena Vista, were disinterred from the battle 
field, where they had been buried, and were brought home 
for burial. Col. Yell's remains were carried to his home, 
near Fayetteville, and were then buried in the cemetery at 
Fayetteville, August 3d, 1847. In the month of June, 1872, 
they were again disinterred, and were buried in the Masonic 
Cemetery at Fayetteville, where they now rest. They thus 
had three burials. 

Captain Porter's remains were transported to Batesville, 
his home, where they were interred. 

The body of John Pelham was buried in Mt. Holly Ceme- 
tery, Little Rock, and is marked by a plain stone. He was 
a son of William Pelham, who, at one time, was Surveyor- 



312 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

General of Arkansas, and was only 20 years old when he was 
killed. 

The Legislature of 1851 passed an Act for the erection of 
a monument to the memory of Col. Yell and his comrades. 
It was to be erected upon the State-House square, and the 
funds for it were to be derived from general subscriptions, the 
sheriff of each county being directed to receive subscriptions. 

Unfortunately, this system was constructed upon a plan 
which made it everybody's business, and the enterprise shared 
the fate which usually befalls such undertakings. In eight 
years the total sum subscribed amounted to only $45.00, and 
doubtless disgusted at the smallness of the contributions, the 
Legislature, February 1st, 1859, donated the amount to the 
common school fund of Jefferson county, by whose sheriff 
the amount had been paid in. Thus no monument exists to 
the memory of the brave men of Arkansas, who gave their 
lives for their country's cause in this war. 

Nor were their comrades, who came home alive, much bet- 
ter treated by the general government. It was not until one 
year ago that, as an act of justice long delayed, the survivors 
were allowed pensions for their services, commencing from 
that date ; to which an amendment is now pending, to grant 
it from the year 1874, the date at which they applied for it. 



CHAPTER XIV, 



FROM 1848 TO 1852. 

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS THOMAS S. DREW, RICHARD C. BYRD 
AND JOHN SELDEN ROANE. 

In the month of July, 1846, considerable trouble was ex- 
perienced in Benton county from incursions and depredations 
by the Cherokee Indians. Armed parties of these Indians 
daily crossed the line, with acts of lawlessness. Under the 
order of Gov. Drew, Col. Ogden ordered out a company of 
militia, under Capt. Washington A. Alexander, to repair to the 
border and arrest parties so offending, and turn them over to 
the proper tribunals for trial, and to compel others to leave 
upon notice. The company was composed of Washington 
A. Alexander, captain; J. W. Robeson, First Lieutenant; 
James Carr and J. J. Ward, Second Lieutenants; John Gra- 
ham, J. W. Phagan, Thomas Ruds and M. G. Ralston, Ser- 
geants ; Albert Davis, Sandy Ingram, A. M. Walker and A. 
Cairl, Corporals, and twenty-three privates. They entered 
service as mounted cavalry, and remained on duty for thirty 
days. Quiet, having been restored, and farther commission of 
the offenses seeming not likely to occur, the company was 
discharged from active duty. 

On the 5th of August, 1846, the Arkansas State Peniten- 
tiary, which had been constructed at an expense of $70,000.00, 
was destroyed by fire, by convicts therein, during an at- 
tempt to escape. One desperate character among them in- 
stigated a revolt, which was put into effect on that day, dur- 

313 



314 SIS TOIi T OF ABKANSA8. 

ing the temporary absence of the agent in charge. On a 
sudden two guards on the inside of the building were over- 
powered and disarmed, and one of them was pitched down 
from the second floor to the ground. Some of the better dis- 
posed prisoners volunteered their aid to resist the rioters, who 
now had full control of the building. The rioters made a rush 
for the outside door, but before they could reach it the under-keep- 
er had it closed, and placed some of the volunteer prisoners to 
guard it. Foiled in their attempt to break out through this 
means, the mutineers set fire to the building in one of the up- 
per cells and also in the workshop below. All who were in- 
side the building were nearly suffocated with smoke, before 
a sufficient number of citizens arrived from town to render it 
safe to open the door. When this was done, the rioters 
rushed out, headed by one Morgan, a ring-leader, armed with 
a pistol and knife, who cut at every one in the way of his es- 
cape. While doing so, he was shot dead by one of the vol- 
unteer prisoners, who had been armed to defend the door. 
Every person in the building got safely out, but the fire had 
too far progressed to save any property in it, and all the tools, 
bedding, clothing of the prisoners, and eve r}? thing pertaining 
to the Institution, was consumed. The prisoners were re- 
moved to the county jail, where they were kept until the re- 
building of the prison. One of the prisoners who conducted 
himself well on this occasion, was Trowbridge, who was 
serving a sentence of five years' imprisonment for counterfeit- 
ing, while he was mayor of Little Rock. On account of his 
good behavior in this instance, he was pardoned by Gov. 
Drew. 

The principal matters of public concern enacted by the 
sixth Legislature was to change the mode of voting at elec- 
tions, from a voting viva voce to voting by ballot ; establish- 
ing the counties of Prairie and Drew; to provide for the revis- 
ing and digesting of the laws of the State, the third compila- 
tion of laws since the creation of the Territory ; providing 



FBOM 1S4S TO 1852. 



315 



for the rebuilding of the penitentiary, and proposing amend- 
ments to the Constitution for the election by the people of 
their own Circuit Judges and Prosecuting Attorneys. The 
voting by ballot, however, did not continue long. The act 
was repealed November 29th, 1850, and a return was made 
to the ancient viva voce system. 

In pursuance of a request from the Legislature, Governor 
Drew issued his proclamation for such an election, to be held 
in January, 1847. At this election Thomas W. Newton, of 
Pulaski county, was elected over Albert Rust, of Union 
county, to serve for the unexpired term of General Yell. 

On the 9th of November, Col. Chester Ashley was re- 
elected Senator for the term of six years, from March 4th, 
1847. After just one year's service, he died in Washington 
City, greatly lamented by the people whom he so nobly repre- 
sented. 

On the 30th of November, 1846, Judge William Conway, 
B., was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, to 
fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Thomas 
J. Lacy. 

On the 9th of December, Elias N. Conway was elected 
Auditor without opposition, and at the same date ex-Governor 
Samuel Adams, of Johnson county, was elected Treasurer, 
and Lambert J. Reardon, Land Agent. 

In the matter of the Digest of the Laws, provided for by 
this Legislature, Elbert H. English was elected Digester, and 
Samuel H. Hempstead was appointed by the Governor, Ex- 
aminer for the preparation of the volume. 

At the election for Congressman, held in the fall of 1847, 
Robert W. Johnson was elected for a term of two years, to 
succeed Thomas W. Newton. Col. Johnson entered upon 
the discharge of his duties, and was subsequently twice re- 
elected, holding the office, which he filled with ability, for 
three terms, or until the year 1853. 



316 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Governor Thomas S. Drew having served his first terra, 
came again to the chief magistracy in October, 1848, without 
opposition. 

In the Legislature of 1848, Richard C. Byrd was chosen 
President of the Senate, and John M. Ross, Secretary. In 
the House, E. A. Warren was chosen Speaker, and J. M. 
Tibbetts, Clerk. 

This Legislature was called on to elect three Senators, one 
to fill out the unexpired term of Senator A. H. Sevier; one 
to serve for the term of 6 years from the 4th of March, 1849 ; 
and one to serve the unexpired term of Senator Chester Ash- 
ley, deceased. 

To the first vacancy, Major Borland was elected. Judge 
W. K. Sebastian was elected to fill the vacancy caused by Sen- 
ator Ashley. On the 28th of November, Maj. Solon Bor- 
land was also elected for the term of six years. The electoral 
vote of Arkansas in this }?ear was for Cass and Butler. 

On the last day of the year of 1848, the death of Col. Am- 
brose H. Sevier filled the State with mourning. He had 
served many years as Representative and as Senator in Con- 
gress, and later as Minister to Mexico. The esteem in which 
he was held may be gathered from a resolution introduced 
into the House, January 6th, 1849, by Frederick W. Trap- 
nail, of Pulaski, and adopted there and in the Senate : 

''''Resolved, That this General Assembly received with the 
deepest and most profound regret the sad information of the 
sudden and unexpected death of Hon. Ambrose H. Sevier, 
and unite in the universal mourning produced by the loss of 
the oldest and most honored public servant of the Territory 
and State of Arkansas. The name of Ambrose H. Sevier is 
intimately identified with the history of Arkansas, and is a part 
of the public treasure of the State; and that as his generous, 
liberal and noble nature endeared him to each one, and 
causes all to lament his death, so his eminent talents and dis- 



FBOM 1848 TO 1852. 



317 



tinguished public services will make his character a splendid 
mark for imitation to future generations." 

The two Houses of the General Assembly, with the Gov- 
ernor and the public officers, attended the funeral in a body, 
with an immense attendance of citizens, showing the utmost 
respect and regard for the distinguished dead. . 

He was buried in Mount Holly Cemetery, Little Rock, on 
January 7th, 1849, and in recognition of his eminent services 
in her behalf, the State caused a handsome monument to be 
erected to his memory, inscribed: "Erected by the State of 
Arkansas, as a memorial of her grateful sense of his public 
services. Recordatione civitatis esse ornatus suavissima re- 
muneratio amanti patriae." (To be remembered in the rec- 
ords of the State is the sweetest reward for services to one's 
country.) 

A matter occurring at the session of the Legislature of this 
year, creating much surprise, was the resignation of Governor 
Drew. On the 10th of November he announced it in a letter 
to the Legislature, to take effect on the last day of the ses- 
sion. Accordingly, on that day, January 10th, 1849, he ap- 
peared within the Senate Chamber, and read the following 
letter, addressed to the President of the Senate : 

"In accordance with a communication previously made, I 
hereby tender to you, before the adjournment of the two 
Houses of the General Assembly, my resignation of the office 
of Chief Magistrate of the State of Arkansas, which I desire 
shall be placed on the Journals of the Senate before its final 
adjournment, with the reasons which may seem to be re- 
quired by a confiding constituency, who so recently, by an 
overwhelming- — and in some counties, unanimous vote — had 
re-elected me to that office, after serving them (unsolicited on 
my part) for the constitutional term of four years, ending on 
the 15th of November. Before the term for which I was first 
elected had expired, and when several gentlemen were spoken 
of as probable aspirants for a nomination by the Democratic 



318 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

party as candidates to succeed me, a warfare had sprung up 
and been waged by Democrats and Democratic papers in the 
State, more against me individually, perhaps, than against 
the cause of my administration ; yeX. it, too, was arraigned 
and frequently denounced. Still, I was willing to leave my 
acts to the good sense of the community, which I believed 
would explain themselves in due season, rather than waste my 
limited fortune, and deprive me of the ability to support and 
educate a large, young family. The overweening desire of 
friends, however, who believed that they could do much, and 
who, no doubt, then intended to move in the matter, pledged 
me that every exertion should be made to raise my salary be- 
fore the second term commenced, to a point sufficient at 
least to pay my expenses with my family at the seat of Gov- 
ernment, where the Constitution of the State makes it impera- 
tive that the Executive shall reside. The failure to do this, or 
any attempt by those who had previously manifested so much 
interest in regard to this subject, placed me at once where I 
found the time had elapsed in which it was possible to effect 
anything of the kind for my relief, under the prohibitions of 
the State Constitution. The ceremonies of the inauguration 
were but just over, when the determination was taken to re- 
sign, which I now do, from the office of Governor of the 
State of Arkansas." 

By the resignation of Governor Drew, Richard C. Byrd be- 
came acting Governor. 

On assuming the duties of the office, Governor Byrd, as re- 
quired by. law, issued a proclamation, ordering an election 
for Governor, to be held April 19th. John Selden Roane, 
being elected Governor, went into office April, 1849. He 
appointed M. L. Bell his Private Secretary. 

John Selden Roane was born in Wilson county, Tennessee, 
January 8th, 181 7. He was educated at Princeton, Kentucky, 
and removed to Arkansas in 1837, settling at Pine Bluff. In 
1842 he moved to Van Buren, At the breaking out of the 




JOHN SELDEN ROANE. 

Fourth Governor of the State, 



320 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Mexican War he volunteered, and in the formation of Yell's 
regiment was elected Lieutenant-Colonel, and served as such 
during the regiment's enlistment. After the conclusion of the 
Mexican War, he returned to Pine Bluff to live. On the break- 
ing out of the Civil War of 1861 , he was active in raising troops 
for the Confederate service, and was appointed a Brigadier- 
General. He rendered much efficient service in the organi- 
zation of the Trans-Mississippi Department, and commanded 
a brigade therein up to the close of the war. He died at Pine 
Bluff, April 7th, 1867, aged 50 years, and is buried in Oak- 
land Cemetery, Little Rock, where a neat monument, erected 
by friends, marks his grave. 

On the 5th of July, 1855, he married Miss Mary K. Smith, 
daughter of General Nat. G. Smith, of Tulip, Dallas county, 
Arkansas, who survives him, and is living at Tulip. Of his 
family there are three daughters and a son living. The 
daughters are Mrs. James Lea, of Dallas county, Mrs. W. 
H. Roane, and Miss Mattie Roane, of Pine Bluff. The son, 
Hugh Roane, is a resident of Tulip, Arkansas. 

On the nth of June, 1849, a Grand Lodge for Arkansas, of 
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, was established at 
Little Rock by the following Lodges : Far West Lodge, No. 
i, Little Rock; Telula Lodge, No. 2, Helena; Frontier 
Lodge, No. 3, Fort Smith; Independence Lodge, No. 4, 
Batesville, with an aggregate membership of 144. 

The Order, in 1888, numbered 100 Lodges, and in Octo- 
ber, 1888, had a membership of 2,019, w ^ tn R- P- Holt, of 
Dewitt, Grand Master, and Dr. P. E. Brugman, of Little 
Rock, Grand Secretary. 

On the 2d of October, 1849, Judge Benjamin Johnson, 
District Judge of the United States Court, died at his resi- 
dence in Little Rock, in the 65th year of his age. He had 
been District Judge since 1836, and Federal Judge since early 
in 1820, a period of nearly 30 years. He was universally be- 



FB03I 1S4S TO 1852. 



321 



loved for his estimable qualities, and admired for his ability. 
The Reporter of his Court said of him in his reports : 

"He died full of judicial honors; beloved by all; admired 
for the purity of his public and private character, and for 
his devotion as a Christian ; respected for his unbending in- 
tegrity, and for a heart full of kindness to all. He was a safe, 
patient and able Judge, and the judicial distinction which he 
won, extended far beyond the boundaries of his State." 

In November, 1849, Hon. Daniel Ringo was appointed 
his successor. 

The eighth session of our General Assembly convened on 
Monda}^, the 4th of November, 1850, and remained in ses- 
sion until Monday, the 13th clay of Januaiy, 1851. 

Two subjects, which caused considerable discussion, were 
the condition of the two banks, and the state of our Federal 
relations. The latter was a matter of considerable debate, 
and a number of resolutions were introduced and considered 
in both Houses, drawn out by the congressional action taken 
in the compromise measures pending before it, none of which 
finally passed, but the general tenor of which were reflected 
in those presented in the Senate by Mr. B)-ers, to the effect 
that, although the gist of the action of Congress was against 
their interests, and was an alarming invasion" of their con- 
ceded rights, yet, inasmuch as they had been enacted by the 
properly constituted authority, the State of Arkansas would 
willingly abide by it, in the hope that the States of the North 
would do likewise. This resolution failed in the last moments 
of the session, for the want of time to procure the concurrence 
of the House, but the discussion showed that the temper and 
disposition of the bod) 7 was to endorse its sentiments. 

The Secretary of State reported the census of the year, 

showing the population of the State to be: of white persons, 

162,189; colored, 47,708; total population, 209,897. 
21 



322 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

An important Act of Congress, of the year 1851, affecting 
the State of Arkansas, was an Act creating a Western Dis- 
trict for the United States Court, the local seat of the court 
being Van Buren. It was clothed with jurisdiction over the 
Indian Territory, and counties in the western part of the 
State of Arkansas. President Fillmore appointed Hon. 
Jesse Turner, of Van Buren, District Attorney for the new 
district. Judge Daniel Ringo, as District Judge of the East- 
ern District, served as Judge from the creation of the court to 
1861 ; Judge H. C. Caldwell served in the same way to 1871, 
when Hon. William Storey was appointed at the April term. 
In 1872 the place of holding the court was moved to Fort 
Smith, where it now is. On the 19th of March, 1875, Judge 
Isaac C. Parker, the present incumbent, was appointed, and 
has, since that date, discharged the duties of the office. 

A full list of the officers of the court will be found at Ap- 
pendix "D." 



CHAPTER XV. 

FROM 1852 TO 1860. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR ELIAS N. CONWAY— TWO TERMS. IN- 
TERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 

In August, 1852, an election for Governor was held. The 
candidates were Elias Nelson Conway, Democrat, and Bryan 
H. Smithscn, of Washington county, Whig. Mr. Conway 
was elected. He was born in Greenville, Tennessee, May 
17th, 1812, and came to Arkansas in 1833, settling at Little 
Rock, where he ever afterwards lived. He was Auditor from 
1835 to 1849. He was one of the most laborious and faithful 
public servants whom the State ever had in its service. The 
electoral vote of Arkansas in this year was cast for Pierce and 
King. 

The ninth Legislature convened November 1st, 1852, and 
remained in session until January 12th, 1853. The Senate or- 
ganized by the election of Thomas B. Hanley, of Phillips 
county, President, and John M. Ross, of Pulaski county, 
Secretary; W. L. D. Williams, of Prairie county, Assistant 
Secretary; Rev. A. R. Winfield, Chaplain. In the House, 
Benjamin P. Jett, of Hempstead county, was elected Speaker, 
and James H. Hobbs, of Benton county, Clerk, and Miller 
Quail, of Little Rock, Assistant Clerk ; Rev. Andrew Hunter, 
Chaplain. 

On the 10th of November, Hon. William K. Sebastian 
was elected United States Senator for the term of six years, 

323 




ELIAS NELSON CONWAY, FIFTH GOVERNOR OF THE STATE. 



FROM 1852 TO 1860. 



325 



from the 4th of March, 1853, being his second election to 
that position. 

On the same day Judge George C. Watkins was elected 
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Judge Thomas 
Johnson. 

The Committee on Penitentiary reported that from the 
13th of December, 1838, to that date, December 23d, 1852, 
the State had paid out $127,588.00 on account of the Peni- 
tentiary, and expenses connected therewith. 

On the 6th of January, 1853, D. B. Greer was re-elected 
Secretary of State; C. C. Danley, Auditor; John H. Crease, 
Treasurer, and John T. Trigg, Land Attorney and State 
Collector. 

The Treasurer's report showed that the total amount of the 
Internal Improvement fund distributed to the counties, since 
December 30th, 1848, to the 30th of September, 1852, was 
$82,654.00, with $12,728.00 remaining in the treasury from 
the fund undrawn by the counties to whom due; and that 
the total amount of the Seminary fund distributed to the coun- 
ties since January 5th, 1834, to the 30th of September, 1852, 
was $24,697.00, with $9,071.00 remaining in the treasury 
undrawn. 

The principal matters of importance in the doings of this 
session were laws granting a homestead exemption, increas- 
ing the salary of Judges of the Supreme Court to eighteen 
hundred dollars a year, and districting the State into two 
Congressional Districts. 

Among the companies incorporated was the Cairo & Ful- 
ton Railroad Company, now the St. Louis, Iron Mountain 
and Southern Railroad, the chief artery of travel and com- 
merce through the State. The incorporators were Edward 
Cross, Henry K. Hardy, John R. Hampton, H. P. Poin- 
dexter, William E. Davidson, W. C. Bevens, B. C. Totten, 
John N. Mitchell, A. S. Huey, James M. Curran, William 
E. Ashley, D. J. Chapman, and Thomas J. Blackmore. 



326 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Roswell Beebe became its first President. The date of the 
incorporation of the Company was February 9th, 1853, and 
it was organized on April 13th, 1853. 

An exhibit of the amount of traffic on the Arkansas and 
White rivers, from December, 1852, to December, 1853, is 
given in a statement furnished by Joseph Stillwell, which is 
as follows : 

"On the Arkansas river it consisted of 40 boats, averaging 
100 tons of freight each; and 119 boats, averaging 100 tons 
of freight each; total, 159 boats, with 27,900 tons of freight. 
The passenger arrivals at Little Rock by boats were 2,380, 
and the arrivals by other conveyances during low water being 
rather more than those by steamboat. The gross passenger 
business concentrating at that point is set down as from 4,800 
to 5,000. The number of bales of cotton shipped from and 
above Little Rock was 17,000. 

"The business on White river employed 13 regular boats 
and 12 transient ones, to the extent of 19 trips. The 13 reg- 
ular boats averaged, in the year, 20 trips ; total of trips, 279 ; 
averaging 150 tons of freight, and 20 passengers to the trip; 
total freight carried, 41,850 tons; total passengers, 5,580." 

In June, 1853, Senator Solon Borland having been ap- 
pointed Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States to Cen- 
tral America, resigned the office of Senator, and on the 6th day 
of July, Governor Conway appointed Hon. Robert W. John- 
son, Member of Congres, to fill the vacancy. 

On the 1st day of January, 1854, the census returns from 
52 out of the 54 counties in the State showed a population 
of 248,117; 187,224 white, and 60,893 colored. The total 
value of taxable property in the State was given at $58,636,- 
188, an increase of $15,736,108 in value in two years. 

In the year 1854 the survey of the Cairo & Fulton Rail- 
road, from the Missouri line to Texas, was made under the 
superintendency of James S. Williams, Chief Engineer. 
The route was divided into two districts, one from Little 



FBOM 1852 TO I860. 327 

Rock northward to Missouri, assigned to a surveying party, 
consisting of Charles O. Davis, Chief of party ; Spencer C. 
McCorkle and William P. Bowen, Assistants; Samuel H. 
Neiman and John T. A. Adams, Rodmen. The other from 
' Little Rock southward, assigned to William D. Pickett, Chief 
of part)-; J. Morris Wampler and Edward F. Campbell, As- 
sistants ; George W. Hughes, Rodman, was promoted to be 
Assistant. The entire length of route was three hundred and 
one miles, the estimated cost of the whole road was $6,373,- 
802. The officers of this Company, elected May 15th, 1854, 
were Roswell Beebe, President ; Daniel Ringo, Vice-Presi- 
dent; William B. Wait, Treasurer ; B. C. Harley, Secretary, 
and James S. Williams, Chief Engineer. The Executive 
Committee of the Company, chosen at the same date, was 
composed of Daniel Ringo, Chairman; Green B. Hughes 
and Roswell Beebe. 

In the same year (1854) a survey of the line of the Little 
Rock & Fort Smith Railroad was made by William N. 
Bradley as Principal, and Dennis Callahan, of Baltimore, as 
Assistant, under Joshua Barney, Chief Engineer. The length 
of route was reported at one hundred and fifty-three and three 
fourths miles, the total cost to be $2,820,778. 

A preliminary survey of the Memphis & Little Rock Rail- 
road was made, ending December, 1854, by Captain Bacchus 
Ford, Chief Engineer. Length of route, 128 miles. 

The tenth session of the State Legislature was held from 
November 6th, 1854, to January, 1855. The Senate organ- 
ized by the election of B. C. Harley, of Dallas county, Pres- 
ident, and William L. D. Williams, of Prairie county, Secre- 
tary ; and F. P. Yell, of Jefferson county, Assistant Secre- 
tary. In the House, Samuel Mitchell, of Arkansas county, 
was elected Speaker; James Hobbs, Clerk, and James F. 
Fagan, Assistant Clerk. 

The Governor's message stated, that the whole amount of 
the Internal Improvement fund distributed to the counties by 



328 HIS TOE T OF ARKANSAS. 

October 1st, 1854, was $246,934 — $18,886 in specie being in 
the vaults undrawn. The whole amount of the Seminary 
fund distributed to the same date was $38,276, with $7,567 
undrawn. The sum of $1,068, arising from the Saline fund, 
remained in the treasury at that date. 

Ascertaining that no return of the Militia had been made 
since 1843, when the number was 17,137, the Governor, 
caused one to be made for the year 1854. It showed the 
Militia to number 36,054, but the sum total of arms and ac- 
coutrements was stated to be "one 1 2-pounder bronze howitzer, 
with implements complete, and fifty muskets, with imple- 
ments incomplete." 

To the 1st of October, 1854, the Secretary of the Interior 
had confirmed to the State, and certified to the Governor, 
5,567,051 acres of swamp and overflowed land, of which the 
Boards of Swamp Land Commissioners had sold 1,504,225 
acres. On these confirmations $1,283,951.00 of swamp land 
scrip had been issued, of which $607,244.00 had been re- 
deemed, and $676,707.00 was then outstanding. 

During two years the Swamp Land Commissioners had 
3,940,327 cubic j^ards of levee work done, and 123,013 cubic 
3/ards of ditching and draining, for which certificates, to the 
amount of $944,588.00, or nearly $1,000,000.00, had been 
issued. The Commissioners' report stated, that they had 
"caused to be leveed and secured from overflow almost the 
entire portion of the State fronting on the Mississippi, and a 
large portion of the Arkansas river, and considerable portions 
elsewhere in the State." 

On the 10th of November the two Houses, in joint session, 
elected Hon. Robert W. Johnson, United States Senator, to 
fill the unexpired term of Hon. Solon Borland, resigned, 
which was until March 4th, 1855, and also farther elected him 
for the term of six years from that date, March 4th. There 
was no opposition. 



FROM 1852 TO 1860. 329 

On the 10th of December, 1854, at a joint session, A. S. 
Huey was elected Auditor, and on the 26th of the same 
month he was elected to fill the unexpired term of William 
R. Miller, who had resigned, to take effect at that date. 

On the 21st of December, 1854, Elbert H. English was 
elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the va- 
cancy created by the resignation of Chief Justice George C. 
Watkins. His election causing a vacancy in the office of Re- 
porter of the Supreme Court, which he had held since 1845 
or 1846, Luke E. Barber, Clerk of the Court, was appointed 
Reporter to fill the vacancy. Mr. Barber discharged the du- 
ties of Reporter until 1868. 

One of the incidents of the session of the Legislature of 
1854, was the presentation of petitions for the passage of a 
" Maine liquor law, or prohibitory law." The subject was 
considered by a special committee, a part of whom reported, 
in an elaborate report, that in their opinion the petition should 
be refused, saying that "the most sensible men agree that 
whatever is to be done must be by moral suasion and volun- 
tary action." 

This was the beginning of the movement for prohibition in 
this State, a movement which has now grown to be wide- 
spread and of increasing power. 

In October, 1854, occurred an election for Congressman. 
By the increase of her population, the State had now become 
entitled to two Representatives in the House, and in pursu- 
ance of the Act of 1852, having been divided into two dis- 
tricts, was now for the first time to hold an election for two 
Delegates. In the first district A. B. Greenwood was elect- 
ed ; in the second, E. A. Warren. 

During the recess of the Legislature, Judge David Walker 
resigned the office of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 
and Governor Conway appointed Thomas B. Hanley, of 
Phillips county, to fill the vacancy. 



330 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

In August, 1856, Governor Conway was re-elected, and 
A. B. Greenwood and Albert Rust were elected to Congress. 
At the assembling of the Legislature, in November of the 
year, Governor Conway was in such ill health as to delay his 
inauguration until the last day of the session, January 15th, 
1857. He was careful to state in his inaugural address,, de- 
livered at that time, that the delay in his inauguration could 
not, by any possibility, be considered as prolonging his term 
of office (as had been wrongly charged against him), but 
that as his second term had begun November 15th, 1856, it 
should be considered as ending at a similar date in i860, and 
not later. 

The eleventh session of the Legislature convened 'Novem- 
ber 3d, 1856, and remained in session until January 15th, 
1857. John R. Hampton, of Bradley county, was elected 
President of the Senate; John D. Kimbell, of Hempstead 
county, was chosen Clerk, and William Byrne, of Carroll 
county, Assistant Clerk. In the House, Samuel Mitchell, of 
Arkansas county, was elected Speaker; Samuel M. Scott, of 
Clark county, Clerk, and James R. Berry, of Madison coun- 
ty, Assistant Clerk. 

On the 13th of November, 1856, Judge T. B. Hanley, 
of Helena, was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme 
Court; David B. Greer was re-elected Secretary of State; 
William R. Miller, of Batesville, was elected Auditor; John 
H. Crease was re-elected Treasurer; James W. McCon- 
aughey, of White county, was elected Land Attorney and 
State Collector. The electoral vote was for Buchanan. 

From the message of Governor Conway, presented at the 
opening of the session, it appeared that there was in the 
treasury, on the first day of October, 1856, subject to be 
used for the ordinary expenses of the State, the sum of $142,- 
154.00 in gold and silver, and that all the Arkansas Treas- 
ury Warrants ever issued had been redeemed, except $198.00, 
which were not presented for payment. 



FROM 1852 TO i860. 33 I 

The whole amount of the Internal Improvement fund, dis- 
tributed to the several counties, to October 1st, 1856, was $300,- 
615.00, and on that day a balance of $24,043,00 of this fund, 
in specie, remained in the treasury. The Seminary fund, dis- 
tributed to the same date, was $48,224.00, with a balance, in 
specie, of $6,411.00 remaining in the treasury. The amount 
of the Saline fund, distributed to the same date, was $1,727.00 
with a balance, in specie, in the treasury of $3,520.00. The 
amount of Arkansas Treasury Warrants redeemed to October 
1st, 1856, was $297,643.00, and of Swamp Land Scrip, 

$i,579>7 o8 -°°- 

The official returns from fifty counties, for 1856, and infor- 
mation from the remaining four, for 1855, showed the tax- 
able property of the State to be $70,758,045.00, an increase 
of $27,857,965.00 in four years. 

From the 2d of April, 1855, to the 24th of September, 
1856, the Swamp Land Commissioners received 1,243,068 
cubic yards of levee work, granted certificates for payment, 
amounting to $300,358.00, and received 49,812 cubic yards 
of ditching, at the rate of 20 cents per cubic yard. 

The report of the Swamp Land Commissioners showed 
that the whole amount of Swamp Land Scrip issued by them 
was $370,760.00; the whole amount issued by the State 
Treasurer, to October, 1856, was $1,426,266.00, making the 
total amount issued $1,797,026.00, of which $1,579,708.00 
had been redeemed, and $217,318.00 was then outstanding, 
being $3,560.00 issued by the Commissioners, and $213,- 
758.00 issued by the Treasurer. 

With relation to State Arms, since the last report of the 
Adjutant-General, the State had received from the general 
government its quota of public arms and accoutrements, 
which the Governor had caused to be deposited in the United 
States Arsenal, at Little Rock, for safe keeping, and had also 
caused such as were previously in possession of the State, at 



332 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Tulip, Dallas county, to be transported to the same deposi- 
tory. 

The principal Acts of this session were those reducing the 
amount of State taxes to one-sixth of one per cent. ; creating 
the office of Solicitor-General ; providing for the revision and 
digesting of the Statute Laws ; and providing for a geological 
survey of the State. Samuel H. Hempstead was appointed 
Solicitor-General. 

The preparation of the Revision and Digest of the Laws 
was confided to Hon. Josiah Gould, of Drew count} 7 , with 
Judge George C. Watkins as Examiner. During the year 
Judge Gould prepared a Digest, which was published in May, 
1858. 

For the making of the geological survey, the services of Dr. 
David Dale Owen, an eminent geologist, were obtained. He 
made surve}^ of the State during the years 1857 and 1858. 
His report contained much valuable information as to the ores, 
minerals, soils, waters and products of the State. 5,000 
copies were printed in the State and distributed to the public 
officers. This desirable work has now become rare and out 
of print, and copies of it, in the hands of private individuals, 
command a high price. It was embellished with a number of 
well executed plates. 

The election of James Buchanan and John C. Brecken- 
ridge, in 1856, was regarded as a triumph of constitutional 
principles, and in favor of the Union. In our own State, a 
joint resolution was adopted by the Legislature, January 
15th, 1857, declaring that : 

"Whereas, The contest of 1856, for President and Vice- 
President of the United States, was a struggle of the friends 
of the Constitution and the rights of the States, against fanat- 
icism and treason in the North and, whereas, by the defeat of 
the Black Republican party, and the success of the National 
Democracy, the Constitution has been vindicated and the 



FBOM 1S36 TO I860, 333 

rights of the States preserved, and the continued existence of 
the Union insured, 

" Therefore, Be It Resolved, That the thanks of the people 
of Arkansas are thereby tendered to all those citizens of the 
North, and to the 'Old Line Whigs' of the South, who sup- 
ported the Democratic nominees, and, 

"Further Resolved, That the people of Arkansas, in com- 
mon with the whole people of the South, ask nothing but 
what is right, and will submit to nothing that is wrong, and 
while pledging an adherance in good faith to the letter and 
spirit of the Constitution, they demand of the people of the 
North a patriotic and honest compliance with all the require- 
ments of the Federal compact, as the only means by which the 
Union can or ought to be perpetuated." 

In September, 1857, an emigrant train, consisting of 120 
men, women and children, from Arkansas, on their way to 
California, under command of Capt. Fancher, uncle of Hon. 
Polk Fancher, of Carroll county, were foully murdered by a 
band of Mormons and Indians, under command of John D. 
Lee, at Mountain Meadows, in Southern Utah. Only 17 
children were spared. They were afterwards taken charge of 
by Major James Henry Carleton, who delivered them to Hon. 
William D. Mitchell, Agent of the United States Govern- 
ment, at Fort Leavenworth, who brought the party from that 
place to Arkansas. In the year 1876, after a delay of nine- 
teen years, Lee was arrested, tried and convicted for the 
crime, and sentenced to death. As the laws of Utah allowed 
a criminal to select between hanging and shooting, for the 
manner of his execution, Lee chose the latter, and accord- 
ingly on the 23d day of March, 1877, he was led out to the 
scene of the murder, and there, seated on his coffin, was shot 
to death by a volley of musketry from a platoon of guards. 

A survivor of the massacre at Mountain Meadows Miss 
Sarah Dunlap, is now a resident of Little Rock, and a teacher 
in the Arkansas School for the Blind. She is a native of Marion 



334 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

county, Arkansas, and was but eight months old when her 
parents, Jesse and Mary Dunlap, started on this ill-fated ex- 
pedition. After the cruel death of her parents, she was 
brought back to Arkansas by the Government, and resided in 
Boone county. Other survivors are Mrs. Elizabeth 
Terry, formerly Elizabeth Baker, who resides three miles 
southwest of Harrison, and Mrs. Sarah Gladden, formerly 
Sarah Baker, residing one mile west of Harrison ;also William 
T. Baker, now living in Southwest City, Mo., but who was 
raised in and around Harrison, and Mrs. George McWhirter, 
living at Omaha, in Boone county. 

In accounts of this massacre, it was related that Dr. Mc- 
Lean, a man of high standing, of Memphis, Tennessee, had 
married, in New Orleans, a lady belonging to one of the 
leading families there, and had moved to the west. Subse- 
quently the wife embraced the Mormon faith, and by the aid 
of Parley Parker Pratt, a Mormon leader, second only to 
Brigham Young in authority, had disappeared, taking their 
two children. Crazed with grief, Dr. McLean pursued Pratt 
until he succeeded in overtaking him and rescuing the chil- 
dren. Subsequently he had Pratt arrested for their abduc- 
tion, and the trial was had in the Federal Court at Van 
Buren, where by some means, Pratt was acquitted. When 
Dr. McLean saw that the prisoner had escaped punishment, 
he followed Pratt and shot him through the body, killing him 
instantly. The killing of Pratt is thought to have been one 
of the main causes of the massacre. 

In 1858 the first railroad in the State of Arkansas was 
built. Work was begun in the building of the Memphis & 
Little Rock Railroad, which had been surveyed in 1854, and 
subsequently a section of nearly forty miles, from Hopefield, in 
Crittenden county, opposite Memphis, to Madison, St. Fran- 
cis county, was completed and operated. The first spike in 
the laying of the rails was driven by John Robinson, of 
Memphis, who was prominently connected with the enter- 



FBOM 1852 TO 1860. 335 

prise. In 1859 to i860 a section from Little Rock to Devall's 
Bluff, forty-five miles, was completed, and used in connec- 
tion with a line of boats from Memphis down the Misssissippi 
and up White river to Devall's Bluff, or line of stages from 
Madison. This method of travel was in vogue until long 
after the war, when, about 1868 or 1869, the central section 
from Devall's Bluff to Madison was completed, making a 
continuous line of road to Memphis. 

The twelfth session of the Legislature convened November 
1st, 1858, and remained in session until February 21st, 1859, 
a period of 123 days. The Senate organized by the election 
of Thomas Fletcher, of Arkansas county, President, and John 
D. Kimbell, then of Pulaski county, Secretary. 

In the House, Oliver H. Oates, of Monroe county, was 
elected Speaker, and Samuel M. Scott, of Clark county, 
Clerk— his second service in that capacity. 

On the 1st of October, 1858, there was in the treasury, sub- 
ject to be used for the ordinary expenses of the State, the sum 
of $235,194.00 in gold and silver. 

The Auditor's report showed that the expenses of the 
swamp land system had been $57,404.00 less during the two 
years past than they had been for the two years prior thereto, 
and at the same time the levee and ditch work done amounted 
to 922,706 cubic yards. 

On the 2d day of February, 1859, John Quindley was 
elected State Treasurer, succeeding John H. Crease. In the 
business of this long session 250 Acts, Resolutions and Memo- 
rials were passed. The most important were Acts to in- 
crease the salaries of the Supreme Judges and the Governor 
to $2,500.00 per annum; to further conduct the geological 
survey, and to establish the county of Craighead. 

One of the most important Acts of this session of the Leg- 
islature was the establishment and incorporation of the State 
School for the Blind, located at Arkadelphia. 



2,7,6 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The following are extracts from an article in the "Gazette," 
of October 28th, 1888, giving a full account of this Institu- 
tion, which, by an Act of the Legislature of 1868, was moved 
from Arkadelphia to Little Rock : 

"It is learned from the report of Superintendent, J. K. Harvey, made in 18S5, 
that the first organized effort made in this State for the education of the blind 
was by Kev. James Champlain, a blind Methodist minister, who, in the spring 
of 1850, opened a school for the blind at Clarksville, Johnson county. He had 
only five pupils, and as he received but little support or encouragement in his 
work, was compelled to discontinue the school, after it had been open about five 
months. 

"Nothing more is known to have been done in this direction until 1S58, in 
which year a Mr. Haucke, a blind Baptist minister, visited Arkadelphia, and 
succeeded in awakening considerable interest there in regard to the necessity 
existing for the establishment of an institution for the education of the blind in 
Arkansas. In October, 1858, a meeting of citizens was held in that town, at 
which meeting it was resolved to establish such an institution of learning. An 
association was formed, and a Constitution adopted, setting forth in the first ar- 
ticle, that the school should be called 'The Arkansas Institute for the Education 
of the Blind' — located at Arkadelphia. They provided in the organization for 
three departments — household, industrial and intellectual, and its general gov- 
ernment was to be vested in a Board of Nine Trustees, to be elected annually by 
those contributing to its support. The Constitution further provided that the 
Board of Trustees should appoint a Superintendent, to whom the immediate 
control and management of the Institution should be entrusted, and also pro- 
vided for the appointment of teachers, and for such other regulations as, in the 
opinion of the founders, would be necessary to constitute a first-class school for 
the blind. An agent was sent to travel other States to visit similar schools, for 
the purpose of gathering such information and material as was necessary to put 
the school in operation. He returned, bringing with him books, and tools and 
machinery necessary for the making of brooms, brushes, mattresses, and mate- 
rial for bead work. 

"The Institute was opened in February, 1859, with Rev. Mr. Haucke as 
Superintendent, and an attendance of seven pupils. On the 4th of the following 
month, Gov. Conway approved an Act to incorporate the Iustitute, and appointed 
the following Board of Trustees : Harris Flanagin, J. W. Smith, W. A. 
Trigg, J. L. Witherspoon, T. E. Garrett, H. B. Stewart, J. B. McDaniel, T. A- 
Heard and S. Stephenson. The Legislature did not make any appropriation for 
its support, but the generous people of Arkadelphia subscribed $1,600 for that 
purpose. 

"The following summer a vacancy occurred in the office of Superintendent, 
which was not supplied until December 1st, when Mr. Otis Patten became Super- 
intendent. In the first report of the Board of Trustees, made in the fall of 1S60, 
ten pupils are reported to have attended the Institute. The second session 
opened September 4th, 1S60, with six pupils. Much of the time of the Superin- 
tendent was employed in traveling over the country with some of the pupils, 
giving exhibitions and concerts. The Legislature of 1860 to 1S61 appropriated 
a year for each pupil, and $ 900 a year for teachers. 




22 



338 HIS TOE Y OF ARKANSAS. 

"The success of the school in its early days was largely due to the earnest 
efforts of the Superintendent, Mr. Otis Patten, and Mr. Isaac Lawrence, of this 
city, both of whom spent much of their time in traveling through the State, en- 
deavoring to have the parents and guardians of the blind to send their children 
to the Institution to gain the advantages it offered. 

"The Institution continued to prosper and grow until September, 1863, when, 
on account of the unsettled condition of the country, in consequence of the ad- 
vancing armies of the Union, the removal of the State Government, and it being 
impossible to secure provisions and supplies, it was closed with nineteen pupils. 

"It was re-opened in March, 1867. The Legislature of 1S66 to 1S67 appropri- 
ated $8,000 for building and furnishing necessary buildings, $200 a year for 
each pupil, and $1,200 per annum for the Superintendent's salary. 

"At the session of the Legislature of 1868, on July 22d, an Act was approved 
for the removal of the Institute to Little Rock. It was closed at Arkadelphia, 
September 16th, 1S68, and re-opened at Little Rock the second week in October, 
in 'Rose Cottage,' the Board of Trustees being Hon. Liberty Bartlett, C. C. 
Farrelly, and Dr. R. L. Dodge. 

"By an Act approved March loth, 1S79, the name of the school was changed 
to 'The Arkansas School for the Blind.' 

"In 1885, Hon. George W. Caruth, Dr. Andrew Hunter. Thomas Fletcher, 
S. P. Hughes and J. W. Cypert, as Trustees, in their report made an urgent ap- 
peal to the General Assembly for an appropriation for new buildings, as a result 
of which, on the 1st of April, 1885, an Act was passed, and approved by Gov- 
ernor Hughes, appropriating $60,000 for the purpose of building, equipping and 
furnishing additional buildings. 

"Mr. Otis Patten resigned the superintendency March 25th, 1885, and April 
2d, Mr. J. R. Harvey was elected as his successor. At this time there were 
thirty-seven inmates, and by November the number was increased to sixty-one. 

"The following were the Trustees, under whose supervision and faithful man- 
agement the new, magnificent and imposing buildings, now situated on Eight- 
eenth street, between Center and Spring, were erected and equipped : Dr. John B. 
Bond, President; Dr. W. A. Cantrell, Vice-President ; S. N. Marshall, Secre- 
tary; Prof. J. R. Rightsell, W. C. Ratcliffe; B. J. Bartlett, Architect; C. W. 
Clark was the Contractor; F. J. H. Rickon, Superintendent of Construction. 

"Rev. J. R. Harvey tendered his resignation as Superintendent of the School 
December, 1S86, which was accepted, and Rev. John H. Dye, D. D., was elected 
in his stead November 4th, 1886. He entered upon the discharge of his duties 
at once, and has devoted his entire time and energies to the responsible duties of 
the position ...... The grounds have been beautified and a number of 

needed improvements made, which elicits much favorable comment from visi- 
tors and citizens who now throng that delightful drive leading to and by the 
school. 

"Board of Trustees: J. R. Rightsell, President; S. N.Marshall, Vice-Presi- 
dent; W. C. Ratcliffe, Secretary; J. W. House, D. G. Fones. 

"Officers: John H. Dye, D. D., Superintendent; H. M. Bennett, Steward; 
Mrs. Kate S. Dye, Matron; W. A. Cantrell, M. D., Physician; T. E. Murrell, 
Coulist. 



FROM 1852 TO 1860. 339 

"Teachers: Miss Annie B. Wells, Prof. T. N. Kobertson, Mrs. L. V. Shannon, 
Miss Maggie Jones, in the literary department ; A. O. Kenney and Miss N. M. 
Moore in the handicraft departments; Prof. E. Trebing and Mrs. E. E. Collins 
in the music department. 

"T. GL Ringgold, Engineer; Mrs. Annie Roberts, House-keeper; Miss S. E. 
Dunlap, Visitor's Attendant." 

On the 28th of August, 1859, David B. Greer, who had 
been Secretary of State for 13 years, died at the residence of 
C. W. Jackson, near Nashville, Tennessee. Governor Con- 
way appointed Alexander Boileau his successor. Mr. Boi- 
leau himself died January 18th, i860, having discharged the 
duties of the office only four and a half months. On the 21st 
of January, i860, Samuel M. Weaver, of Little Rock, was ap- 
pointed to fill the vacancy, and discharged the duties of the 
office until the election of John I. Stirman as his successor, by 
the Legislature, November 17th, i860. 

In 1859 Judge Felix I. Batson resigned the office of As- 
sociate Justice of the Supreme Court, and was succeeded by 
Hon. Henry M. Rector. Judge Rector himself resigned in 
i860, to become a candidate for Governor, and was succeeded 
by Hon. Freeman W. Compton. 

In the following 3'ear (i860) a public improvement of in- 
calculable benefit was put into effect in the building of a tele- 
graph line from Memphis to Little Rock, the" first telegraph 
line established in Arkansas. The line was owned by H. A. 
Montgomery, of Memphis. Charles P. Bertrand was Presi- 
dent of the Company, and James A. Henry, Secretary, both at 
Little Rock. Larry C. Baker, now of St. Louis, was the 
first operator at Little Rock, opening an office in that year. 

The year i860 witnessed the white heat of that political 
excitement which party antagonism and the seeming conflict 
of sectional interests had been inflaming through several presi- 
dential campaigns. Four parties were in the field. The Re- 
publican party was led by Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal 
Hamlin. The Constitutional Union party nominated John 
Bell, of Tennessee, and Edward Everett. One portion of 



340 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

the Democratic party nominated Stephen A. Douglas for 
President, and Herschel V. Johnson for Vice-President, and 
another wing of the same party nominated John C. Breckin- 
ridge, of Kentucky, for President, and General Joseph Lane 
for Vice-President. The campaign which followed was one 
of tremendous excitement. The land was fairly ablaze from 
one end of it to the other, and the excitement was intensified 
when the election of the Republican candidates took place. 
The vote of Arkansas was given for Breckinridge and Lane. 

The election of Lincoln and Hamlin was regarded in the 
South as fatal to its interests. Mr. Lincoln's well known 
hostility to slavery, and the position which he had announced 
in his debates with Senator Douglas, that this Union could 
not continue part slave and part free, was taken as an in- 
dication of what his course in the administration would be. 
Fear was also entertained, that the repetition of such raids as 
Brown's at Harpers Ferry, would occur, and such efforts 
made to incite slaves into revolt and insurrection, as would 
endanger public peace and individual safety. The State of 
South Carolina at once called a convention to consider the 
question of secession from the Union. The convention met 
December 17th, at Columbia, and on the 20th, unanimously 
adopted an ordinance of secession. Other States followed, 
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and 
Texas, in the order named, organizing at Montgomery, 
Alabama, a Southern Confederacy, for which they chose 
Jefferson Davis, President, and Alexander H. Stephens, 
Vice-President. 

In our State the excitement was very great. Dr. John A. 
Jordan, F. W. Hoadley, N. B. Burrow, Thos. C. Hindman 
and Col. F. A. Terry, of the Arkansas Delegation to the 
Charleston Convention, had withdrawn from the "Regular 
Convention," and taken part with the " Cotton States Con- 
vention." T. B. Flournoy had remained and supported the 
Douglas ticket. Arkansas had also been represented in the 
Convention that nominated Bell and Everett. C. C. Danley, 



Fl 1860. 34I 

J. B. Keats and M. S. Kennard were Delegates to that Body 
from Arkansas. The land was ringing with discussion. The 
subjects of the preservation of the Union on the one hand or 
of secession on the other, occupied the attention of the peo- 
ple through the columns of the press, in debates and speeches, 
and in private discussions, to an unprecedented degree. 
Great debates were carried on in many parts of the State, 
some pertaining to the local canvass for State officers, others 
being conducted without reference to any candidacy for office, 
but simply growing out of the exigencies of the times. T. 
C. Hindman, Albert Rust, James B. Johnson, John Kirk- 
wood, Lorenzo Gibson, E. A. Warren, Dr. Charles B. Mit- 
chell, E. W. Gantt, T. B. Flournoy, E. C. Jordan, John R. 
Fellows and many others disscussed the issues before the peo- 
ple, from stump to stump. One of the most notable of these 
debates was one which was carried on for several days in Lit- 
tle Rock, and was then transferred to other places, between 
E. C. Jordan, in favor of secession, and John R. Fellows, of 
Camden, now District Attorney for the City of New York, 
speaking in behalf of the Union. Col. Fellows was an ora- 
tor of extraordinary eloquence and power, and aided by a 
grand voice and emphatic delivery, made a plea for the pres- 
ervation of the Union, the equal of which has rarely been 
heard. It won for him a fame as an orator, which will never 
be forgotton among the people of that day and who lived in 
those crucial and trying times. 

Among many other speeches in favor of the Union was 
one by John M. S. Causin, at Little Rock, which received 
Widespread comment, and was published and noticed in 
many papers. It was an eloquent and forcible exhortation 
for the perpetuity of the Union, and made a profound im- 
pression at the time. It was in the midst of this excitement 
that the election for Governor took place. 

The Democratic State Convention met in June, and nomi- 
nated Col. Richard H. Johnson for Governor. Judge Henry 




HENRY M. RECTOR. 
Sixth Governor of the State. 



FROM 18o2 TO I860. 343 

M. Rector resigned his position, and became an independ- 
ent candidate on a platform embodying the Union sentiment* 
A joint canvass was made by the two candidates, and 
speeches delivered at many points throughout the State. It 
was in the midst of all the excitement of the Breckenridge, 
Douglas, Bell and Lincoln candidacy, making it additional!)/ 
heated. Judge Rector's position was conservative and tem- 
perate, advocating moderation during the then existing crisis. 
At the election, which took place in August, he was elected 
by a majority of 3,461. The total vote cast was 61,198, of 
which he received 31,948, and Col. Johnson 29,250. 

Governor Henry Massie Rector was inaugurated the sixth 
Governor of the State, November 15th, i860. His inaugural 
address, dealing with current topics, recommended that, al- 
though the Northern States had ruthlessly broken the Federal 
compact, no hasty action should be taken, but if any en- 
croachment should be attempted upon the first rights of the 
South, that Arkansas ought, in right and honor, to unite her 
fortunes to those of the other Southern States. 

Governor Rector was born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 18 16, 
son of Colonel Elias Rector of that place, and after the death 
of his father, came to Arkansas, a youth of 19, to look after 
his landed interests inherited from his father's estate. He 
was United States Marshal in 1843 to 1845, and Judge of 
the Supreme Court in 1859 to i860. Many years of his life 
were employed in carrying on a law-suit for the possession of 
his property in Hot Springs as against other claimants, and 
finally against the Government. He has been twice married. 
The children by the first marriage, now living, are Dr. H. M. 
Rector and Hon. E. W. Rector, of Hot Springs ; Mrs. W. M. 
Matheny, and Mrs. Dr. Mitchell. There were also two other 
sons, Frank and William F. Rector. The former died at 
manhood. William F. Rector was killed at the battle of 
Helena, July 4th, 1863. By the second marriage, there is 
one daughter, Ernestine, who is now Mrs. McGhee Williams. 



344 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



His first marriage was in October, 1838, with Miss Jane 
Elizabeth Field, daughter of William Field, formerly Clerk 
of the United States Court. She died in 1857. In i860, at 
Little Rock, he married Miss Ernestine Flora Linde, of 
Memphis. For a part of the time he lived on a farm in Sa- 
line county, but for the most part made his home in Little 
Rock, though for some years he resided at Hot Springs. 

On the 17th of November, i860, E. H. English was re- 
elected Chief Justice; Hurlburt F. Fairchild, Associate Jus- 
tice, and John I. Stirman, of Yell county, Secretary of State. 
In this month Senator John William K. Sebastian was elected 
United States Senator, for the term of six years, from the 
4th of March, 1861. Charles B. Mitchell succeeded Robert 
W. Johnson as Senator, but did not occupy the seat, except 
to attend one executive session after March 4th, 1861. 

In the congressional election, Thomas C. Hindman, of 
Helena, was elected to Congress from the first district, and 
E. W. Gantt from the second district. 

The thirteenth Legislature assembled at Little Rock, 
November 5th, i860, and held to January 21st, 1861, with 
special sessions held November 4th to November 18th, 1861, 
and March 8th to March 22d, 1862. 

Thomas Fletcher, of Arkansas, was elected President of the 
Senate, and John D. Kimbell, of Pulaski, Secretary, and 
William H. Rosson, of Izard county, Assistant Clerk. In the 
House, Bradley Branch, of Carroll county, was elected 
Speaker, and Samuel M. Scott, of Clark county, Clerk, and 
Humphrey Enyart, of Madison county, Assistant Clerk. 

From Governor Conway's final message, delivered on the 
8th, it appeared that the increase in the taxable property of 
the State in two years was $42,601,988.00. 

On his retiring from office, Governor Conway left in the 
vaults of the treasury $300,000 in gold and silver, applicable 
to the general expenses of the State Government. One of his 
principal achievements was the regulation of the currency 



FBOM 1852 TO 1860. 



345 



of the State. On his entering upon his office, bank bills of 
all kinds were in circulation ; but, by his efforts, laws were 
passed preventing the circulation of any bill less than $20.00, 
and by this means the general circulation was established, and 
preserved in gold and silver. 

The Government census for the year showed a population, 
on January 1st, of 435,450 persons; 324,143 white, and iii,- 
307 colored. 

The disturbed state of the country did not prevent the 
Assembly from transacting a large amount of local business, 
in fact, rather made it necessary. The volume of business 
amounted to 238 Acts, Resolutions and Memorials. The 
chief ones, not relating to local domestic affairs, were for 
arming Militia Companies to keep the peace on the Western 
border, where disturbances were apprehended from the unset- 
tled condition of affairs ; appointing Thomas J. Churchill and 
Christopher C. Danley, as Commissioners, of date January 
2 1st ; to buy arms for the Volunteer Militia, for which $100,000 
was appropriated ; and then in the midst of so much looking 
like war, one that savored entirely of peace, was the incorporat- 
ing, on January 1st, 1861, of a cottonseed oil mill at Pine 
Bluff, the first of the kind to be chartered in the State. 

The Commissioners to purchase arms expended $36,702 
out of the appropriation for that purpose, but the entire 
amount of articles purchased never reached the State. A 
portion of them were seized in Cincinnati, and were not 
allowed to come through. 

The most important action of the session, however, was the 
one of date January 15th, 1861, providing for the calling of a 
State Convention, and directed that the Governor should issue 
his proclamation, ordering an election in all the counties of 
the State, to be held February 18th, 1861, submitting to the 
people the question of "Convention" or "no Convention," 
the votes to be opened and counted by the Governor, Auditor, 
Treasurer and Secretary of State, or any three of them, on 



346 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

the 2d day of March, 1861, and if the vote should be in favor 
of holding the Convention, then the Governor should issue his 
proclamation, requiring the Delegates elected thereto to as- 
semble at the capital on the following Monday, "to take into 
consideration the condition of political affairs, and determine 
what course the State of Arkansas shall take in the present 
political crisis." 

Thus the close of this period witnessed a condition of 
things never beheld before in this country. The very land in 
a blaze of excitement over the situation, the whole Nation in 
the throes of political convulsion ; divisions among the people ; 
trade prostrated ; industry paralyzed ; attempts to withdraw 
from the Union at the South ; stupendous preparations for 
war at the North, and everything wearing the cast of that ap- 
proaching conflict, which was so soon to open upon us with 
all its terrors. 



PERIOD V. 
The Civil War. 



FROM 1861 TO 1865. 



CHAPTER XVI. 



1861. 

THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR HENRY M. RECTOR. THE ORDINANCE 

OF SECESSION. 

The opening of the year 1861 found the country in a state 
of great excitement, but friends of the Union had not aban- 
doned hope that a peaceful settlement of existing difficulties, 
honorable alike to both sides, might be arrived at. In the 
Senate, John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, strove to fill the 
part of Mr. Clay in times gone by, in bringing forward a 
compromise measure, about the same as the original Missouri 
compromise of 1820, which he proposed as a constitutional 
amendment. There was a strong feeling in the North in 
favor of the adoption of this measure, and letters and peti- 
tions in great numbers were presented from that section in 
favor of it. Leading Southern Representatives favored it ; but 
when the subject came to a vote, the entire strength of the 
Northern Delegates was cast against it, and so the measure 
was rejected. 

The State of Virginia had also taken measures to secure 
the holding of a general Peace Convention, in the hope of 
averting the evidently approaching hostilities, but nothing 
was effected by the Convention when held, and the entire 
aspect of the times was gloomy and foreboding. Early in the 
year two incidents of an ominous aspect took place in our 
home affairs. They were the taking possession of the United 
States Arsenal, at Little Rock, and the post, at Fort Smith, by 

349 



35° 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



a force of armed citizens. In November of the previous year 
a force of sixty men, under command of Capt. James Totten, 
of the 2d U. S. Artillery, was moved from Fort Leavenworth, 
Kansas, and stationed at Little Rock, re-inforcing a smaller 
number of troops previously there, occupying the Arsenal, at 
which, as we have seen, a quantity of arms and munitions of 
war belonging to the State were stored. In view of the in- 
creasing excitement of the times, this movement of the troops 
was regarded as suspicious, and as designed to have a menac- 
ing effect upon the action of the State in adopting its course 
of action. A sentiment prevailed that the State of Arkansas 
should take possession of the Arsenal and secure her property 
therein; and hold both intact until the State's course and po- 
sition should be determined, neither permitting the arms 
therein to be destroyed, nor permitting the garrison to be 
farther re-inforced. This general opinion grew to such pro- 
portions that it first took definite shape in a mass meeting of 
citizens held at Helena, who telegraphed to Governor Rector 
their opinion, that it was his duty to take possession of the 
Arsenal, and tendering 500 men for the purpose. 

The Governor replied that he would not permit the garrison 
to be farther re-inforced, nor the arms therein to be destroyed, 
but was not willing as yet to take possession of the place. 
Soon after this rumors were set afloat, and generally accred- 
ited, that other troops were on their way to re-inforce the gar- 
rison. Citizens in numbers, singly and in squads, began to 
assemble at the capital, and urged in the papers, in mass 
meetings and in speeches, that the Arsenal should be taken 
possession of to prevent farther collection of troops there. 
In view of this state of public disquiet, Governor Rector ad- 
dressed a communication to Capt. Totten, of date January 
28th, 1861, informing him that the Executive would sanction 
no attempt to take possession of the Arsenal as long as the 
State of Arkansas was a member of the Federal Union, un- 
less it was because of attempts either to destroy the State's 



THE YEAR 1861. 



35 1 



arms therein, or to re-inforce the troops stationed there, and 
stating, that if assurance could be given, that neither of these 
would be attempted, it would greatly tend to quiet the public 
mind and prevent collision between the citizens and the troops. 

Captain Totten made a courteous reply, stating his desire 
to do all that his official position would permit, to prevent 
any collision and bloodshed, and that he did not believe the 
garrison was to be re-inforced, but could not officially say 
what would be the future action of his government in the 
premises. 

By the 6th of February matters had grown so alarming, 
that Governor Rector felt constrained to again address Capt. 
Totten, and this time to demand possession of the Arsenal 
with its munitions, to be held until the 4th of March. To 
this Captain Totten replied that, believing that the presence 
of a large armed force in the city would likely occasion a conflict, 
he would deliver the post to the Governor, on condition that 
the troops should be allowed to depart, taking with them their 
public and private property, and marching away from the 
place with all the honor due them as Federal officers and sol- 
diers, "who do not surrender their trust, but simply evacuate 
a post for want of instructions from their superior officers, and 
to prevent the bringing on of civil war among their country- 
men." These conditions being agreed to, the troops de- 
parted February 8th, 1861, and the Arsenal was at once 
taken possession of by the State authorities, and garrisoned 
with a company called the "Phillips Guards," of Helena, under 
Captain Otey. In recognition of the forbearance of Captain 
Totten and his manly course in the affair, citizens of Little 
Rock made a present to him of a handsome sword before his 
departure from the city. One of the companies which came 
to Little Rock on this occasion was commanded by Captain, 
afterwards General, Patrick R. Cleburne. 

Having learned that the United States Government had or- 
dered 1 ,000 men to re-inforce Fort Smith, Governor Rector en- 



352 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

trusted an adequate force to Col. Sol. Borland, with instruc- 
tions to occupy that post immediately, in the name of the 
State of Arkansas. This was done, and General N. B. 
Burrow put in command. 

In all the other Southern States in which forts and ar- 
senals were situated, similar movements were made for their 
possession. The chief of these, and the one out of which the 
first collision grew, was the case of Fort Sumter, situated in 
Charleston Harbor. The State of South Carolina demanded 
possession of this fort, which was garrisoned by Major 
Robert Anderson, of the United States Army, with about 80 
men. A fleet of seven ships, with 285 guns and 2,400 men, 
under sealed orders, was fitted out and put to sea early in 
April, from the port of New York and the Norfolk Navy 
Yard, it having been declared the purpose of the Government 
to hold Fort Sumter. The Confederate authorities declared 
that the sailing of the fleet was a declaration of war. 

When it was known that this fleet was nearing Fort Sum- 
ter, Gen. Beauregard, by command of the Secretay of War of 
the Confederate Government, demanded its surrender. This 
being refused, its bombardment was commenced. After 32 
hours' continuous fire, Major Anderson capitulated and 
withdrew, leaving the fort in the hands of the Confederacy. 

President Lincoln immediately issued a call for 75,000 men 
to put down the rebellion, and called on the unseceded 
Southern States for their quota. 

Notwithstanding many discouragements, the Union senti- 
ment had, up to this time, been strong in Arkansas. A large 
portion of the people, probably not an absolute majority, 
but a strong, and nearly equal minority, held to the view that 
some settlement might be found for the troubles which were 
upon us. They were satisfied with the Union under the Con- 
stitution, and wanted no other. The papers were filled wjth 
letters and articles affirming the right of secession as an ab- 
stract right, and numberless speakers were advocating, not 



THE YEAR 1861, 



353 



only the right, but the expediency and advisability of it, but 
still the people were slow to adopt this idea wholly, until an 
entire change came about, through the President's call for 
troops. 

We have seen that the Legislature of i860 to 1861 passed 
an Act, January 15th, 1861, requiring the 'Governor to issue 
his proclamation for an election, to be held February 18th, 
1 861, to determine the question of whether a convention 
should be held to take into consideration the state of public 
affairs, and to determine what course the State of Arkansas 
should pursue in the exigency of the times. On the next day 
after the passage of the Act, Governor Rector issued his pro- 
clamation for the election, as directed. The election was held 
at the appointed time, and resulted in a majority of 11,586 
for convention. Accordingly the Governor issued his second 
proclamation convening the Body to be in session March 4th, 
1861. 

The Delegates assembled at the capital on Monday, March 
4th, and the convention organized by the election of Judge 
David Walker, of Fa}7etteville, President, and E. C. Boudi- 
not, of Fort Smith, Secretary. 

The following is a list of the Delegates composing the 
convention, sent from the following counties : 

Arkansas, James L. Totten. Dallas, Robert T. Fuller. 

Ashley, Marcus L. Hawkins. Desha Jilson P. Johnson. 

Benton { A - VSS Drew, { 1I;SS 

Bradley, Josiah Gould. Franklin, W. W. Mansfield. 

p Q __ _*', J W. W. Watkins. Fulton, S. W. Cochran. 

Uan011 ' I B.H.Hobbs. Gr eene, J. W. Bush. 

Clark, Harris Flanagin. f Alfred H.Carrigan. 

Calhoun, Philip H. Echols. uempsreaa, \ r ui u8 k. Garland. 

Columbia f George P. Smoote. Hot Springs, Joseph Jester. 

" \ Isaiah C. Wallace. r M . Shelby Kennard. 

Conway, S. J. Stallings. Independence,. •] Urban E. Fort. 

Chicot, Isaac Hilliard. ( Frank W. Desha. 

Craighead, not represented. Izard, Alexander Adams. 

Crittenden, Thomas H. Bradley. Jackson, J. H. Patterson. 

Prarof , f Hugh F. Thomason. Jefferson I James Yell. 

Crawford > { S Jesse Turner. Jetterson ' * \ William Porter Grace. 

23 



354 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Johnson ( Fel ^ \- T B » tso "- Prairie ' Benjamin C. Totten. 

I W. W. Floyd. Randolph, James W. Crenshaw. 

Lafayette, Wiley P. Oyer. Saline, Jabez M. Smith. 

Lawrence, { ^ ilton , D T ; , Baber ' Sebastian / William M. Fishback. 

\ bamuel Robinson, Sebastian, . . . . j Samuel L . Griffith. 

Marion, Thomas F. Austin. Scott? E T Walker. 

Madison, / TJ Is i 1 I ac B M !! , 'P h y- c pvW f Benjamin S. Hawkins. 

\H. H. Boliuger. Sevier, j James S. Dollarhide. 

Monroe Wm. M.Mayo. f J. W. Shelton. 

Montgomery,. Alexander M. Clingman. DL- *rd,m,is,...^Q^ w Laughinghouse. 

Mississippi, Felix R. Lanier. Searcy, John Campbell. 

Newton, Isaiah Dodson. TT . < H. Bnssey. 

Ouachita, A. W. Hobson. m0D ' \ William V. Tatum. 

Pike, Samuel Kelly. Van Buren, . . . .James Henry Patterson. 

Polk, Archibald Ray. f David Walker. 

*"* ••••, L - \f m ; Washington, 'SSSgfggZ 

Pope, William Stout. [^ T M Q unter- 

Poinsett ' H - w - wmiams. Whit6i Jesse ' N ; Cypert ; 

Pulaski f Augustus H. Garland. Y ,, w H g Divev 

rulask1 ' \ Joseph Stillwell. leU ' w. ±1. spivey. 

Phillins / Thomas B. Hauly. 

rmmps ' \ Charles W.Adams. 

It was a notable assembly of Delegates. Arkansas had sent 
her best men to deliberate for her in the terrible crisis which 
was upon her. On the second day of the session, a motion 
that a Committee of Thirteen be appointed to draft an ordi- 
nance of secession was presented, but after a prolonged dis- 
cussion was withdrawn before a vote was had. It was re- 
newed several times during the session, but was each time re- 
jected, either by direct vote or by parliamentary procedure. 
The important steps taken by the convention, were a measure 
introduced by Judge Felix I. Batson, amended by Benjamin 
C. Totten, of Prairie county, submitting to a vote of the peo- 
ple the question whether they would co-operate with the Ad- 
ministration or would secede from the Union, the form of vote 
to be "for co-operation" or "for secession ;" and one electing 
Albert Rust, Samuel H. Hempstead, T. H. Bradley, E. A. 
Warren and J. P. Spring, Delegates to attend the Border 
State Convention, proposed by the States of Missouri and 
Virginia, to be held at Frankfort, Kentucky, on the 27th of 
May ; one tendering a vote of thanks to Hons. John J. 
Crittenden, Stephen A. Douglas and Albert Rust, for their 



THE YEAR 1861. 



.355 



efforts to procure a peaceable settlement of existing difficulties, 
and adjourning March 21st, to meet again August 19th, but 
with power in the President of the convention to call the 
Body together again at an earlier date, if any exigency should, 
in his opinion, require it. 

This was as far as the conservative sentiment of the mem- 
bers would allow the convention to go at that time. The 
general result was not pleasing to the Secessionists, who com- 
plained of the form in which the vote on "co-operation" or 
"secession" was to be taken, as "gulling the people with 
honied words." The temper of the convention may be gath- 
ered from the following Resolution, presented by Mr. Rufus 
K. Garland, of Hempstead county : 

"Resolved, as the sense of this convention, that the peo- 
ple of Arkansas prefer a perpetuity of this Federal Union to 
its dismemberment or disruption, provided it can be perpetu- 
ated upon a basis recognizing and guaranteeing equal rights 
and privileges to every State in the Union, South as well as 
North." 

This Resolution was placed on the calendar, but did not 
reach a vote. Similar Resolutions were also presented by 
other members. The strength of the Union sentiment in the 
convention was farther testified to in the following sarcastic 
Resolutions, presented by Mr. Echols, of Calhoun county : 

" Whereas, the remarkably strong Union sentiment which 
prevails in this convention leaves no hope for the secession of 
the State of Arkansas from the Federal Union ....... 

and, whereas, the predominating sentiment of this convention 
seems to be, submission to the administration of Lincoln, 
therefore, be it resolved, that this convention ad- 
journ sine die, that the people be requested to take their des- 
tiny into their own hands, and determine to live like men or 
die as soldiers." 

On a vote, the Resolutions were rejected. 

After the convention had adjourned, the friends of the 
Union were pleased that that Body had not precipitated them 



^ 



356 HIS TOE Y OF ARKiiNSAS. 

into a Revolution, and that there yet was hope that a peace- 
able solution might ensue. All possibility of such a conclu- 
sion was destroyed by the proclamation of President Lincoln, 
calling for 75,000 men to put down the rebellion. When 
this was done, all hope of Arkansas remaining longer in the 
Union was destroyed. There was practically no Union sen- 
timent afterwards. The moment it was determined by the 
Administration to make war upon the South, the people of 
Arkansas declared that they would not stand idly by and see 
it done, and certainly would not aid in it. Mr. Cameron, 
Secretary of War, sent to Governor Rector a demand on the 
State to furnish 780 men to assist in subjugating the South. 
To this demand, Governor Rector returned the following in- 
dignant reply, of date April 22d, 1861 : 

"Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, Washington, 
D. C: 

Sir : — In answer to your demand for troops from Arkansas, 
to subjugate the Southern States, I have to say that none will 
be furnished. The demand is only adding insult to injury. 
The people of this commonwealth are free men, not slaves, 
and will defend to the last extremity their honor, lives and 
property against Northern mendacity and usurpation. 

Henry M. Rector, 

Governor of Arkansas." 

Judge Walker, the President of the convention, in pur- 
suance of the authority vested in him by the ordinance, issued 
his proclamation, April 20th, convening the Body to be in 
session May 6th, 1861. The Convention met on that day as 
required. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon the Committee on 
Ordinances and Resolutions, by Col. W. Porter Grace, of 
Jefferson county, Chairman, presented an ordinance dissolv- 
ing the union existing between the State of Arkansas and 
those united with her under the compact, entitled "The Con- 
stitution of the United States of America." 



THE YEAB 1861. 



357 



Upon its being presented, Mr. Yell, of Jefferson, moved 
that the ordinance be adopted, Mr. Dinsmore, of Benton, 
moved an amendment that it be submitted to a vote of the 
people in an election to be held on the first Monday in June. 

On motion of Mr. Patterson, of Jackson, the amendment 
was laid on the table. Action was then had on the adoption 
of the ordinance. Upon a call of the roll the vote stood sixty- 
five in the affirmative, and five in the negative. Before the 
vote was announced, four of those voting in the negative 
changed their votes from negative to affirmative, leaving the 
vote as announced, sixty-nine in the affirmative, and one in 
the negative. The one in the negative was Isaac Murphy, 
Delegate from Madison County. The vote was concluded at 
ten minutes past 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and the announce- 
ment of the result was followed by a scene of intense excite- 
ment ; the assembly, lobby and galleries breaking forth in the 
wildest cheering, that fairly shook the building. Just back of 
the building, overlooking the river, the Pulaski Artillery, 
under command of Capt. William E. Woodruff, had been 
stationed, anticipating the result, and when the vote was de- 
clared, the guns bellowed forth in a salute that added to the 
intensity of the occasion. 

The taking of the vote had been a solemn and impressive 
occasion. An eye-witness thus described it : 

"Every member seemed impressed with the vote he was 
giving. The hall of the House of Representatives was crowded 
almost to suffocation. The lobby, the gallery and the 
floors of the Chamber were full, and the vast crowd seemed 
excited to the very highest pitch. A profound stillness pre- 
vailed all the time, as vote after vote was taken and recorded, 
except occasionally, when some well-known Union man 
would rise and preface his vote with expressions of patriotic 
Southern sentiments, the crowd would give token of its approba- 
tion, but the adoption of the ordinance of secession was the sig- 
nal of one general acclamation, which shook the building to its 



358 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

very foundation. Doubtless each member realized when he 
gave his vote that it meant a conflict, but what else could be 
done? Since the North had already begun the attempted 
subjugation of the South, it was war if we remained in the 
Union and war if we went out. It was war waged by us and 
through us, if we stayed in, and war waged on us and 
against us, if we went out. But every principle of honor 
and right dictated that we should rather be made war upon, 
than that we should, either actively or passively, suffer our- 
selves to aid in making war upon the other Southern States." 

Among the acts of this Convention was one repealing the 
former action, in submitting to a vote of the people the ques- 
tion of "co-operation" or "secession," thus withdrawing it 
from a public vote. There was now no necessity or even propri- 
ety for it, since they had themselves adopted the Act of Seces- 
sion, one of the subjects to be voted on. 

Thus it will be seen that the Act of Secession was no hasty 
conclusion, impelled by the excitement of the moment, but 
was a step taken in the deliberate judgment, that a recogni- 
tion of the sacred ties of kinship and affinity demanded it. 
She had been slow to part from the old Union, but when the 
issue was forced upon her, that she must either make war 
against the South by remaining in it, or with the South, by 
going out, she promptly withdrew, and cast her fortunes with 
her Southern sisters, with all the strength of men and mate- 
rial that her resources could command. 

What was eloquently said by Senator John W. Daniel, of 
Virginia, with relation to Virginia, under similar circum- 
stances, may well be applied to Arkansas also, in her present 
action. In an exquisite address delivered by him at the 
University of Virginia, in 1866, he said: 

"When at the beginning of the late struggle there seemed 
a possibility of staying the hand of violence, she remembered 
the Divine precept, "Blessed are the peace makers" and sent 
her counselors to restrain it. But when she saw the black 



THE TEAR 1 861. 



359 



Northern storm sweeping Southward she bent before its fury 
in no craven spirit. She sent word to her sisters, 'Virginia 
will be with you.' Then taking down her ancient shield and 
spear from her capital walls, she moved grandly to the head of 
the battle line, with all the enthusiasm of the novice, and all 
the intrepidity of the veteran. As her bugle blast resounded 
through her borders, there came pouring forth from her lowly 
hamlets and her stately cities, from her mountain fastnesses 
and her secluded valleys, a shining host of warriors, as 
brave and true as ever clustered under a conqueror's banner." 



CHARTER XVII. 

1861. 



PREPARATIONS FOR WAR. ORGANIZATION OF TROOPS. 

As a part of its labors, the convention adopted a Constitu- 
tion for the State, known as the Constitution of 1861, and 
under this Constitution Arkansas was admitted a member of 
the Southern Confederacy, May 20th, 1861. Robert W. 
Johnson, A. H. Garland, Hugh F. Thomason, Albert Rust 
and W. W. Watkins were chosen delegates to the Provisional 
Congress of the Confederate States, then in session at Mont- 
gomery, Alabama. Albert Pike was appointed Commis- 
sioner to the Choctaw and Cherokee Indians, to secure, if 
possible, their co-operation with the State in the impending 
struggle. 

A Military Board was created, composed of the Governor, 
Henry M. Rector, Benjamin C. Totten, of Prairie county, 
and Christopher C. Danle}-, of Little Rock, to arm and equip 
troops. Samuel W. Williams, of Little Rock, succeeded 
Captain Danley as a member of this Board, and upon Colonel 
Williams going into the service, L. D. Hill, of Perry county, 
succeeded him. 

All was now the utmost excitement. Companies, regi- 
ments, batteries of artillery and other commands were 
rapidly formed all over the State, and arming themselves as 
best they could, hurried to the front, to take part in active 
operations. The Militaiy Board issued a proclamation that 
sounded like a trumpet call, headed : "To arms !" to arms !" 

360 



THE TEAS IS 61. 36 1 

calling for 10,000 volunteers, in addition to those already in 
the field, and these regiments, with many others, were speed- 
ily raised and took part in the struggle. In short, it may be 
said that out of a voting population of 61,198 in i860, fully 
five-sixths of the number, or 50,000 men, entered the Con- 
federate service during the progress of the conflict. 

Before the call made by the Military Board, President 
Davis had authorized T. C. Hindman, James B. Johnson 
and Thompson B. Flournoy to raise regiments in the State. 

The following is a list of the 

REGIMENTS RAISED IN ARKANSAS. 

First Arkansas Infantry, Confederate, Col. James F. Fa- 
gan • First Arkansas Infantry, State, afterwards Fifteenth 
Arkansas, Confederate, Col. Patrick R. Cleburne ; First Ar- 
kansas Mounted Rifles, Col. T. J. Churchill; Second Arkan- 
sas Infantry, Confederate, Col. T. C. Hindman; Second Ar- 
kansas Riflemen, Col. James Mcintosh; Second Arkansas 
Cavalry, Col. W. F. Slemons; Second Arkansas Battalion, 
called Jones' Battalion, Lieut. -Col. Batt Jones; Third Ar- 
kansas Infantry, Confederate, Col. Albert Rust; Third Con- 
federate Infantry, Col. John S. Marmacluke; Third Arkan- 
sas Infantry, State, Col. John R. Gratiot; Third Arkansas 
Cavalry, State, Col. DeRosey Carroll ; Third Arkansas Cav- 
alry, Confederate, Col. Solon Borland; Fourth Arkansas In- 
fantry, State, Col. David Walker ; Fourth Arkansas Infantry, 
Confederate, Col. Evander McNair; Fourth Arkansas Bat- 
talion, Col. Francis A. Terry ; Fifth Arkansas, State, Col. 
Thomas P. Dockery ; Fifth Arkansas Infantry, Confederate, 
Col. David C. Cross; Fifth Arkansas Battalion, Col. Frank 
W. Desha ; Sixth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Richard Lyons ; 
Seventh Arkansas Infantry, Col. R. G. Shaver; Eighth Ar- 
kansas Infantry, Col. William K. Patterson ; Ninth Arkansas 
Infantry, Col. John M. Bradley; Tenth Arkansas Infantry 



362 HI 8 TOBY OF ABEANSAS. 

Col. T. D. Merrick; Eleventh Arkansas Infantry, Col. Jabez 
M. Smith; Twelfth Arkansas Infantry, Col. E. W. Gantt ; 
Thirteenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. J. C. Tappan ; Four- 
teenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Powers ; Fifteenth Arkansas 
Infantry, Col. James Gee; Sixteenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. 
John F. Hill; Seventeenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. G. W. 
Lemo} T ne; Seventeenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Frank Rec- 
tor; Eighteenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. D. W. Carroll; 
Nineteenth Arkansas Infantry, Col. C. L. Dawson ; Nine- 
teenth Arkansas Infantr}/, Col. H. P. Smead ; Twentieth 
Arkansas Infantry, Col. George King; Twenty-First Arkan- 
sas Infantry, Col. McCarver;. Twenty-Second Arkansas In- 
fantry, Col. John P. King; Twenty-Third Arkansas Infantry, 
Col. Charles W. Adams ; Twenty-Fourth Arkansas Infantry, 
Col. E. E. Portlock ; Twenty-Fifth Arkansas Infantry, Col. 
Charles J. Turnbull ; Twenty-Sixth Arkansas Infantry, Col. 
Asa Morgan ; Twenty-Seventh Arkansas Infantry, Col. 
Shaler; Twenty-Eighth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Dandridge 
McRae; Twenty-Ninth Arkansas Infantry, Col. Pleasants; 
Thirtieth Arkansas Infantry, Col. A. J. McNeill ; Thirty- 
First Arkansas Infantry, Col. Thomas M. McCrary ; Thirty- 
Second Arkansas Infantry, Col. C. H. Matlock; Thirty-Third 
Arkansas Infantry, Col. H. L. Grinstead; Thirty-Fourth Ar- 
kansas Infantry, Col. W. H. Brooks ; Thirty-Fifth Arkansas 
Infantry, Col. A. T. Hawthorne ; Thirty-Eighth Arkansas 
Infantr}', Col. R. G. Shaver; Thirty-Ninth Arkansas Infan- 
try, Col. R. A. Hart. 

The following regiments were called by the names of the 
Colonels commanding them : 

Crandle's Regiment; Crabtree's Regiment ; Coffee's Reg- 
iment; Gordon's Regiment ; Reeves' Regiment. 

The following regiments in the Trans-Mississippi Depart- 
ment, were called by the names of the Colonels commanding 
them : 



THE YEAR IS 61. 363 

Glenn's Regiment, J. E. Glenn, Colonel; Gause's Regi- 
ment, Lucien C. Ganse, Colonel; McGee's Regiment, Mc- 
Gee, Colonel; Freeman's Regiment, Freeman, Colonel; 
Adam's Regiment, Charles W. Adams, Colonel; Ruther- 
ford's Regiment, George Rutherford, Colonel; Coleman's 
Regiment, Coleman, Colonel; Baber's Regiment, Cavalry, 
M. D. Baber, Colonel ; Monroe's Regiment, called also First 
Arkansas Cavalry, J. C. Monroe, Colonel; Newton's Regi- 
ment, called also Fifth Arkansas Cavalry, Robert C. Newton, 
Colonel ; Crawford's Regiment, William A. Crawford, Col- 
onel ; Dobbin's Regiment, Cavalry, Archibald Dobbins, Col- 
onel ; Wright's Regiment, John C. Wright, Colonel; Car- 
roll's Regiment, Cavalry, Charles A. Carroll, Colonel; 
Thompson's Regiment, Lee L. Thompson, Colonel; Hill's 
Regiment, John F. Hill, Colonel ; Gunter's Regiment, T. 
M. Gunter, Colonel. 

BATTALIONS. 

Anderson's Battalion, Major W. L. Anderson; Rapley's 
Battalion, Major W. F. Rapley; McCairn's Battalion ; 
Wheat's Battalion, Major Pat. H. Wheat; Pfeiffer's Battal- 
ion, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles W. Pfeiffer; Trader's Bat- 
talion, First Battalion Arkansas Mounted Volunteers, W. H. 
Trader, Colonel; Crawford's Battalion; Cook's Battalion; 
Chrisman's Battalion ; Cheek's Battalion of Sharpshooters ; 
Witherspoon's Battalion ; Venable's Cavalry ; Scott's Squad- 
ron, in service in North Arkansas, Captain John R. Homer 
Scott. 

ARTILLERY COMMANDS. 

Woodruff's Battery enlisted as State troops, and were mus- 
tered out at Elm Springs, Washington county. A new Bat- 
tery was raised by Captain Woodruff in the winter of 1861. 
This Battery was subsequently formed into a Battalion, Cap- 
tain Woodruff becoming Major of the Battalion. Clarkson's 
Battery; Reed's Battery; C. B. Etter's Battery; Gaines' 
Battery; McCairns' Battery, Jacksonport ; Roberts' Batter}^ 



364 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Arkadelphia ; West's' Battery; Hart's Battery; Hill's Bat- 
talion; Humphreys' Battery, Captain J. T. Humphreys; 3 
Batteries of Artillery, under Major F. A. Shoup, numbering 
4 guns to the Battery, 150 men, to-wit : Second Battery, 
Captain John H.' Trigg; Third Battery, Captain George T. 
Hubbard. The First Battery being that of Captain G. C. 
Swett, composed of Vicksburg men, but toward the end of 
the war recruited with some new Arkansas men, and a Bat- 
tery that did as much service as any in the entire Confederate 
Army. 

In the numeration of regiments mention is found of the 
Forty- Fifth and Forty-Seventh Arkansas Regiments, but their 
location and name of Colonel could not be traced. 

In addition to these, there were many independent compa- 
nies, etc., and individuals who went into other commands. 

The following became General Officers among the troops 
enlisting from Arkansas, to-wit : 

BRIGADIER GENERALS. 

N. B. Pearce, an ex-officer of the United States Army, com- 
manding brigade of State troops appointed by State Conven- 
tion. Regiments of Colonels Gratiot, Walker, Dockery and 
De Rosey Carroll. Brigade disbanded September, 1861. 

N. B. Burrow, commanding brigade of State troops. 

James Yell, appointed by State Convention, commanding 
State troops. 

James Mcintosh went into service as Colonel of a regiment 
of State troops, called Mcintosh's Regiment. Commanded 
brigade in Trans-Mississippi Department, and was killed at 
the battle of Elk Horn, March 7th, 1862. 

Albert Rust went into service as Colonel of 3d Arkansas. 
Served as Brigadier-General east of the Mississippi and at 
Port Hudson, but shortly before the siege of that place was 
transferred to the Trans-Mississippi Department. 

Thomas P. Dockery went out as Colonel of the 3d Regi- 



THE YEAS IS 61. 365 

ment of Arkansas State troops. Commanded a brigade of 
cavalry in the army west of the Mississippi. 

Dandridge McRae went out as Colonel of McRae's Bat- 
talion. Commanded a brigade in the Trans-Mississippi De- 
partment in Fagan's Division. 

Albert Pike, appointed by the State Convention as Com- 
missioner to the Cherokee and Choctaw Indians, com- 
manded a brigade of Cherokee Indians, enlisted in the Con- 
federate service west of the Mississippi river, and was for a 
time in command of all State forces in Northwest Arkansas. 

James C. Tappan went out as Colonel of the 13th Arkan- 
sas. Commanded a brigade in the Trans-Mississippi De- 
partment. 

John Selden Roane, appointed a Brigadier-General by 
President Davis, did good service in the organization of the 
Trans-Mississippi Department, and commanded a brigade 
therein. 

Marsh Walker, a Tennesseean by birth, but who for some 
years had lived in St. Francis county, Arkansas, went out as 
Colonel of a regiment 'composed partly of Tennesseeans and 
partly of Arkansians. Commanded a brigade in the Trans- 
Mississippi Department, and was killed in a duel by Gen- 
eral John S. Marmaduke, in August, 1863. 

John Edward Murray went out as Drill-master, and was 
soon elected Lieutenant-Colonel of the 5th Arkansas, was 
killed at the battle of Atlanta, July 2 2d, 1864, at the age of 
22 years. He received his commission as Brigadier-General on 
the morning of the battle, a few hours before going into the 
engagement. 

Daniel H. Reynolds went out as a Captain in the 1st Ar- 
kansas Mounted Rifles, was commissioned Brigadier-General, 
March 5th, 1864, served as such, east of the Mississippi river, 
in the campaigns of Johnston and Hood. Commanding a 
brigade consisting of the 1st and 2d Rifles Dismounted, the 
4th, 9th, 25th and 31st Arkansas Infantry and 4th Arkansas 



M 



$66 HISTOEY OF ARKANSAS. 

Battalion, the Brigade previously commanded by Gen. E. 
McNair. 

John H. Kelley became Lieutenant-Colonel, then Colonel 
of the 8th Arkansas, on consolidation of parts of the 8th and 
9th, then Brigadier-General. Commanded brigade of cav- 
alry in Cleburne's Division. 

D. C. Govan went out as Captain of Company "F" of the 
2d Arkansas Infantry. Commanded a brigade consisting of 
the 2d, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Arkansas in Cleburne's Division 
and Hardee's Corps, in the army of Tennessee under Bragg, 
Johnston and Hood. 

William L. Cabell, an officer in the United States Army, 
resigned at the commencement of" the war and entered the 
Confederate Army. Married a daughter of Major Elias 
Rector, of Fort Smith, and considered the State of Arkansas 
his adopted home. Commanded an Infantry Brigade east of 
the Mississippi river, and a Cavalry Brigade in the Trans- 
Mississippi Department. 

William Nelson Rector Beall, a Captain in the United States 
army, 2d Cavalry, was appointed as cadet to West Point from 
Arkansas, where the members of his family resided ; hence 
considered the State his home; he resigned at the commence- 
ment of the war and entered the Confederate Army. Com- 
manded first a brigade of cavalry at Corinth, and afterwards 
a brigade of Infantry at Port Hudson, which place he forti- 
fied and defended. 

Seth M. Barton went out as Major of the 3d Arkansas 
Regiment under Col. Rust. On the promotion of Col. Rust 
to Brigadier-General he became Colonel of the regiment and 
was shortly afterwards promoted to Brigadier-General, and 
commanded a brigade in Virginia. 

MAJOR-GENERALS . 

Thomas J. Churchill went out as Colonel of the First Ar- 
kansas Mounted Rifles, commanded a brigade, and after- 




GENERAL PATRICK R, CLEBURNE, 



368 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

wards a division east of the Mississippi river, and commanded 
a division in the Trans-Mississippi Department. 

James F. Fagan went out as Colonel of the First Arkansas 
Infantry; commanded first a brigade, and then a division in 
the Trans-Mississippi Department. 

Evander McNair went out as Colonel of the Fourth Ar- 
kansas Infantry; commanded first a brigade, and then a di- 
vision east of the Mississippi river. 

Thomas C. Hindman went out as Colonel of the Second 
Arkansas Infantry; commanded a brigade east of the Missis- 
sippi river. On the creation of the Trans-Mississippi Depart- 
ment, in the summer of 1862, he was commissioned a Major- 
General, and assigned to the command of it. He created the 
department and established its armies; was then in 1863, 
assigned to command a division east of the Mississippi, and 
was in the armies of Johnston and Hood until the end of the 
war. 

Last and greatest was Patrick Ronayne Cleburne, who 
enlisted first as a private in the Yell Rifles; went out 
as Captain of the Yell Rifles, a company from Helena; 
was made Colonel of the First Arkansas Infantry State 
troops, a regiment which, by some confusion of records, 
came to be called the Fifteenth Arkansas ; commanded a 
brigade in Kentucky before Shiloh, and a division in Hardee's 
Corps, after the Kentucky campaign of 1862 ; was the idol of 
the army, and one of its most admirable generals ; his successful 
defense of Ringgold Gap, November 27th, 1863, after the 
disastrous defeat of Missionary Ridge, earned for him the 
thanks of the Confederate Congress ; was killed at the battle 
of Franklin, November 30th, 1864, while gallantly leading 
his men foremost in that desperate and hopeless encounter. 

The troops who first enlisted mainly went into service as 
State troops. The Convention created two Brigadier-Generals 
for this service, Generals N. B. Pearce and James Yell. 
General Pearce's Brigade was organized with Gratiot's and 



THE TEAM 1861. 369 

Walker's, and Dockery's Regiments of Infantry, and DeRosey 
Carroll's Regiment of Cavalry. Some confusion in numera- 
tion arose from the fact that in the brigade of General Pearce, 
these regiments were numbered : Gratiot's, 3d Arkansas, 
Walker's 4th, and Dockery's 5th, whereas they had been num- 
bered by the Military Board, Gratiot's 2d, Dockery's 3d, and 
Walker's 4th ; McNair's Southwest Arkansas Regiment being 
also numbered the 4th Arkansas. A general rendezvous of 
troops was appointed to be at Pocahontas and on Black river, and 
thither a number of the regiments repaired before entering the 
field for duty. 

In September, 1861, General Hardee came to Arkansas as 
Commissioner and Representative of the Confederate States, 
to secure the transfer to the Confederate service of those troops 
which had enlisted for State service. This was generally 
agreed to, and the transfer of the regiments was made as de- 
sired. Each man was allowed the right to determine the sub- 
ject for himself, and such as chose not to be transferred were 
mustered out of service. Upon the transfer being made, 
General Pearce's Brigade, consisting of Gratiot's, Dockery's 
and Walker's Regiments disbanded, and likewise Col. DeRosey 
Carroll's Cavalry, the men forming new commands. 

The records of the Military Board having been either de- 
stroyed or lost, no records are accessibly showing the particu- 
lary organizations by companies and regiments. Such as are 
given in contemporaneous newspapers, or are furnished by 
participants, are thought worthy to be presented to the extent 
of giving the names of officers as far as obtained. 

The First Arkansas Regiment, which was enlisted directly 
into the Confederate Anrry, as originally organized, was com- 
posed of the following commands: The Field and Staff 
officers being James F. Fagan, Colonel; James C. Monroe, 
Lieutenant-Colonel; John Baker Thomson, Major; Frank 
Bronaugh, Adjutant. 
24 



37° 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



While the regiment was in service in Virginia, certain com- 
panies of Virginia troops, with some companies of Arkansas 
troops, which had come on to Virginia to join the First Arkan- 
sas, but found it full, were joined in a battallion, of which 
Adjutant Bronaugh was made Major; whereupon Beall Hemp- 
stead became Adjutant of the First Arkansas. 

Company "A," from Union county, Captain Asa Morgan. 

Company "B," from Johnson county, Captain James C. 
Monroe; but upon the organization of the regiment, he being 
elected Lieutenant-Colonel, Charles Stark, of Clarksville, 
became Captain. 

Company "C," from Ouachita county — called the "Cam- 
den Knights" — Captain Crenshaw, of Camden. 

Company "D," from Jefferson county; Captain Don Mc- 
Gregor, of Pine Bluff. 

Company "E," from Saline county, called the "Saline 
Guards," Captain James F. Fagan. In the organization of 
the regiment, Captain Fagan was made Colonel, and William 
A. Crawford, of Benton, became Captain of the Company. 

Company "F," from Pulaski county; Captain William F. 
Martin, of Little Rock. 

Compan}' U G," from Jackson county; Captain A. C. 
Pickett, of Augusta. 

Company "H," from Arkansas county, Captain Robert H. 
Crockett, of Dewitt. 

Company "I," from Drew county; Captain James Jack- 
son, of Monticello. 

Company "K," from Arkansas county; Captain Quater- 
mous, of Dewitt. 

On the formation of the regiment, it was moved at once to 
Lynchburg, Virginia, where it was mustered into the Confed- 
erate service. It supported Lindsay Walker's Artillery in the 
battle of Manassas. 

After the battle at Evansport, on the bank of the Potomac, 
fronting Sickle's Brigade, it remained until September, when 



THE YEAR 1861. 



371 



it was ordered to Acquia creek for winter quarters. The time 
of enlistment of the men expiring, the whole regiment re- 
enlisted under their original name and number, the First Ar- 
kansas, and rendezvoused at Corinth, under Generals John- 
son and Beauregard. On their re-enlistment, the regiment 
was re-organized, and Col. James F. Fagan was again chosen 
Colonel. Major John Baker Thompson was chosen Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel ; J. W. Colquitt, Major, and Beall Hempstead, 
Adjutant. This was shortly before the battle of Shiloh. 

They participated in that battle, and lost 364 men in 
killed, wounded and missing. After this battle Colonel Fagan 
became a Brigadier-General, and Major Colquitt became 
Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson having been killed. 
Captain Don McGregor became Lieutenant-Colonel, and 
was killed at the battle of Murfreesboro. Beall Hemp- 
stead became Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of Gen- 
eral W. N. R. Beall, and was stationed at Port Hudson, 
where he went through the siege of that place, and was made 
prisoner at the capitulation of the garrison, July 9th, 1863, 
Lieutenant S. N. Greenwood succeeded him as Adjutant of 
the regiment, and was killed at the battle of Chickamauga. 
The regiment also farther took part in the battles of Farming- 
ton, Mississippi, May 9th, 1862 ; Perry ville, Kentucky, Octo- 
ber 7th and 8th, 1862; Murfreesboro, December 31st, 1862, 
and January 1st, 1863 ; Chickamauga, September 19th and 
'20th, 1863; Chattanooga, November 23d, 1863; Missionary 
Ridge, November 25th, 1863 ; Ringgold Gap, November 
26th, 1863 ; Resaca, Georgia, May 13th, 14th and 15th, 
1864; Dallas, Georgia, May 25th-28th, 1864; New Hope 
Church, May 29th to June 3d, 1864; Pine Top, June 4th,* 
1864; Mud Creek, June 16th, 1864; Kenesaw Mountain, 
June 17th to Jul} 7 3d, 1864 ; New Hope Church ; Tullohoma; 
Peach Tree Creek, July i8th-2oth; and Atlanta, July 20th- 
22d, 1864; Ezra Church, Jnly 28th, 1864; Jonesboro, 
August 31st; Franklin, November 30th • Nashville, Decern- 



372 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

ber 15th and 16th, 1864, and Bentonville, March 10th, 1865. 
In all of these last named battles, after Shiloh, and up to and 
including Atlanta, with the exception of Farmington, which 
took place while he was on furlough, recovering from the 
wound he received at Shiloh, Colonel Colquitt commanded 
the regiment, and led them in each of the several engage- 
ments. He was desperately wounded at Atlanta, July 22d, 
1864, losing his right foot, after which he was put on post 
duty at West Point, Mississippi, where he remained until the 
surrender. After the battle of Shiloh, having been severely 
wounded, he was granted a furlough to go to his home in 
Georgia, to enable him to recuperate. The train on which 
he was traveling was captured by the Federals at Huntsville, 
Alabama, but he made his escape, although on crutches, and 
made his way safely home. When his wound had healed, he 
rejoined the regiment at Tupelo, Mississippi, as its Colonel, 
being then only twenty-one years of age. 

The regiment at the time of its organization numbered 
1,100 men, besides which it was recruited several times, but 
at the close of the war it numbered only thirty-seven men. 
It at all times fought with the utmost courage, and made a 
proud record for itself for its gallantry. 

The following members of Company "K," commanded by 
Captain Felix G. Lusk, were among the killed of this regi- 
ment : 

At Shiloh, Eugene Shannon, Donald Mcintosh, Patrick 
Flynn, Richard Grant, Patrick Shannahan; Charles Tarlton, 
Corporal ; and William Montgomery, John A. Blythe and 
Kit Henderson died from wounds. 

At Perry ville, John Johnson and Thomas Grigsby. 

At Murfreesboro, John Arnold. 

At Chickamauga, Calvin King, William F. Dillingham, 
E. Barkman, T. Jeff Bell, Richard Sorrells and Pleasant D. 
Counts. 



THE YE AB 1861. 373 

After the battle of Atlanta, July 22c!, 1864, there were 
only two commissioned officers left for service — Captain Lusk 
and one other. 

At Murfreesboro, Lieutenant-Colonel Don McGregor, of 
Pine Bluff, and Captain W. A. Alexander, of Company "B," 
were killed. 

At Chickamauga, Lieutenant and Acting Adjutant, Sam- 
uel N. Greenwood. 

At Kennesaw Mountain, Lieutenants W. H. Norseworthy 
and Wall. 

The First Arkansas Mounted Riflemen enlisted directly in 
the Confederate Arm}/, the field and staff officers of which 
were: Thomas J. Churchill, Colonel; C. H. Matlock, 
Lieutenant-Colonel; R. W. Harper, Major; James Harper, 
Adjutant; Dr. W. A. Cantrell, Surgeon; Dr. W. M. Law- 
rence, Assistant Surgeon ; N. Terry Roberts, Sergeant- 
Major. 
. The following companies composed the regiment : 

Chicot Rangers. — D. H. Reynolds, Captain; R. J. Shad- 
dock, First Lieutenant ; Abner Gaines, Second Lieutenant; 
J. McConnells, Third Lieutenant. 

Des Arc Rangers. — J. S. Pearson, Captain ; W. W. 
Ware, First Lieutenant; D. Mclver, Second Lieutenant; 
W. S. Garrett, Third Lieutenant. 

Johnson Cavalry. — Oliver Basham, Captain. 

Augusta Guards. — L. M. Ramsauer, Captain; W. P. 
Campbell, First Lieutenant ; R. L. Barnes, Second Lieuten- 
ant; John Chambers, Third Lieutenant. 

Lawrence Rangers. — L. P. McAlexander, Captain ; W. 
C. Adams, First Lieutenant; G. W. Wells, Second Lieuten- 
ant; F. J. Rane}/, Third Lieutenant. 

Pulaski Lancers. — Morton G. Galloway, Captain ; George 
W. King, First Lieutenant; H. S. McConnell, Second 
Lieutenant; Johnson, Third Lieutenant. 

Desha Cavalry. — J. L. Porter, Captain; J. J. Jones, First 



374 MIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Lieutenant; D. Alexander, Second Lieutenant; Thomas 
Hardesty, Third Lieutenant. 

Yell Cavalry. — T. J. Daniels, Captain. 

Conway Cavalry. — R. W. Harper, Captain. 

Independence Cavalry. — W. E. Gibbs, Captain ; G. W. 
Daugherty, First Lieutenant; J. W. Butler, Second Lieuten- 
ant; C. P. Head, Third Lieutenant. 

Colonel Churchill was promoted to Brigadier and afterwards 
to Major-General. Lieutenant-Colonel Matlock, being at 
home in Augusta, on furlough, was captured by a force of 
Federals, and carried a prisoner to Johnson's Island, where 
he died, and Major R. W. Harper became Colonel of the regi- 
ment. He was killed at Chickamauga, and D. H. Reynolds 
became Colonel, November 17th, 1863, and L. M. Ram- 
saur, Lieutenant-Colonel. Colonel Re}molds was promoted 
to Brigadier-General, March 5th, 1864, and L. M. Ram- 
saur became Colonel, but was unable to serve in the field on 
account of wounds received at Murfreesboro. The regiment 
wascommandedby G. W.Wells, Lieutenant-Colonel, and W. 
P. Campbell, Major. On the istof April, 1865, the brigade 
to which it belonged was consolidated into one regiment. H. 
G. Bunn was elected Colonel of the consolidated regiment, 
and James P. Eagle, Lieutenant-Colonel. There were hardly 
enough men out of the whole brigade to make a full regiment. 

List of engagements of 1st Arkansas Mounted Riflemen : 
Neosho, Missouri, July, 1861 ; Oak Hill, August 10th ; Elk- 
horn, March 6th, 1862; Farmington, Miss., May 9th; 
Richmond, Kentucky, August 29th and 30th; Murfreesboro, 
December 31st, 1862, January 2d, 1863; Jackson, Miss., 
July 10th to 16th, 1863; Chickamauga, September 19th 
and 20th, 1863; Dug Gap, near Dalton, May 8th, 1864; 
Resaca, May 1.3th, 14th and 18th, 1864; New Hope Church, 
May 29th to June 3d, 1864; Kennesaw Mountain, June 
17th to July 3d, 1864; Moore's Mill, Georgia, July 19th, 
1864; Peach Tree Creek, July 20th, 1864; Atlanta, July 



The yeab i86i, 



3?5 



22(3, 1864; Ezra Church, July 28th, 1864; Lovejoy Station, 
August 20th, 1864; Jonesboro, August 31st, 1864; Moon 
Station, October 3d, 1864; Franklin, November 30th, 1864; 
Nashville, December 15th, 1864, an( ^ Bentonville, March 
19th, 1865. 

They bore their part in the great conflict with unsurpassed 
heroism and endurance. They were in it from the first to the 
last, and made for themselves a proud record. The regiment 
was nearly 1,000 strong at its organization, but only a bare 
handful lived to the end. After the battle of Murfreesboro 
they were dismounted and thereafter served as Infantry. 

Colonel D. H. Reynolds was promoted to Brigadier-Gen- 
eral, March 5th, 1864, and commanded the brigade to which 
the regiment belonged from that date till the close of the 
war. After he was wounded at Bentonville, March 19th, 
1865, Colonel H. G. Bunn, of the 4th Arkansas, as senior 
Colonel, commanded the brigade during the battle at that 
place, and afterwards, till the surrender which was made near 
Smithfield, North Carolina, April 26th, 1865. 

The 2nd Arkansas Infantry was raised by Thomas C. Hind- 
man, J. W, Scaifeand J. W. Bocage, in pursuance of author- 
ity given by President Davis to Colonel Hindman. The field 
and staff officers were as follows : 

Thomas C. Hindman, Colonel ; J. W. Bocage, Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel; J. W. Scaife, Major; Charles E. Patterson, 
Adjutant ; Dr. Raphe Horner, Surgeon ; Rev. Samuel Cow- 
ley, Chaplain. 

The Captains of the various companies were : 

Company "A," Captain C. A. Bridewell ; Company "B," 
Captain Thomas Quinlin ; Company "C," Captain E. War- 
field; Company "D," Captain E. G. Brashear ;• Company 
"E," Captain Anderson; Company "F," D. C. Govan; 
Company "G," Captain B. B. Taliaferro; Company U H," 
Captain R. F. Harvey; Company "I," Captain Ross, who 
died. 



376 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Upon this regiment was built the "Hindman Legion," 
composed of the Second Arkansas, a battalion of eight com- 
panies, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel John S. Marma- 
duke, late Governor of Missouri, called the Third Confeder- 
ate Regiment, three companies of cavalry under Major C. W. 
Phifer and Captain Swett's Battery of four guns. It was 
called the "Hindman Legion," although not so named on the 
records of the War Department. 

This regiment, the Second Arkansas, was at the bombard- 
ment of Columbus, Kentucky ; at the battle of Woodsonville, 
Kentucky; Shiloh, Richmond and Perryville, Kentucky ; 
Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold 
Gap, Dalton, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Franklin, 
Nashville ; in short, all the battles of Johnston and Hood's cam- 
paign through Tennessee and Georgia, when opposing Sher- 
man, even clown to the battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, 
March 19th, 1865. It participated in over forty pitched 
battles. Colonel Hindman, its original Colonel, became first 
a Brigadier and then a Major-General. 

The Second Arkansas Riflemen were organized in the sum- 
mer of 1 86 1, with the following Field and Staff Officers : — 
James Mcintosh, Colonel; Ben. T. Embry, Lieutenant-Colo- 
nel ; Brown, Major ; Dr. W. D. DeBerry, Surgeon ; Dr. 

W. A. C. Sayle, Assistant Surgeon. 

The companies had the following Captains: Gibson, Par- 
ker, King, Arrington, Flannagin, Witherspoon, Brown and 
Gamble. 

Colonel Mcintosh was promoted to Brigadier-General, 
and was killed at the battle of Elkhorn or Pea Ridge, 
when Lieutenant-Colonel Embry became Colonel. The 
regiment was re-organized at Corinth, and Harris Flanna- 
gin became Colonel, Major J. A. Williamson became 
Lieutenant-Colonel, and James P. Eagle, Major. Colonel 
Flannagin was elected Governor in 1862, when Lieutenant- 
Colonel Williamson became Colonel, and James P. Eagle, 



THE YEAR 1861. 



Ill 



Lieutenant-Colonel. Colonel Williamson lost his leg at the 
battle of Resaca, Georgia, May 14th, 1864, and J. T. Smith 
was appointed Colonel. Smith was killed July 28th, 1864, 
in a battle on the Lick Skillet Road, and James P. Eagle suc- 
ceeded him as Colonel. 

The regiment served first in Northwest Arkansas and Mis- 
souri, and took part in the battle of Oak Hill, August 10th, 
1861, and of Elkhorn, March 7th, 1862. It was then moved 
east of the Mississippi river, and went on Bragg's Kentucky 
campaign, under Kirby Smith. It took part in the battle of 
Richmond, August 30th, 1862. On the retreat out of Ken- 
tuck) 7 , it remained in East Tennessee, and was in the battle of 
Murfreesboro, December 31st, 1862, until May, 1863, when 
it was taken to Mississippi and placed in the Arnry of General 
Joseph E. Johnston, designed for the relief of Vicksburg. It 
was in the battle of Jackson, July 10th, 1863, and from there 
was ordered back to the Army of Tennessee, and took part in 
the battle of Chickamauga, September 19th and 20th, 1863. 
It was again moved to Mississippi, but was placed back in 
the Amiy of Tennessee during the winter of 1863 and 1864, 
when Johnston's Army was wintering at Dalton. From 
here it followed the fortunes of Johnston and Hood's Armies 
down to the end, taking part in the battles of Dug Gap, May 
8th, 1864; Resaca, May 13th and 15th, 1864; New Hope 
Church, May 29th to June 3d, 1864; Kennesaw Mountain, 
June 17th to July 3d; Moore's Mill, July 19th; Peach Tree 
Creek, July 20th; Atlanta, on the Decatur road, July 22c!; 
Ezra Church, July 28th; Lovejoy Station, August 20th; 
Jonesboro, August 31st ; Moon Station, October 3d ; Frank- 
lin, November 30th; Nashville, December 15th and 16th ; 
Sugar Creek, December 26th, 1864; and Bentonville, North 
Carolina, March 19th, 1865, and the few survivors were sur- 
rendered with Johnston's Army in North Carolina, April 
26th, 1865. 



378 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The regiment was first in the brigade of General Ben. 
McCullough, and afterwards in that of General Mcintosh, its 
old Colonel, while serving in Arkansas and Missouri. East 
of the Mississippi river it was first in a brigade commanded 
by General T. J. Churchill. After the return from the Ken- 
tucky campaign of 1862, the brigade was commanded by 
Brigadier-General, Evander McNair, and after March 5th, 
1864, was commanded by General D. H. Reynolds. In the 
Army of Tennessee, they were in the Division of Major-Gen- 
eral J. P. McCown. When in Johnston's Army, from Dalton 
to Bentonville, it was in General Leonidas Polk's Corps, after 
his death commanded by General Loring. 

The Second Arkansas Cavalry was formed out of Pheiffer's 
Battalion and other Arkansas companies. In 1861 a com- 
pany of Cavalry was formed in Drew county, of which Captain 
Ragland was made Captain, and William F. Slemons, First 
Lieutenant, one of seventeen companies which went out from 
Drew county in the Confederate Army. Thiscompanyjoined 
Hardee's forces on Black river in July, 1861, where it, with 
other Arkansas companies, was organized into Pheiffer's Bat- 
talion, and as such went with Hardee to Columbus, Kentucky; 
thence to Bowling Green, the winter of 1861 and 1862, on 
out-post duty along Green river, the battalion being under the 
immediate command of General T. C. Hindman. In Feb- 
ruary, 1862, Pheiffer's Battalion covered the rear of the retreat 
of General Albert Sidney Johnston to Tennessee, and was in 
the neighborhood of Corinth in March. After the battle of 
Shiloh, in which it took part, Pheiffer's Battalion and the 
Second Arkansas Battalion of Cavalry were consolidated into 
a regiment, called the Second Arkansas Cavalry, and William 
F. Slemons was elected Colonel of it, and commanded it until 
the close of the war. 

The following were the officers of the regiment: 

Second Arkansas Cavalry, organized soon after the battle 
of Shiloh, about May 1st, 1862: W. F. Slemons, Colonel; 



THE YEAR 1861. 



379 



H. R. Withers, Lieutenant-Colonel; Reid, Major; Thos. 
Garrison, Adjutant; W. Leiper, Quartermaster; Wat 
Strong, Commissioner; Chrisman, Captain Company "A;" 
Joseph Earle and H. S. Hudspeth, Captains Company "B ;" 
Thos. Cochran, Captain Company "C;" James Portis and 
Watt Green, Captains Company "D;" Summerville and 
Wm. Cooper, Captains Company "E ;" O. B. Tebbs, Cap- 
tain Company "F;" E. L. McMurtree and Snell, Captains 
Company K G'.;" Phil. Echols and Oliver, Captains Company 
"H;" Marcus L. Hawkins, Captain Company "J." 

On the retreat of General Beauregard to Corinth and 
Tupelo, the Second Arkansas Cavalry formed the rear and 
the right flank of the Confederate Army, under General John 
C. Breckenridge. On the 3d of July, 1862, it supported Gen- 
eral Joseph R. Chalmers, in his attack on Booneville, Mis- 
sissippi, and took part in the engagement, together with the 
Second Alabama Cavalry, under Col. Clanton, completely 
routing the Federal forces. 

Shortly afterwards, under General Armstrong, they met 
the Federal forces at Middleburg, Tennessee, where, with the 
Second Missouri Cavalry, the regiment attacked the Federals 
in the open field, cavalry and infantry. In a gallant charge 
the entire Federal force, under General Hogg, was put to 
rout, one-half the command being killed or wounded, Gen- 
eral Hogg himself being among the slain. They were next 
engaged at Britton's Lane, Tennessee, in the latter part of 
July, where the First Mississippi, under Col. Wirt Adams ; 
the Second Tennessee, under Col. Jackson ; the Second Mis- 
souri, under Col. Robert McCulloch, and the Second Arkan- 
sas, under Col. Slemons, after a hard fight of three hours, 
in which the Federals were posted behind fences and thick 
undergrowth, captured their entire Federal train of 30 wagons 
and mules, two pieces of artillery, and 300 prisoners. In 
this engagement, the Second Arkansas lost 70 men in killed 
and wounded. In the campaigns of Price and Pemberton, 



380 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

in Mississippi, in 1862, they were actively engaged and partic- 
ipated in a number of skirmishes. In 1863, under General 
Chalmers, it participated in the battles of Iuka, Cold- 
water, Collierville and Salem. In 1864 it was with General 
Forrest in Tennessee, until February, when it was sent to the 
Trans-Mississippi Department, and took part in the battle of 
Poison Spring, Marks' Mills and Jenkins Ferry. In Septem- 
ber, 1864, it went on Price's raid into Missouri, and took 
part in the battles of Pilot Knob, Booneville, Independence, 
Westport and Marais des Cygnes. At this latter battle, Col. 
Slemons, with a number of officers of this brigade, and about 
100 men were taken prisoners, and two pieces of artillery 
were taken. Col. Slemons' horse was killed, and in falling, 
caught the Colonel's leg under him, holding him down. Col. 
Slemons and the officers were sent first to Johnson's Island, 
and then to Rock Island, where they were kept as prisoners 
until after the close of the war. 

The Second Arkansas Battalion — Infantry — commonly 
called Jones' Battalion, was organized at Little Rock, March, 
1862, Major John Miller, Jr., Commander. 

At Duval's Bluff two other companies were added, and 
Batt Jones, of Chicot county, was elected Lieutenant-Colonel, 
and remained in command until the capitulation of Port Hud- 
son. M. R. Wilson, James Imboden, James Norris, and 
— Wood were Captains commanding companies in it. 

This battalion took part in the battles of Iuka, Rienzi, Farm- 
ington, Corinth, and were at Port Hudson during the siege, 
and surrendered there. Also at Fort Pillow, at its bombard- 
ment. Officers were sent from Port Hudson to Rock Island, 
where they remained until the close of the war. The men 
were paroled — and the battalion was afterwards consolidated 
with the Eighteenth and Twenty-Third Arkansas Regiments, 
at Parole Camps on Red river, and took part in the battles of 
Jenkins Ferry, and Marks' Mills — surrendered rinaly at Mar- 
shall, Texas. 



THE YE AM 1861. 38 1 

Gratiot's Regiment, called Second Regiment Arkansas State 
Volunteers in the numbering of the Military Board, but called 
Third Regiment in the numbering of General N. B. Pearce's 
Brigade. John R. Gratiot, Colonel; Provence, Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel; E. B. Ward, Major; Granville Wilcox, Ad- 
jutant; Montcalm Simms, Quartermaster; Elias B. Moore, 
Commissar}^. 

Company "D," Fort Smith Rifles, Captain Sparks; Com- 
pany "A," Hempstead Rifles, commanded originally by 
Captain John R. Gratiot, but upon his becoming Colonel of 
the regiment, was commanded by Captain Hart, Dan. W. 
Jones, First Lieutenant. The banner of this company bore 
the inscription, "Dieu defend le droit" u God defend the 
right." Company, Captain King; Company U B," from 
Washington county, Captain S. K. Bell; Company "E," 
from Sebastian county, Captain John Griffith; Company 
from Crawford county, Captain Stuart; Company "I," from 
Fort Smith, Captain Corcoran; Company "C," from Van 
Buren, Captain Brown; Company, Captain Buchanan. The 
strength of the regiment was about 750 men. 

Upon the transfer of troops from the State to the Confed- 
erate service, in September 1861, this regiment was dis- 
banded, as part of Pearce's Brigade, and the members gen- 
erally enlisted in other commands, or entered the service in 
other departments. They fought bravely at the battle of Oak 
Hill, and contributed largely to winning the victory of that 
day, suffering a heavy loss in killed and wounded. 

The Third Arkansas Regiment was organized at Lynch- 
burg, in June, 1861, Albert Rust, Colonel; Seth M. Barton, 
Lieutenant-Colonel; and Van H. Manning, Major. In the 
winter of 1861 to 1862, both Rust and Barton were made 
Brigadier-Generals, and Manning was made Colonel, and 
Henry Butler, of Tulip, Arkansas, was Adjutant. Subse- 
quently the Captain of Company "D," R. S. Taylor, became 
Lieutenant-Colonel, and Wilkins, Captain of Company 



382 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

"K," Major. Major Wilkins being killed at Gettysburg, 
Rudy, of Company "G," succeeded him. Major Rudy was 
killed at Chickamauga ; Smith, of Company "I," succeeded 
him. The Surgeon was Dr. Joe Brown, Union county, 
Arkansas, and the Assistant Surgeon was Dr. C. H. A. 
Kleinschmidt, now of Washington City. 

Early in May, 1861, Dr. W. H. Tebbs, Captain of a 
company raised on Bayou Bartholomew, in Ashley count)-, 
and Captain Van H. Manning, the Captain of a company 
organized at Hamburg, in that county, went to Vicksburg, 
and there tendered the services of the two companies, Tebbs' 
numbering 87 and Manning's 1 16, to Leroy P. Walker, Con- 
federate Secretary of War, at Montgomery, by wire, and 
received his reply declining the offer. They then went to 
Montgomery, and by earnest begging, gained admittance into 
the Confederate service for the period of the war, long or 
short, and received marching orders for Virginia before leav- 
ing there. While at Montgomery, Captain Manning saw 
Hon. Albert Rust, then a Member of Congress, and obtained 
his promise to return to Arkansas, and organize eight addi- 
tional companies, and join Captain Tebbs and himself in 
Virginia, as the pivotal companies of a regiment to be there 
formed and mustered in for the period of the war. Rust 
brought nine companies in a short while, making eleven when 
the regiment was organized, and it was the first regiment of 
regulars mustered into the service. Tebbs' Company and 
Captain Mannings' were perhaps the first and only companies 
denied admission into the Cenfederate service, even for a day, 
and were the first companies enlisted for the war. 

When organized, the regiment was composed of 11 com- 
panies. The names of the Captains were : 

W. H. Tebbs, of Ashley county, Company "A;" 

Capers, of Ashley county, Company "B;" Thomas M. 
Whittington, of Drew county, Company U C;" R. S. Tay- 
lor, of Desha county, Company "D ;" (Name unknown), 



THE YEAR 1861. 383 

Company "E;" Thrasher, of Hot Springs county, 

Company "F;" Rudy, of Union county, Company 

"G;" Reed, of Desha county, Company "H;" 

Alexander, of Dallas county, Company "I;" Wilson Wil- 
kins, of Ashley county, Company "K;" (Name unknown), 
Company "L." 

The Regiment was one of the fullest and strongest com- 
mands that enlisted from Arkansas. 

This regiment took part in battles at White Oak Swamp, 
June 30th, 1862; Malvern Hill, July 1st, 1862; Sharpsburg, 
September 17th, 1862; Fredericksburg, December 13th, 
1862; Suffolk, January 30th, 1863; Gettysburg, July 2d and 
3d, 1863; Chickamauga, September 19th and 20th, 1863; 
Wilderness, May 5th, 1864; Cold Harbor, June 1st, 1864; 
Deep Run, August 6th, 1864; at Petersburg, 1864; at High 
Ridge and Farmville, 1865. 

It preserved its organization to the last, and was one of the 
few regiments to do so. On the retreat from Petersburg it 
was surrendered with Lee's Army, at Appomattox, number- 
ing 300. Its original strength had been from 1,100 to 1,200, 
to which Major Frank Bronaugh's Battalion was added, rais- 
ing the full strength to 1,500. Its entire loss in killed, 
wounded and missing was 1,200. It was one of the noblest 
and best regiments that fought on the Confederate side in all 
the war. 

The regiment was in General J. B. Robertson's, afterwards 
Gregg's, Brigade, Hood's Division, and Longstreet's Corps. 
At Gettysburg it held the extreme right, and was one of the 
regiments which, with the Texas Regiments of Hood's Divi- 
sion, charged Round Top. It went with Longstreet to Ten- 
nessee ; was at the battle of Chickamauga; went with Long- 
street to the seige of Knoxville ; returned from there with 
him to Virginia, in time to take part in the "Battle of the 
Wilderness," and in the remainder of Grant and Lee's cam- 
paign to the close of the war. 



384 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

One of its most notable exploits was a hand-to-hand fight 
with a Maine regiment, at Spots)dvania, after the First, 
Fourth and Fifth Texas Regiments had been driven back. 
After a stubborn and determined combat, the Federal Regi- 
ment was repulsed and driven back. 

Colonel Manning, formerly of Hamburg, Arkansas, but 
now a prominent lawyer of. Washington City, and who was 
Colonel of the regiment after the promotion of General Rust, 
gives the following additional particulars concerning its 
career : 

"The regiment was engaged in the battles of Greenbrier 
and Allegheny, West Virginia, the former under Gen. H. E. 
Jackson, and the latter under Gen. Edward Johnson. 
Thence it joined Gen. Stonewall Jackson's Brigade at Win- 
chester, Va., and on the 1st of January, 1862, marched with 
him in Loring's Division to Bath and Romney, remaining a 
few weeks, having some unimportant skirmishes, and then 
resumed camp at Winchester ; thence to the vicinity of Fred- 
ericksburgh, Va., and assigned to General Holmes' Brigade. 
The regiment took part in the battle at Sharpsburg, Septem- 
ber 17th, 1862, as one of the regiments of J. G. Walker's 
Brigade, commanded by myself, as was the case at Malvern 
Hill. I was desperately wounded in the left arm and left 
side at Sharpsburg. At Fredericksburg, the regiment be- 
longed to Hood's old Brigade, composed of three Texan reg- 
iments and the Arkansas Regiment, commanded by General 
Robertson, of Texas, which, in the meantime, had been re- 
cruited to the extent of about 450, by conscripts and volun- 
teers from Arkansas, and also by the merging of Bronaugh's 
Battalion, with four Arkansas companies. It was not in the 
battle of Chancellorsville, as it was then at Suffolk, Virginia, 
with Longstreet. It was at Gettysburg, and then went to 
Northern Georgia with Longstreet's Corps, and fought in 
Hood's old Brigade, commanded by General Robertson, and 
Hood's Division at Chickamauga. The regiment returned 



THE YEAB 1861. 



385 



to Virginia with Longstreet's Corps, under General Gregg, 
of Texas, through East Tennessee, and resumed its place in 
General Lee's Army, in the "Battle of the Wilderness," on 
the morning of the 6th of May, 1864, double-quicking for 
several miles on that morning to get into the battle, to take 
the place of that part of the line which General A. P. Hill's 
Corps had been driven from earlier in the day, on the left. I 
was in this battle shot through the upper part of the right 
thigh, and captured and detained as a prisoner of war until 
the 1st of August, 1865." 

In Captain Thomas M. Whittington's Company U C," of 
this regiment, every man of the entire company was either 
killed or wounded by the time the war drew to a close. 

The Third Regiment — Cavalry — Col. DeRosey Carroll, 
Colonel. The companies were: Company "A," Captain 
Carroll; Company "B," Captain Lewis; Company "C," 
Captain Armstrong; Company "D," Captain Perkins; 
Company "F," Captain McKissick ; Company U G," Cap- 
tain Walker; Company "H," Captain Parks; Company 
"I," Captain Withers. 

This regiment enlisted as State troops, and were mustered 
out in September, 1861, without transfer to the Confederate 
service, the members entering other organizations. They 
took part in the battle of Oak Hill, August 10th, 1861, where 
they fought bravely, and suffered considerable loss. 

The Third Arkansas Cavalry, originally organized as Bor- 
land's Battalion, 300 strong, with Solon Borland as Major, 
afterwards organized as a full regiment, by the addition of 
other companies. It was organized with the following field 
officers : Solon Borland, Colonel; Benjamin F. Danley, 
Lieutenant-Colonel; David F. Shall, Major. 

Afterwards Gee, of Camden, became Colonel, also 

Earle and Benjamin F. Danley became Colonels, Wil- 

25 



3$6 



HIS TOE Y OF ARKANSAS. 



liam H. Blackwell, of Perryville, Major; A. W. Hobson, 
Lieutenant-Colonel. 

The regiment was first in service in Southern Missouri, and 
was then moved to Des Arc, Arkansas, and from there to 
Memphis, Tennessee. It was then moved to Corinth, 
dismounted, and took part in the battle there and at Iuka 
Springs. It was re-mounted in December, 1862, and 
served for the remainder of the war strictly as cavalry. 
It served in the entire Mississippi campaign, and generally 
under General N. B. Forrest. It was in the battle of 
Thompson's Station in the spring of 1863, an d lost heavily. 
Colonel Earle was killed there and also Captain Jester, of 
Company "F," after which John J. Sumpter, who had en- 
listed in the regiment as a private, became Captain of that 
company. Thomas C. Scott, Colonel Earle's flag-bearer, was 
among the wounded, losing his left arm. 

The following is the company organizition of Danley's 
Rangers, one of the original companies of the regiment : 
Ben. F. Danley, Captain ; John C. Henderson, First Lieuten- 
ant; F. M. Conway, Second Lieutenant; S. C. W. Lewis, 
Third Lieutenant ; William H. Causin, First Sergeant ; James 
Smith, Second Sergeant; Sam. Brookin, Third Sergeant; 
C. E. J. White, Fourth Sergeant; John Parker, Fifth Ser- 
geant; D. W. Starbuck, First Corporal; R. M. King, 
Second Corporal ; Thomas W. DeCamp, Third Corporal ; 
John W. Ferguson, Fourth Corporal. 58 men ; total 
strength of company, 71. 

The Fourth Arkansas Infantry, called also the Southwest Ar- 
kansas Regiment, was mustered in at Miller's Springs, Law- 
rence county, Missouri, August 17th, 1861. At organization 
the following were its officers : Evander McNair, of Hemp- 
stead county, Colonel ; A. Btyce Williams, of Hempstead 
county, Lieutenant-Colonel; J. H. Clay, of Montgomery 
county, Major, 



THE YEAli IS 61, 



COMPANIES. 



387 



Company "A" — Calhoun Escopetts — a name meaning 
short guns, and adopted because they were at first armed 
with double-barrelled shot-guns. Joseph B. McCulloch, Cap- 
tain ; John C. Barrow, afterwards George Eberhart, First 
Lieutenant; Wiley C. Brown, Second Lieutenant; H. G. 
Bunn, Third Lieutenant; J. McGill, First Sergeant; H. P. 
Koonce, Second Sergeant; E. W. Black, Third Sergeant; 
G. B. Hite, Fourth Sergeant; N. B. Eiland, Fifth Sergeant ; 
Thomas Malone, First Corporal; T. J. Weisenger, Second 
Corporal; Thomas Dickinson, Third Corporal; Jake Hill, 
Fourth Corporal. 88 men ; total strength of company, 101. 

Company "B," from Hempstead county, called the Hemp- 
stead Hornets; 91 men. Rufus K. Garland Captain; J. W. 
Paup, First Lieutenant ; John L. Loudermilk, Second Lieu- 
tenant ; Henry J. Bonner, Third Lieutenant. At the re- 
organization at Corinth, Miss., May 8th, 1862, Henry J. 
Bonner, now of Clark county, was Captain. 

Company "C," from Montgomery county, called first the 
Caddo Rifles; 79 men. F. J. Erwin, Captain ; Nathaniel 
Grant, First Lieutenant; J. Scott, Second Lieutenant; J. 
Bates, Third Lieutenant. 

Compan}' "D," from Lafa}^ette county, first called the 
Bright Star Rifles; 73 men. Joseph C. Tyson, Captain ; 
Charles A. Jenkins, First Lieutenant; James J. Myers, 
Second Lieutenant ; Chesley G. Williams, Third Lieutenant. 
On re-organization Samuel W. Mays, now of Miller county, 
became Captain. 

Company U E," from Hempstead county, first called the 
Confederate Guards ; 96 men. John A. Rowles, Captain ; 
Samuel Ogden, First Lieutenant; Augustus Kyle, Second 
Lieutenant; Ellis G. Winstead, Third Lieutenant. On re- 
organization, Augustus Kyle, now of Hope, became Captain. 



388 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Company "F," from Montgomery county — first called 
the Montgomery Hunters — 94 men : J. M. Simpson, 
Captain; John W. Lavender, First Lieutenant; Arthur May- 
berry, Second Lieutenant; P. D. Davis, Third Lieutenant. 
Captain Simpson dying from wounds received at Elkhorn, 
Lieutenant John W. Lavender, now of Little Rock, became 
Captain. 

Company "G," from Pike county — first known as the 
Pike County Blues — 88 men : James F. Black, Captain ; 
William B. Gould, First Lieutenant; John N. McCollum, 
Second Lieutenant; H. Clay Polk, Third Lieutenant. On 
re-organization W. B. Gould became Captain. 

Company U H," from Polk county — first called the Polk 
County Invincibles — 64 men : William H. Earp, Captain ; 
James M. Helton, First Lieutenant; F. M. Bolin, Second 
Lieutenant ; Josiah Earp, Third Lieutenant. 

Company "I," from Polk county — 51 men: Joseph B. 
Williamson, Captain; Caleb Cox, First Lieutenant; George 
W. Mason, Second Lieutenant ; George Walker, Third Lieu- 
tenant. On re-organization J. W. Blackburn, of War Eagle 
Mills, Benton county, became Captain. 

Company "K," from Calhoun county — 64 men : O. H. 
P. Black, Captain; Joseph Wilmon, First Lieutenant; A. 
W. Land, Second Lieutenant; Peter Johnson, Third Lieu- 
tenant. On re-organization, Thomas A. Smith became Captain. 
Total strength of regiment, 778 men. 

Companies "A" and "B" were armed with shot-guns, 
Companies "C," "D," "F" and "G" had mostly squirrel 
rifles; Company "E" had flint-lock muskets, all muzzle-load- 
ers, and Company "H" had Hall's rifles, a breech-loading 
gun, with the hammer in front of the chamber, a style of fire- 
arm nicknamed "the old saw mill.' , As for cartridge boxes, 
bayonets, cap boxes and, belts, they were almost unknown in 
the command. They had good home made tents, and the 



THE YEAR IS 61. 389 

transportation consisted of, at least, two good four or six mule 
wagons to the company. 

They took part in the battles of Elkhorn, Arkansas, March 
7th and 8th, 1862 ; Richmond, Kentucky, August 30th, 
1862; Murfreesboro, Tennessee, December 31st, 1862, and 
January 2d, 1863; Jackson, Mississippi, July 12th, 1863; 
Chickamauga, Tennessee, September 19th and 20th, 1863; 
Resaca, Georgia, May 13th, 14th and 15th, 1864; l^Tew 
Hope Church, May 29th to June 3d, 1864 ; Kennesaw Moun- 
tain, June 17th to July 3d, 1864; Peach Tree Creek, July 
20th, 1864* Atlanta, July 22d, 1864; Ezra Church, July 
28th, 1864; Lovejoy Station, August 20th, 1864; Jonesboro, 
August 31st, 1864; Franklin, Tennessee, November 30th, 
1864; Nashville, December 15th and 16th, 1864 ; Sugar Creek, 
December 26th, 1864, and Bentonville, North Carolina, March 
19th, 1865. 

The Fourth Regiment was first in the brigade of General 
Ben. McCullough in Arkansas, and east of the Mississippi 
was in General T. J. Churchill's Brigade, afterwards com- 
manded by General E. McNair, and called McNairs' Brigade ; 
afterwards commanded by General D. H. Reynolds, and 
known as Reynold's Brigade. After General Reynolds was 
wounded at the battle of Bentonville, Colonel H. G. Bunn, 
of the Fourth commanded the brigade. It served in Ar- 
kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Georgia 
and North Carolina. 

The regiment belonged to Cleburne's Division, one of the 
best divisions in the Confederate Army, and one which did as 
much hard fighting as any command in the whole war, and 
was at one time in Polk's Corps, and again in Hardee's. It 
bore its full share in the great conflict from first to last. 

The Fourth Arkansas Battalion was organized by Francis 
A. Terry, under authority from the Military Board authoriz- 
ing him to raise a regiment at Little Rock. As soon as five 
companies were enrolled, without waiting for the completion 



39° 



HISTORY OF ABE AN S AS. 



of the regiment, they were hurried forward to re-enforce 
Columbus, Kentucky, shortly after the battle of Belmont. 
The following was the organization at that time, the field 
and staff officers being: Lieutenant-Colonel Francis A. 
Terry, and Major McKay of Company "D." 

COMPANIES. 

Company "A," from Bayou Meto, T. F. Murff, Captain. 

Company "B," from Little Rock, F. W. Hoadley, Cap- 
tain; W. p . Parks, First Lieutenant; W. C. Osborn, Second 
Lieutenant; John B. Baggett, Third Lieutenant. 

Company" C," from Clark county, J. W. Hanson, Cap- 
tain; J. A. Ross, First Lieutenant; Dedwiley, Second Lieu- 
tenant. 

Company "D," from Prairie county, Thomas Payne, 
Captain; Tarver Toone, First Lieutenant. 

Company "E," John Moore, Captain; Blasingame First 
Lieutenant; Bonshall, Third Lieutenant. 

Company "B," Captain Hoadley, was at first called Com- 
pany "D," but by reason of priority of organization, it was 
afterwards given the designation of Company "B." At Colum- 
bus the company was detailed to take charge of a battery of 
heavy guns, and after that date was detached from the 
battalion. At the fall of Island No. 10, the company was divided 
into three squads to effect their escape. One was commanded 
by Hoadley, one by Lieutenant William C. Osborn, and 
a third by Lieutenant Baggett. Hoadley's squad, and that 
of Lieutenant Baggett, got safely through and reported 
at Memphis, but the squad commanded by Lieutenant 
Osborn were captured. Osborn was taken to Alton prison, 
and died there while a prisoner. The company was then 
consolidated with a Tennessee regiment, the Tenth, and 
was finally moved to Vicksburg, where it was again placed 
in charge of heavy artillery. It went through the siege of 
the place, and was captured at its close. During the progress 



•— ^« 



THE YE AM 1861. 



39* 



of the siege, Hoadley was killed by a shell from the Fed- 
eral batteries. 

On the evacuation of Columbus, the battalion was sent to 
Island No. 10, and was stationed at Tiptonville. At the fall 
of Island No. 10 it escaped by wading through the over- 
flow to its transports, by which it was conveyed to Fort 
Pillow. After the battle of Shiloh, it was sent to Cor- 
inth, and there re-organized. 

The following became the officers at the re-organization : 
J. A. Ross, First Lieutenant of Company "C;" Major T. 

F. Murff, Captain Company "A;" D. C. Adams, First 
Lieutenant; Tarver Toone, Captain Company "D;" S. O. 
Cloud, Captain Company "C;" E. B. Whitley, First 
Lieutenant; A. M. Tennison, Second Lieutenant; George 
T. Williams, Third Lieutenant; John Moore, Captain Com- 
pany U E;" Blasingame, First Lieutenant; Bonshall, Second 
Lieutenant. 

The battallion took part in the battles of Farmington, Mis- 
sissippi, May 9th, 1862; Richmond, Kentucky, August 30th, 
1862; Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Dec. 31st, 1862 — Jan. 2d, 
1863. At this battle, it was so reduced in numbers that it 
was consolidated with the Fourth Arkansas regiment, Col. H. 

G. Bunn ; and as a part of that regiment took part in the bat- 
tles of Jackson, Mississippi, July 10th, 1863 ; Chickamauga, 
Sept. 19th and 20th, 1863; Resaca, May 13th, 14th and 
15th, 1864; New Hope Church, Georgia, May 29th to June 
3d, 1864; Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia, June 17th to July 
3d, 1864; Moore's Mill, Georgia, July 19th, 1864; Peach 
Tree Creek, Georgia, July 20th, 1864; Atlanta, July 22d, 
1864; Ezra Church, July 28th; Lovejoy Station, August 
20th; Jonesboro, August 31st; Moon Station, October 3d, 
1864; Franklin, November 30th, 1864; Nashville, Decem- 
ber 15th and 16th, 1864; Sugar Creek, December 26th, 
1864; Averysborough, March 14th, 1865, and Bentonville, 
March 19th, 1865. 



392 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

The brigade to which the fourth battalion belonged in the 
Army of Tennessee, was commanded first by General J. P. 
McCown, then by General T. J. Churchill; then by General 
E. McNair, and after March 5th, 1864, was commanded by 
General D. H. Reynolds. 

The Fifth Regiment was commanded by Colonel T. P. 
Docker}?; the companies by Captain's Whallings, Dismukes, 
Lawrence, Dowd and Titsworth. 

When the term of enlistment expired, this regiment being 
State troops, was disbanded, it not having been transferred to 
the Confederate service. The members, however, entered 
the Confederate service in other organizations; a portion of 
them, it is believed entered a regiment composed of a portion 
of Colonel Dawson's Nineteenth Regiment and themselves, 
and commanded by Dawson as Colonel. 

The Fifth Arkansas Infantry was organized at Gainesville, 
in the summer of 1861 . Colonel Marsh Walker of Memphis, 
but residing in St. Francis county, was its mustering officer. 
The field and staff officers were : D. C. Cross, Colonel ; 
Sweeney, Lieutenant-Colonel; R. Pope, Major; E. Mallory, 
Quartermaster; B. Crump, Commissary; Joe Dunlap, Adju- 
tant. 

The Captains were: Wm. H. Trader, L. R. Frisk, Bo- 
hannan, Peter Green, White, Grant Smith, R. S. Gantt, J. 
S. Kuykendall, Jingles, and L. Featherston. 

The regiment was transferred to the Confederate service in 
September, 1861, and was made part of the First Brigade, 
and moved to Columbus, Kentucky ; from there to Bowling 
Green, where it remained some time. While in Kentucky 
Lieutenant-Colonel Sweeney resigned, and John Edward 
Murray was elected in his place. On the retreat out of Ken- 
tucky, the regiment was moved to Corinth, and then to Farm- 
ington, where it took part in the battle. At the evacuation 
of Corinth it fell back to Tupelo. Here the regiment was 
re-organized, and Captain L. Featherston was elected Colo- 



THE YEAB 1861. 



393 



nel; John Edward Murray, Lieutenant-Colonel ; Captain Pe- 
ter Green, Major; and J. J. Winston, Adjutant. 

It went with Bragg's Army on the invasion of Ken- 
tucky, and was in the battles of Perryville, Murfreesboro, 
Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold Gap, Resaca, 
Pickett's Mill, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, 
Peachtree Creek, Atlanta, Ezra Church, Franklin, Nashville, 
and Bentonville, beside a large number of skirmishes partici- 
pated in by Johnston's Army, with whom it surrendered 
in North Carolina, April 26th, 1865. 

Col. John Edward Murray was killed at Atlanta, July 22d, 
1864, in the 22d year of his age. His commission as Briga- 
dier-General had been received by him on the day of the bat- 
tle, and a short time only before going into the engagement. 

Lieutenant-Colonel Howell succeeded to the command of 
the regiment after the death of Col. Murray. 

The brigade to which the Fifth Regiment belonged, was 
commanded first by General W. J. Hardee, then by General 
John S. Liddell, and lastly by General D. C. Govan. It 
consisted of the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Regiments, 
and was in Cleburne's Division. 

Lyon's Regiment — Sixth Arkansas Volunteers — had the 
following Field and Staff Officers : Richard Lyons, Colonel; 
A. T. Hawthorn, Lieutenant-Colonel ; D. L. Kilgore, Ma- 
jor; C. A. Bridewell, Adjutant; J. F. Ritchie, Quartermas- 
ter-Sergeant. 

companies : 

Company " A" — The Capital Guards— of Little Rock: — 
Gordon N. Peay, Captain; John E. Reardon, First Lieuten- 
ant; D. C. Fulton, Second Lieutenant; John B. Lockman, 
Third Lieutenant. 

Company "B," — The Yellow Jackets — from Calhoun 
county, Philip H. Echols, Captain ; C. A. Bridewell, First 
Lieutenant. 



394 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Company "C," from Dallas county, F. J. Cameron, Cap- 
tain, subsequently becoming Lieutenant-Colonel of the regi- 
ment; M. M. Duffie, First Lieutenant. 

Company "D," from Ouachita county, Captain Hodnet. 

Company "E," from Arkansas county, Samuel G. Smith, 
Captain, subsequently becoming Colonel of the regiment. 

Company "F," from Lafayette county, Samuel H. Dill, 
Captain. 

Company "G," from Columbia county, D. L. Kilgore, 
Captain; J. W. Austen, First Lieutenant; N. J. Gantt, Sec- 
ond Lieutenant; Thomas Seay, Third Lieutenant ; Na- 
tions, First Sergeant; James H. Paschal, First Corporal, af- 
terwards Orderly Sergeant on re-organization; Crown, 

Second Corporal. On Captain Kilgore becoming Major of 
the regiment, J. W. Austen became Captain. 

Company "H," from Camden, Captain Richard Lyons, 
but on his being elected Colonel of the regiment, Sam. H. 
Southerland became Captain ; E. W. Elliott, First Lieuten- 
ant; A. J. Griggs, Second Lieutenant; G. A. Proctor, Or- 
derly-Sergeant; 7 other officers and 57 men, total of com- 
pany 69. 

Company "I," from Ouachita county, J. W. Kingwell, 
Captain; J. H. Scroggins, First Lieutenant; E. N. Hill, 
Second Lieutenant; J. C. Croxton, Third Lieutenant; H. 
T. Jones, First Sergeant; H. L. Grayson, Second Sergeant ; 
C. C. Arnold, Third Sergeant; J. A. Thompson, Fourth 
Sergeant; 4 other officers, 58 men, total strength of com- 
pany 70. 

Company "K," Captain Barnes. Judge Joseph W. Mar- 
tin became Captain on the re-organization. 

The strength of the regiment on organization was over 
1,000 men. 

Colonel Richard Lyons was killed at the Tennessee river, 
October 10th, 1861, and Lieutenant-Colonel A. T. Hawthorn 
became Colonel of the regiment. Gordon N. Peay, Captain 



The year lsei. 



39$ 



of Company "A," was made Lieutenant-Colonel ; First Lieu- 
tenant John E. Reardon became Captain of Company "A," 
and John G. Fletcher was elected from the ranks First 
Lieutenant of the company. 

After the battle of Shiloh the regiment was re-organized, 
and Lieutenant Fletcher became Captain of Company "A," 
and served as such to the conclusion of the war. He was 
wounded and made prisoner at Murfreesboro, and remained 
in prison four months, when he was exchanged. 

Major Kilgore served with the regiment until the summer 
of 1862, when he was transferred to the Trans-Mississippi 
Department, under General Albert Rust. On reaching the 
Department, he assisted in organizing the Nineteenth Arkan- 
sas Infantry, Col. Smead, and was made Major of it. 

The Sixth Regiment went first to Pocahontas, Arkansas ; 
from there to Southeast Missouri; then to Columbus, Ken- 
tucky; then to Bowling Green, where it was placed in 
Hindman's Brigade. When Johnston retreated after the fall 
of Forts Henry and Donaldson, the Sixth Regiment was one 
of those which covered the retreat to Corinth, Mississippi. 
It took part in the battle of Shiloh, and lost many men. 
From Shiloh it went to Corinth and Tupelo, Mississippi, 
where the regiment was re-organized. From there it was 
placed in Braggs' Army, and went to Chattanooga; then into 
Kentucky, where it took part in the battle of Perryville, 
October 8th, 1862, and Murfreesboro, December 31st, 1862 ; 
January 2d, 1865,. at Liberty Gap; at Chickamauga, Sep- 
tember 19th and 20th, 1863 ; Missionary Ridge, November 
25th, 1863, and Franklin, November 30th, 1864. It 
was in General Joseph E. Johnston's Army, and took part 
in all the battles in his campaign opposing Sherman, and 
finally — what was left of it — surrendered with Johnston 
at the end of the struggle. 

In all these battles it lost heavily, and particularly at 
Shiloh, Murfreesboro and Franklin. The Seventh Regiment, 



396 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Colonel Shaver, had become so decimated from its losses, that 
it was consolidated with the Sixth. After the battle of Frank- 
lin, at the roll-call 45 men answered to their names out of 
the two regiments combined. The Sixth Regiment belonged 
to Hardee's Brigade, afterwards Liddel's, and then Govan's, 
and was in Cleburne's Division. 

The Seventh Arkansas Infantry had the following field and 
staff officers : Robert G. Shaver, Colonel; William R. Cain, 
Lieutenant-Colonel at organization, but afterwards John M. 
Dean became Lieutenant-Colonel; James J. Martin, Major; 
Jack Horn, Adjutant; H. C. Tunsell, Sergeant-Major; Wil- 
liam Patillo, Quartermaster; John D. Spriggs, Commissary; 
Ben. Adler, Wagonmaster; Jenifer T. Spriggs, Ordinance- 
Sergeant. The different companies of the regiment were com- 
manded by John C. McCauley, of White county, Senior 
Captain; George B. Orme, of Jackson county, Second Senior 
Captain ; Joseph H, Martin, of Randolph county, Third Senior 

Captain ; and Captains Deason, of Izard county; M. Van 

Shaver, of Fulton county; John H. Dye, of the "Pike 
Guards;" Warner, of Lawrence county; Wm. Black- 
burn, of Marion county; Mellon, of Randolph county; 

and Brightwell, of Independence county. The regiment 

was organized at Smithville, Lawrence county, June 16th, 
1861 ; went into camp at Camp Shaver, near Pocahontas, 
Randolph county, with 1,250 men on the muster rolls. It was 
the first regiment drilled and disciplined by General Hardee, 
after its transfer to the Confederate service, and was the nu- 
cleus on which he formed his First Brigade, which consisted 
of the Second and Third Confederate; the Fifth, Sixth, 
Seventh and Eighth Arkansas Regiments, and McCarver's 
Regiment, with McCown's Batteiy. 

They were in the battles of Shiloh, April 6th and 7th, 1862 ; 
Perry ville, Kentucky, October 8th, 1862 ; Murfreesboro, De- 
cember 31st, 1862 and January 2d, 1863 ; Chickamauga, Sep- 
tember 19th and 20th, 1863; Missionary Ridge, November 



THE YEAB IS 61. 



397 



23d, 24th and 25th, 1863; Ringgold Gap, November 27th, 
1863 ; Resaca, May i3th-and 14th, 1864, Pickett's Mill, May 
26th, 1864; New Hope Church, May 29th, 1864; Kennesaw 
Mountain, June 17th to July 3d, 1864; Peach Tree Creek, 
July 20th, 1864; Atlanta, July 2 2d and 28th, 1864; Ezra 
Church, July 28th, 1864; Jonesboro, August 31st, 18645 
Franklin, November 30th, 1864; Nashville, December 15th, 

1864, and Bentonville, the last battle of the war, March 19th, 

1865. At Shiloh, the regiment earned the sobriquet of 
"The Bloody Seventh," bestowed upon them by General 
Hardee, in person on the battle-field, for their gallant storming 
of Prentiss' lines, causing him to surrender, and by this name 
they were ever afterwards known. There was not a battle 
nor a skirmish by the Army of Tennessee, but that they bore 
in it their full share. At Peach Tree Creek, the Regiment 
was nearly wiped out, and at Bentonville, the Second, Fifth, 
Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Regiments had become so depleted 
that they were all consolidated into one regiment, and barely 
made a good-sized regiment then. The Seventh went into the 
war with 1,250 men on its muster rolls, and came out with 
150, of whom probably not more than 100 are now living. 

After the evacuation of Corinth, while at Tupelo, Missis- 
sippi, Colonel Shaver was transferred to the Trans-Mississippi 
Department, and in that department raised another regi- 
ment, which he commanded to the close of the war. 

The Eighth Arkansas Regiment was raised by William K. 
Patterson, who was made its Colonel, and who commanded 
it from its organization, at Jacksonport, in the summer of 
1861, to the time of its re-organization at Corinth, Mississippi, 
late in the spring or early in the summer of 1862. 

At the re-organization, John H. Kelley became Colonel; 
Wilson, of Jacksonport, Lieutenant-Colonel, and G. F. Bau- 
cura, Major. During the Kentucky campaign, Lieutenant- 
Colonel Wilson resigned ; Major G. F. Baucum became 
Lieutenant-Colonel, and Anderson Watkins, son of Judge 



398 IIISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

George C. Watkins, Major. Afterwards, Colonel Kelley 
was promoted to Brigadier-General ; G. F. Baucum became 
Colonel, and Anderson Watkins, Lieutenant-Colonel. The 
regiment was in the battle of Shiloh; then went with Braggs' 
Army on his campaign in Kentucky ; was in the battles of 
Perryville and Murfreesboro ; from there went to Chatta- 
nooga ; was in the battles of Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, 
Ringgold Gap, Resaca, Kennesaw Mountain, Peach Tree 
Creek, Ezra Church and Atlanta. In this battle Colonel 
Baucum was wounded, Lieutenant-Colonel Anderson Watkins 
was killed, and the regiment suffered greatly in killed and 
wounded. Colonel Baucum was never able to rejoin the reg- 
iment after being wounded. 

This regiment was one of Cleburne's Division, and par- 
ticipated in all the marches and battles of that command, and 
surrendered with Joseph E. Johnston's troops, April 26th, 

1S65. 

As originally organized, the regiment had the following 

field officers: Wm. K. Patterson, Colonel; Crouch 

Lieutenant-Colonel; John Price, Major ; Dr. L. H. Dickson, 
Surgeon ; Dr. Gee, Assistant Surgeon, and Tom Watson, 
Quartermaster. 



CHAPTERXVIII. 

1861. 



ORGANIZATION OF TROOPS. HISTORY OF REGIMENTS, CONTINUED. 

The Ninth Regiment, familiarly known as "The Parson's 
Regiment," from the circumstance that at its organization 
there were 42^ Methodist preachers numbered among its 
officers, was organized and sworn in at Pine Bluff, July 
20th, 1861. 

The field and staff officers at its organization were John M. 
Bradley, Colonel ; W. Y. McCammon, Lieutenant-Colonel ; 
W. H. Wallace, Sr., Major; R. W. Millsaps, Adjutant. 

The Captains of the different companies were : Company 
"A," from Jefferson county, Captain James H. Hurley; 
Company "B," from Union county, Captain W. H. Wal- 
lace, Jr. ; Company U C," from Jefferson county, Captain 
Armstrong; Company "D," from Drew county, W. C. 
Haislip; Company "E," from Bradley county, Captain 
Isaac N. Dunlop; Company "F," from Drew county, Cap- 
tain W. H. Isom ; Company "G," from Bradley county, 
Captain J. W. Blankenship; Company "H," from Jefferson 
county, Captain Philip Henry; Company "I," from Jeffer- 
son county, Captain George W. Bayne; Company "K," 
from Ashley county, Captain John F. Carr. The last named 
is now a prominent minister at Pine Bluff. 

The regiment was at the battle of Belmont, Kentucky, 
November 8th, 1861, but were held in reserve. It held 
Bowling Green in the winter of 1861 and 1862, On the re- 

399 



400 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

treat out of Kentucky it helped to cover the rear and was 
marched to Corinth, Mississippi. 

At its organization it numbered 1,000 men, and was from 
time to time heavily recruited. Yet at the close of the strug- 
gle there were not exceeding 200 men surviving. There are 
possibly living, at this date, 15 or 20 out of each company, 
including the recruits which were added. It fought gallantly 
at Shiloh, losing 132 men, and was in both battles of Corinth, 
the battlesof Baker's Creek andCoffeeville ; was 20 days in the 
breastworks at Jackson, Mississippi, was in most of the bat- 
tles from Georgia to Mississippi ; including the battles of Re- 
saca, Georgia, May 13th, 14th and 15th, 1864; Franklin, 
Tennessee, November 30th, 1864; Peach Tree Creek, July 
20th, 1864; Atlanta, July 22c! and 24th, 1864, and Nashville, 
December 15th and 16th, 1864, and was at the siege of Port 
Hudson, May 21st to July 9th, 1863. On the 25th of March, 
1864, it was attached to Reynold's Brigade in exchange for 
the 39th North Carolina, and thereafter took part in all the 
battles fought by that brigade. 

The Tenth Arkansas Infantry Regiment had the following 
field and staff officers: T. D. Merrick, Colonel; S. S. Ford, 
Lieutenant-Colonel; Obed Patty, Major ; Robert C. Bertrand, 
Adjutant, to February, 1862 ; after that date George A. Mer- 
rick, was Adjutant. 

companies : 

Quitman Rifles — Company "A:" — A. R. Witt, Captain; 
W. W. Martin, First Lieutenant; C. M. Cargile, Second 
Lieutenant; Israel Davis, Third Lieutenant; W. R. Corbin, 
First Sergeant. Eight non-commissioned officers, 81 men; 
total strength of company, 94 men. 

Ready Rifles — Company "B :" — James P. Venable, Cap- 
tain; John K. Griffith, First Lieutenant; Benjamin F. Jones, 
Second Lieutenant; John F. Kirk, Third Lieuteuant ; J. A. 
Sturdivant, First Sergeant. Nine non-commissioned officers 
and 50 men ; total strength of company, 64 men. 



THE YEAR 1861. 40 1 

Chocktaw Riflemen — Company "C:" — L. B. Jennings, 
Captain; W. W. Bridges, First Lieutenant; F. M. Jackson, 
Second Lieutenant ; C. Watkins, Third Lieutenant; G. M. 
Hines, First Sergeant. Eight other officers, 65 men ; total 
strength of company, 78 men. 

Pemberton's Company — Company "D :" — John A. Pem- 
berton, Captain; J. F. Foster, First Lieutenant; W. C. 
Rainey, Second Lieutenant; W. P. Harris, Third Lieuten- 
ant; William Guinn, First Sergeant. Eight non-commis- 
sioned officers, 55 men; total strength of company, 68 men. 

Conway Invincibles— Company "E:" — E. L. Vaughan, 
Captain; J. H. Culpepper, First Lieutenant; W. J. Hardin, 
Second Lieutenant; A. K. Livingston, Third Lieutenant; J. 
A. Donnell, First Sergeant. Eight non-commissioned 
officers, 72 men; total strength of company, 85 men. 

Muddy Bayou Heroes — Company "F:" — R. S. Fears, 
Captain ; James A. Henry, First Lieutenant; Q. T. Stokery, 
Second Lieutenant ; Terrill Bryant, Third Lieutenant ; W. 
M. Camble, First Sergeant. Eight non-commissioned offi- 
cers, 51 men ; total strength of company, 64 men. 

Red River Riflemen — Company "G:" — John B. Miller, 
Captain; James E. Lockard, First Lieutenant; Henry J. 
Gatton, Second Lieutenant ; Edwin Ellis, Third Lieutenant ; 
Daniel L. Johnson, First Sergeant. Ten non-commissioned 
officers, 76 privates; total strength of company, 91 men. 
After the battle of Shiloh, George A. Merrick became Cap- 
tain. 

Perry County Mountaineers — Company "H :" — William 
Wilson, Captain; Robert F. James, First Lieutenant ; Jesse 
W. Holmes, Second Lieutenant; Morgan G. Smyers, Third 
Lieutenant; William D. Hickman, First Sergeant. Eight 
non-commissioned officers, 54 men ; total strength of com- 
pany, 67 men. 
26 



402 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Conway Tigers — Company "I:" — J. W. Duncan, Cap- 
tain; Z. A. P. Venable, First Lieutenant; Jefferson Mallett, 
Second Lieutenant; E. H. Russell, Third Lieutenant; G. 
W. dinger, First Sergeant. Eight non-commissioned offi- 
cers, 60 men; total strength of company, 73 men. 

Springfield Sharpshooters — Company "K:" — W. S. 
Hanna, Captain; L. F. Ragsdale, First Lieutenant; J. C. 
Barnes, Second Lieutenant; S. M. Shelton, Third Lieuten- 
ant; W. B. Hawkins, First Sergeant. Eight other officers, 
61 men ; total strength of company, 74 men. The total 
strength of the regiment was 758, and afterwards recruited to 
1,061 men. 

The regiment was organized at Springfield, in July, 1861, 
and left Arkansas in the summer of that year, going first to 
Memphis, then to Union City, at which place great sickness 
and mortality among the men prevailed, owing to the preva- 
lence of measles, fully 150 dying from the disease. They 
were then assigned to General Bowen's Brigade, consisting of 
the Ninth and Tenth Arkansas, Fifth Missouri and Tenth 
Mississippi Regiments, and moved to Columbus, Kentucky, 
where they encamped, about 15 miles back of that place. 
At the battle of Belmont they were placed to guard the rear 
of the Army in its operations there. The}' went to Bowling 
Green, Ken tuck}', in January, 1862, where they remained 
until the evacuation of that place, when they were again 
placed to guard the rear on the retreat. They were then 
placed in Hardee's Corps, and marched to Corinth. Here 
the Ninth Arkansas was put in Breckenridge's Reserve 
Corps, and marched to Shiloh. They were held as reserves 
near the battle ground until eleven o'clock of Sunday, the 6th, 
when they were ordered into action, and were put out to charge 
a hill, held by the enemy, and from which two brigades had 
previously been repulsed. Their brigade made a rush for the 
hill, and captured it in handsome and gallant style. 



THE YEAH 1861. 



4°3 



In this battle they lost about 160 men. After Shiloh they 
came back to Corinth, where they were re-organized. Cap- 
tain A. R. Witt, of Company "A," became Colonel of the 
regiment. Here their brigade was broken up. They were 
moved first back of Vicksburg, where they stayed some time 
on the Yazoo river, at Camp Price ; then they were moved 
to Vicksburg, where they stayed a short while. They were 
then, with the Ninth Arkansas, placed in a. brigade commanded 
by General Jeff. Thompson, and moved to Tangipahoa, 
Louisiana, 30 or 40 miles above New Orleans, where they 
spent the winter of 1862 and 1863, guarding the New Or- 
leans, Jackson and Great Northern Railway. In the spring 
of 1863 they were moved first to Baton Rouge and then to 
Port Hudson, and went through the siege of that place, 
lost many men, and were made prisoners at the capitulation 
of the place, July 9th, 1863. The men were paroled until 
exchanged, the officers being imprisoned in Johnson's Island. 
In addition to these actions, the regiment took part in the bat- 
tles of Baton Rogue and Ponchatoula, and in fifteen fights 
and skirmishes during Price's Missouri raid. It entered 
the war with a muster roll of 1,061 men, and returned with 
only 154. 

The Eleventh Arkansas Infantry was organized at Camp 
Hardee, near Benton, Saline county, in July, 1861, and 
elected the following field officers : Jabez M. Smith, Colonel ; 
F. W. Hoadley, Lieutenant-Colonel; James T. Poe, Major; 
Wm. R. Selridge, Staff- Adjutant — for a part of the time 
Harry Wingar, of the Regular United States Army, held the 
position — Captain Nolan, of Camden, Quartermaster; Dr. 
Isaacs, of Saline county, Surgeon; Dr. J. N. Bragg, of 
Camden, Assistant Surgeon; Rev. M. Hoague, of Saline 
county, Chaplain. 

By reason of some informality, the election of officers was 
declared void, and a second election was held some weeks 
later, at which all the above field officers were re-elected, except 



404 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

that Lieutenant-Colonel, Mark Miller, was substituted for 
F. W. Hoadley, who was a man of great courage and 
gallantry, entered the Fourth Arkansas Battalion, under Col- 
onel Terry, was assigned to artillery service, became a Major 
of Artillery, and was killed during the siege of Vicksburg. 

The following Captains were in command during the first 
year: Company "A," Captain M. D. Vance. Company 
"B," Captain W. T. Douglas; First Lieutenant, Claiborne 
Watkins ; Second Lieutenant, M. E. Wills. On the death 
of Captain Douglas, Lieutenant Claiborne Watkins, now a 
prominent physician of Little Rock, became Captain of the 
company. Company "C," Captain J. M. Sanders; First 
Lieutenant, J. C. Hall. A. Curl, now of Malvern, was 
Sergeant in this company the first year, and afterwards be- 
came First Lieutenant. Company "D," Captain Phillips, 
afterwards Captain A. A. Crawford, who continued as such 
to the close of the war. 

Company "E" — The Falcon Guards: — J. C. C. Moss, 
Captain; Wm. R. Selridge, First Lieutenant; P. S. Lively, 
Second Lieutenant; William Martin, Third Lieutenant; F. 
J. Eddy, First Sergeant; Thomas Boyse, Second Sergeant; 
Thomas J. Milwe, Third Sergeant; John Carson, Fourth 
Sergeant; Larkin Nix, Ensign; W. A. J. Cooper, First 
Corporal; B. W. Borland, Second Corporal; W. S. Kent, 
Third Corporal; J. H. Meaclor, Fourth Corporal. Total 
strength of company, 80 men. 

Company "F," Captain Mooney. Company "G," Cap- 
tain John A. Logan, afterwards Colonel, and Lieutenant 
Thomas. Company "H," Captain Matthews. Company 
"I," Captain Waters. Company "K," Captain Anderson 
Cunningham. 

During the first year the regiment was stationed at Mem- 
phis, Fort Pillow and Island No 10, which latter place it 
reached in November, 1861, and constituted a part of the 
army defending that point, sometimes on the Island, some- 



THE YEAR 1861. 



4°5 



times at New Madrid, sometimes in the Madrid bend, on the 
east bank of the river, until the fall of that place, 8th 
of April, 1862. During this siege, James C. Hall, 
First Lieutenant of Company "C," died. Lieutenant 
Thomas, of Company "G," had his thigh broken in a scuffle, 
and resigned. Colonel E. W. Gantt, of the Twelfth Regi- 
ment, commanded the brigade on the night of the 8th of 
April, 1862 ; the Eleventh Regiment lay in line of battle back 
of Tiptonville, five miles from the Island, and next morning 
were notified that they were prisoners. The capitulation had 
been made during the night. Most of the Eleventh Regi- 
ment were carried to Camp Butler, near Springfield, Illinois, 
the officers being carried to Johnson's Island. All of the 
Twelfth Regiment (except a few who escaped) and the re- 
mainder of the Eleventh Regiment, were carried to Camp 
Douglas, near Chicago. In September, 1862, they were re- 
leased and exchanged, while the officers were confined at 
Johnson's Island. Lieutenant Gibson, of Company "H," 
walked beyond what was termed the "dead line" (marked 
off by stakes, some 20 feet inside the prison wall), and was 
shot dead by a Federal soldier on guard, without a word of 
warning. 

After the exchange, about October ist, 1862, the regiment 
re-organized at Jackson, Mississippi, with the following field 
and staff officers: John A. Logan, Colonel. (After the war 
he died at New Orleans of yellow fever.) M. D. Vance, 
Lieutenant-Colonel; Jas. T. Poe, Major; E. A. Warren, 
Adjutant (now of the "Independent," at Texarkana) ; Ed. 

Whitfield, Quartermaster; Clark, Commissary; Dr. 

James Whitfield, Surgeon. (Dr. Cooper acted as Surgeon 
subsequently.) The Captains of the different companies 
were: Company "A," Jasper Shepherd; Company "B," C. 
Watkins; Company "C," James D. Burke; Company "D," 
A. A. Crawford; Company "E," W. R. Selvage; Company 
"F," L. H. Kemp; Company "G," Frank Scott; Company 



406 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

"H," (name unknown); Company " I," W. F. Morton; 
Company "K," (name unknown). 

After the re-organization, the regiment was moved to Port 
Hudson, and placed in the brigade of General W. N. R. 
Beall. Here it spent the winter. 

On the 30th of April, 1863, the Eleventh and Seventeenth 
Regiments were ordered to Clinton, Mississippi, to intercept 
the Federal General, Grierson, with a cavalry force on his raid 
from Memphis to Baton Rouge, but did not succeed in ar- 
resting his march. 

They were at Port Hudson when Admiral Farragut made 
his naval attack on the place, March 14th and 15th, 1863, when 
the "Richmond" was disabled, and the "Mississippi" was 
burned. During the siege of Port Hudson, the Eleventh and 
Seventeenth Regiments were left out-side, consolidated and 
mounted. Colonel John Griffith, of the Seventeenth, was put 
in charge of the consolidated regiment, and Colonel Logan 
was put in charge of a brigade of cavalry, mounted infantry 
and field artillery, of which the consolidated regiment then 
constituted a part. 

This brigade operated in the rear of Banks' Army during 
the siege of Port Hudson, capturing a number of wagons and 
mules, and taking a number of prisoners, among them Gen- 
eral Neal Dow. This capture was made by men of the 
Seventeenth Arkansas. 

On the 31st of Jul) 7 , 1863, Lieutenant A. Curl was taken 
prisoner near Natchez, and was sent to Johnson's Island, 
where he was detained until the close of the war. 

After the fall of Port Hudson, the Eleventh and Seven- 
teenth Regiments remained mostly in Mississippi, though part 
of them came to Arkansas. While in Mississippi, they had 
a number of minor engagements. Among other exploits, 
they captured a gunboat on the Yazoo river. This capture 
was made by Major B. B. Chism, now Secretary of State, 
with a few men of the Seventeenth Regiment. 



THE YE AB 1861. 



407 



At Keller's Lane, in Louisiana, June 23d, 1863, Lieutenant 
DeVaughan was wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel Mark Miller 
was killed in Arkansas, he being with that portion of the com- 
mand which came west of the Mississippi. 

The Twelfth Arkansas Infantry was organized under a 
commission for the purpose, issued to E. W. Gantt, of Wash- 
ington, and he became its first Colonel. 

The Regiment first went into camp near Memphis, and 
from there were moved to Fort Donelson. They went 
through the siege of that place, and were made prisoners at 
its capitulation, February 16th, 1862. They were exchanged 
in 1862, and rendezvoused at Jackson, Mississippi. 

It was re-organized under the following officers : T. J. 
Reid, Colonel; E. C. Jordan, Lieutenant-Colonel; John S. 
Walker, Major; W. L. Hemmingway, Adjutant; C. H. 
Jonas, Quartermaster. 

At the siege of Port Hudson, the following Captains were 
in command: Company "A," Captain N. W. Stewart; 
Company "B," Captain Wm. P. Dohnell ; Company "€," 
Captain N. L. W. Johnson; Company "D," Captain E. P. 
Linzue; Company "E," Captain W. F. Glasgow; Com- 
pany "F," Captain J. C. Bowen; Company a G," Captain 

A. E. Doggett; Company "H," Captain J. E. Inge; Com- 
pany "I," Captain J. Archer; Company "K," Captain J. 

B. Davis. 

The new regiment, when re-organized, only contained 
about 200 men, so the field officers were sent to Arkansas to 
recruit, while the line officers and the men were sent to Port 
Hudson, and temporarily consolidated with the Eleventh Ar- 
kansas, Colonel Logan, in General W. N. R. Beall's Bri- 
gade. On the return of the field officers with recruits the reg- 
iment became independent again, and participated in the de- 
fense of Port Hudson, having about 300 men for duty, and 
were made prisoners at its capitulation, July 9th, 1863. The 
privates and non-commissioned officers were paroled, and the 



408 IIISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

commissioned officers were sent as prisoners to Johnson's 
Island, where they remained until about the close of the war, 
only regaining their liberty at that time. During the siege of 
Port Hudson, Lieutenant-Colonel E. C. Jordan, Adjutant 
W. L. Hemmingway and Captain H. L. W. Johnson and 
many of the men were killed. Upon the death of Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Jordan, Major John S. Walker became Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel, Captain T. C. Smith became Major, and 
Lieutenant John R. Thornton became Adjutant, succeeding 
Lieutenant Hemmingway. 

Thirteenth Arkansas Infantry — Field and Staff : — James 
C. Tappan, Colonel; A. D. Grayson, Lieutenant-Colonel; 
J. A. McNeeley, Major. 

Company "A," Captain Robert B. Lambert ; Company 
"B," Captain B. C. Crump; Company "C," Captain Ben- 
jamin Harris ; Company "D," Captain Balfour; Company 
"E," Captain J. M. Pollard; Company "F," Captain 
Dunn; Company "G," Captain Shelton ; Company "H," 
Captain Johnson ; Company "I," (name unknown); Com- 
pany "K," George Hunt. Strength of regiment, at or- 
ganization, about 1,000 men. 

It was in the battles of Belmont, November 7th, 1861, and 
Shiloh, April 6th and 7th, 1862, after which it was re-organ- 
ized, and was in those of Perry ville, Kentuck}^ October 7th, 
1862; Murfreesboro, December 31st, 1862; January 2d, 
1863 ; Chickamauga, September 19th and 20th, 1863; Mis- 
sionary Ridge, November 23d, 24th and 25th, 1863 ; Ring- 
gold Gap, November 26th, 1863, and all the battles under 
Cleburne. Colonel Tappan was promoted to Brigadier-Gen- 
eral, and transferred to the Trans-Mississippi Department, 
where he commanded a brigade, composed of Colonel Shaler's 
Regiment ; Colonel Shaver's Regiment ; the Seventh Arkansas 
Infantry; Colonel R. L. Dawson's Regiment, the Sixteenth 
Arkansas; and Colonel Grinstead's Regiment, taking part in 
l he operations around Little Rock, September 10th, 1863, 



THE YEAB 1861. 



409 



and in the battles of Jenkins' Ferry, April 30th, 1864; an d 
Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, April 9th, 1864. Lieutenant-Col- 
onel Grayson, of this regiment, was killed at Shiloh, and 
Major J. A. McNeeley became Lieutenant-Colonel, and on 
the promotion of Colonel Tappan became Colonel, R. A. 
Duncan becoming Major. 

The Fifteenth Arkansas Infantry was organized at Mound 
City, Tennessee, six miles above Memphis, on the Mississippi 
river, May 14th, 1861, and Patrick R. Cleburne was elected 
Colonel. He had before that time been Captain of a com- 
pany which went from Helena to Little Rock, in February, 
1 86 1, to assist in the capture of the arsenal there, and which 
bore the name of the Yell Guards, named after Colonel and 
Governor Archibald Yell, who fell at the battle of Buena 
Vista, in the Mexican War. Cleburne was at first a private 
in the company, but, on a complete organization, was elec- 
ted Captain; Edward H. Cowley, First Lieutenant ; James 
Blackburne, Second Lieutenant ; Lucius E. Polk, Third 
Lieutenant. The company numbered 115 men, and con- 
tained in its original membership four officers, who be- 
came Generals ; P. R. Cleburne and Thomas C. Hind- 
man, Major-Generals ; J. C. Tappan, and Lucius E. Polk, 
Brigadier-Generals. Upon the promotion of Captain Cle- 
burne, First Lieutenant Edward H. Cowley became Cap- 
.tain of the Yell Rifles. J. K. Patton was Lieutenant- 
Colonel, and J. T. Harris, Major. Both of these officers 
were killed at the battle of Shiloh, and Captain Cowley, who 
acted as Major, after the fall of Major Harris, was wounded 
in the head. 

The regiment soon went to a point on the Mississippi river, 
afterwards known as Fort Pillow, where, under the direction 
of Colonel Cleburne, entrenchments were thrown up, and the 
place was named Fort Cleburne, but the name was afterwards 
changed to Fort Pillow. 



416 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

In July, 1861, the regiment was moved to Pittman's Ferry, 
in Randolph county, and placed under command of General 
W. J. Hardee, who had a force of about 6,000 men there. 
From here Hardee advanced into Missouri, towards Pilot 
Knob, and went as far as Greenville. After a stay of a few 
weeks at Greenville, he returned to Pittman's Ferry, and from 
there the regiment was transferred east of the Mississippi, and 
went to Bowling Green, Kentucky, and was placed under the 
command of General Albert Sidney Johnston. The regiment, 
up to this time, had been called the First Arkansas Volun- 
teers, and it became known as the Fifteenth Arkansas Infan- 
try. During the winter they went under Colonel Cleburne, 
with one piece of artillery and a squadron of Terry's Texas 
Rangers, 1,200 men in all, on an expedition against James- 
town ; but the Federals retired without a combat. A short 
while after this, Colonel Cleburne was made a Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. 

The regiment retreated out of Kentucky, to Corinth, Mis- 
sissippi, with General Albert Sidney Johnston, in the spring of 
1862, and took part in the battle of Shiloh, April 6th and 7th, 
1862, where they lost heavily, particularly in officers. They 
were in General Cleburne's Brigade, and went with him on 
the expedition into Kentucky, being in Kirby Smith's ad- 
vance, and took part in the battle of Richmond, August 30th, 
1862. They retreated out of Kentucky with General Bragg, 
and took part in the battle of Murfreesboro, December 31st, 
1862, and January 2d, 1863 ; and in those of Chickamauga, 
September 19th and 20th, 1863 ? Missionary Ridge, Novem- 
ber 23d, 24th and 25th, 1863, and Ringgold Gap, Novem- 
ber 27th, 1863. By this time its number had become so de- 
pleted, that in this engagement it was consolidated with the 
First Arkansas, under command of Colonel John W. Col- 
quitt. On the 13th of December, 1862, General Cleburne 
was promoted to Major-General, and the regiment was per- 
manently consolidated with the Thirteenth Arkansas, and 



THE YEAB 1861. 4II 

passed to the Brigade of General Lucius E. Polk, and were 
in Cleburne's Division and Hardee's Corps, in Johnston and 
Hood's Army. On the opening of the Campaign of 1864, 
they took part in the battles of Resaca, May 13th, 14th and 
15th, 1864 ; Pickett's Mill, May 26th; Dallas, May 28th ; New 
Hope Church, May 29th ; Kennesaw Mountain,. June 17th to 
July 3d ; Peach Tree Creek, July 20th ; Atlanta, July 22d ; 
Ezra Church, July 28th ; Jonesboro, August 31st; Franklin, 
November 30th; Nashville, December 15th and 16th, 1864; 
Bentonville, March 19th, 1865, and the remnant surviving 
surrendered with Johnston in North Carolina, April 18th, 
1865. They fought with the utmost gallantry everywhere, 
and the long list of battles in which they took part will attest 
their heroic devotion. 

The Fifteenth Arkansas Regiment was organized in 1861, 
with the following officers : James Gee, Colonel ; John C. 
Wright, Lieutenant-Colonel ; P. Lynch Lee, Major. Ben. 
W. Johnson, a private of the company, was afterwards made 
Adjutant. 

The Captains of the regiment were : 

Company "A," Captain Proctor; Company U B," Captain 
H. Purefoy; Company "C," John C. Wright, but upon his 
election as Lieutenant-Colonel, Captain L. W. Mathews 
succeeded him; Company "D," Captain Frank Jordan; 
Company "E," Captain Ferguson; Company "F," Captain 
Alex. Byrne. 

At first it consisted of only six companies, and as such en- 
tered the service ; but upon the breaking up of Colonel Marsh 
Walker's regiment of Tennesseeans and Arkansans, conse- 
quent upon his promotion to Brigadier-General, four com- 
panies were added to it, making ten companies in all. 

The original regiment went first to Memphis, and were at 
Columbus, Kentuck}^, in the winter of 1861, and were then 
at Fort Hindman, opposite Fort Henry, in 1862, where they 
took part in their first engagement. They then were moved 



412 HIS TOUT OF ARKANSAS. 

to Fort Henry, where they worked the guns of the Fort in 
the attack on that place, and before its surrender escaped to 
Fort Donelson. At Fort Donelson they were hotly engaged, 
and fought with the utmost gallantry, losing frightfully. In 
this battle they charged and took the Federal works outside of 
the fort — the first heights and the first works they had ever 
seen. In this engagement they lost fully one-fourth of the 
entire regiment in killed and wounded. Captain Frank Jor- 
dan, of Company "D," was killed and Adjutant Ben. W. 
Johnson was wounded. 

The entire regiment, men and officers, were made prison- 
ers in the capitulation. The men were sent as prisoners to 
Camp Butler, and the officers to Alton penitentiary, used as a 
military prison, then to Camp Chase, and then to Fort War- 
ren. Lieutenant-Colonel John C. Wright escaped from 
prison, and coming west to the Mississippi river, was assigned 
to duty under General Hindman. The remainder of the of- 
ficers were all exchanged in 1862, and rendezvousing near 
Jackson, Mississippi, the regiment was re-organized. 

The following were the officers after the re-organization : 
Ben. W. Johnson, of Camden, Colonel; P. L. Lee, Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel; W. E. Steward, Major; J. E. Baker, Adjutant. 

The following were the Captains of the several companies 
composing the regiment : 

Company "A," Captain John Stevenson; Company "B," 
Captain Joseph Daniels; Company "C," Captain James 
Franklin; Company "D," Captain John Hubbard; Com- 
pany "E," Captain Ed. Wilson; Company "F," Captain 
William Walker; Company "G," Captain Al. Reed; Com- 
pany "H," Captain Wilkerson ; Company "I," Captain L. 
W. Matthews; Company "K," Captain McClung. 

After the' re-organization they took part in the battles of 
Cross' Landing, Louisiana; Greenfield; Plain's Store; 
Neal's Field, where, with the First Alabama and Thirteenth 
Mississippi, they defeated a much larger force of Federals ; 



THE YEAR IS 61. 



4 J 3 



and were in the siege of Port Hudson, on the capitulation of 
which they were made prisoners, and remained so to the close 
of the war. Their loss in the siege was very great. They went 
into it 484 strong, but at the surrender had only 92 men on 
their feet. Captain Stevenson, of Company "A," was 
wounded, and died from his wounds while in prison ; Captain 
Reed, Company a G," was killed May 29th; Captain Hub- 
bard, of Company "D," was killed; and. Captain Ed. Wil- 
son was wounded by the concussion of a shell, from the 
effects of which he ultimately died. The regiment was com- 
posed of splendid fighting material, and made as gallant sol- 
diers as ever composed any army. 

The Sixteenth Regiment of Arkansas Infantry was organ- 
ized at Calahan's Springs, in Benton county, Arkansas, within 
one-fourth mile of the site of the town of Rogers, since built. 

The organization of the regiment was as follows : Colonel 
John F. Hill, from Johnson county; Lieutenant-Colonel 
Wm. T. Neal, from Washington county, Major Farmer, 
from Johnson county; Adjutant Benjamin F. Pixley, Second 
Lieutenant, Company "G;" Assistant Quartermaster, A. M. 
Ward, of Johnson county. 

The Captains of the various companies were as follows : 
Company "A," Captain L. N. C. Swaggerty, from Johnson 
county; Company "B," Captain Turner, from Johnson 
county; Company "C," Captain John Connelly, from John- 
son county; Company "D," Captain Wm. Baily, from Car- 
roll county; Company "F," Captain Goodnight, from Stone 
county; Company "G," Captain J. P. Carnahan, from Wash- 
ington county ; Company "H," Captain Kelly, from Pike 
county; Company "I," Captain Daniel Boon, from Madison 
county; Company "K," Captain John Lawrence, from 
Searcy county. 

The regiment was re-organized early in November, 1861, 
and was quartered at Elm Springs until February 16th, 1862, 
when it broke camp, and met General Price's Army there 



414 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



on the retreat from Missouri. It fell back with that Army to 
Boston Mountain. Early in March it advanced upon Gen- 
eral Curtis, and took part in the battle of Pea Ridge, or Elk 
Horn. The regiment was on the extreme right of the Army, 
in line, as it then faced. General McCulloch was killed in the 
immediate front of, and not more than 60 yards from, the 
regiment. It charged the Federals over his body. It was 
then in Hebert's Brigade. 

The Army fell back to Frog Bayou, below Van Buren. 
About this time the regiment was brigaded with four Mis- 
souri regiments, at times commanded by Colonel F. Cocke- 
rell, now of the United States Senate; Colonel Elijah Gates, 
late Treasurer of Missouri; Colonel Pritchard, killed at 
Corinth, and Colonel McCowan. 

The brigade was commanded by General Little. The 
regiment went with General Price to Corinth, Mississippi, 
early in April, and arrived just after the battle of Shiloh. 

The Army was re-organized while at Corinth, in May, 
1862, when the following changes were made : Colonel David 
Province, formerly Captain of Batter}?; B. F. Pixlee, for- 
merly Lieutenant of Company U G," Lieutenant-Colonel; J. 
M. Pittman, Major; John S. Tutt, Adjutant ; David Bron- 
augh, Sergeant-Major; Arch. S. McKennon, First Lieuten- 
ant of Company "E," Acting Assistant Quartermaster ; Sam 
Hays, Second Lieutenant of Company "G," Acting Com- 
missary. 

companies : 

Company "A," Captain L. N. C. Swaggerty; Company 
"B," Captain Jesse L. Cravens; Company U C," Captain 
James Gearwood ; Company "D," Captain E. G. Mitchel; 
Company "F," Captain William B. Stevens; Company "G," 
Captain J. P. Carnahan ; Company "H," Captain G. D. R. 
Preston, afterwards John B. Cloud; Company "I," Captain 
Daniel Boone; Company "K," Captain James Waldon. 



THE YEAH IS 61. 



4*5 



The regiment took part in several skirmishes before the 
evacuation of Corinth. In September, 1862, it was engaged 
in the battle of Iuka, Mississippi, in which Brigadier-General 
Little was killed. The brigade was then placed under com- 
mand of Colonel Elijah Gates. 

In October, 1862, it took part in the attack on Corinth, in 
which quite a number of men and officers were killed and 
wounded. Shortly afterwards, it was detached from the First 
Missouri Brigade, and brigaded with other Arkansas troops. 
This occurred at Holly Springs, Mississippi. This brigade 
was commanded by Colonel Jordan E. Cravens. In a few 
days it was detached, and with the Twenty-third Arkansas, 
Colonel O. P. Lyles ; Eighteenth Arkansas, Colonel Robert 
H. Crockett, and Fourteenth Arkansas, Colonel Pleasant 
Fowler, was sent to Port Hudson, Louisiana, when it was 
brigaded with these troops, and the Eleventh Arkansas, Col- 
onel Logan ; Twelfth Arkansas, Colonel Reed ; Fifteenth 
Arkansas, Colonel Ben. Johnson, and Seventeenth Arkansas, 
Colonel Griffith, also Wilson's Battalion Arkansas Infantry. 
At this place they were commanded by Brigadier-General 
William N. R. Beall. They remained at Port Hudson until 
the siege of that place; took part in the siege, which lasted 
48 days, and were captured by General N. P. Banks, at the 
surrender of that place, on the 9th of July, 1863. 

During the siege the regiment lost quite a number of men 
and officers, among whom was Lieutenant-Colonel B. F. 
Pixlee. Thereupon the following promotions were made : Ma- 
jor M. Pittman, to Lieutenant-Colonel; Captain L. N. C. 
Swaggerty, to Major ; Lieutenant Jesse Adams, to Captain 
of Company "A." 

The men were paroled, and the officers sent to Johnson's 
Island, Ohio, where they were retained as prisoners until the 
close of the war. Some of the officers, however, escaped after 
the place capitulated. Among these were Captain Daniel 
Boone, and Lieutenants G. J. Crump and Bill McConnel 



41 6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

who jumped from the transport while en route to prison, and 
swam ashore. Captain Cravens, Lieutenants Wilson and 
Bailey, and Captain Paynor, escaped through the lines. 

These officers afterwards collected as many of the men as 
could be got together, consolidated with fragments of other 
regiments, and fought during the war, but the individuality 
of the regiment was destroyed at the surrender of Port Hud- 
son. 

In August, 1861, Colonel Sam W. Williams resigned as a 
member of the Military Board, and obtained from the Board 
authority to raise a regiment to rendezvous at Dardanelle. 
With the assistance of George W. Lemoyne, who raised four 
companies, the regiment was organized with nine companies, 
and was numbered the Seventeenth Arkansas Infantry Regi- 
ment. Colonel Williams yielded to Lemoyne the position of 
Colonel of the regiment, and he was commissioned as such. 

The following were the field and staff officers : George W. 
Lemoyne, Colonel; Sam W. Williams, Lieutenant-Colonel; 

Lawrence, of Danville, Major ; William A. Dowdle, 

Adjutant. 

COMPANIES. 

Company "A," from Conway county, Captain J. M. 
Dowdle; Company "B," from Conway county, Captain 
Bryan B. King; Company "C," from Pope county, Cap- 
tain Harsell; Company "D," from Yell county, Captain 
John Mills; Company "E," from Johnson county, Captain 
John Perry; Lieutenants Shropshire and Mears ; Company 
"F," from Yell county, Captain Bone; Company "G," from 
Prairie county, Captain Bull; Company "H," from Pope 
county (name unknown) ; Company "I," from Yell county, 
Captain William Herrod. 

Major Lawrence was killed at Des Arc, on the way to 
Pocahontas, and William A. Dowdle became Major, and was 
killed at the battle of Corinth. Jordan E. Cravens, of Com- 
pany "G," became Major. The regiment went first to Fort 



THE YEAR 1861. 



417 



Pillow, where they remained some time. They were in the 
battle of Corinth, October 3d and 4th, 1862, in Cabell's Bri- 
gade, where they fought with the utmost heroism, and were 
almost annihilated. After this battle, so few of them being 
left, they were consolidated with the Twenty-first Arkansas, 
Colonel McCarver's Regiment, and Jordan E. Cravens, who 
had been a private in Company "G," was elected Colonel of 
the Consolidated Regiment, which was thereafter called the 
Twenty-first Arkansas. They were then moved back of 
Vicksburg, and took part in the battles against Grant on 
Black river, May 17th, 1863. They were then moved into 
Vicksburg, and went through the siege, there constituting a 
part of the force which for so long a time defended that point, 
and were surrendered at its capitulation, July 4th, 1863, and 
were paroled, the officers going to prison. In the engage- 
ment on Big Black river, Colonel Cravens, with other regi- 
mental officers, were made prisoners, and were sent to John- 
son's Island. 

The Seventeenth Arkansas Infantry (the Second regiment 
with that number) was organized at Bentonville, Arkansas. 
The first officers were Frank Rector, Colonel ; John Griffith, 
Lieutenant-Colonel — both being of Fort Smith. In a short 
while the regiment was moved east of the Mississippi river, 
and was re-organized at Tupelo, Mississippi. On the re- 
organization the following became the officers : John Griffith, 

Colonel; Dodson, Lieutenant-Colonel; B. F. Jett, 

Major. 

The companies were commanded by Captains Cliff Thom- 

ason, — — Van Hoose, E. D. Jett, David Arbuckle, 

Sparks, and Ed. Adams. 

All the companies were Northwest Arkansas men, except 

Captain E. D. Jett's Company, which was from Hempstead 

county. The regiment took part in the battles of Elkhorn, 

March 7th, 1862; Iuka Springs, September 19th; Corinth, 

27 



418 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

October 4th, 1862, and the siege of Port Hudson ; operations 
at which commenced March 14th, 1863, by an attack from 
the fleet, and ended July 9th, by the capitulation of the 
garrison. While at Port Hudson, the Seventeenth and 
Eleventh Regiments were consolidated and placed under the 
command of Colonel John Griffith. When the investiture of 
the fort was made, May 28th, some of the companies of the 
Eleventh Regiment were outside the fort and made their 
way to the Trans-Mississippi Department in safety. The 
Seventeenth's officers and men were made prisoners in the 
capitulation of the fort. The commissioned officers were 
carried as prisoners to Johnson's Island, where they were kept 
until March 21st, 1865, when they were started through on 
exchange, and reaching Point Lookout, Maryland, were de- 
tained there several weeks, during which time Lee's surren- 
der took place. They were then transferred to Fort Dela- 
ware, where they remained about two months ; when the 
war having entirely closed, they were set at liberty. This ap- 
plied to all other officers who were prisoners at Johnson's 
Island, as well as those of the Seventeenth Regiment. The 
non-commissioned officers and privates were placed on parole 
and allowed to return home until exchanged. 

Hon. Ben. B. Chism, Secretary of State, from 1889 to 1891, 
was a member of Captain David Arbuckle's Compan}/, in this 
regiment, and commanded the company at the age of 18 
years, after the capture of Captain Arbuckle, at Port Hudson. 

The Eighteenth Arkansas was mustered in at Devall's 
Bluff. The field and staff officers were: D. W. Carroll, of 
Pine Bluff, Colonel; John J. Daly, of Camden, Lieutenant- 
Colonel; Robert H. Crockett, of Dewitt, Major. 

COMPANIES. 

Company "A," Captain Thompson. Company "B," 

Captain R. M. Thrasher. Company "C," Captain James 

Peel. Company "D," Captain Robertson. Company 

"E," Captain Barnett. Company "G," Captain Chas. 



THE YEAR 1861. 419 

Lynch; First Lieutenant, Charles Moore. Company "H," 
Captain W. N. Parish; First Lieutenant, John B.Walker; 

Second Lieutenant, Isaacs ; Third Lieutenant, John W. 

Jay, This company was enlisted from Saline and Pulaski 
counties. Company "I," Captain Samuel Sutherland. 
Company "K," D. W. Carroll, Captain: but upon his be- 
coming Colonel of the Regiment, W. F. Owen, of Pine 
Bluff, became Captain ; JamesHellums, First Lieutenant ; Pink 
Adkins, Second Lieutenant. Enlisted from Jefferson county. 
The regiment when first organized was a very full com- 
mand, and numbered over 1,000. They went first to Fort 
Pillow, Kentucky, where from the wretched drinking water 
which they were compelled to use and other causes, great 
sickness and mortality prevailed. From there they were 
transferred to Corinth, Mississippi, where they fared no better, 
over half of the regiment being down sick. Among these, 
Colonel D. W. Carroll became so ill and broken in health 
that he was compelled to relinquish his command, and Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel J. J. Daly thereupon became Colonel. The 
regiment took part in the battle of Iuka Springs, September 
1 6th, 1862, and the battle of Corinth, October 4th, 1862, and 
were fearfully cut to pieces. Of all who went into the battle 
of Corinth, about 300 men, only 43 were left unhurt. Col- 
onel Daly was killed, being mortally wounded and died the 
next day. Upon his fall, the Major of the regiment being away 
on detached service, Captain W. Nelson Parish, of Com- 
pany "H," took command of the regiment, and led it during 
the remainder of the battle. He was wounded in the hip. 
Lieutenant John B. Walter, of Company "H," was shot 
through the leg. Captain Parish was promoted from Captain 
to Lieutenant-Colonel, for his gallant conduct on this 
day, Major Robert H. Crockett, becoming Colonel of 
the regiment by promotion. The regiment was then 
moved to Port Hudson, went through the siege, and were 
made prisoners at its capitulation. The officers were 



42 O HIS TOBY OF ABEANSAS. 

conveyed as prisoners to Johnson's Island, Ohio, where 
they underwent a dreary imprisonment, from that time 
until in January, 1865, when they were exchanged, and 
were moved to Texas. The privates, at the time of 
the capture, were paroled until exchanged. Lieutenant- 
Colonel Parish joined them at Marshall, Texas, Febru- 
ary, 1865, but no further active proceedings taking place 
before the fall of the Confederacy, they were surrendered with 
Kirby Smith's Arrrry, May 26th, 1865, and what few were 
left of the regiment, returned to their homes. As the prison- 
ers were being conve}'ed to prison on boats up the Mississippi 
river, Lieutenant James Heliums and Pink Adkins, of Com- 
pany "K," jumped off the boat between Napoleon and 
Helena, and, by swimming three miles, made their escape. 

The Nineteenth Arkansas Infantry was organized at 
Devall's Bluff, about April 2d, 1862, by electing H. P. 
Smead, Colonel; Ben Hale, Lieutenant-Colonel; and D. L. 
Kilgore, Major; T. P. Dockery, Quartermaster; Hezekiah 
Bussey, Commissary. James G. Johnson, of Lewisville ; H. 
G. P.Williams, of Hillsboro; B. R. Matthews, of El Do- 
rado; John Cook, of Falcon; Perry W. H. Dismukes; J. T. 
Kendrick, of Columbia county; Wm. C. Langford, of El- 
Dorado ; Wm. Ogden and Henry, were each captains of 

companies at the first organization. At its re-organization east 
of the Mississippi, Thomas P. Docker}^ was elected Colonel, 
W. H. Dismukes, Lieutenant-Colonel, and H. G. P. Wil- 
liams, Major. 

On organizing, the regiment went to Memphis, and from 
there to Fort Pillow, and was in thefcombardmentof that place ; 
thence went to Corinth, Mississippi, was then re-organized under 
an Act of the Confederate Congress, approved April 16th, 
1862. The regiment took part in all the battles in Missis- 
sippi, and always deported themselves as courageous soldiers. 
Hon. B. F. Askew was a member of this regiment. After 



THE TEAR 1861. 



421 



the promotion of Colonel Dockery, Lieutenant-Colonel Dis- 
mukes became Colonel. 

The regiment was captured on Black river, behind Vicks- 
burg, in 1863, an d detained as prisoners of war. After being 
exchanged, Major Kilgore assisted in raising another regi- 
ment, called the Second Arkansas Cavalry, but better known 
as Crawford's Regiment, William A. Crawford, being Colonel, 
and Major Kilgore became Lieutenant-Colonel, serving to 
the end of the war. 

The Ninteenth Arkansas Infantry was organized at Nash- 
ville, Arkansas, in November, 1861, with the following offi- 
cers: C. L. Dawson, Colonel; P. R. Smith, Lieutenant- 
Colonel; Joseph H. Anderson, Major; A. S. Hutchinson, 
Adjutant. 

COMPANIES. 

Company "A," Captain Castleman ; Company "B," Cap- 
tain Gabe Stewart; Company "C," Captain Spars; Com- 
pany "D," Captain J. H. Carter; Company "E," Captain 
Nathan Eldridge ; Company "F," Captain D. H. Hamiter ; 
Company "G," Captain D. C. Cowling, afterwards Captain 
George M. Clark, after the capture of Arkansas Post; Com- 
pany "H," Captain Featherston ; Company "I" Captain 
Burton H. Kinsworthy; Company "K," Captain Herndon. 
The regiment took part in the battles of Elkhorn, March 7th, 
1862, and Arkansas Post, January nth, 1863. 

At the capture of Arkansas Post, about one-half only of the 
regiment was made prisoners, the remaining portion not be- 
ing of the garrison. The portion which was captured was 
taken to northern prisons, and the men were exchanged at 
City Point, Virginia, in May, 1863. After being exchanged, 
they were consolidated with a portion of the Twenty-fourth 
Arkansas, Colonel Portlock's Regiment, which had likewise 
been made prisoners. This new regiment went through the 
battles of Chickamauga, September 19th and 20th, 1863 j 
Missionary Ridge, November 23d and 25th, 1863 ; in all the 



422 UlSTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

battles of the Georgia campaign, from Dalton to the fall of 
Atlanta; on Hood's raid through Tennessee, and in all the 
battles under Joe Johnston, in North Carolina, and surren- 
dered with him, April 26th, 1865. The strength of the reg- 
iment at organization was 800 men; at the surrender 300 or 
350. Adjutant A. H. Hutchinson eventually became Colo- 
nel of the regiment. That portion of the original Nine- 
teenth which was not captured, now consolidated with a por- 
tion of a regiment which had been commanded by Colonel 
Thomas P. Dockery. The regiment thus formed took a new 
number. 

The Twentieth Arkansas Infantry had the following offi- 
cers : George King, Colonel ; Carrigan, Lieutenant-Col- 
onel ; James H. Fletcher, Major. 

On the re-organization of the regiment they were : Henry 
P.Johnson, Colonel; James H. Fletcher, Lieutenant-Colo- 
nel; Dan. W. Jones, Major. 

Colonel Johnson being killed at the battle of Corinth, and 
Lieutenant-Colonel Fletcher resigning shortly afterwards on 
account of ill health, Major Dan. W. Jones was promoted to 
the position of Colonel, and commanded the regiment. 

The regiment was at the bombardment of Fort Pillow ; in 
the battles of Farmington, Mississippi, May 9th, 1862; Cor- 
inth, October 3d, 4th and 5th, 1862; Coffeeville, Mississippi, 
December 5th, 1862 ; Big Black, behind Vicksburg, and at 
the siege of Vicksburg, at the capitulation of which, July 4th, 

1863, they were made prisoners. After being exchanged, 
they further took part in the battles of Mark's Mill, April 25th, 

1864, an ^ Jenkins' Ferry, April 30th, 1864, which bat- 
tles were fought in Arkansas; and were on Price's raid to 
Missouri, taking part in the battles of Pilot Knob, Septem- 
ber 26th, 1864, Booneville, Independence, Westport and 
Marias des Cygnes. 

At the battle of Corinth, Colonel H. P. Johnson was 
killed, October 4th, 1862, and Major Dan. W. J6nes was 



THE YEAR 1861. 423 

desperately wounded, and was taken prisoner. He was shot 
through the body just below the heart, but recovered from 
his wound, and was Attorney-General of the State from 1885 
to 1889. Major Robertson was killed in the battle of Big 
Black. Colonel H. P. Johnson was born in Missouri, August 
6th, 1823, and at the time of his death was in the 40th year of 
his age. 

The Twenty-third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, as orig- 
inally organized, contained the following field and staff 
officers : Charles W. Adams, of Helena, Colonel ; Simon P. 
Hughes, of Monroe county, recent Governor of Arkansas, 
Lieutenant-Colonel; J. S. Robinson, of Chicot county, 
Major. 

The line officers were: Captain A. A. Adair, of Craig- 
head county ; Captain E. McAllaster, of Crittenden county ; 

Captain Hillis, of Craighead county ; Captain John 

Clendennin, of Phillips county; W. W. Smith, of Monroe 
county (Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 1882 to 
1888); Captain Tom Westmoreland, of Poinsett county; 
Captain J. B. Robinson; but upon his being elected Major, 
Lieutenant Craycraft, of Chicot, became Captain. Captain 
John B. Baxter, of Monroe county. Governor Hughes was 
the first Captain of this company, but upon his becoming 
Lieutenant-Colonel, Lieutenant Baxter became Captain. 
Captain Seward, of St. Francis county; Captain Brown 
Dolson, of Cross county. The strength of the regiment, 
at organization, was about 900 men. 

In 1862, the regiment was re-organized at Tupelo, Missis- 
sippi, when the following were elected field officers, to-wit: 
O. P. Lyles, of Crittenden county, Colonel ; A. A. Penning- 
ton, of Clark county, Lieutenant-Colonel ; E. R. Black, 
of Monroe county, Major; Capt. McMurray, of Chicot 
county, Quartermaster; Captain Norton, of Phillips county, 
Commissary ; Dr. C. W. Lewis, of Crittenden county, Adju- 
tant. 



424 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



The Twenty-third took part in the battles of Iuka Springs, 
September 19th and 20th, 1862; Corinth, October 4th and 
5th, 1862 ; and Davis' Bridge on the retreat. After this battle 
the Twenty-third Arkansas, the Eighteenth, the Seventeenth, 
Sixteenth and Fifteenth Arkansas and Jones' Battalion were 
formed into a brigade, and placed under command of Colo- 
nel Lyles of the Twenty-third, and sent to Port Hudson, 
went through the siege of 48 days and nights, which that 
place endured, and were surrendered at its capitulation. It 
was eventually exchanged, and was mounted in compliment 
to its gallantry at the siege. 

The Twenty-fifth Arkansas Infantry had the following field 
and staff officers : Colonel, Charles Trumbull ; Lieutenant- 
Colonel, Semington, afterwards John Hufstedler; and 

Major, James J. Franklin. 

COMPANIES. 

Company "A," Captain John Hufstedler. Company "B," 
Captain Hammond. Company "C," Captain John Thomas, 
of Saline county. Company "D," Captain S. T. Black. 
Company "E," Captain Knowles. Company U F," Cap- 
tain J. J. Franklin, but upon his becoming Major of the 
regiment, First Lieutenant John O'Brien became Captain 
of the company. Company "G," Captain Stephen Smith. 
Company "H," Captain W. A. Cotter. Company "I," 
Captain J. G. Adams. Company "K," Captain John A. 
Wakefield. 

The regiment was at first in a brigade commanded by 
General Albert Rust; then under General Thomas J. 
Churchill ; then under General E. McNair, and lastly in the 
Arkansas Brigade of General D. H. Reynolds. They were 
at Fort Pillow; then at the battles of Shiloh, April 6th and 
7th, 1862; Farmington, May 9th, 1862; Richmond, August 
30th, 1862 ; Murfreesboro, December 31st, 1862, January 2d, 
1863 ; Chickamauga, September 19th and 20th, 1863 ; Tunnel 
Hill, May 7th, 1864; Dalton, May 8th; Resaca, May 



THE YEAR 1861. 



425 



13th, 14th and 15th, 1864; New Hope Church, May 29th, 
June 3d, 1864; Kennesaw Mountain, June 17th to July 3d, 
1864; Moore's Mill, July 19th, Peach Tree Creek, July 20th ; 
Atlanta, July 22d ; Ezra Church, July 28th ; Lovejoy Station, 
August 20th, Jonesboro, August 31st; Moon Station, October 
3d ; Franklin, November 30th ; Nashville, December 15th and 
16th; Sugar Creek, December 26th, 1864, and Bentonville, 
March 19th, 1865. Lieutenant-Colonel Hufstedler became 
Colonel of the Regiment and Major J. J. Franklin, Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel ; Captain Knowles, of Company "E," became 
Major, and was killed at Kennesaw Mountain, and Captain 
W. A. Cotter, of Company "H,' ? became Major. Major 
Franklin was wounded, and Captain S. T. Black was killed, 
at Murfreesboro. 

The Thirty-third Arkansas Infantry was organized at Cam- 
den, in June, 1862. The following were the officers: H. 
L. Grinstead, Colonel; H. W. McMillan, Lieutenant-Col- 
onel; W. L. Crenshaw, Major; A. M. Barns, Adjutant; 
Hugh McCollum, Sergeant-Major ; John W. Faust, Quarter- 
master; W. Y. Chester, Commissary of Subsistence; D. S. 
Williams, Surgeon; J. M. Pace, Assistant Surgeon. 

companies : 

Company "A," R. E. Arnold, Captain; W. F. Dixon, 
First Lieutenant; P. H. Dennis, Second Lieutenant; J. R. 
-Bustin, Third Lieutenant. Company "B," Thomas D. 
Thompson, Captain ; — — Yarbrough, First Lieutenant ; D. 
Newton, Second Lieutenant; J. T. Webster, Third Lieuten- 
ant. Company "C," 'Radford, Captain; Baird, 

First Lieutenant; J. A. Goodgame, Second Lieutenant. 
Company "D," O. H. Overstreet, Captain; J. M. Douglas, 
First Lieutenant; Wm. Cox, Second Lieutenant; Jake Bu- 
chanan, Third Lieutenant. Company "E," G. T. Williams, 

Captain; H. F. Steele, First Lieutenant; McCargo, 

Second Lieutenant. Company "F," W. T. Steele, Captain ; 
J. A. Ansley, First Lieutenant; Company "G," W. M. 



426 history of Arkansas. 

Mitchell, Captain; J. W. Nixon, First Lieutenant; Henry 
Nelson, Second Lieutenant; G. W. Walker, Third Lieuten- 
ant. "Company "H," John Flint, Captain; T. M. East, 
First Lieutenant ; Ches. Buchanan, Second Lieutenant; Ben. 

Bogan, Third Lieutenant. Company "I," Irwin, 

Captain. Company "K," J. W. Lankford, Captain; S. 
Kennedy, First Lieutenant ; William Kennedy, Second Lieu- 
tenant ; Brazill, Third Lieutenant. 

Captain Dixon, Captain Lankford, and Lieutenant Hugh 
McCollum were killed, and several were wounded. 

This regiment was organized by direction of Mayor-Gen- 
eral Hindman, under the Conscript Act of 1862, but there 
were several hundred officers and men in it who belonged 
originally to the Eleventh, Twelfth, and Fifteenth Regiments 
of Arkansas Infantry, who escaped at the fall of Fort Donelson 
and Island No. 10, and were detained in the Trans-Missis- 
sippi Department by General Hindman's order. 

The above named were the Captains at the original organ- 
ization, many of whom resigned or died early. Only three — 
Captains Overstreet, Nixon and Flint — were Captains at the 
surrender. Captain Radford died at Little Rock, and Lieu- 
tenant Yarbrough at Dover, both in 1863. 

The regiment known as i 'King's Regiment" was organ- 
ized in the fall of 1862, with the following officers: Frank 

Rector, of Fort Smith, Colonel; George, of Missouri, 

Lieutenant-Colonel; J. P. King, of Crawford county, Major; 
W. T. Bourne, of Fort Smith, Adjutant ; Joe W. Bossert, of 
Fort Smith, Quartermaster; J. M. Pettigrew, of Fayetteville, 
Commissary; Dr. Prewitt, Surgeon. 

The Captains were: J. H. McCord, John J. Dillard, 

Ward, Elisha Mears, all of Sebastian county ; John 

Wallace, of Crawford county ; Edward Park, of Franklin 
county ; Truitt, of Pope county ; Howard, of John- 
son county, and Patten, of Benton county. 



TEE YEAB 1861. 427 

Colonel Rector soon resigned, and was succeeced by Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel George, who became Colonel; Major J. P. 
King became Lieutenant-Colonel, and Captain H. J. 
McCord became Major. Colonel George then resigned, and 
Lieutenant-Colonel J. P. King became Colonel; Major H. 
J. McCord became Lieutenant-Colonel, and John J. Dillard 
became Major. Lieutenant-Colonel H. J. McCord suc- 
ceeded Colonel. King, and at the close of the war Captain 
John Wallace, of Van Buren, was Colonel. 

The first move the regiment made was to camp at Elm 
Springs, near Fayetteville. From there it went to the Mis- 
souri line, where it camped on the Pea Ridge battle ground, 
and remained there about two months, under command of 
General Rains. In October, 1862, the troops were ordered 
to fall back, and the regiment went into camp on the Arkan- 
sas river, at Mulberry creek. While here it was placed in a 
brigade, with the regiments of Colonels Pleasants, Hawthorn, 
and Brooks, under command of General James F. Fagan. 

The first battle in which the regiment took part was at 
Prairie Grove, December 7th, 1862, where it did excellent 
service under command of Colonel King. The next battle was 
at Helena, July 4th, 1863 ; then in the operations leading to the 
capture of Little Rock, and afterwards in the Red river cam- 
paign at Mansfield and Pleasant Hill, and at Jenkins' Ferry. 

The regiment originally mustered 1,037 rank and file. At 
the battle of Prairie Grove it mustered about 800 ; at Helena 
about 600. After the retreat from Little Rock, it was re- 
duced to less than 300, and was consolidated into four com- 
panies. 

Monroe's Cavalry Regiment— -or the First Arkansas Cav- 
alry Regiment, as styled on their muster and pay rolls — was 
organized about September 1st, 1862, at Silver Lake, or 
Clear Lake, near Arkansas Post, by the consolidation of the 
battalions of Major A. N. Johnson and Captain Pat. H. 
Wheat. Colonel James F. Fagan, of the Virginia Army, was 



428 H1ST0BY OF ARKANSAS. 

Colonel; James C. Monroe, was Lieutenant-Colonel; A. N. 
Johnson, was Major ; Wyatt C. Thomas, Adjutant ; William 
H. Causine was the first Quartermaster, but soon after the 
organization was succeeded by Robert M. Littlejohn, who 
served to the close of the war; Z. P. H. Farr was Commis- 
sary. He soon resigned and was succeeded by A. J. Burt. 
Burt died, and Richard Atkinson was appointed and served 
to the close of the war. Dr. Prudom, of Hempstead county, 
was Surgeon, and Rev. S. H. Buchanan, now of Little Rock, 
was Chaplain. The regiment was composed of ten full com- 
panies. 

Company "A," from Hickory Plains and Prairie county, 
Captain Barnes, formerly of Memphis. He resigned, and 
Lieutenant Harshaw succeeded him. 

Company "B," Captain Jack O'Neal, from near Warren. 
He was promoted to Major, then to Lieutenant-Colonel, and 
was killed at the battle of Marks' Mills. G. S. Van Valken- 
burg, of Warren, became Captain of the company (after- 
wards a lawyer of Pine Bluff, and died in 1886). He re- 
signed, and Lieutenant Vance became Captain, and was killed 
in a skirmish near Pine Bluff. 

Company "C." Captain W. A. Alexander, of Washing- 
ton. George A. Davis, formerly of Litttle Rock, but now of 
Georgia, was once Captain of this company. 

Company "D," Captain A. V. Rieff, from Fayetteville. 
The company was from Washington, Hempstead county. 
Captain Rieff was promoted to Major, and then to Lieuten- 
ant Colonel. Lieutenant Wiley B. Stuart was promoted to 
Captain of the compan}*, and held that rank to the close of 
the war; but being in feeble health, the company was com- 
manded by Lieutenant R. A. Leslie for nearly two years. 

Company "E," Captain Blanton ; Harden, First 

Lieutenant ; Carr, Second Lieutenant. Captain Blan- 
ton and Lieutenant Harden resigned, and Lieutenant Carr 
commanded the company, and was killed on the Missouri raid. 



THE YEAR 1861. 



429 



Company "F," Captain Hanson. The company was from 

Montgomery county. Chastine, First Lieutenant; 

Vaught, Second Lieutenant, now of Mount Ida. 

Lieutenant Chastine became Captain, and commanded the 
company to the close of the war. 

Company "G," Captain Davis, from near Catfish Point, 
on the Mississippi river. The compan}? 1 was mostly from 
Jefferson county. Captain Davis was promoted to Major 
after the death of Major O'Neal at Marks' Mills. 

Company U H," mostly from Saline county. Captain 
Brown, now Doctor Brown, of Benton. 

Company "I," from Magnolia, Columbia county, Captain 
Todd. He resigned and Isaac Adair became Captain, serving 
as such to the close of the war. . 

Company "K," from the southeast portion of the State, 
Captain Wolf. Tott England, Regimental Bugler; Eli M. 
Caruth, Orderly. The strength of the regiment at the or- 
ganization was something over 1200 men, rank and file. 

The first battle in which the regiment took part after its 
organization, was the cavalry fight at Boonsboro, or Cane Hill, 
between Generals Marmaduke and Blount. It also took part 
in the battles of Prairie Grove, December 7th, 1862 ; Fayette- 
ville; Backbone Mountain, evacuation of Fort Smith; Pine 
Bluff; Elkins' Ferry, on Little Missouri river ; Poison Springs ; 
Marks' Mills; Pilot Knob, September 27th, 1864; Indepen- 
dence, Missouri; Marias des Cygnes, Kansas. 

The following officers of the regiment were killed : Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Jack O'Neal, at Marks' Mills ; Captain Vance, 
near Pine Bluff; Lieutenant Carr, on the Missouri raid, 
Lieutenant Woodard commanding Company "K," at Pilot 
Knob, Missouri ; Wagonmaster, Tom Brown, at Marks' Mills. 

The following officers were wounded : Colonel Moore, 
at Pilot Knob ; Captain W. A. Alexander, at same ; Captain 
Brown at Poison Springs; Sergeant-Major Sandefur at 
Booneville, Mo. 



43o 



HIS TOBY OF AllEANSAS. 



Muster roll of officers of Colonel Morgan's Regiment present 
September 30th, 1863. 



CO. 



"A" 
"B" 

"C" 
"D" 

"E" 



"G" 



<H" 

'I" 

'K" 



NAMES. 



A. S, Morgan. 

B. A. Landon. 
G. M. Wright. 
William Simon. 
S. O. Feeney. . 
Sam Gibson . . . 
James T. Caldwell 
Joseph S. Morgan. 
B. R. Ragland .... 
William S. Otey . . 

J. H. B. Pross 

A. H. Holliday... 

J*. H. Prewitt 

James R. Stanley. 

G. M. Reed 

J. W. McGaughey 
John E. Wylie.... 

Jesse Bland 

J. S. Brooks 

W. D. Jones 

W. H. Lemay 

J. W. May. 

T. A. Cade 

R. F. Lassiter. . . . 

A. N. Martin 

J. R. Maxwell 

B. F.Quartermouse 
W. R. Marshal. 
W. A. Bull.... 
Henry H. Hill.. 
J. L. Congo. . . . 



RANK. 



Colonel 

Surgeon 

Adj utant 

Captain 

Second Junior Lieutenant 

Captain 

First Lieutenant 

Second Senior Lieutenant 
Second Junior Lieutenant 

Captain 

Second Senior Lieutenant 

Captain 

Second Senior Lieutenant 

Captain 

First Lieutenant 

Second Senior Lieutenant 
Second Junior Lieutenant 

First Lieutenant 

Captain 

Second Senior Lieutenant 
Second Junior Lieutenant 

Captain 

First Lieutenant 

Second Senior Lieutenant 
Second Junior Lieutenant 

Captain . • 

First Lieutenant 

Second Senior Lieutenant 

Captain 

First Lieutenant 

Second Senior Lieutenant 



DATE OF APPOINTMENT. 



July 23d, 1862. 
July 19th, 1862. 
March 18th, 1862. 

August 7th, 1863. 
May 3d, 1862. 
May 3d, 1862. 
February 1st, 1863. 
September 7th, 1863. 
July 18th, 1862. 
May 12th, 1862. 
May 12th, 1862. 
August loth, 1862. 
May 12th, 1862. 
November 12th, 1862. 
November 12th, 1862. 
April 17th, 1863. 
June 16th, 1862. 
July 18th, 1862. 
May 22d, 1862. 
Mav 19th, 1863. 
June 13th, 1862. 
June 13th, 1862. 
June 13th, 1862. 
June 13th, 1862. 
June 16th, 1862. 
June 16th, 1862. 
June 16th, 1862. 
August 15th, 1862. 
September 6th, 1862. 
September 6th, 1862. 



col. morgan's regiment: 

In June, 1862, when a battalion, A. S. Morgan was as- 
signed to command as Lieutenant-Colonel. Other companies 
joined it at Devall's Bluff, in July, 1862, when it was raised 
to a full regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel Morgan was made 
Colonel. He commanded the regiment at the battle of 



THE YEAR 1861. 



431 



Prairie Grove, being a part of McRae's Brigade. Afterwards 
the regiment was detached from that brigade, and on being 
moved to Fort Smith, was attached to the brigade of General 
W. L. Cabell. It was re-organized under an Act of the Con- 
federate Congress, and Major Pitts Yell was elected Colonel, 

W. H. Brooks, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Gibson, Major. 

Colonel Yell commanded the regiment at the battle of Mans- 
field, where he was killed ; and Lieutenant-Colonel Brooks 
became Colonel, and commanded the regiment till the close 
of the war. The regiment was also in the battles of Jenkins' 
Ferry and Pleasant Hill. 

Colonel Baber's Cavalry Regiment was organized at Smith- 
ville, Lawrence county, Arkansas, in the summer and early 
fall of 1864, for the purpose of going on Price's raid into 
Missouri. The following were the officers: M. D. Baber, 
Colonel; J. M. Clark, Lieutenant-Colonel; George R. Jones, 
Major; W. C. Sloan, Adjutant; D. C. Black, Quartermas- 
ter; • Jordan, Commissary; Dr. J. R. Wells, Surgeon; 

Dr. Dodd, Assistant Surgeon ; Kirby, Forage-master; 

James Sanders, Wagon-master. 

The following were the Captains of the several companies : 

W. C. Jones, Wallis, J. C. Washburn, Joshua Worm, 

Fitser, Nesbitt, Smock, Hillis. 

The regiment went on Price's raid, but after it was over, 
were permitted to return home and were not again called into 
service, the surrender soon following. 

McRae's Battalion, called a battalion at first, but after- 
wards raised to a full regiment. The field and staff officers 
were : Dandridge McRae, of Searcy, Colonel ; J. M. Hobbs, of 
Benton county, Lieutenant-Colonel; Thompson, Ma- 
jor; Hobbs, of Benton county, Quartermaster; Dr. 

Bourland,of VanBuren, Surgeon; Givens, Chaplain. 

The line officers were : Captain Morris Hobbs, of Benton 

county ; Captain Cooper, of Benton county; Captain 

Buchanan, of Washington county; Captain Caleb Davis, of 



432 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Pope county; Captain Hallowell, of Yell county; Cap- 
tain Knott, of Franklin county, and Captain 

Douglas, of Benton county. 

The command took part in the battles of Oak Hill, August 
ioth, 1861 ; Elkhorn, March 7th, 1862. In April, 1862, it 
was moved east of the Mississippi river, where it took part in 
the battles of Farmington, May 9th, 1862 ; Iuka Springs, 
September 19th and 20th, 1862 ; Corinth, October 3d, 4th 
and 5th, 1862; Baker's creek, May 16th, 1863, and the siege 
of Vicksburg, May 21st to July 4th, 1863. Here they were 
made prisoners in the capitulation. 

After the surrender at Vicksburg it was exchanged, and 
went into service in the Trans-Mississippi Department, and 
took part in the battle of Jenkins' Ferry, April 28th, 1864. 

Colonel McRae was promoted to Brigadier-General and as- 
signed to service in the Trans-Mississippi Department, com- 
manding a brigade composed of Glenn's, Gause's, Morgan's 
and Hart's Regiments. On his promotion, Lieutenant-Colo- 
nel J. M. Hobbs became Colonel. 

Woodruff's Artillery as originally organized, was enlisted 
as State troops, and for six months. General Pearce sent an 
order "to take the sense of the company as to whether they 
would enlist in the Confederate service, or would remain in 
the State service." An election on the subject was held, and 
the company voted to remain in the State service. Accord- 
ingly, at the expiration of their time, they were marched to 
Elm Springs, Washington county, and there mustered out 
of service in September, 1861. While in this service, they 
fought in the battle of Oak Hill, August ioth, 1861. In the 
winter of that year, Captain Woodruff raised a new battery 
enlisted for "three years, or during the war," with W. D. 
Blocher and Henry C. West, as First Lieutenants; James 
Cook and W. R. Douglas, Second Lieutenants. They 
moved to Dardenelle and Fort Smith, to fit out the battery, 
and to report to General Albert Pike at the latter place. 



THE YE AH 1861. 



433 



From there they moved to the battleground of Elkhorn, and 
arrived just in time to fall in with the rear guard on 
the retreat. They were then sent to Fort McCullough, 
in the Choctaw Nation, by General Pike's orders, and 
from there were brought to Little Rock, by General 
Hindman's orders. They then moved to check General 
Curtis' advance from Batesville, and took part in a small 
engagement at Cache river, July 7th, 1862. Under the 
Confederate law, the battery was now re-organized, and W. 
D. Blocher raised a new battery, which was largely officered 
out of the old company. Captain Woodruff was promoted 
to major of the battalion, and John Marshall became Captain 
of the other battery. They took part in the battle of Helena, 
July 4th, 1863 ; the operations around Little Rock, Septem- 
ber 10th, 1863 ; Jenkins' Ferry, Prairie D'Ann, were in 
Price's raid into Missouri, and the battle of Pilot Knob, Mis- 
souri, October 16th, 1864, and were surrendered with Kirby 
Smith's Army, May 26th, 1865. 

2S 



CHAPTER XIX. 

1861. 



EQUIPMENT. SOUTHERN WOMEN. WAR SONGS. CONFLICT BEGUN. 

The men who made up these commands were the very best 
men that the land contained. They represented not only the 
bone and muscle, and sinew of the country, but its wealth, 
intelligence and refinement, professional and social position as 
well. They included not only the man of labor, but the man 
of ease; the mechanic and the capitalist alike. The mer- 
chant came out of his counting-house; the book-keeper from 
over his ledger ; the clerk from behind his counter; the planter 
and the overseer came out of the fields ; the farmer and the farm- 
er's boy left the farm ; the lawyer and the doctor closed their 
offices ; the preacher came down from his pulpit ; the school- 
master laid down his ferule and his pen; the blacksmith left 
his bellows ; the carpenter his bench ; the curled darling of 
fortune, who had never known what it was to lift a hand to 
labor ; all either shouldered muskets in the ranks, or mounted 
steeds and marched away; enlisting generally, "for three 
years or the war." Many a regiment had its "fighting Par- 
son," a Chaplain who prayed for the souls of men in the 
pauses, and handled a gun when the fight was on. 

The enrollment was rapid, the organization was readily 
effected, but the equipment was full of difficulty. Men were 
more plentiful than muskets, and easier to be had. The guns 
which were to be had were often insufficient and useless. 
Many of the earlier companies went out armed with shot 

434 



THE YEAB IS 61. 



435 



guns, and some even went out without guns, expecting to 
fight with knives and clubs, until a sufficiency of guns could 
be captured. At the battle of Ringgold Gap, in the midst of 
a desperate hand-to-hand combat, men of the First Arkansas 
Regiment at times fousrht with rocks, and did considerable 
execution with them, a number of men being knocked down 
with them, and made prisoners. 

Dr. John A. Jordan, was appointed a Commissioner by the 
Confederate States to gather up all the arms, clothing, sup- 
plies, etc., that could be had. He made a call on the people 
to furnish arms of any pattern they had on hand, whether flint- 
locks or percussion make. Many a boy contributed his fowl- 
ing piece, or the favorite rifle with which he shot squirrels in 
the wood lot, until but few fire-arms were left anywhere in 
the State. 

As the war progressed, these insufficient arms were replaced 
b} r regular muskets as often as captures were made, until it 
resulted that the Confederate troops were armed with regular 
muskets, and which were what they had taken from their ad- 
versaries. Many of the muskets used by them, however, in 
the earlier part of the war, were flint-lock muskets. 

A more serious difficulty still was to get cannon. There 
were fewfoundries in the South, and though the number of them 
increased as the war progressed, they were very limited ; still, 
something, was done in the wa}^ of manufacturing. The 
metal for casting brass cannon was obtained by contribution. 
Church bells, plantation bells, steamboat bells, were turned 
into cannon. But the main supply of artillery used by the 
Confederacy came from what belonged to each State for its 
quota of public arms, was found in forts and arsenals, or that 
taken possession of in their limits, or was captured during the 
progress of the war. 

To procure the necessary ammunition for artillery use, was 
also a difficulty. Cannon balls, grape shot and shrapnel shot 
were easily moulded, and there was no foundry, however in- 



^36 HISTOBY OF ABKANSAS, 

insignificant, but could turn out crude but serviceable speci- 
mens, to an extent only limited by the supply of iron ; but the 
manufacture of bombs or shells of fuse, or percussion action 
for rifle or smooth-bore guns, and of fixed ammunition, was 
a delicate matter, and not so easily accomplished. Oftentimes, 
and particularly toward the latter years of the war, the Con- 
federate batteries were compelled to use supplies of home man- 
ufacture of such inferior quality as to be wholly unreliable ; 
shells which burst within a few feet of the guns, discharging 
them, or else that did not explode at all. Cavalrymen gen- 
erally furnished their own horses, and often artillery men. 

The plow horse and the roadster, the fancy nag and the old 
family "stand-by" went into service. The mules went with 
them, for wagons and teams, until nothing was left to drag 
the plow, except the patient ox, and in time he, too, went to 
supply subsistence to the men in the field. 

There was great scarcity of gun-powder, until by home 
manufacture and blockade runners the demand was met. 
Leather became a subject of concern at an early date. 
There were hides and abundance of tan bark, and there were 
tan yards. But the urgent demand caused hides to be taken 
from the vats, but little better than raw hide. This article 
did a passable service for straps, thongs, harness, bridles, sad- 
dles, and the like, but was very uncomfortable for shoes, 
having a tendency to spread when wet, and becoming hard 
and flinty when dry. A hide of genuinely tanned leather 
soon came to command a fabulous price. Early in the war 
boots were $80 a pair, and shoes $36, and few to be had. 
All old or discarded leather articles, sufficiently large, were 
worked over, and made to do duty in new spheres. An old 
pair of saddle-bags or a disused saddle-flap was regarded as a 
treasure, and would at once be made over into shoes for the 
fortunate possessor. The manufacture of swords was an easy 
thing. There was hardly a blacksmith who did not pound 
away on his anvil, until he produced blades of some descrip- 



THE YEAB 1861. 



437 



tion • oftentimes crude and clumsy, but at times of remark- 
ably fine temper and steel. 

The Confederate soldiers may be said to have served prac- 
tically without pay. The pay of a private in the ranks was 
$11 a month, paid in Confederate mone}^. By the end of 
1862, Confederate money had greatly depreciated, and event- 
ually became $100 for one, so that, at this rate, the pay of one 
whole month would be eleven cents, or, for a whole year, one 
dollar and thirty-two cents. But this made no difference in 
their zeal and devotion. Notwithstanding this state of affairs, 
they not only enlisted to the full strength that the country 
could command, but fought with resolute endurance for four 
long years. 

A most important item in the equipment of an army is the 
clothing and hospital supplies. Here the women nobly lent 
their unremitting aid. They would assemble in crowds in 
halls, churches or public places, and scrape lint or make band- 
ages, slings and the like, using such cotton fabrics as were to 
be had, often contributing their own table linen, bed com- 
forters, cotton or cambric window curtains, and such things, 
for the purpose. Blankets were made out of carpets or heavy 
curtains, which were freely contributed. Any woolen fabrics 
of suitable size were converted to such use. Regular sewing 
societies were established for the making of clothing. It was 
not unusual for those who had the means to supply the neces' 
sary material to clothe a whole company, or part of one ; and 
the ladies in their sewing societies, or in their homes, would 
cut and make them up. These were days in which the sew- 
ing machine was just beginning to make its appearance 
amongst us, but had not come into general use. There was 
one agent only in Little Rock at the time, P. H. Kegler. 
He placed his entire stock of machines at the disposal of the 
ladies for such use. 

Knitting, carding and weaving also came into vogue. 
Delicate fingers, which had never handled a knitting needle, 



438 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

now took to the work with spirit, and soon learned to convert 
the wool, carefully hoarded from the sheep's back, into com- 
fortable socks, gloves, mitts, etc. Cotton and wool cards 
came into every household, rarely seen there before, and the 
spinning wheel and the clumsy loom were dragged out of the 
dusty garret, and were made to do for our modern dames 
the work they had done for their grandmothers. Homespun 
cloth, coarse in texture, but strong, warm, and exceedingly 
durable, came to be frequently seen. And in truth, with a 
spirit which cannot be too highly honored or praised, the 
women of the South learned out of the adversity which was 
upon us, the great and valuable lesson of independence and 
self-reliance. It developed a heroism in them which had 
never been exhibited before, because the peculiar conditions 
calling for its exercise had never previously existed. And no 
doubt it is due to their tireless energy in the accumulation and 
the manufacture of supplies for the men in the field ; to their 
counsel and encouragement in times of depression, and to their 
perpetual help in hospital work in the care and nursing of the 
sick, that the Southern troops were able to hold out so long. 
The war spirit of the times was encouraged by the stirring 
war music and songs, which were to be heard on all hands. 
The air was filled with the strains of "Dixie," "The Bonnie 
Blue Flag," and "Maryland, my Maryland." They were 
the distinctive Southern war songs ; every band played them ; 
they were heard everywhere — in camp and concert hall, in 
the parlor, and on the street; everybody who could sing, sang 
them, or who could play, played them. Dixie was a negro 
minstrel "Walkaround," written in 1859, by Dan D. 
Emmett, which had been sung in New Orleans by Mrs. John 
Wood, in the fall of i860, in John Brougham's burlesque of 
"Pocahontas," and instantly became popular. Without an} 7 
authority from the composer, a New Orleans publisher had 
the air harmonized, and arranged with words embodying the 
strong southern feeling of that city, and from there it went 



THE YEAB IS 61. 439 

with the soldiers going to the front, where it was played by 
regimental bands, until it found its way over the whole South, 
and was used by the Southern soldiers as one of their dis- 
tinctive airs, and the whole South itself came to be called 
"Dixie." "The Bonnie Blue Flag" was written by Harry 
McCarthy, a celebrated minstrel performer of that clay, and 
sung by him at a performance of his in New Orleans. It 
instantly became popular, and was soon everywhere played 
and sung. "Maryland, my Maryland" was written by James 
R. Randall, a Marylander by birth, a native of Baltimore, 
Professor of English Literature and Classics in Po} T dras College, 
at Point Coupee, in Louisiana, now residing in Augusta, 
Georgia. It went the rounds of the Southern newspapers in 
the form of a poem at first, and was fitted to the music of an 
old college song, called "Lauriger Horatius," by Miss Jennie 
Cary, of Baltimore. It was sung by her in response to a 
serenade given her by the Washington Artilleiy, of New 
Orleans, at General Beauregard's camps, near Manassas, 
after the battle. The soldiers crowded around the fair singer, 
and as the song progressed, caught the spirit of its intense 
enthusiasm, and voice after voice rang out the oft' repeated 
refrain, "Maryland, my Maryland," until the whole camp 
resounded with it, and from this commencement it went 
everywhere as one of the famous ballads of the war. 

The invasion of Virginia was begun May 24th, when 13,- 
000 troops crossed the Potomac, and occupied Alexandria. 
Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, in command of a regiment of 
New York Fire Zouaves, took possession of the Marshall 
House, the principal hotel in the city, for his headquarters. 
While in the act of tearing down the Confederate flag which 
was floating over it, and hoisting the United States flag in its 
stead, he was shot dead by James W. Jackson, the proprietor, 
who was himself instantly killed by one of the Zouaves. This 
was the first blood shed in the war. 



44-0 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

By the first of July, the Federal Government had an enor- 
mous army in the field, estimated at 300,000 men. Of these 
a force of from 40,000 to 50,000 men, at and near Washing- 
ton, were under command of Major-General Irwin McDowell. 
On the 1 6th of July, this army was put in motion against the 
Confederate forces under General Beauregard, which were 
lying at Bull Run, and numbered, all told, about 12,000. 
Here, on the 21st day of July, 1861, was fought the first 
pitched battle of the war, resulting in the complete rout of 
McDowell's Army, and their disordered flight back to Wash- 
ington City, after having suffered immense loss. 

The next battle to take place in the order of events, was at 
Oak Hill, near Springfield, Missouri, on the 10th of August, 
1 86 1, between the Confederate forces, about 6,000 strong, 
under Generals Ben. McCullough and N. B. Pearce, and the 
Federals under General Nathaniel Lyon. This battle is 
called by the Federals the battle of Wilson's Creek, but by 
the Confederates called the battle of Oak Hill. Five regi- 
ments and one battery, of the 10 regiments engaged, were 
Arkansas troops. 

General McCullough's forces were camped on or near 
Wilson's Creek, at the foot of a small eminence, called Oak 
Hill. The hill was occupied by the camp of Woodruff's Bat- 
tery, and some other troops, but the cavalry and the most of 
the troops were on the plain below. General Lyon, with a 
greatly superior force, estimated at about 8,000, and largely 
composed of regular troops, kry encamped at Springfield, ten 
miles away. On the night of the 9th of August, 1861, he 
moved from Springfield, and by a swift and stealthy night 
march, was upon the Confederate camp before they realized 
their danger, taking them completely by surprise. The first 
man to discover their approach was Captain L. M. Ramsauer, 
of Augusta, Captain of the Augusta Guards, in Churchill's 
Regiment. On going for water to a spring, a short distance 
from camp, a little after daylight, he observed their approach, 



THE TEAR 1861, 



44 1 



and galloped back with all possible speed to give the alarm. 
In doing so, he passed the camp of his company, and gave 
the order to mount and fall into line. Passing on, he reported 
to Colonel Churchill the approach of the enemy, and before he 
had hardly finished his report, the crack of musketry was 
heard. This was the camp sentinel's giving the alarm, and 
was soon followed by rapid discharge of musketry and can- 
nonading from the enemy's guns. The Confederates were 
thrown into great confusion, seeing which, General Franz 
Siegel, next in command to General Lyon, exclaimed in the 
best English he could command: "Mein Gott ! vere ish der 
gavalree?" General Lyon did not follow up the advantage 
which the suddeness of his attack had given him, but allowed 
from half to three quarters of an hour to elapse, while he 
made farther dispositions of his troops. While this was tak- 
ing place, the Confederates rallied as rapidly as they could, 
and formed in line of battle, and when he next appeared were 
ready to receive him. The battle began anew at about seven 
o'clock in the forenoon, and lasted until about one in the after- 
noon, when the Federal army, badly worsted, retired from 
the field, leaving it in possession of the Confederates. From 
the time when the engagement began it was hard fighting, 
and kept up almost continuously. The two forces surged 
back and forth for over five hours, with heavy losses on both 
sides. At one point the dead and dying lay so thick that the 
place is called "Blood}/ Hill" to this day. Finally, some- 
thing after mid-day, in a splendid charge, the Federal army 
was driven from the field, and retreated in the direction of St. 
Louis. The Confederates then moved into and occupied 
Springfield. 

For two da} 7 s after the battle, the Federals had thirty wag- 
ons hauling off their dead, and 200 were buried on the field. 
Their loss must have reached 1,500 or 2,000. General Lyon, 
the Federal commander, was among the killed. In the hos- 
pitals at Springfield there were over 1,000 Federal wounded, 



442 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

and about half that number of Confederate wounded. The 
hospitals at that place were in charge of Dr. W. A. Cantrell, 
Surgeon of Churchill's Regiment. Churchill's Regiment, the 
First Arkansas Rifles, was in the hottest of the fight, and suf- 
fered heavy loss. Colonel Churchill had two horses shot from 
under him. A. H. Sevier, his Aide, was wounded while carry- 
ing orders. Woodruff's Battery behaved with great gallantly, 
and did much to win the victory. Their loss consisted of two 
killed, Lieutenant Omer R. Weaver, First Lieutenant of the 
Battery, and Private William Carver, and two wounded, one 
of whom, W. H. Byler, afterwards died. A part of the time 
the battery was opposed by the battery of Captain James 
Totten, who had been stationed at Little Rock at the time the 
arsenal there was taken possession of, and in the artillery duel 
which ensued, Lieutenant Weaver was struck by a shell, and 
instantly killed. 

The following is a list of the killed and wounded among 
the Arkansas troops in this battle : 

Churchill's regiment. 

Field and staff. — Killed : James Harper, Adjutant ; wound- 
ed : N. Terry Roberts, Sergeant-Major, and A. H. Sevier, 
Aide. 

Captain J. S. Pearson's Company — Des Arc Rangers. — 
Killed, 4: James M. Williamson, B. J. Freeman, C. L. 
Tuck and T. L. Miles. Wounded, 29: Captain J. S. Pear- 
son, First Lieutenant; W. W. Wair, Second Lieutenant; 
D. Mclver, Second Sergeant; A. P. Haralson, First Cor- 
poral ; J. S. Perry, G. Harrison, J. C. Tarkington, James S. 
Stone, W. D. Anthony, W. Lee, F. M. Crawford, G. W. 
Isaac, J. E. Nicholson, C. N. Hayley, A. C. Dunaway, L. 
T. Benton, John S. Perry, L. B. Harden, S. J. Perry, W. 
F. Fogg, H. Lafaver, A. M. Mcintosh, S. L. Morgan, J. M. 
Jackson, James P. Clement, R. M. Sheppard, E. Davis. L. 
H. Johnson and S. H. McNeill. Total, 33. 



THE YEAR 1861. 



443 



Captain L. M. Ramsauer's Company — Augusta Guards. — 
Killed, 5: J. S. Chambers, Third Lieutenant; R. E. Alex- 
ander, Orderly-Sergeant ; J. J. McKenzie, Fourth Sergeant; 
J. C. Chenault and F. Jones. Wounded, 14: Captain L. 
M. Ramsauer, Corporal B. F. Bland, Ensign G. W. Cagle, 
J. H. Hart, R. S. Eppes, O. P. Ray, Henry Hudson, Wm. 
Page, Wm. M. Owen, S. Gallion, W. H. Horton, M. 
Lewis, S. Huddleston and E. T. Strong. Total, 19. 

Captain Lasuel's Company. — Killed, 3 : T. J. McCarley, 
Corporal ; B. B. Harkrider and Francis M. Oliver. Wounded, 
13 : Thomas J. Markham, John T. O. Kelley, W. C. Hogan, 
Robert Craven, Leonard Sutton, Abraham Fryer, W. P. 
Nealey, Richard Beason, Henry White, John J. Graves, 
John H. Burtram, W. W. Carter and A. W. Copelind. 
Total, 16. 

Captain Porter's Company — Desha Cavalry. — Killed, 4: 
Charles Noble, Vivian Stokes, William Williams. J. L. Por- 
ter, Captain, was wounded and afterwards died. Wounded, 
10 : Lieutenant T. A. Hardest) 7 , Sergeant W. L. Story, 
Sergeant David W. Gibbs, W. W. Witherspoon, W. Wells, 
William Hewlett, James Cowen, William Cowan, Theodore 
Dreyfus and Joseph Leak. Total, 14. Missing, James 
Arnold. 

Captain T. J. Daniel's Company — Yell Cavalry. — Killed, 
7 : H. C. Dawson, Second Lieutenant; F. M. Armstrong, 
D. L. Adkins, W. J. Jourden, J. A. Toomer, D. G. Kiikpat- 
rick and B. Buchanan. Wounded, 13 : A. Fulks, A. M. Jones, 
J. Q. Brinson, H. H. Williams, H. Cox, W. R. Harrison, 
G. L. R. Laverty, Thomas Longley, Philip Ottenheimer, 
G. W. Bryant, R. Fulton, W. T. Brown and J. P. Rush. 
Total, 20. 

Captain Oliver Basham's Compan}/ — Johnson Cavalry. — 
Killed, 3 : Joel Smith, Thomas Spears and J. A. Love. 
Wounded, 13: Thomas King, Second Lieutenant; James 
Sadler, Third Lieutenant; Levi Robinson, W. H. Flemings, 



444 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

John Watts, R. B. Williams, J. A. Morgan, John Dunham, 
Jordan E. Cravens, Jasper Newton, J. N. Boyd, W. R. 
Swindle and H. N. Rose. Total, 16. Jordan E. Cravens 
was wounded in three places : in the shoulder, the arm, and 
the left leg. 

Captain McAlexander's Company — Lawrence Rangers. — 
Killed, 7: L. P. McAlexander, Captain; Thomas Mount, 
J. J. Walker, W. B. Wooley, H. C. Childers, R. M. Pease, 
and Wesley Rainey. Wounded, 23 : Lieutenant W. C. Adams, 
Lieutenant T. J. Rainey, First Corporal A. Phillips, Fourth 
Corporal S. E. Frier, J. F. Keaten, John Hudspeth, W. R. 
Mitchell, Thomas J. McPherson, Thomas Gilchrist, William 
Belt, Levi Hamilton, J. Y. Hudleston, Eli Marshall, O. A. 
Casey, A. B. Fuller, Thomas Crany, J. P. Foust, William 
Childers, D. P. Ballard, G. H. Gilchrist, G. W. Smith, A. 
B. Israel and James P. Clark. Total, 30. 

Captain Morton G. Galloway's Company — Pulaski Lancers. 
— Killed, 5: John Johnson, Lieutenant; P. H. Johnson, J. 
A. Ray, W. H. Parker and A. J. Lane. Wounded, 8 : 
Third Sergeant A. C. Johnson, Samuel Henderson, James 
Johnson, John Crudgington, James Lewis, W. J. White, 
George W. Barnes, J. L. Munson. Total, 14. William 
Ellis was taken prisoner. 

Captain D. H. Reynold's Company — Chicot Rangers. — 
Killed, 1: A. J. Beaks was wounded, and afterwards died. 
Wounded, 13 : Sergeant Eli T. Mills, Jasper Duggan, 
Sergeant William F. Estill, S. S. Stuart, Corporal L. Har- 
mon, B. W. Mathis, Robert Mathias, Richard Thurmond, 
Frank Cable, James A. Yuill, Nelson M. Lynch, Peter G. 
Smith and Frank Smith. Total, 14. 

Captain Gibbs' Company — Independence Cavalry. — Killed, 
5 : J. Stamper Cannon, Jonathan Osborne, John S. Neill, 
Patrick H. House. John Garrett was wounded and afterwards 
died. Wounded, 14: First Sergeant Robert S. Neill, 
Second Sergeant Henry Eggner, Third Corporal Jefferson 



THE YEAR 1861, 



445 



Stone, Bugler Joe Nanviller, Anderson Cole, John Hender- 
son, William H. Killingsworth, Alex. Lyle, Andrew J. Lyle, 
Marcus D. Lenare, Alfred Page, Peter O. Thweatt, Selden 
M. Weaver, and Third Lieutenant C. P. Head. Total, 19. 

COLONEL DE ROSEY CARROLL'S REGIMENT — THIRD ARKANSAS 

CAVALRY. 

Company "B," Captain Lewis. — Killed, 2 : Sergeant J. C. 
James and John Benge. Wounded, 2 : John B. Hearn and 
B. F. Gardner.. 

Company "C," Captain Armstrong. — Wounded, 2: Wes- 
ley Clay and Marion Douglass. 

Company "D," Captain Perkins. — Wounded, 3: P. B. 
Wells, B. F. Walker and W. J. Spivey. 

Company "F," Captain McKissick. — Wounded, 3 : J. Car- 
roll, S. S. Jefferson and W. Hawert. 

Company "G," Captain Walker. — Wounded, 5 : Captain 
Walker, John Smith, John Allstott, Thomas Crawford and 
William Donaldson. 

Company "H," Captain Park. — Killed, 1 : Corporal Isaac 
Patterson. Wounded, 2 : William Young and C. A. Craw- 
ford. 

Company "I," Captain Withers. — Killed, 2 : Corporal 
Peyton T. Deming and W. L. Haines. 

COLONEL T. P. DOCKERY'S REGIMENT. 

Lieutenant-Colonel Neal was wounded. 

Captain Whallin's Company. — Wounded, 1 : W. J. John- 
son. 

Captain Dismuke's Company. — Wounded, 1 : James Key. 

Captain Lawrence's Company. — Killed, 2 : Gilmer Faulk- 
ner and H. A. McCullough. Wounded, 2 : John Dawphot 
and R. D. Saddler. 

Captain Dowd's Company. — Wounded, 5 : P. T. Cockner, 
J. C. Ray, Robert Tate, Joseph Goodney and Samuel Good- 
ney. 



446 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Captain Titsworth's Company. — Killed, 1 : Richard Fort. 
Wounded, 2 : Alexander Hagler and James Hart. 

colonel gratiot's regiment — third Arkansas infantry. 

Killed, 1 : Montcalm Simms. Wounded, 2 : Elias B. 
Moore (now Secretary of State), Commissary, and Major 
Ward, Major of the Regiment. 

Company "D," Captain Sparks. — Killed, 7: First Lieu- 
tenant Joseph J. Walton, J. C. Emmett, D. Holderly, R. 
Woodson, L. D. Harper, Meyer Levy and H. Gorcheaux. 
Wounded, 17 : Sergeant T. O. Harris, B. Tarburton, W. C. 
Rickman, I. Zager, J. Bruce, H. C. Dunn, A. Page, H. L. 
Kay, R. Parks, S. Hopper, G. W. Caldwell, J. Kannaday, I. 
Harris, S. A. Hogers, G. Thomas, J. Willard and C. Reed. 
Total, 24. 

Company "A, Y ' Captain Hart. — Killed, 3 : M. L. Laugh- 
ton, W. H. Wilson and Parker. Wounded, 12 : Thomas H. 
Simms (now Revenue Collector), Wm. H. Worham, Homer 
Cross, Wiley Stenson, S. C. Allen, A. L. Warner, G. D. 
Britt, W. T. Phillips, William Kidd, James T. Reynolds, 
Daniel Hawks and Ed. Alexander. Total, 15. 

Company , Captain King. — Killed, 2 : Lieutenant J. 

V. Blackard and J. W.Lowell. Wounded, 9 : J.N.Brown, 
J. H. Grace, James Farmer, James Polleet, Robert Manley, 
M. V. Hall, R. L. Mays, John Warren and J. W. Butts. 
Total, 11. 

Company , Captain Buchanan.— Wounded, 5 : Jacob 

Pyatt, T. Pyatt,Willam Crawford, William Evans and G. L. 
Washington. 

Company , Captain Stuart. — Killed, 2 : Corporal M. 

West and Vaughan. Wounded, 9 : Sergeant W. S. Vincent, 
Lewis Groff, William Coleman, F. T. Lowe, Richard Law- 
less, Corporal S. Montgomery, James King, Lieutenant F. 
M. Sanger and J. M. Clem. Total, 11. 



THE YEAR IS 61. 



447 



Compare "C," Captain Brown. — Killed, 3 : Captain H. 
T. Brown, James Adkins and D. B. Carr. Wounded, 9: 
John A. Clark, Sergeant J. Neill, H. H. Mareau, George K. 
Clark, John H. Dishaso, Corporal J. L. Whitfield, Sergeant 
John Wallace, T. Davis and R. Howard. Total, 12. 

Company "B," Captain Bell. — Killed, 4: Captain S. K. 
Bell, Sergeant William Brown, Martin Hawkins and Thomas 
Neal. Wounded, 7 : M. Henry, J. Neal,Wm. Williams, Nick 
Wax, T. Robinson, Jeff. Pollard and H. Smith. Total, 11. 

Company , Captain Corcoran. — Wounded, 4 : Captain 

Corcoran, Lieutenant Donaho, Corporal Kirby, and Private 
McCarty. 

Company "E," Captain Griffith. — Killed, 2: Henry 
Vaught and R. J. McClyter. Wounded, 8 : Lieutenant Inge, 
J. M. Brewer, J. W. Howell, J. A. Lemons, T. M. Smith, 
B. H. Griffith, Eli Turnbaugh, R. W. Knight. Total, 10. 

COLONEL M'INTOSH'S REGIMENT. 

Captain Gibson's Company. — Wounded, 2 : S. J. Dibley 
and H. Barnhart. 

Captain Parker's Company. — Killed, 2 : John B. Ford and 
J. L. Sweeden. Wounded, 6: P. O. Breedlove, W. L. 
Debeny, M. E. Cleveland, Thomas Falls, L. R. Hill and C. 
W.Wood. Total, 8. 

Captain King's Company. — Killed, 6: H. C. Harden, 
Perry King, William Barker, J. W. Howell, T. J. Kelly, 
John Hitcher, Jr. Wounded, 16: Capt. J. M. King, John 
Lemoyne, W. J. Dorris, B. F. Mayberry, J. Harbinger, G. 
W. Amfrey, Garrett Ford, W. J. Dailey, S. C. Hicks, H. 
M. Hicks, A. Ashley, Robert W. Beacham, Perry Shilling, 
George Halsum, H. J. Kellyand D. L. Crenshaw. Total, 22. 

Captain Arrington's Company. — Wounded, 2: James 
Henry and R. P. Smith. 

Captain Flanagin's Company "E." — Killed, 2 ; J. G. Ma- 
lone and G. F. Flanagin. Wounded, 7 : A. K. White, J. 



44§ 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



F. Bridgway, J. H. Anderson, S. D. Trapp, Thomas 
Goran, John Holder and W. F. Holder. Total, 9. 

Captain Witherspoon's Company. — Wounded, 2 : W. H. 
Morley and Lieutenant G. Ashley. 

Captain Brown's Company. — Wounded, 6 : Joseph White, 
Joe Wright, Harvey Holman, W. Flanagin, Thomas Wil- 
kins and W. Jeter. 

Captain Gamble's Company. — Killed, 1 : Sergeant J. M. 
Carrigan. Wounded, 2 : J. D. Hardie and W. Bittick. To- 
tal, 3. 

Woodruff's Artillery. — Killed, 3: Lieutenant Omer R. 
Weaver and William Carver; W. H. Byler was wounded 
and afterwards died. Wounded, 1 : Richard Byrd. Total, 4. 

SUMMARY. 



REGIMENT. 


KILLED. 


WOUNDED. 


TAKEN 
PRISONERS. 


Churchill's, 
DeRosey Carroll's, 
Dockery's, 
Gratiot's, 
Mcintosh's, 
Woodruff's Artillery, 


45 
5 
3 

24 

11 
3 


l6l 

17 
12 

82 

44 
1 


2 
2 


Totals, 


9 1 


3i7 


4 



The grand total of killed, wounded and taken prisoners of 
Arkansas troops in the battle, was 412. 

Although the loss of this number of men was not as great 
as in battles afterwards, it seemed more terrible, from the 
fact that it was the first considerable battle in which Arkansas 
troops had been engaged, and was the first one to come so 
close home to us. 

On October 3d, 1861, Colonel Albert Rust's Regiment, 
the Third Arkansas, as part of a Confederate force under com- 
mand of General H. E.Jackson, had a brush with the enemy 



THE TEAS IS 61. 



449 



at Greenbrier river, Virginia, which was a hot engagement, 
of seven hours' duration, ending with the dispersion of the 
Federal force. The loss of the regiment on the occasion was 
2 killed, and 9 wounded, and 4 missing; total, 15. John 
Agneed, of Company "E," was one of the killed. The 
forces of the Federals engaged were estimated at 6,000. The 
total Confederate loss was 52. The battle — mainly an artil- 
lery duel — lasted from 7 o'clock in the morning to 2 130 
in the afternoon, when the Federals retired to their camps at 
Cheat Mountain summit, and Elkwater creek. 

No other considerable engagement, in which Arkansas 
troops participated, took place before the close of the year. 

29 



CHAPTER XX. 

1862. 

GENERAL SITUATION. LOSSES IN KENTUCKY. FALL OF MEMPHIS. ELK 

HORN. SHILOH. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, ETC. 

Before the beginning of 1862, the war had assumed vast 
proportions. The Confederates had near 300,000 men in the 
field, and the Federals three times as many. In Missouri 
and Northern Arkansas, Generals Price and McCullough 
were confronting Generals Curtis and Siegel. General 
Albert Sidney Johnston had drawn his line in Kentucky, from 
Bowling Green to Columbus, with Forts Henry on the Tenn- 
essee, and Donelson on the Cumberland, the strong points in 
his chain. In Virginia, under Generals Lee and Jackson, 
and Longstreet, the great strength of the South faced an enor- 
mous army under McClellan. Arkansas troops were ever} T - 
where, and Arkansas history was being made on every field 
where the contending armies met. 

The year opened darkly for the Confederacy. First, Jan- 
uary 1 8th, the brave Zollicoffer fell, with many of his heroic 
followers, and his command was driven back from Spring 
Hill, Kentucky, by General Geo. H. Thomas. Next came 
the surrender of Fort Henry, then the fall of Fort Donelson, 
whose defenders finding themselves, after valliant resistance, 
completely invested by vastly superior numbers, were com- 
pelled to surrender — only a few of the 15,000 men having 
escaped with Generals Floyd and Pillow. The loss of these 
positions, with so many men and accumulated munitions of 
war, compelled General Johnston to quit Kentucky and estab- 

45° 



THE YEAE 1SG2. 



45 l 



lish himself at Corinth, Mississippi. General Leonidas Polk 
fell back from Columbus to Island No. 10, but the enemy's 
gun-boats soon commanded that stronghold, and nothing 
stood between them and Memphis. 

Memphis was taken June 6th by the gun-boat fleet. This 
fleet met a Confederate squadron in front of the city, and a 
great naval conflict ensued in the presence of thousands of 
spectators, gathered on house tops and along the banks of the 
river. The Confederate fleet was entirely destroyed ; nothing 
now remained between the Federal transports and Vicksburg. 

During the progress of these events, an engagement took 
place at Pea Ridge, in Benton county, Arkansas, usually 
called the Battle of Elkhorn, from the name of a tavern in 
the vicinity of the battle field. It was fought March 7th, 
1862, between the Confederate forces, about 15,000 strong, 
under General Earl Van Dorn, and the Federal forces, esti- 
mated at 20,000, under General Samuel R. Curtis. This 
was the first battle fought on Arkansas soil. It was an inde- 
cisive engagement, in which, in spite of being greatly out- 
numbered, the Confederate forces drove the Federals back at 
every point. On the next day General Van Dorn retreated 
Southward, and General Curtis, after remaining in camp in 
the neighborhood of the field for some time, marched South- 
eastward, and took position at Batesville. From this point he 
projected a movement against Little Rock, but was met and 
checked by Hindman, at Cache river, July 7th, 1862, when 
he fell back to and occupied the city of Helena, establishing 
communication with the Federal gun-boats on the Missis- 
sippi. There was apparently no necessity for General Van 
Dorn's retreat after the battle of Elkhorn. His army had 
not been at all worsted. Some of it had hardly been en- 
gaged, and it had under any circumstances suffered but little. 
The troops were thrown into great confusion, however, by 
the death of Generals Ben. McCollough and James Mcintosh, 
both of whom were killed near the same time. They had 



45 



HIS TOBY OF AM KANSAS. 



gone forward to reconnoitre, and were killed by skirmish- 
ers. 

In the course of the following month General Van Dorn 
moved the army east of the Mississippi river, arriving at 
Corinth, Mississippi, May 4th, 1862, and there was no army 
left in Arkansas ; nor was there any, until General Hindman 
organized one on the establishment of the Trans-Mississippi 
Department, in the summer of 1862. 

General Albert Pike took part in the battle of Elkhorn, 
commanding a brigade of Cherokee Indians, who did good 
service. 

In this engagement McCullough's troops lost 85 killed and 
275 wounded. Price's men, who fought on the left, lost 100 
killed and 250 wounded ; and the two armies together lost 
about 300 taken prisoners, making a total Confederate loss of 
185 killed, 525 wounded, 300 missing; total, 1,010. The 
Federal loss was 402 killed, 800 wounded, and about 300 
taken prisoners; total 1,502. 

The Fourth Arkansas, in McCullough's Brigade, was gal- 
lantly led in this battle by Colonel E. McNair. It lost 5 
killed, 36 wounded, and 14 taken prisoners; total, 55. 
The killed were : W. H. Foster, private of Company "C;" 
Corporal Archibald Heniy, of Company "E;" William 
Cicil, of Company U I;" William Brock, of Company "I," 
and William Franklin of Company "K." Adjutant H. G. 
Bunn was wounded in the head by a fragment of a shell, but 
recovered. Sergeant Charles Bugg, of Company "A," died 
of his wound, March 20th; and Milton Sloan, March 28th ; 
J. E. Goodwin, of Company "B," died of his wounds, 
March 8th. Captain J. F. Erwin, of Company "C," was 
severely wounded, so that he was obliged to leave the service. 
Captain J. C. Tyson, of Company "D," was wounded in 
the leg, from which he recovered, but was lame from it after- 
wards. Sergeant J. H. Spear, of Company "D," had his 
hand so badly shot as to render amputation at the wrist neces- 



THE YEAH 1862. 453 

sary. Edward A. Frost, of Company "D," died from 
wounds, March 12th. Captain J. M. Simpson, of Company 
"F," was badly wounded in the thigh, from which he died, 
March 30th ; and Wilson Biddy, of the same company, died 
March 29th. WilliamB. Corby, of Company "G," died from 
his wounds, March nth ; and John Carper, of Company "H," 
April 1st. Private Pickett, of Company U K," died from in- 
juries March 12th; and Joseph Hopper, of the same com- 
pany, died March 15th. So the number of dead in this regi- 
ment from this engagement was 15. 

Surgeon W. L. Gammage remained on the field 25 days, 
caring for the wounded. In his report of the engagement, 
Colonel McNair made particular mention of the gallantry of 
Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel Ogden and Major James H. 
May, Captains R. K. Garland and J. M. Simpson, who was 
mortally wounded while springing upon one of the guns of a 
battery captured by the Fourth, and cheering on his men ; 
Tyson, who fell within a few feet of the cannon in the same 
charge; Erwin, who was wounded; McCulloch and Kyle ; 
Lieutenant H. G. Bunn, who, although wounded, did not 
leave the field ; William Garland and William J. Ferguson, 
volunteer Aides, and Surgeon Gammage, for his untiring ener- 
gy. For particular gallantry he also commended Captains 
Harris, Gunnells and Gilmore, of the Third Louisiana, tem- 
porarily under his command. 

The two armies were now massed, and confronting each 
other on the Tennessee. General Grant, at Pittsburg Land- 
ing, and Generals Johnston and Beauregard, recently assigned 
to operations in the West, were at Corinth. General Buell, 
with 30,000 men, was on his way to re-inforce General 
Grant. The Confederate Generals decided to force battle be- 
fore the arrival of Buell. With the first streaks of dawn, 
Sunday, April 6th, General Johnston struck the first blow 
near a church-house, called "Shiloh," which, by this circum- 
stance, gave a name to one of the great battles of history. 



454 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



The Confederate force was but little more than 40,000 men; 
they met more than 60,000. The complete surprise of their 
attack gave them great advantage; so thoroughly had their 
movements been concealed, that General Grant was, at the 
time, twelve miles down the river, in consultation with Com- 
modore Foote. 

The Confederates were formed in three lines, extending 
from Owl creek on the left, to Lick creek on the right, and 
between the two creeks ran the road leading up to Shiloh 
church. General Hardee commanded the first line, General 
Bragg the second, and General John C. Breckenridge the 
third, which consisted of the reserves. General Hardee's line 
was disposed as follows : General Cleburne's Brigade was on 
the extreme left, under the direct command of General Hardee 
himself. General S. A. M. Wood's Brigade was next. The 
First Arkansas Brigade, consisting of the Second, Sixth 
and Seventh Arkansas Infant^, and the Third Confederate, 
with Swett's Battery, the brigade being commanded by 
Colonel Robert G. Shaver was the center, being the "Brigade 
of Direction." General Gladden's Brigade was next, and 
General Withers' Brigade on the extreme right. General 
Woods' Brigade, and the First Arkansas Brigade comprised 
Major-General Hindman's Division. Generals Gladden's 
and Withers' Brigades comprised a Division commanded by 
General Withers. 

Four companies, one from each regiment, the Second, 
Sixth and Seventh Arkansas, and Third Confederate, and 
the First Arkansas Brigade, were detailed to act as skir- 
mishers. Major Hardcastle, of Mississippi, arriving on 
the field at the time, and reporting for duty to General 
Hardee, and having no command for immediate service, 
was placed in command of them, in preference to de- 
tailing a Major from the brigade to command them. 
Major Hardcastle handled his command admirably, and 
with the utmost gallantjy. As the lines advanced, these 



The Tear 1862. 



455 



skirmishers encountered the outposts or pickets of General 
Peabody's command encamped there, who delivered a volley, 
the first fire which was returned by Hardcastle's skirmishers, 
the first Confederate fire, and the battle opened. Pushing on 
impetuously, the Confederates drove back the Federal pickets, 
and also a regiment of Federal Cavalry posted along the 
Shiloh church road, and following this with one grand 
charge, Shaver's Brigade rushed into General Peabody's 
camp, sweeping everything before them. Hearing the firing 
of the pickets, Peabody's men had taken position in line on 
the edge of their camp, and delivered a galling fire. As the 
First Arkansas Brigade rushed upon them with a wild yell, 
which has become historic as the "rebel yell," they stood 
until the Confederates were within 30 feet of them, and then 
broke and fled. As the streets of the encampment in their 
rear were narrow, the men in flight crowded into them so 
much that progress was slow, and the Confederates, pushing 
in among them, killed over 200 men by bayonetting them. 
Swett's Battery also double-shotted with canister, making ter- 
rible havoc in their ranks. General Peabody's men consisted 
of two regiments of Germans from St. Louis, one regiment 
from Iowa, one from Wisconsin, and one from Illinois. On 
arriving at Peabody's camp, the sun was just beginning to 
show itself above the eastern horizon. Shaver's Brigade had 
rushed forward so impetuously that General Hardee halted 
them here until the remainder of the line of battle could come 
up. The completeness of the surprise is shown by the fol- 
lowing painful circumstances. There were a number of 
officer's wives in General Peabody's camp, and when the at- 
tack on the camp was made, many of them rushed out into 
the streets of the camp and fled for safety, not having had 
time to dress. Two of them were killed by chance shots : one 
fell dead in the street clad only in a night dress, and the other 
was found dead in bed in one of the tents — not yet having 
arisen, a bullet had reached her as she lay asleep. 



4156 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

General Peabody had just seated himself to breakfast, when 
the attack was made. Leaving the repast untasted, he rose 
to mount his horse, and a moment later was killed while in 
the act of mounting. 

The Sixth and Seventh Arkansas Regiments of Shaver's 
Brigade had been using flint-lock muskets with buck and ball 
cartridges, one ball and three buck-shot to the cartridge ; but 
in General Peabody 's camp they found 2,000 Enfield rifles, 
with ammunition ready provided, so, throwing away their old 
guns, they armed themselves with Enfield rifles, and carried 
them ever afterwards. By the time they reached the camp, 
the fight had become general. Beyond General Peabody's 
camp, the line reached an old field, called "the Drill Ground." 
It was swept by a Chicago Battery of six guns, twenty-four 
pounds, supported by a strong force of Federal Infantry. 
Two Brigades of Hardee's Corps were put to the dreadful task 
of dislodging them, and were successively repulsed with ter- 
rible slaughter. Colonel Shaver's First Arkansas Brigade 
was then ordered up to the assault. As they moved over the 
open ground, they were simply decimated by the terrible storm 
of grape-shot and bullets that poured upon them ; but noth- 
ing daunted, they moved on in a perfectly dressed and regular 
line, but with men falling at every step, until they reached 
the battery itself. It was commanded by a German officer. 
He alone was- left, every other officer and every man of the 
battery was bayonetted, and every battery horse had been 
killed. The Captain stood upon one of the guns, and with an 
excess of military etiquette, refused to surrender his sword to a 
private. A soldier was in the act of plunging a bayonet into 
him, when Colonel Shaver, interposing, saved his life. He 
received the officer's sword, and in admiration for his gallantry 
and courage, returned it to him. 

Near this battery, General Hindman was afterwards dis- 
abled. Having established themselves at this point and driven 
out the Federals, the Confederates were subjected to a cross- 



THE YE AP, 1S62. 



457 



fire from new batteries, which were brought into play by the 
Federals. As General Hinclman and Colonel Shaver were rid- 
ing together, Shaver's horse being a little behind that of Hind- 
man, a conical shot from the distant battery struck Shaver's 
horse, passing through the animal's shoulders from side to 
side, killing it instantly "• cut Hindman's horse in two at the 
hips, passed on and killed several other horses, and lastly cut 
off the top of a black-jack tree some distance away. Hind- 
man endeavored to leap off from his horse as it fell, but, in 
doing so, he became entangled, and the animal falling crushed 
his thigh. Colonel Shaver had four horses killed under him 
in this battle, three the first day, and one the second, but him- 
self escaped, except with slight wounds. 

At night-fall the First Arkansas Brigade repaired to Pea- 
body's camp and passed the night. There they found quan- 
tities of stores and provisions in abundance. One of the 
captures made at this camp was General Grant's money-chest, 
containing the money with which his troops were to be paid, 
and also his Adjutant-General's papers; and among the stores 
found, there were 2,500 bags of roasted coffee. 

The invy of the Confederate attack was irresistible, and the 
Federals were everywhere swept before them. General 
Grant reached the field about 8 o'clock in the morning, 
and found his army being steadily beaten back, and in confu- 
-sion, from which it was impossible to extricate them. By 
noon the Confederates had possession of the ground held by 
the first line of the Federal Army. Three of the five Divi- 
sions of that army had been completely routed, and the camps 
of Sherman, McClernand, Prentiss and Stewart had been 
captured. The Confederates continued their terrible on- 
slaught, and the Federals, from time to time, were driven back, 
until between 4 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon the entire Fed- 
eral Army was cooped up in one corner of the battle-field, resting 
on the river, protected by the guns of the fleet. Many found 
shelter under the banks of the river to escape the terrible fire, 



458 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

and many were even driven into the river and drowned. At 
this critical juncture, one incident proved a check to the Con- 
federate advance, and enabled General Grant to partially rally 
his men. Just in front of the Federal Army, and between 
them and the Confederates, a deep, wide ravine ran to the 
river. On the edge of this ravine, on his side of it, General 
Grant had massed a number of cannon behind a hastily con- 
structed defense. The Confederate advance rushed into the 
ravine and endeavored to climb the opposite bank to storm the 
battery, but owing to recent rains the banks were slippery, 
and the earth gave way beneath them, so that but few suc- 
ceeded in reaching the level of the plain. These were mowed 
down by the batter) 7 , or were driven back into the ravine 
again, by the incessant musketry fire of the artillery supports. 
Here, in this ravine, was a veritable "Valley of Death," for be- 
sides the artillery and musketry fire sweeping into it in front, 
the gun-boats stationed in the river opposite its mouth, raked 
the ravine from end to end, with shells from their heavy guns. 
It was death in front of them, death above them, and death 
at the side of them, and with no chance of escape. The Confed- 
erate loss at this point was very great, and their inability to 
pass the ravine to storm the battery in front, gave encourage- 
ment to the demoralized Federals, who now began to rally 
and find positions. It was now near night-fall,. and General 
Beauregard being in command, General Johnston having been 
killed, desisted from farther prosecution of the battle, think- 
ing to finish it successfully next day. The weary Confeder- 
ates, worn out with twelve hours' incessant fighting, without 
food, slept that night, so far as sleep was passed, in the camp 
from which the enemy had been driven. 

Late in the afternoon Federal re-inforcements began arriv- 
ing and continued coming up during the night. They con- 
sisted of four divisions, one of Grant's Army and three of 
Buell's. Early in the morning, after a night of drenching 
rain, the battle was renewed, and fought with the same fury 



THE YEAR 1862. 



459 



as the clay before ; but the Confederates, weak and faint with 
famine, were now steadily driven back from point to point, 
until the Federals had retaken the ground lost by them the 
day before, and about 5 o'clock in the afternoon, his troops 
being utterly exhausted, and vastly outnumbered, General 
Beauregard ordered a retreat. As the Federal troops them- 
selves had been too badly worsted to pursue, the retreat was 
easily and safely effected. General Beauregard fell back to 
Corinth, and later to Tupelo, Mississippi. 

This was by far the greatest and most sanguinary battle 
which had been fought up to this time. Fully 100,000 men 
were engaged on the two sides. It was a battle conducted by 
infantry and artillery only, as the wooded and broken nature 
of the ground prevented the use of cavahy. The two days' 
fighting had resulted in a loss of over twenty thousand men 
in killed and wounded. On the Confederate side the loss was 
10,699, and on the Federal side nearly 12,000. General 
Beauregard's estimate was, that in the second day's fight, 
Monday, April 7th, the Federal forces opposing him num- 
bered 53,000, while of his own forces, not exceeding 20,000 
were engaged. Among their slain, the Confederates lost their 
commanding General, Albert Sidney Johnston, and his death 
was a great loss to the Confederate cause. After his fall, 
General Beauregard, second in command, took supreme com- 
mand, with General Braxton Bragg second. 

The First Arkansas Regiment, under Colonel Fagan, was 
continuously engaged in the action of both days, and suffered 
severe loss. Their first loss was on the morning of the first 
day, when, moving through an old field covered by a battery 
of guns, supported by infantry, the battery opened fire and a 
shell exploded almost under Captain W. A. Crawford, of 
Company "C," seriously wounding him, and killing and 
wounding a number of men in Companies "A," "E" and 
U F." Later in the day, as they were advancing to what was 
called the Old Bark road, they were fired on from thick 



460 IIISTOBY OF ARKANSAS 

underbrush by an unseen regiment of Federals. They were 
utterly unable to see, but finally ascertaining their position, 
made a rush to dislodge them. Three times they formed and 
charged into this sunken road, but were each time repulsed 
and driven back under a perfect rain of bullets and shells. It 
was here they met their heaviest loss. Lieutenant-Colonel 
John Baker Thompson, while gallantly leading the right of 
this regiment in one of these desperate charges, was mortally 
wounded, being struck with seven bullets, and expiring 
shortly afterwards. Captain J. P. Gibson, of Company "H," 
Jesse T. McMahon and Lieutenant L. C. Bartlett, of Com- 
pany "C," were killed, and Captain James Newton, of Com- 
pany "A," wounded. Among the privates killed was Carl 
Hempstead. The loss of the regiment at this place was 264 
men — killed and wounded. Their total loss in the battle 
reached the frightful aggregate of 364 killed, wounded and 
missing.* 

Major J. W. Colquitt of the regiment was severely wounded 
late in the action of the first day; so seriously, that he was 
obliged to repair to his home in Georgia to recuperate. In 
doing so, he was made prisoner at Huntsville, Alabama, but 
escaped, although being on crutches. When he had recov- 
ered from his wound, he rejoined the regiment at Tupelo, as 
its Colonel, Colonel Fagan being promoted. At the time of 
assuming command of the regiment, Colonel Colquitt was 
only of the age of 21 years. 

The Second Arkansas, in Colonel R. G. Shaver's Brigade, 
did good service. Colonel Govan commanded at first, but 
being sick, and being compelled to retire from exhaustion, 
and Lieutenant-Colonel Charles E. Patterson being wounded, 
Major R. T. Harvey took command, and led them the second 
day. They were closely engaged, and met with heavy losses. 

(*) In Company "K," the following were killed on the field : Eugene Shannon, Donald Mcin- 
tosh, Patrick Flynn, ltichard Grant, Patrick Shannahan, Corporal Charles Farlton and Wil- 
liam Montgomery; and the following died of wounds : John A. Blythe and Kit Henderson. 



THE YEAR IS 62. 



461 



On the second clay's fight they had only 130 men in line, but 
these did good fighting. Lieutenant-Colonel Patterson died 
of his wounds. 

The Sixth Arkansas, Colonel A. T. Hawthorn, was in 
Shaver's Brigade, which consisted of the Second, Sixth and 
Seventh Arkansas, and Third Confederate, composed largely 
of Arkansians, and commanded by Colonel John S. Marma- 
duke. They were closely engaged, and lost many men. 
Captain Samuel H. Dill, of Company "F," Lafayette county, 
and J. W. Austin, Company "G," Columbia county, were 
killed. In Company "A," — the Capital Guards, of Little 
Rock — Julius Levy and John St^ke were killed. 

The Seventh Arkansas Regiment, in Shaver's Brigade of 
Hinclman's Sub-division and Hardee's Corps, Colonel Shaver's 
old Regiment, the Bloody Seventh, did some of the heaviest of 
the fighting. Lieutenant-Colonel JohnM. Dean was killed at 
3 o'clock on Sunday, the 6th, being shot through the neck with 
a Minie ball, while gallantly leading his men to a charge, in 
which they drove the enemy impetuously before them. This 
was at the place called the "Hornet's Nest." They were un- 
der fire ten hours of Sunday the 6th. Captain Cain, of Com- 
pany U F," and Captain Brightell, of Company "G," were 
wounded. First Lieutenant Gillespie then led Company "G." 
Third Lieutenant JohnE. Irwin, of Company U D," and C. S. 
Deshazo,of Company "I," were killed, Sunday the 6th, while 
charging a battery; Captain Joseph A. Martin, of Company 
"A," John C. McCauley of Company "K," Warner of 
Company "D," Rutherford, of Company "E," Lieutenants 
Andrews, of Company "K," Gillespie, of Company "G," 
Brown of Company "B," and Pearson, of Company "B," 
distinguished themselves by their fearless and intrepid de- 
meanor, and were complimented for it by Major Martin in his 
report of the engagement. Captain John C. McCauley was 
in command of the regiment the entire day. Lieutenant- 
Colonel Dean, who had been absent for two months on sick 



462 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

furlough, came on the field that morning, but declined to take 
command, preferring, from his debilitated condition, that he 
should act in a subordinate capacity, but was ever foremost in 
steadying and leading his men, and met his death in doing so. 
Major Martin, the next in command, was disabled from actively 
leading the regiment, so the command devolved upon Captain 
McCauley as senior Captain. The Seventh Regiment went 
into action 850 strong, and their loss in killed, wounded and 
missing was 502. Colonel Shaver, Colonel of the regiment, 
but on this occasion commanding the brigade, was at all times 
in the hottest of the fire, and with conspicuous gallantry. One 
of the brilliant exploits of the Seventh Regiment in this battle, 
was their part in an assault made in gallant and intrepid style 
on General Prentiss' front, in the movement which compelled 
him to surrender with about 6,000 men. For this exploit 
General Hardee bestowed upon them on the battle-field the 
sobriquet of "The Blood}' Seventh," which name they were 
afterwards known by. 

The Eighth Arkansas, commanded b}? Colonel William K. 
Patterson, entered the battle with 280 muskets. They were 
hotly engaged both days, and lost heavily ; Lieutenant Thomas 
B. Batemen was killed, and Lieutenants Richardson, Per- 
ryman, Montgomery, Cates and Harris were wounded. Ma- 
jor Kelley commanded four companies: "A," "B," "C" 
and "D" — 122 men — of whom 62 were killed or wounded. 

The Ninth Arkansas, commanded by Colonel Isaac L. 
Dunlop, fought gallantly through both days. Their loss was 
17 killed and 115 wounded; total, 132. Lieutenant M. A. 
Duckworth, of Company "K," was shot through the heart 
while leading his men, and cheering them on to a charge. 
Captain William H. Wallace, of Company "B," who be- 
haved with the utmost courage, was wounded. The Color 
Sergeant was shot down in a charge, whereupon Sergeant 
Ford lifted the colors, and bore them through the thickest of 
the fight. 



THE YEAE 1862. 463 

They went into action about 11 o'clock in the day, and dis- 
tinguished themselves in the assault on General Prentiss' 
lines, which compelled him to surrender. Generals Albert 
Sidney Johnston and Breckenridge, themselves personally 
directed the charge. General Johnston, in company with 
General Breckenridge, came to General Bowen, and asked 
him if he had any troops in his command who could dislodge 
Prentiss. Before General Bowen could reply, a Captain of the 
Ninth Regimenttook the word outof Bowen's mouth, and made 
answer for him, saying that the men in his company were 
willing to try it. General Johnston, having a silver cup in his 
hand, turned to the men of the Ninth Regiment as they stood in 
line, and said, "I have often heard of the 'toothpick' men — 
can you charge with the bayonet?" In the roar of the battle, 
which was in progress, his words were not clearly understood, 
when he repeated, "can you charge with the bayonet?" and 
this time brought his hands down to illustrate the action. 
The men now comprehended his meaning, and answered 
with a wild yell, the historic "rebel yell." General Johnson 
then waved his hand toward the Federal line, and told the 
men to "go in." The charge was gallantly made by the Ninth 
and Tenth with the Seventh Regiments, and with their supports; 
and Prentiss was not only dislodged, but he, with a large 
number of his men, were made prisoners. General Prentiss 
remarked when surrendering his sword, that it was "the men 
in his front who had whipped him," meaning the Seventh, 
Ninth and Tenth Regiments. It was at this charge that General 
Johnston was wounded. He was borne off of the field by men 
of the Ninth, and died in a short while afterwards. 

The Tenth Arkansas, commanded by Colonel Thomas 
D. Merrick, in Breckenridge' s Brigade of the Reserve Corps, 
were ordered into action at about 11 o'clock of the forenoon 
of Sunday, the 6th. An attempt had been made to dislodge 
the Federals from a strong position on a hill in their front, and 
it had twice failed. Two brigades had been repulsed in the 



464 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

effort, one after another. The Reserves were then ordered 
up, and one of the general officers made an address to them, 
telling them that the fate of that portion of the field depended 
on the capture of that hill. The men made ready for the 
effort, by throwing aside canteens, haversacks, blankets, and 
some, even their coats, anything which would impede 
progress, and rushed on with only cartridge boxes buckeled 
around their waists. In this way they lost the whole of their 
clothing and camp fittings, as in the shifting incidents of the 
battle they never again got back to the place where they had 
laid aside their belongings. The word was given to charge, 
and with one grand rush they made for the hill, and though 
terribly cut down in the onslaught, they took the hill and 
held it, driving the Federals back full} 7 half a mile. The 
Tenth lost many men at this place, and many more after the 
hill had been taken, for when the} 7 had dislodged and scat- 
tered their enemy, many of the Federals, both officers and 
men, took refuge behind trees and waved white handkerchiefs 
as tokens of surrender. In making prisoners of these, the 
Confederates were fired on by the retreating Federals, firing 
as they went, and many men were killed in this way. They 
lost more men at the capture of this hill than at any other 
place. About sundown again, they lost many more in an 
attempt to capture a battery posted near a ravine at a high 
point on the river bank. This was the dreadful ravine which 
so checked the Confederate advance. From sundown till 
dark they were engaged in the attempt, and rushed at it 
again and again, only to be smitten with a perfect storm of 
grape shot, shrapnel, shells and flying gravel ploughed up and 
hurled with the force of original missiles by cannon balls 
striking the ground in front of them. They got within 100 
yards of the battery, but, in the face of that solid storm of iron, 
could get no closer, and gave up the attempt and fell back 
half a mile. That night they lay down on the ground where 
the Federal tents were, completely exhausted with fighting 



THE YEAB 1862. 465 

and fasting. They had had nothing to eat since the night 
before, except that when passing through the Federal camps, 
some few had paused long enough to snatch a mouthful from 
the breakfast table which they found all prepared and set, and 
from which the Federals had been driven by the suddenness 
of Beauregard's attack. 

Next morning early they were formed in line again, still 
with nothing to eat, for they were far away from their own 
supplies, and were not in reach of any other, and faint with 
hunger, and wet through with a heavy rain, which had begun 
falling during the night, they begun the fight anew, and stub- 
bornly held their ground for long hours, until finding them- 
selves outflanked, and overwhelmed with constantly arriving 
masses of the Federals, their brigade fell back, about three 
o'clock in the afternoon, only to find that the whole army 
was in retreat, and that they were left to guard the rear, as 
they had so often done before. 

They went into the battle armed, some with flint-lock mus- 
kets, and others with shot-guns, but came out well armed with 
Enfield and Minie rifles. They assisted in the capture of a 
force of 6,000 of Prentiss' men, on the first day, and when the 
prisoners were assembled in a long line, reaching over half a 
mile, and grounded arms, and were marched to the rear, the 
Tenth threw away their inferior guns and supplied themselves 
with an entire outfit of guns, cartridge boxes and cartridges. 
They went into the engagement about 500 strong, and lost 
160 men in killed and wounded. Major Obed Patty, now of 
Searcy, Major of the regiment, was so seriously wounded that 
he was ultimately obliged to relinquish his command, but he 
still kept on the field and organized again, urged his men on 
to the attack of the battery the}' were assailing. He was suc- 
ceeded in command by Captain Zeb Venable, the first Quar- 
termaster of the regiment. William Venable, son of Major 
Zeb Venable, was shot through both thighs, and died the 

30 



466 HI ST OH Y OF ARKANSAS. 

next day. He is buried in the northwest corner of the Cath- 
olic Cemetery, at Corinth. Lieutenant Kelley, of Company 
"G," was killed. Captain William Wilson, of Company 
"H," now living in Perry county, was wounded, being shot 
through the face from one side to the other. Dr. Jones, 
Lieutenant of Company "H," was shot through the hand 
so severely, that the use of the hand was forever destroyed. 

The Thirteenth Arkansas went into the fight with 306 men. 
Their loss was 25 killed, 72 wounded and 3 missing. Total, 
100. At the commencement of the engagement they were 
led by Lieutenant-Colonel Grayson, who was killed. Col- 
onel Tappan was absent on a sick furlough, but, hearing of 
the battle, hurried to Corinth, by Sunday night, the 6th, and 
next morning rejoined his regiment, and took command of it. 
After the death of Lieutenant-Colonel Grayson, Major J. A. 
McNeely commanded the regiment until Colonel Tappan ar- 
rived. Captain Murphy, of Company "G," was killed, and 
Captain R. B. Lambert, of Company "A;" Lieutenant J. 
C. Hall, of Company "C;" B. M. Hopkins, of Company 

"I;" Duncan, of Company "A;" Captain Thomas 

Wilds, Lieutenant C. C. Busby and Captain Cornish were 
wounded. Major J. A. McNeely was badly wounded in the 
arm, but would not leave his post. He also had his horse shot 
under him. 

The Fifteenth Arkansas, in Cleburne's command, behaved 
nobly. Thrice during the first day they were thrown out as 
skirmishers, and fought with effect in this manner, but were 
again drawn in and massed in regimental formation for 
heavier action. They suffered greatly, and lost many officers 
and men. Captain Cowley, acting as Major, was shot in the 
head, and in a gallant charge driving the Federals before 
them, Lieutenant-Colonel Patton, the sole remaining field 
officer of the regiment, was shot dead. L. H. Mangum, of 
the Yell Rifles, of Helena, was severely wounded. The 
Fifteenth continued to pursue the retreating Federals, until 



THE YEAH IS 62. 



467 



their ammunition was entirely exhausted, when they fell back 
to replenish their cartridge boxes. In his report of the 
engagement, General Cleburne particularly commended 
Privates William Dickson, William Pierce, W. H. Kinsey, 
H. A. Sales, Sergeant T. H. Osborne, and Lieutenant Josey, 
of the regiment for gallant conduct. Major J. T. Harris of 
the regiment fearlessly advanced to within pistol shot of the 
Federal lines, and was killed while in the act of firing on them 
with his revolver. 

General Cleburne commanded the left brigade of the first 
line, in the attack of the first day, and lost more heavily than 
any other brigade engaged. Their loss was 1 ,043 men. This 
brigade was pressing the Federals closely at the time they 
were driven for refuge under the cliffs of Pittsburg Landiiag. 

The following is a summary of losses in this battle in the 
brigades in which the Arkansas troops belonged : 



BRIGADE. 


KILLED. 


WOUNDED. 


MISSING. 


TOTAL. 


A. P. Stewart's, 


93 


421 


3 


5 J 7 


Hindman's, 


109 


5 6 4 


38 


718 


Cleburne's, 


188 


790 


65 


i>o43 


S. A. M. Wood's, 


107 


600 


38 


745 


Ruggles' , 


98 


498 


28 


624 


Breckenridge's, 


5 2 


240 


12 


304 


Totals, 


647 


3 5 H3 


184 


3,95 J 



The aggregate loss to the Arkansas regiments in these bri- 
gades was 3,174 men killed, wounded and missing. 

General Beauregard reported his total loss in this engage- 
ment (both days) at 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, 956 miss- 
ing, making a total of 10,696. Nearly one-third of the total 
loss was of Arkansas troops. 

Upon the Confederate Army falling back to Corinth, it was 
joined there by General Van Dorn's Army, which had been 



468 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

brought from west of the Mississippi river. On arriving at 
Corinth, May 4th, 1862, the First Arkansas Cavalry now 
dismounted ; Churchill's Regiment, the Second Arkansas 
Cavalry, likewise dismounted, Colonel Williamson's Regi- 
ment, the Fourth Arkansas Infantry, Colonel McNair's, and 
the Twenty-Fifth Regiment Arkansas Infantry, Colonel 
Hufstedler,were organized into a brigade, which was placed 
under command of General T. J. Churchill, who had now 
been promoted to Brigadier-General. The brigade was 
placed in a Division commanded by Major-General J. P. 
McCown along with a Texas brigade commanded first by 
General Joseph Hogg, and afterwards by General W. L. 
Cabell. The whole of these forces which had been moved 
from west of the Mississippi, were denominated "the Army of 
the West," and were under the command of General Earl 
Van Dorn, with General Sterling Price next in command. 

While in camp at Corinth, the troops suffered much from 
sickness among them, and experienced much fatality in their 
ranks. Measles, and a peculiarly malignant type of camp 
fever, prevailed, the latter supposed to be superinduced by the 
bad drinking water which they were compelled to use. The 
hospitals were full of sick men ; every regiment had its ranks 
thinned and depleted, and the mortuary list was very large. 
Many regiments had not as many as three companies on their 
feetfor duty, and only one or two officers. The Fourth Arkan- 
sas had 160 on its sick list, including the Colonel, Lieutenant- 
Colonel, Major, Chaplain, Sergeant-Major, four Captains, 
the Commissary and Quartermaster. Of these officers, 
Chaplain Black was the only one who died. Adjutant Bunn 
and Sergeant Gammage, were the only two Field or Staff 
officers of this regiment able to do duty. Other regiments 
were similarly situated. 

On the 20th of June, General Van Dorn was assigned to 
the command of the Army of the Mississippi, as it was called, 
and General McCown assumed command of the Army of the 



THE TEAR 1862. 469 

West. This gave General Churchill temporary command of 
General McCown's Division, and Colonel McNair, as Senior- 
Colonel, was assigned to the command of Churchill's Brigade. 
On the 30th of June this portion of the army was moved to 
Chattanooga, where General McCown was assigned to the 
command of the Department of Chattanooga, the other officers 
remaining in their previous assignments. 

While these events were in progress, the war in the East 
had assumed gigantic proportions. From the time of assum- 
ing the chief command of the army after the battle of Manassas, 
in July, 1 86 1, General McClellan had devoted himself to the 
organization and perfection of the army designed for a move- 
ment on Richmond, but up to the spring of 1862, no forward 
move had been made. Now, however, General McClellan 
took the field for an advance which he himself had planned 
to be made by way of Fortress Monroe, and the lower part of 
Virginia, called the Peninsula, from whence this campaign 
has been known as the Peninsula Campaign. The course of 
events in this portion of the great theatre of war rolled swiflty 
by with Stonewall Jackson's memorable campaign in the val- 
ley of Virginia against McDowell, Banks, Shields and Fre- 
mont ; the battle of Seven Pines, May 30th, in which General 
Joseph E. Johnston being severely wounded, the command of 
the Army of Northern Virginia was given to Robert E. Lee, 
who thereafter became the central figure and chief leader of the 
Confederates Armies : through the seven days battles around 
Richmond, and terminating in the bloody battle of Malvern 
Hill, July 1st, 1862. 

McClellan's gigantic campaign having accomplished so lit- 
tle ; having in fact ended in positive failure, the Administration, 
growing dissatisfied, removed him from command, substituting 
in his stead General John Pope. 

This boastful General shared no better fate than his pre- 
decessors, and met with a disastrous defeat on the plains of 
Manassas, August 30th, 1862, at the same place or near where 



47° 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



the former battle had been fought the year previous, and thus 
the second great movement in the East was overthrown. After 
this the command of the Army of the Potomac, as it was 
called, was restored to General McClellan. 

On the 5th of September, Lee crossed the Potomac. Then 
came Sharpsburg — on that awful field 40,000 Confederates, 
and 90,000 Federals, under McClellan, fought furiously from 
dawn until dark, with terrific loss on both sides, and lay down 
at night with no advantage to either. Neither side saw fit to 
renew the fight the next day, and after facing each other in- 
actively 24 hours, the Confederate Army returned to Vir- 
ginia. 

The Third Arkansas was one of the regiments which took 
part in these engagements. It was a part of General J. G. 
Walker's Brigade, which was commanded by Colonel Man- 
ning as Senior-Colonel, the regiment itself being commanded 
by Lieutenant-Colonel R. S. Taylor. At the battle of Sharps- 
burg, Colonel Manning was desperately wounded in the left 
arm and side, and the regiment itself lost many men in killed 
and wounded. Willis Sommervell, son of Willis Lewis 
Sommervell, of Dallas county, was among the killed. 

In the early part of September, 1862, President Lincoln 
was visited by a delegation of seven Governors of Northern 
States, and under their persuasion, in a conference held at 
Altoona, Pennsylvania, the policy of the Government, in the 
carrying on of the war, was changed from an upholding of the 
Constitution to include the abolition of slavery, as one of the 
objects for which the war was waged. Mr. Seward, Secre- 
taty of State, advised against it, because, he said, it would 
look to the world like an act of despair on the part of the 
Nation. Mr. Lincoln, however, on the 22d of September, 
issued a proclamation, declaring that if the South did not re- 
turn to its allegiance by January 1st, 1863, all the slaves 
within its limits should be set free. 



THE YE AB 1862. 47 1 

On this subject of emancipation, it may be interesting to 
note that this proclamation of the President was the third 
one which had been promulgated during the existence of our 
difficulties, and that Mr. Lincoln had himself revoked or 
suppressed the two others. General John C. Fremont, in 
command in Missouri, issued the first one in September, 1861, 
emancipating all slaves owned by rebels in Missouri. Mr. 
Lincoln revoked this order, and directed General Fremont to 
modify it. On the 9th of May, 1862, General Hunter issued 
a similar one with relation to slaves in Georgia, Florida 
and South Carolina, and the President declared it void. As 
late as August, 1862, Mr. Lincoln wrote to Horace Greely : 
"My paramount object is to save the Union, and not either 
to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without 
freeing any slave, I would do it. If I could save it by freeing 
all the slaves, I would do it ; and if I could do it by freeing 
some, and leaving others alone, I would also do that." Un- 
der the persuasion of the Governors, however, he now took the 
necessary definite step, and committed the Government to the 
policy of emancipation, as one of the objects for which the 
war was being waged. 

The States of the South not having returned to their alle- 
giance on or by January 1st, 1863, as directed, Mr. Lincoln, 
in accordance with the notice in his proclamation of Septem- 
ber, issued his second proclamation, declaring emancipation 
to be in effect from that date. It declared that "All persons 
held as slaves within the States of Arkansas, Texas, Louisi- 
ana," etc. (naming the remainder of the Confederate States, 
with exceptions of certain parts of some of them) "are, and 
henceforward shall be, free, and the Executive Government of 
the United States, including the military and naval authori- 
ties thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said 
persons." 

The proclamation further announced that from those thus 
set free, persons of suitable condition would be received into 



472 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



the service of the United States as soldiers, sailors, etc. In 
the further progress of affairs many regiments of such troops 
were recruited into the Federal Army, and served therein to 
the close of the war, and many are now retained as soldiers 
in its permanent standing army. 

This proclamation gave rise to considerable discussion in 
the South. There were those who believed that it should be 
met by a counter-action on the part of the Confederacy, 
opening its army to the enlistment of the negroes, offering 
freedom for themselves and their families as the reward of 
faithful service. Conspicuous among those holding this view, 
was General Cleburne, who prepared a memorial on the sub- 
ject, which, signed by himself and a number of other officers, 
was presented to President Davis. Mr. Davis did not think 
the suggestions wise. There were many difficulties to be 
overcome in adopting such a policy. 

The negroes — to their credit may it ever remain — were not 
drawn to any considerable extent from their fealty by the voice 
from the North ; they patiently tilled the fields and guarded 
the homes, while in many portions of the country all was 
practically in their power. 

GENERAL CLEBURNE'S MEMORIAL. 

To the Commanding General, Corps, Division, Brigade, and Begimental Com- 
manders, of the Army of Tennessee: 

General: — Moved by the exigency in which our country is now placed, we 
take the liberty of laying before you, unofficially, our views on the present state 
of affairs. Tbe subject is so grave, and our views so new, we feel it a duty both 
to you and the cause, that before going further, we should submit them for your 
judgment, and receive your suggestions in resrard to them. We, therefore, re- 
spectfully ask you to give us an expression of your views in the premises. We 
have now been fighting nearly three years, have spilt much of our best blood, 
and lost, consumed, or thrown to the flames an amount of property equal in 
value to the specie currency of the world. Through some lack in our system, 
the fruits of our struggle and sacrifices have invariably slipped away from us, 
and left us nothing but long lists of dead and mangled. Instead of standing 
defiantly on the borders of our territory, or harassing those of the enemy, we 
are hemmed in to-day into less than two-thirds of it, and still the enemy men- 
acingly confronts us at every point with superior forces. Our soldiers can see 
no end to this state of affairs, except in our own exhaustion; hence, instead of 
rising to the occasion, they are sinking into a fatal apathy, growing weary of 



THE YEAR 1862. 473 

hardships and slaughters, which promise no results. In this state of things, it 
is easy to understand why there is a growing belief that some black catastrophe 
is not far ahead of us, and that unless some extraordinary change is soon made 
in our condition, we must overtake it. The consequences of this condition are 
showing themselves more plainly every day, restlessness of morals spreading 
everywhere, manifesting itself in the army in a growing disregard for private 
rights, desertion spreading to a class of soldiers it never dared to tamper with 
before, military commissions sinking in the estimation of the soldier, our sup- 
plies failing, our finances in ruins. If this state continues much longer, we 
must be subjugated. Every man should endeavor to understand the meaning of 
subjugation before it is too late. We can give but a faint idea when we say it 
means the loss of all we now hold most sacred, slaves and all other personal 
property, lands, homesteads, liberty, justice, safety, pride, manhood. It means 
that the history of this heroic struggle will be written by the enemy, that our 
youth will be trained by northern school-teachers, will learn from northern 
school books their version of the war, will be impressed by all the influences of 
history and education to regard our gallant dead as traitors, our maimed veter- 
ans as fit objects for derision. It means the crushing of southern manhood, the 
hatred of our former slaves, who will on a spy system be our secret police. The 
conqueror's policy is to divide the conquered into factions, and stir up animosity 
among them, and in training an army of negroes, the North, no doubt, holds 
this thought in perspective. We can see three great causes operating to destroy us. 

1st. The inferiority of our armies to those of the enemy in point of numbers. 

2d. The poverty of our single source of supply in comparison with his several 
sources. 

3d. The fact that slavery from being one of our chief sources of strength at 
the commencement of the war, has now become, in a military point of view, one 
of our chief sources of weakness. 

The enemy already opposes us at every point with superior numbers, and is 
endeavoring to make the preponderance irresistible. President Davis, in his 
recent message, says the enemy "has recently ordered a large conscription, and 
made a subsequent call for volunteers, to be followed, if ineffectual, by a still 
further draft." In addition, the President of the United States announces that 
"he has already in training an army of one hundred thousand negroes as good 
as any troops," and every fresh raid he makes and new slice of territory he 
wrests from us will add to this force. Every soldier in our army already knows 
and feels our numerical inferiority to the enemy. Want of men in the field has 
prevented him from reaping the fruits of his victories, and has prevented him 
from having the furlough he expected after the last reorganization, and when 
he turns from the wasting armies in the field to look at the source of supply, he 
finds nothing in the prospect to encourage him. 

Our single source of supply is that portion of our white men fit for duty, and 
not now in the ranks. The enemy has three sources of supply; first, his own 
motley population; secondly, our slaves; and thirdly, Europeans, whose hearts 
are fired into a crusade against us by fictitious pictures of the atrocities of slav- 
ery, and who meet no hindrance from their governmeuts in such enterprise, be- 
cause these governments are equally antagonistic to the institution. 

In touching the 3d cause, the fact that slavery has become a military weak- 
ness, we may rouse prejudice and passion, but the time has come when it would 



474 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



be madness not to look at our danger from every point of view, and to probe it 
to tbe bottom. 

Apart from the assistance that home and foreign prejudice against slavery has 
given to the North, slavery is a source of great strength to the enemy, in a purely 
military point of view, by supplying him with an army from our granaries; but 
it is our most vulnerable point, a continual embarrassment, and in some respects 
an insidious weakness. Wherever slavery is once seriously disturbed, whether 
by the actual presence or the approach of the enemy, or even by a cavalry raid, 
the whites can no longer with safety to their property openly sympathize with 
our cause. The fear of their slaves is continually haunting them, and from 
silence and apprehension many of these soon learn to wish the war stopped on 
any terms; the next stage is to take the oath to save property, and they become 
dead to us, if not open enemies. To prevent raids, we are forced to scatter our 
forces, and are not free to move and strike like the enemy; his vulnerable points 
are carefully selected and fortified depots. Ours are found in every point where 
there is a slave to set free. All along the lines, slavery is comparatively value- 
less to us for labor, but of great and increasing worth to the enemy for informa- 
tion. It is an omnipresent spy system, pointing out our valuable men to the 
enemy, revealing our positions, purposes and resources, and yet acting so safely 
and secretly that there is no means to guard against it. Even in the heart of our 
country, where our hold upon this secret espionage is firmest, it waits but the 
opening fire of the enemy's battle line to wake it like a torpid serpent into ven- 
omous activity. 

In view of the state of affairs, what does our country propose to do? In the 
words of President Davis, "no effort must be spared to add largely to our effect- 
ive force as promptly as possible. The sources of supply are to be found in re- 
storing to the army all who are improperly absent, putting an end to substitu- 
tion, modifying the exemption law, restricting details, and placing in the ranks 
such of the able-bodied men now employed as wagoners, nurses, cooks, and 
other employe's as are doing service for which the negroes may be found compe- 
tent." Most of the men improperly absent, together with many of the exempts 
and men having substitutes, are now without the Confederate lines, and cannot 
be calculated on. If all the exempts capable of bearing arms were enrolled, it 
will give us the boys below eighteen, the men above forty-five, and those per- 
sons who are left at home to meet the wants of the country and the army; but 
this modification of the exemption law will remove from the fields and manu- 
factories most of the skill that directed agricultural and mechanical labor, and, 
as stated by the President, "details will have to be made to meet the wants of 
the country," thus sending many of the men to be derived from this source back 
to their homes again. Independently of this, experience proves that striplings 
and men above conscript age break down and swell the sick lists more than they 
do the ranks. The portion, now in our lines, of the class who have substitutes 
is not, on the whole, a hopeful element, for the motives that created it must 
have been stronger than patriotism, and these motives, added to what many of 
them will call breach of faith, will cause some to be not forthcoming and others 
to be unwilling and discontented soldiers. The remaining sources mentioned by 
the President have been so closely pruned in the Army of Tennessee that they 
will be found not to yield largely. The supply from all these sources, together 
with what we now have in the field, will exhaust the white race, and though it 



THE YEAR 1862. 



475 



should greatly exceed expectations, and put us on an equality with the enemy, 
or even give us temporary advantages, still we have no reserve to meet unex- 
pected disaster, or to supply a protracted struggle. Like past years, 1S64 will 
diminish our ranks by the casualties of war, and what source of repair is there 
left us? We, therefore, see in the recommendations of the President only a tem- 
porary expedient, which, at the best, will leave us, twelve months hence, in the 
same predicament we are in now. The President attempts to meet only one of 
the depressing causes mentioned; for the other two he has proposed no remedy. 
They remain to generate lack of confidence in our final success, and to keep us 
moving down hill as heretofore. Adequately to meet the causes which are now 
threatening ruin to our country, we propose, in addition to a modification of the 
President's plans, that we retain in service for the war all troops now in service, 
and that we immediately commence training a large reserve of the most cour- 
ageous of our slaves, and further, that we guarantee freedom within a reason- 
able time to every slave in the South, who shall remain true to the Confederacy 
in this war. 

As between the loss of independence and the loss of slavery, we assume that 
every patriot will freely give up the latter, give up the negro slave rather than 
be a slave himself. If we are correct in this assumption, it only remains to show 
how this great national sacrifice is, in all human probabilities, to change the 
current of success and sweep the invader from our country. 

Our country has already some friends in England and France, and there are 
strong motives to induce these nations to recognize and assist us, but they can- 
not assist us without helping slavery, and to do so, this would be in conflict with 
their policy for the last quarter of a century. England has paid hundreds of 
millions to emancipate her West India slaves and break up the slave trade. 
Could she now consistently spend her treasure to re-instate slavery in this 
country? But this barrier once removed, the sympathy and the interests of these 
and other nations will accord with our own, and we may expect from them both 
moral support and material aid. One thing is certain, as soon as the great sac- 
rifice to independence is made and known in foreign countries, there will be a 
complete change of front, in our favor, of the sympathies of the world. 

This measure will deprive the north of the moral and material aid which it 
now derives from the bitter prejudices with which foreigners view the institu- 
tion, a :d its war, if continued, will henceforth be so despicable in their eyes that 
, this source of recruiting will be dried up. It will leave the enemy's negro army 
no motive to fight for, and will exhaust the source from which it has been 
recruited. 

The idea that it is their special mission to war against slavery has held growing 
sway over the northern people for many years, and has at length ripened into an 
armed and bloody crusade against it. This baleful superstition has so far sup- 
plied them with a courage and constancy not their own. It is the most power- 
ful and honestly entertained plank in their war platform. Knock this away, and 
what is left? A bloody ambition for more tertitory, a pretended veneration for 
the Union, which one of their own most distinguished orators (Dr. Beecher, in 
his Liverpool speech), openly avowed was only used as a stimulus to stir up the 
anti-slavery crusade, and lastly the poisonous and selfish interests which are the 
fungus growth of the war itself. Mankind may fancy it a great duty to destroy 
slavery, but what interest can mankind have in upholding this remainder of the 



476 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



northern war platform? Their interests and feelings will be diametrically op- 
posed to it. The measure we propose will strike dead all John Brown fanati- 
cism and will compel the enemy to draw off altogether, or in the eyes of the 
world, to swallow the Declaration of Independence without the sauce and dis- 
guise of philantrophy. This delusion of fanaticism at an end, thousands ef 
northern people will have leisure to look at home and to see the gulf of despot- 
ism into which they themselves are rushing. 

The measure will, at one blow, strip the enemy of foreign sympathy and as- 
sistance, and transfer them to the South ; it will dry up two of his three sources 
of recruiting; it will take from his negro army the only motive it could have to 
fight against the South, and will probably cause much of it to desert over to us; 
it will deprive his cause of the powerful stimulus of fanaticism, and will enable 
him to see the rock on which his so-called friends are now piloting him. The 
immediate effect of the emancipation and enrollment of negroes on the military 
strength of the South would be : To enable us to have armies numerically super- 
ior to those of the North, and a reserve of any size we might think necessary : 
To enable us to take the offensive, move forward, and forage on the enemy. It 
would open to us, in prospective, another and almost untouched source of sup- 
ply, and furnish us with the means of preventing temporary disaster and carry- 
ing on a protracted struggle. It would instantly remove all the vulnerability, 
embarrassment, and inherent weakness which result from slavery. The 
approach of the enemy would no longer find every household surrounded by 
spies; the fear that sealed the master's lips, and the avarice that has, in so many 
cases, tempted him practically to desert us, would alike be removed. There 
would be no recruits awaiting the enemy with open arms, no complete history 
of every neighborhood with ready guides, no fear of insurrection in the rear, or 
anxieties for the fate of loved ones when our armies moved forward. The 
chronic irritation of hope deferred would be joyfully ended with the negro, 
and the sympathies of his whole race would be due to his native South. It 
would restore confidence in an early termination of the war with all its inspiring 
consequences, and even, if contrary to all expectations, the enemy should suc- 
ceed in overrunning the South, instead of finding a cheap, ready-made means of 
holding it down, he would find a common hatred and thirst for vengeance which 
would break into acts at every favorable opportunity, would prevent him from 
settling on our lands, and render the South a very unprofitable conquest, it 
would remove forever all selfish taint from our cause and place independence 
above every question of property. The very magnitude of the sacrifice itself, 
such as no nation has ever voluntarily made before, would appall our enemy, 
destroy his spirit and Lis finances, and fill our hearts with a pride and singleness 
of purpose which would clothe us with new strength in battle. 

Apart from all the other aspects of the question, the necessity for more fight- 
ing men is upon us. "We can only get a sufficiency by making the negro share 
the danger and hardships of the war. If we arm and train him, and make him 
light for the country in her hour of dire distress, every consideration of princi- 
ple and policy demands that we should set him and his whole race who side 
with us free. It is a first principle with mankind that he who offers life in de- 
fense of the State, should receive from her in return his freedom and his happi- 
ness; and we believe, in acknowledgment of this principle, the Constitution of 
the Southern States has reserved to their respective governments the power to 
free slaves for meritorious services to the State. It is politic besides. For many 



THE YEAE 1862. 477 

years, ever since the agitation of the subject of slavery commenced, the negro 
has been dreaming of freedom, and his vivid imagination has surrounded that 
condition with so many gratifications that it has become the paradise of his 
hopes. To attain it, he will attempt dangers and difficulties not exceeded by the 
bravest soldier in the field. The hope of freedom is perhaps the only moral 
incentive that can be applied to him in his present condition. It would be pre- 
posterous then to expect him to fight against it with any degree of enthusiasm, 
therefore we must bind him to our cause by no doubtful bonds, we must leave 
no possible loop-hole for treachery to creep in. The slaves are dangerous now; 
but armed, trained, and collected in an army, they would be a thousand fold 
more dangerous, therefore when we make soldiers of them, we must make free 
men of them beyond all question, and thus enlist their sympathies also. We 
can do this more effectually than the North can now do, for we can give the 
negro not only his own freedom, but that of his wife and child, and secure it to 
him in his old home. To do this, we must immediately make his marriage and 
parental relations sacred in the eyes of the law, and forbid their sale. The past 
legislation of the South concedes that a large free middle class of negro blood, 
between the master and slave, must sooner or later destroy the institution. If, 
then, we touch the institution at all, we would do best to make the most of it, 
and by emancipating the whole race upon reasonable terms and within such 
reasonable time as will prepare both races for the change, secure to ourselves 
all the advantages, and to our enemies all the disadvantages that can arise, both 
at home and abroad, from such a sacrifice. 

Satisfy the negro that if he faithfully adheres to our standard during the war 
he shall receive his freedom and that of his race, give him as an earnest of our 
intentions such immediate immunities as will impress him with our sincerity 
and be in keeping with his new condition, enroll a portion of his class as sol- 
diers of the Confederacy, and we change the race from a dreaded weakness to a 
position of strength. 

Will the slaves fight? The helots of Sparta stood their masters good stead in 
battle. In the great sea fight of Lepanta, where the Christians checked forever 
the spread of Mohammedanism over Europe, the galley slaves of portions of the 
fleet were promised freedom and called on to fight at a critical moment of the 
battle. They fought well, and civilization owes much to those brave galley 
slaves. The negro slaves of St. Domingo, fighting for freedom, defeated their 
white masters and the French troops sent against them. The negro slaves of 
Jamaica revolted and, under the name of maroons, held the mountains against 
their masters for a hundred and fifty years, and the experience of this war has 
been, so far, that half-trained negroes have fought as bravely as many other 
half-trained Yankees. If, contrary to the training of a life-time, they can be 
made to face and fight bravely against their former masters, how much more 
probable is it that with the allurement of a higher reward and led by those 
masters, they would submit to discipline and face dangers. 

We will briefly notice a few arguments against this course. 

It is said republicanism cannot exist without the institution. Even were this 
true, we prefer any form of government of which the southern people may have 
the moulding, to one forced upon us by a conqueror. 

It is said that white men cannot perform agricultural labor in the South. The 
experience of this army during the heat of summer, from Bowling Green, Ken- 



478 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

tucky, to Tupelo, Mississippi, is that the white man is healthier when doing 
reasonable work in the open field than at any other time. 

It is said an army of negroes cannot be spared from the fields. A sufficient 
number of slaves is now ministering to luxury alone to supply the place of all 
we need, and we believe it would be better to take the half able-bodied men off 
a plantation than to take the one master mind that economically regulated its 
operations. Leave some of the skill at home, and take some of the muscle to 
fight with. 

It is said that slaves will not work after they are freed. We think necessity 
and a wise legislation will compel them to labor for a living. 

It is said it will cause terrible excitement and- some disaffection from our 
cause. Excitement is far preferable to the apathy which now exists, and dis- 
affection will not be among the fighting men. 

It is said slavery is all we are fighting for, and if we give it up we give up all. 
Even if this were true, which we deny, slavery is not all our enemies are fighting 
for. It is merely the pretense to establish sectional superiority and a more cen- 
tralized form of government, and to deprive us of our rights and liberties. 

We have now briefly proposed a plan which we believe will save our country. 
It may be imperfect, but in all human probability it would give us our inde- 
pendence. No objection ought to outweigh it, which is not weightier than inde- 
pendence. If it is worthy of being put in practice, it ought to be mooted 
quickly before the people, and urged earnestly by every man who believes in its 
efficacy. Negroes will require much training, training will require time, and 
there is danger that this concession to common sense may come too late. 

P. E. Cleburne, Major-General Commanding Division. 

D. C. Govan, Brigadier-General. 

Jno. E. Murray, Colonel Fifth Arkansas. 
G. F. Baucum, Colonel Eighth Arkansas. 

Peter Snyder, Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding Sixth and Seventh Ar- 
kansas. 

E. Warfield, Lieutenant-Colonel Second Arkansas. 
M. P. Lowry, Brigadier-General. 

A. B. Hardcastle, Colonel Thirty-second and Forty-fifth Mississippi. 

F. A. Ashford, Major Sixteenth Alabama. 
Jno. W. Colquitt, Colonel First Arkansas. 

Rich. J. Person, Major Third and Fifth Confederate. 

G. L. Deakins, Major Thirty-fifth and Eighth Tennessee. 
J. H. Collett, Captain Commanding Seventh Texas. 

J. H. Kelly, Brigadier-General Commanding Cavalry Division. 

Late in 1864, the proposition began to be seriously consid- 
ered by the Confederate authorites. A Bill was before the 
Congress for the purpose, and was debated January 26th, 
1865, and it is stated by historians that upon assuming su- 
preme command of the Army, February 6th, 1865, General 
Lee recommended it, but the matter \ dawdled along from 
time to time, as the Confederacy was then tottering to its fall, 



THE YEAIi IS 62. 



479 



and there was not time to put the measure into effect. The 
Bill became a law, February 2 2d, 1865, but it was too late, 
and nothing was ever done under it. The Federal authori- 
ties, with no need for such troops, having the whole world to 
draw upon for recruits, were yet quick to seize upon the idea 
of arming them ; and although there was no reason for the 
blacks to enter the Federal Army except for the pay it afforded 
— freedom was assured to them without it — yet it needed 
only for arms to be placed in their hands to have them turn 
against their former masters as vigorously as ever the Feder- 
als themselves did. They would doubtless have done the 
same service, or better, in Confederate ranks, with proper in- 
ducements. 

The number of slaves set free by the emancipation proc- 
lamation, as made effectual by the subsequent success of the 
Federal arms, is given as 3,120,000. The number in Ar- 
kansas, by the census of i860, was 111,259. Thus, by one 
far-reaching act, there was swept away a subject which had 
been a source of contention in the administration of affairs 
for nearly a century. Long before its outbreak in the Miss- 
ouri compromise of 1820, it had been a thorn in the nation's 
side, whose constant irritation had now produced one d¥ the 
most desolating wars of the world, but which was now for- 
tunately forever removed. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

1862. 



PROGRESS OF THE WAR. FORMATION OF THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI DEPART- 
MENT. HARRIS FLANAGIN, GOVERNOR. HARDSHIPS IN DOMESTIC LIFE. 

After the battle of Shiloh, General Beauregard, being in 
ill health, was relieved of command, and was succeeded by 
General Braxton Bra^o-. The new Commander remained 
a while at Corinth, Mississippi, and Tullahoma, Tennessee, 
recruiting his arm)'. By July, a force of about 50,000 was 
gathered; and was drilled and disciplined for the approaching 
campaign. 

The following is the disposition of the Arkansas troops in 
this army, June 30th, 1862 : 

IN THE ARMY OF MISSISSIPPI I 

In the First Army Corps. — First Division, commanded by 
Brigadier-General Charles Clark. In the Second Brigade, 
Thirteenth Arkansas, commanded bv Colonel J. C. Tappan. 

In the Second Army Corps and Third Brigade, the First 
Arkansas, commanded by Colonel John W. Colquitt. 

In the Third Army Corps. — Major-General Hardee; First 
Brigade, commanded by Colonel St. J. R. Liddell ; Second 
Arkansas, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Bocage ; Fifth 
Arkansas, commanded by Colonel L. Featheston ; Sixth Ar- 
kansas, commanded by Colonel A. T. Hawthorn ; Seventh 
Arkansas, commanded by Colonel R. G. Shaver; Eighth Ar- 
kansas, commanded by Colonel John H. Kelley; Second 
Brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General Patrick R. Cle- 

480 



THE YEAR IS 62. 48 1 

burne ; Fifteenth Arkansas, commanded by Lieutenant- 
Colonel J. K. Patton. 

IN THE ARMY OF THE WEST : 

Major-General J. P. McCown. 

First Division, commanded by Brigadier-General Henry 
Little; First Brigade, commanded by Colonel Elijah Gates; 

Sixteenth Arkansas, commanded by Colonel Provence; 

Second Brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General P. O. 
Hebert; Fourteenth Arkansas, commanded by Colonel W. 
C. Mitchell ; Seventeenth Arkansas, commanded by Colonel 
John Griffith. 

Second Division. — First Brigade, commanded by General 
W. L. Cabell, and McRae's Arkansas Infantry; Second 
Brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General Thomas J. 
Churchill; Fourth Arkansas, commanded by Colonel H. G. 
Bunn ; First Arkansas Rifles (dismounted), commanded by 
Colonel R. W. Harper; Second Arkansas Riflemen (dis- 
mounted), commanded by Colonel J. A. Williamson ; Fourth 
Arkansas Battalion, commanded by Major J. A. Ross; 
Twenty-fifth Arkansas, commanded by Colonel J. C. Turn- 
bull ; Thirty-first Arkansas, commanded by Colonel T. H. 
McCray. 

Third Division, commanded by Brigadier-General D. H. 
Maun 7 ; First Brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General T. 
P. Dockery; Eighteenth Arkansas Infantry, commanded by 
Colonel John J. Daley; Nineteenth Arkansas Infantry, com- 
manded bv Colonel Dismukes ; Twentieth Arkansas In- 

fantry, commanded by Colonel Henry P. Johnson ; McCown's 
Arkansas Battalion, Jones' Arkansas Battalion and Second 
Brigade, commanded b} r General J. C. Moore; Hobbs' Ar- 
kansas Infantry, Adams' Arkansas Infantry and Third Bri- 
gade, commanded by General C, W. Phifer; Third Arkansas 
Cavalry. 

31 



482 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

In the summer of 1862, the Confederate authorities created 
a department west of the Mississippi river, called the Trans- 
Mississippi Department, composed of the States of Arkansas, 
Louisiana and Texas. In Arkansas, General Thomas C. 
Hindman was placed in command, afterwards General Theo- 
philas H. Holmes, then General Sterling Price. Generals 
James F. Fagan, T. J. Churchill, John Selden Roane, W. 
L. Cabell and Marsh Walker were assigned to duty in this 
department. The department was for a time under com- 
mand of General E. Kirby Smith, with headquarters at 
Shreveport, Louisiana. General Albert Rust commanded a 
brigade of Texans, but with some Arkansians in it. General 
Parsons commanded a brigade of Missourians, and General 
John S. Marmaduke a cavalry brigade, mostly Missourians. 
General Charles W. Adams, of Helena, had a brigade re- 
cruited mostly from Newton, Boone and other northern and 
northwestern counties of Arkansas. Woodruff's artillery 
comprised a part of the artillery force. 

The following regiments served in the Trans-Mississippi 
Department : 

in price's division: 

Fagan's Brigade: — Anderson's Battalion, Major W. L. 
Anderson; Brook's Regiment, _ Colonel W. H. Brooks; 
Hawthorn's Regiment, Colonel A. T. Hawthorn ; Bell's 
Regiment, Colonel Sam. S. Bell; King's Regiment, Colonel 
John P. King. 

McRae's Brigade: — Glenn's Regiment, Colonel J. E. 
Glenn; Gause's Regiment, Colonel Lucien C. Gause ; Mor- 
gan's Regiment, Colonel Asa Morgan ; Hart's Regiment,, 
Colonel R. A. Hart; Marshall's Battery, Captain John Mar- 
shall. 

Tappan's Brigade : — Shaver's Regiment, Colonel R. G. 
Shaver; Shaler's Regiment, Colonel Shaler ; Daw- 
son's Regiment, Colonel C. L. Dawson ; Grinstead's Reg- 
iment, Colonel H. L. Grinstead, 



484 history of arkansas. 

in walker's division: 
Newton's Regiment, Colonel Robert C. Newton ; Dob- 
bins' Regiment, Colonel Archibald Dobbins. 

in Steele's division: 
Cabell's Brigade : — Monroe's Regiment, Colonel J. C. 
Monroe ; Thompson's Regiment, Colonel Lee L. Thompson ; 
Hill's Regiment, Colonel John F. Hill. 

The assignment of the following regiments and battalions is 
unknown : 

regiments : 

Matlock's Regiment, Colonel C. H. Matlock; McGee's 
Regiment, Colonel McGee ; Freeman's Regiment, Colonel 
Freeman ; Rutherford's Regiment, Colonel George Ruther- 
ford ; Coleman's Regiment, Colonel Coleman; Crawford's 
Regiment, Colonel W. A. Crawford ; Baber's Regiment, 
Colonel M. D. Baber; Wright's Regiment, Colonel John C. 
Wright; Carroll's Regiment, Colonel Charles Arthur Car- 
roll; Gunter's Regiment, Colonel T. M. Gunter. 

battalions : 

Rapley's Battalion, Major W. F. Rapley; Cheek's Bat- 
talion ; Venable's Cavalry ; Scott's Squadron, Colonel John R. 
Homer Scott; Woodruff's Artillery, Major Wm. E. Wood- 
ruff; Blocher's Battery, Captain W. D. Blocher; Batter} 7 , 
Captain J. V. Zimmerman; Etter's Batter) 7 , Captain C. B. 
Etter; West's Battery, Captain Henry C. West; Battery, 
Captain Anderson Mills. 

The first engagement in this command was a slight skir- 
mish, near St. Charles, Arkansas county, June 17th, 1862, 
followed by one at Cache river, July 7th. The Federal 
forces, under General Curtis, having marched from Elkhorn, 
were established at Batesville, projecting a movement against 
Little Rock. To intercept them, General Hindman placed 
Rust's Brigade of Texans, with some of the Arkansas troops, 
with Woodruff's Battery, at Cotton Plant. On the 7th of 



THE YEAR 1862. 485 

July these forces met at Cache river, and after a short en- 
oacrement, with but slight losses to either side, the Federals re- 
treated to Helena, which they occupied, establishing commu- 
nication with the gun-boats in the river. 

On the 14th of Jul}', Federal cavalry captured the city of 
Fayetteville. There was no Confederate force there ; the 
movement was simply that of a scouting party; the whole 
northern part of the State being at this time subject to raids. 
The) 7 held possession, of the town for only a few hours, but in 
that time placed many persons under arrest, some of whom 
the}- at once paroled ; others were carried prisoners to Spring- 
field, Missouri, and there paroled. 

In the autumn, a permanent occupation of the town was 
made. General W. L. Cabell, with a Confederate cavalry 
force, and two pieces of artillery, attacked the town October 
28th, and so unexpected was the attack, that not a company 
or squad was ready for it. But the advantage which the sur- 
prise gave was not followed up ; for after the Confederates 
had made a lodgment in the east part of the town, consider- 
able time elapsed while they were getting the artillery into 
position, during which the Federals, having recovered from 
the demoralization of the sudden attack, brought their men 
into order, and formed them into positions, even issued arms 
and ammunition to a number who were unarmed when the 
attack began, so that when the engagement was renewed, 
the Confederates found them thoroughly prepared, and were 
compelled to retire, with the capture of the town unaccom- 
plished. 

The following is a summary of other military operations in 
Arkansas during the year 1862 : 

November 20th to 23d, reconnaisance of Federal troops 
under Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Jewell, in the direction of 
Van Buren and Fort Smith. November 25th, skirmish at 
Pittman's Ferry; skirmish at Cane Hill. November 25th 
to 29th, expedition of First Iowa, Tenth Illinois, and Battal- 



486 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

ion of Second Wisconsin Cavalry, under Colonel Wicker- 
sham, of the Tenth Illinois, to Yellville, destroying saltpeter 
works, and burning the arsenal and store-house of Confeder- 
ates. November 28th, engagement at Cane Hill, Washing- 
ton county, or Boston Mountains. December 4th to 6th, 
operations about Cane Hill and skirmish at Reed's Mountain. 
December 7th, battle of Prairie Grove, December 9th; skir- 
mish at Mudtown ; December 14th, affair near Helena; 
December 20th, skirmish near Cane Hill; December 23d, 
skirmish near Helena, on the St. Francis road ; December 
28th, capture of Van Buren; December 30th, skirmish at La 
Grange. 

The engagement at Cane Hill consisted of an attack made 
b} T General Blunt, with a force estimated by him at 5,000, on 
the Confederates, under command of General Marmaduke. 
This engagement began about ten o'clock in the forenoon, 
and lasted about six hours. The Confederates were driven 
back, and the Federal forces occupied Cane Hill. General 
Blunt stated his loss at 8 killed and ^6 wounded; that of 
the Confederates was probably about the same. 

In this engagement, Colonel Charles Arthur Carroll com- 
manded the Arkansas Cavalry Brigade, composed of Colonel 
J. C. Monroe's Regiment and Lieutenant-Colonel Johnston's 
Regiment, with Captain Shoup's Battery. The other Con- 
federate troops engaged were the Fourth Missouri Cavalry 
Brigade, commanded by Colonel Joseph O. Shelby, and a 
regiment of Missouri cavalry, commanded b} T Colonel Emmet 
MacDonald. A brilliant feature of the da) 7 , was a charge 
made by Colonel J. C. Monroe, at the head of a brigade, in 
which the Federals were driven back in confusion and dis- 
order. 

In the latter part of the year, the northern part of the State 
was occupied by two Federal columns. General Herron took 
position near Prairie Grove, with an army of about 6,000 



THE YEAB 1862. 487 

men and 30 cannon ; and General Blunt, at Cane Hill, with a 
force of about 10,000, and about 30 cannon. 

General Hindman moved against Herron, and attacked him 
at Prairie Grove, on Sunda}', the 7th of December. 

His forces were disposed as follows : On the right, a divi- 
sion commanded by General F. A. Shoup. Under him was 
General James F Fagan, with four regiments: Colonel 
James Pleasants. Lieutenant-Colonel Geohagen and Major 
Sam. Bell; Colonel A. T. Hawthorn, Colonel J. P. King 
and Colonel W. H. Brooks, numbering about 2,000 men. 
In the center, General John Selden Roane commanded a di- 
vision, with General Dandridge McRae's Brigade, consisting 
of Colonel Wright's Regiment, Colonel Glenn's, Colonel 
Morgan's and Colonel Gause's Regiments. On the left, 
General Parsons commanded with his Missouri troops. 
General Marmaduke commanded the cavalry, and Major 
Woodruff the artillery. The main battle was sustained by the 
right and left, the center was not so heavily engaged. On 
learning that a battle was impending, General Blunt made a 
forced march from Cane Hill, and arrived with his forces just 
in time to take part in the engagement. He took position on 
Herron's right, confronting General Parsons. The heaviest 
fighting was by Fagan's command, on the Confederate 
right, and the casualties among his troops were large. Among 
them was Colonel Pleasants, killed. Much of the fighting 
here was at close range, and with heavy loss to both sides. 

As the battle progressed, the Federal forces were driven 
back at every point, and the general result was a complete 
triumph for the Confederates, they remaining in possession of 
the field. Seeing his defeat, General Herron loaded up his 
wagon trains at Fayetteville, and moved them out toward Mis- 
souri as rapidly as possible. A portion of them he gave or- 
ders should be burned in case they should not be moved off 
fast enough. Shortly after night-fall, General Blunt sent a 
flag of truce to General Hindman by Dr. Parker, asking 



488 HISTOEY OF ARKANSAS. 

permission to bury the dead. His communication was dated 
from "Headquarters in the Field." General Hindman re- 
plied, granting the permission, dating his reply from "Head- 
quarters on the Field." About dark, after the battle had 
ceased, and before the arrival of the flag of truce, General 
Hindman, from lack of subsistence to enable him to hold the 
field which he occupied, ordered a retreat, upon which the 
Federal forces occupied and held the ground from which they 
had previously retired. From this circumstance the Federals 
claimed the victory. 

The following, taken from General Hinclman's report of the 
battle, makes mention of a number of Arkansas troops: 

"At 1 o'clock, p. M., aided by a tremendous artillery fire, 
the infantry of Herron's command advanced against the posi- 
tion held by Shoup and Marmaduke. It was permitted to 
approach within sixty 3 T ards, and then, as it charged, making 
gallantly past one of our batteries, and having it a moment in 
possession, Fagan's Arkansas Brigade, part of McRae's Bri- 
gade and the Missourians under Shelby, delivered a terrific fire 
from their shot-guns, rifles and muskets, and charged them 
furiously. Hawthorn's Regiment of Arkansians re-took the 
battery. The Federals broke and fled. Our men pursued 
them far into the prairie. The slaughter was great, and the 
ground in many places was strewn with the Federal wounded 
and dead. Very soon the attack was renewed a little farther 
to my right, with great vigor and determination; I ordered 
Shaver's Arkansas Brigade, of Frost's Division, to the support 
of General Shoup, and the enemy was again, repulsed with 
heavy loss, and retired in confusion .... At dark the bat- 
tle closed, leaving us masters of every foot of ground over 
which it was fought. Our loss in killed was 164; wounded, 
817; missing, 336 (total 1,317). The enemy left not less 
than 400 dead on the field, and its wounded certainly exceeded 
1,500. The number of prisoners in our hands was 275, in- 
cluding 9 officers. We also captured 5 Federal flags and 



THE YEAR 1862. 489 

over 500 small arms, with 23 wagons, containing camp and 
garrison equippage .... Generals Frost, Shoup and Mar- 
maduke commanding Divisions; Generals Roane, Fagan, 
Parsons and McRae, and Colonels Shaver and Shelby com- 
manding Brigades, did their duty nobly I had with 

me the following staff: Colonel R. C. Newton, Chief of 
Staff, Major J. P, Wilson, Assistant-Adjutant General, Lieu- 
tenant S. B. Reardon, Aide-de-camp, Lieutenant R. W. 
Lee, Acting Chief of Ordnance, Colonel D. Provence, Act- 
ing Chief of Artilleiy, Colonel A. S. Dobbins and Major E. 
C. Boudinot, Volunteer Aides-de-camp; Surgeon, J. M. Kel- 
ler, Medical Director. All of them were constantly under 
fire. They displayed great coolness and disregard of danger 
in the discharge of their duties .... I present this subject 
specially to the Department Commander, with the case also 
of Lieutenant McK. A. Hammett, all being of the number of 
assignments made by me, while commanding the Trans- 
Mississippi Department. Considering the strength of my 
command, as compared with the enemy, considering that my 
men were destitute of food, their wagons 30 miles in the rear, 
and not to be brought forward without imminent danger of 
being lost; that my small supply of ammunition was reduced 
far below what would be necessary for another day's fighting, 
and that my battery animals were literally dying of starvation, 
and could not be foraged in the presence of a superior force of 
the enem} T , I determined to retire, and gave the necessary or- 
ders for that purpose." 

The Federal loss was given in official reports at 175 killed, 
813 wounded and 263 missing; total 1,251. 

In his report of the engagement by his regiment, Colonel 
Morgan, of McRae' s Brigade, said : 

■ "My regiment, under trying circumstances, receiving a 
heavy fire of artillery and most galling fire of musketry, 
without the possibility of returning it, remained firm, execut- 
ing all orders to advance and retire promptly, and in good 



490 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

order. I regret that only my skirmishers were engraved. 
This company, Captain (Samuel) Gibson, behaved admirably 
and suffered severely. To Lieutenant-Colonel Wright, 
Major Yell and Adjutant Carrington, I am indebted for the 
degree of steadiness which the regiment maintained — they mul- 
tiplied their efforts as danger increased, being ever present 
and in most exposed positions, encouraging and stead}'ing 
the men." 

The next series of incidents in which Arkansas, troops were 
largely engaged, consisted of the invasion of Kentucky by the 
armies of Kirby Smith and Bragg. 

On the 31st of July orders were issued to "cook three 
days' rations and be prepared at a moment's notice." On 
the 5th of August the extra baggage of the command was 
stored at Loudon, Tennessee, and on the 7th General Mc- 
Cown, under orders of General E. Kirby Smith, moved out 
with his second division to Knoxville, the division commanded 
by Brigadier-General Churchill, the Arkansas Brigade of it was 
commanded by Colonel McNair, and the Texas Brigade by 
Colonel McCray. From Knoxville they moved northward 
into Kentucky. At Wilson's Gap, in the Cumberland Moun- 
tains, they were joined by General P. R. Cleburne's Division, 
which was placed in the advance. They moved northward 
through Barboursville, and made direct for Richmond. 

On the 29th of August the army camped at Big Hill, in 
striking distance of the Federals, who were encamped at 
Richmond, Kentucky. The next morning General McCown's 
column, with Cleburne's Division, moved forward. At 9 
o'clock Captain James M. Douglas, of Tyler, Texas; Cap- 
tain Humphries, with an Arkansas Battery and a Florida 
Battery, opened the engagement. General Cleburne's Divi- 
sion advanced and attacked the Federals on the right, and 
Colonel McCray, with his Texas Brigade, engaged them on 
the left, and with the assistance of the artillery, drove them 
from their position with great slaughter. Cleburne's Division 



THE TEAS 186%. 49J 

took about 700 prisoners. As lie was advancing to this at- 
tack he was wounded in the face by a sharpshooter — a small 
ball from a carbine struck his left jaw, knocking out all of 
the teeth on that side, and passing out of his mouth. He 
was obliged to leave the field, and General Preston Smith 
took command of the Division. Colonel L. Polk also was 
wounded. 

After their first repulse, the Federals rallied, and came on 
with a counter-attack, which was received by McCra3*'s Texas 
Brigade, of Churchill's Division, and repulsed with great 
loss, including 400 prisoners, and a number of cannon. The 
battle continued until about night-fall, when the Federals were 
driven from the town. 

In this engagement McNair's* Brigade captured over 600 
prisoners, and inflicted a loss in killed and wounded of prob- 
ably as many more. The Confederate loss was 84 killed and 
365 wounded. The Federal loss was 402 killed and 1,500 
wounded, and 5,200 prisoners. 

The Confederates captured nine cannon, 15,000 stands of 
arms, over 100 wagons and teams, together with about $7,- 
000,000 worth of Quartermasters', Commissaries', Ordnance 
and Hospital stores. 

The Fourth Arkansas Regiment, in this engagement, lost 
four killed : George W. Shirley, Private of Company "B ;" 
E. Thompson, Company "C;" William C. Brewer, of 
Company "F," and John Green, of Company "K." They 
had fourteen wounded, of whom three died of their wounds: 
Thomas B. Dixon, Second Sergeant of Company "A;" 
Second Sergeant James A. Davis, and Third Sergeant J. A. 
W. Perdue, of Company "D." 

Out of the rich captures of this field, the Fourth Regiment 
exchanged its indifferent arms for muskets, and they, and the 
rest of the arrrry, were thereafter well armed with captured 
Minie and Enfield rifles. Col. Evander McNair, of the 



492 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

Fourth Regiment, was made a Brigadier-General, bis com- 
mission reading : "for gallantry and bravery on the battle 
field of Richmond, Kentucky." 

From Richmond, the Confederates moved to Lexington, 
September 4th, where they were received with enthusiasm. 
In recognition of gallantry at Richmond, the First Arkansas 
Rifles was selected as the first to enter the town. 

At Lexington, the Confederates captured a large quantity 
of the finest Hospital stores and medicines, besides other 
property, valued at over $5,000,000. From Lexington the}' 
pushed on until in sight of Covington, which was held by a 
Federal garrison. From here they moved to Georgetown, 
and to Mount Sterling, then to Frankfort, where a Provisional 
Governor of Kentucky, Hawes, was inaugurated, when they 
returned to Versailles. From here they were moved to 
Lawrenceburg, twenty-eight miles below Frankfort, to inter- 
cept a Federal force which had penetrated that far. Prepa- 
rations were made for an engagement, but the Federals 
eluded them, losing 700 prisoners and 13 loaded wagons. 
They were next moved to Harrodsburg, where the} 7 found 
General Bragg's main army. 

Bragg now turned about and began to retreat out of Ken- 
tucky, followed by the Federals under General Beuell. He 
halted at Perryville, where a severe engagement occurred 
October 8th, in which Cheatham's Corps, with Hardee's in 
reserve, principally participated. The reserve was sufficiently 
near to be reached by the Federal artillery, and in one of their 
discharges Simpson Harris, of the "Capital Guards," Com- 
pany "A," of the Sixth Arkansas, was struck by a cannon 
ball, shattering his leg, from which he died. He was a 
prominent lawyer of Little Rock. 

Just before night, Liddell's Brigade was ordered to relieve 
Cheatham's. It soon grew so dark that it was difficult to 
distinguish friend from foe. While standing in line of battle, 
a Federal Regiment, the Twenty-second Indiana, marching 



THE YEAH 1862. 



493 



in double columns, advanced to within fifty yards of the line, 
when, supposing they were advancing to attack, they were 
received by a volley from the Second Arkansas, under Col. 
Govan, and the Eighth Arkansas, under Colonel Kelley, 
which, owing to their close formation, absolutely cut down 
the whole regiment. Less than fifty men escaped unhurt. 
The Colonel being killed, the Lieutenant-Colonel, in making 
his report of the engagement, said laconically: "My regiment 
fell dead at my feet." In this battle, General Cleburne made 
a brilliant fight with his brigade, and captured a number of 
prisoners. 

About sundown, General Cleburne was slightly wounded. 
A cannon ball passed through the breast of his gray horse, 
"Dixie," and in doing so struck his left foot on the instep, 
bruising it, but not breaking either skin or bone. He 
mounted another horse and remained on the field until the 
close of the battle — some two hours after. The Confederate 
loss was not great. That of the Federals is stated at 4,348. 

A few clays later Bragg began his retreat again, moving 
leisurely along the Cumberland, and afterwards withdrew 
from the State, and took up a position at Murfreesboro, Ten- 
nessee. The army reached Cumberland Gap, October 22d. 

Shortly after this battle, General Buell was removed from 
command of the Federal forces, and General Rosecranz was 
appointed in his stead. 

Two engagements, in which Arkansas troops participated, 
now took place in rapid succession. They were at Iuka 
Springs, Mississippi, September 19th, and at Corinth, Missis- 
sippi, October 3d and 4th, 1862. 

That at Iuka Springs was little more than a skirmish, with 
only a few casualties among the Arkansas troops. The en- 
gagement lasted but a short time, and the brunt of the fight 
was borne by Colonel Green's Regiment of Missourians. 

The battle of Corinth was more serious. When General 
Beauregard retired from Corinth to Tupelo, in the spring of 



494 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



1862, the Federal forces advancing had occupied Corinth, and 
had greatly strengthened and increased the fortifications which 
they found there. The place was garrisoned b}' about 20,000 
men, under General Rosecranz. Generals Earl Van Dorn 
and Sterling Price, in command of about an equal number of 
Confederate troops, moved against it, and although the de- 
fenses were almost impregnable, attacked with great vigor 
on the 3d of October. In this attack, they carried a strong 
outpost, inflicting heavy loss. The next day the) 7 endeavored 
to carry Corinth by storm, but were repulsed with fearful car- 
nage, and were driven from the field, leaving many dead, 
wounded and prisoners in the Federal's hands. The Federal 
loss was stated at 2,357 ; that of the Confederates at 4,707. 

The Eighteenth Arkansas, one of the regiments engaged, 
wasfearfully cut up. Lieutenant-Colonel Daley was wounded, 
and died the next clay. Captain W. N. Parish, commanding 
after Colonel Daley fell, was wounded in the hip. Lieuten- 
ant John B. Walker, of Company "H," was wounded. Of 
the 300 men in this regiment, only 45 escaped injury. 

The Sixteenth Arkansas, led by Colonel Provence, and the 
Seventeenth Arkansas, by Colonel Lemoyne, were also en- 
gaged, and suffered greatly. The Seventeenth Arkansas was 
almost annihilated. They were in Cabell's Brigade, and 
were the center of a desperate assault on the breastworks at a 
place called College Hill. General Cabell, who led his bri- 
gade like a hero, made a gallant dash right up to the works 
and captured them; his men, mounting the parapet and leap- 
ing over the works, drove its defenders in utter rout before 
them; but the Federals, returning with increased force, drove 
them back to their original line. In their retreat across the 
open plain, their heaviest loss occurred, for to go back was 
certain destruction as much so as to go forward had been. 
Almost the entire regiment was cut down. Major Dowdle 
was among the slain. 



THE YEAR 1S62. 



495 



The Nineteenth Arkansas Regiment (Dockery's), went into 
the charge on the Federal inner breastworks, with 169 men. 
They suffered terribly in the engagement. The proportion of 
loss sustained may be judged by the following list of casualties 
in one company: Company "A." — Killed: privates William 
Clements and Jack Tatum. Wounded : First Lieutenant H. 
R. S. Winfrey, First Sergeant S. B. Battle, Second Sergeant 
John E. Ethridge, privates Wesley McDonald, Q. P. Tucker, 
Robert Robinson, W. A. Nowlin, Wm. M. Little, J. S. 
Pilkington and John T. Parkins. 

The army coming out of Kentucky had, as we have seen, 
reached Cumberland Gap on the 2 2d of October. On the 
26th it commenced to snow, and continued for two days, un- 
til a covering of snow 18 inches deep lay T on the ground. 
The men were without tents, and many of them without 
shoes, and but poorly furnished with clothing. In the severe 
weather they experienced great suffering until they reached 
Loudon, Tennessee, where their baggage had been stored 
three months before, on their starting for Kentucky. 

While at Loudon, Colonel Matt. D. Ector, of the Fourteenth 
Texas, was promoted to Brigadier-General, and given com- 
mand of the Texas Brigade formerly commanded by Col- 
onel T. H. McCray. Colonel McCray, with his regiment, 
the Thirty-first Arkansas, was added to McNair's Brigade. 
General Churchill, who had commanded the division com- 
posed of McNair's and McCray's Brigades, was transferred to 
the Trans-Mississippi Department, and was placed by General 
Holmes in command of Arkansas Post. General McCown 
took command of the division, while General E. Kirby 
Smith was promoted to Lieuten ant-General and commanded 
an army corps, composed of General McCown's and Gen- 
eral Stevenson's Divisions and other detachments of troops 
in East Tennessee. 

General Cleburne was promoted to Major-General on the 
13th of December, 1862, and was placed in command of a cli- 



496 EJSTOEY OF AE KAN'S AS. 

vision formerly commanded by General S. B. Buckner. This 
promotion was made by President Davis, in person, while on 
a visit to the Army of Tennessee. After establishing himself 
at Murfreesboro, General Bragg made certain changes in the 
disposition of Arkansas troops, of date November 20th, 1862. 
A new department, called the Department of East Tennessee, 
was created, and placed in command of Lieutenant-General 
E. Kirby Smith. In it were the following Arkansas regi- 
ments : Second Division, commanded by Major-General J. 
P. McCown; Third Brigade, commanded by Brigadier- 
General E. McNair ; Fourth Arkansas, commanded by 
Colonel H. G. Bunn; Thirtieth Arkansas, commanded by 
Colonel W. A. Cotter; Thirty-First Arkansas, commanded 
by Colonel T. H. McCray ; First Arkansas Rifles, com- 
manded by Colonel R. W. Harper; Second Arkansas Rifles, 
commanded by Colonel J. A. Williamson; Fourth Arkansas 
Battalion, commanded by Major J. A. Ross, and Humphrey's 
Battery. 

On the 28th of December the army was moved a short dis- 
tance out of Murfreesboro, against which place General Rose- 
cranz was advancing. That night they bivouacked in line of 
battle, McCown's Division being placed along the Lebanon 
Pike, about one mile northeast of town. On the 29th and 
30th there was skirmishing and preparations for a great en- 
counter. The two armies were about evenly matched, num- 
bering about 40,000 on each side. They met December 31st 
in a bloody conflict, known as the battle of Murfreesboro. 

The battle began at dawn, the 31st of December. The 
attack took the Federals completely by surprise. They were 
thrown into confusion, and, where McCown's Division struck 
them, were driven back nearly four miles, with loss of artil- 
lery 1 , baggage and ordnance, wagons, all their tents, knap- 
sacks and camp equipage. General McNair s Brigade was 
in the first line of attack and moved against the Federal posi- 
tion, which was in a dense thicket of cedar and undergrowth, 



THE YEAS IS 62. 



497 



and drove them from it. In pushing on, they encountered a 
Federal line posted behind a rail fence. Without halting, a 
charge was made on this line, and the Federals were driven 
from it, with loss of their artillery and a large number of 
men. Finding themselves out of ammunition, the brigade 
was compelled to pause here, until they could be supplied from 
the ordnance train. Being supplied, they, with Ector's Texas 
Brigade, were ordered to take a battery of artillery about 
a half mile in front. While advancing to this attack, through a 
cedar thicket, they were subjected to a heavy artillery fire. 
As they emerged from the thicket into the open plain, the fire 
became heavier and was seen to proceed from three batteries — 
a center battery, with two supporting ones to right and left — 
and supported by four columns of infantry. 

As they advanced, the fire from the batteries became ter- 
rific, and was of grape and canister. The brigade advanced 
to within 20 yards of the front center battery, and the infantry 
supports began to give way ; but it was impossible to stand 
such a concentrated fire, which was thinning their ranks at 
every step, and wavering for a moment, the line gave way, 
and fell back broken and disordered. 

The battle continued with fury all that winter day, and 
when night came, the Federals had been driven back at all 
points. General Bragg was occupying the ground he held in 
the morning, with part of that at first occupied by the Fed- 
erals. He renewed the combat January 2d, 1863, and the en- 
gagement was continued with intermissions throughout the 
day, and at night-fall both sides occupied their respective po- 
sitions. 

In this dreadful battle the losses are given as : Confederate, 
10,266; Federal, 13,249. The Confederates captured 6,000 
stands of small arms, 9 stands of colors, 800 wagons, and an 
immense quantity of army supplies. 

On the 3d of January, 1863, the Confederates retreated 
fromMurfreesboro unpursued,and halted first at Estell Springs, 

32 



498 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

from which point part of the army was moved to Chattanooga 
and part to Shelbyville. General Rosecranz occupied Mur- 
freesboro, January 4th. 

There were many Arkansas troops engaged in this battle, 
and their loss in killed and wounded was very heavy. The 
following particulars concerning them appear in General 
Cleburne's report of the engagement. 

The Eighth Arkansas Regiment, Colonel John H. Kelley, 
in Liddell's Brigade, captured two stands of colors in the 
fight. They were handed to Colonel Kelley on the field by 
private James Riddle, of Company "C," and Corporal N. 
A. Horn, of Company "E." Colonel Kelley was wounded 
about half-past one o'clock in the da) 7 , and was borne off of 
the field, and from that hour the regiment was commanded 
by the Lieutenant-Colonel, G. F. Baucum. Lieutenants T. 
H. Beard, S. B. Cole, Calvin East and H. J. McCurdy of 
the regiment were killed. 

The Second Arkansas, Colonel D. C. Govan, was hotly en- 
gaged, and suffered many casualties. 

In the brigade of General Lucius E. Polk, Majors Charles 
H. Carlton, of the Fifteenth Arkansas, and R. A. Duncan, of 
the Thirteenth Arkansas, were wounded. 

The First Arkansas, Colonel J. W. Colquitt, with the 
Fifth Confederate Regiment, captured a battery of four guns, 
in which attack Colonel P. B. Hawkins, of the Eleventh 
Kentucky, was killed, defending the batter) 7 . Lieutenant- 
Colonel Don McGregor, of the First, fell mortally wounded; 
John Arnold, of Company "K," was killed; also Captain 
W. A. Alexander, of Company "B." 

In the First Arkansas Rifles, commanded by Colonel R. 
W. Harper, Major L. M. Ramsauer and Captain W. P. 
Campbell were both severely wounded, the latter losing his 
leg. 

In the Twenty-third Arkansas, commanded by Colonel W. 
A. Cotter, Major James J. Franklin was wounded and made 



THE YEAB IS 62. 



499 



prisoner. Captain S. T. Black and Lieutenant D. J. Wright 
were killed. The flag bearer of the regiment had his hand 
shot off while canying the colors. 

In the Second Arkansas Rifles, commanded by Lieutenant- 
Colonel J. A. Williamson, Captain Thomas F. Q. Spence 
was killed. Ensign H. W. Hambler behaved with conspicu- 
ous gallantry, and was shot down with the regimental colors 
in his hand. He was within a hundred yards of the Federal 
guns when he fell. Corporal J. W. Pyles, of the Color Guard, 
took up the colors, and bore them during the remainder of 
the day. Adjutant C. W. Woods, of the same regiment, 
was wounded. 

In the Fourth Arkansas, Colonel H. G. Bunn command- 
ing, Color-bearer John B. Bryant, of Company "A," was 
wounded, and Lieutenant Armstrong, of Company "D" 
bore the colors until he fell severely wounded. Lieutenant 
G. D. Goodner, of Company "F," then took them, when he, 
too, fell, badly wounded. Captain John W. Lavender, of 
Company "F," then took them, and bore them the remainder 
of the clay. 

The Fourth lost ten killed, fifty-seven wounded, and seven 
missing. The killed were Robert J. Ware, Sergeant Com- 
pany "A;" J. M. Pate, F. A. Elkins, William Phillips, of 
Company U C;" J. M. V. Hardin, Thomas Caldwell, of 
Company "E;" J. F, Garrett, Sergeant Company "F;" J. 
M. Vinsen, Company U G;" J. T. Ward, Sergeant Com- 
pany "F;" J. T. Ainsworthy, Company U K." Color-bearer 
John B. Bryant, Sandy A. Smith, Company "A;" Lieuten- 
ant J. T. Clingman, Company "C;" Lieutenant B. F. 
Logan, Company U F;" C. N. Huddlestone, Company 
"G;" H. R. Brewster, Sergeant Company "I;" and J. F. 
Walker, of Company "K," died of their wounds. 

In the Fifth Arkansas, C. Mattix, of Company "F," being 
too badly wounded to carry a gun, asked permission to cany 
the colors, and did so for the remainder of the day. Three 



500 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

color-bearers had been previously shot down. He escaped 
without farther hurt. At one time Colonel John Edward 
Murray, commanding the regiment, took the colors — upon the 
death of one of the color-bearers — and carried them into the 
thickest of the fight, but was unharmed^ Lieutenant A. J. 
Jones, of this regiment, was killed. 

In the Sixth Arkansas Regiment, Captain Joseph W. 
Martin, Lieutenant J. A. Reeves, and Captain S. C. Brown 
were ever foremost in leading their men. Captain John G. 
Fletcher was wounded and taken prisoner. Captain J. Frank 
Ritchie, of Pine Bluff, was wounded, losing his right arm. 
W. E. Wilkerson and M. M. Duffie were wounded, as was 
also Colonel Sam. G. Smith, commanding the regiment. 
Captain J. T. Armstrong, Lieutenants J. L. McCollum and 
Henry Fisher were killed. The Seventh Arkansas was con- 
solidated with the Sixth in this battle, under Colonel Smith's 
command. 

In the Fourth Arkansas Battalion, commanded by Major 
J. A. Ross, the following casualties occurred : In Company 
"A," 2 were killed, and 4 were wounded; in Company 
"B," 1 was killed, 8 were wounded, and 5 were missing; in 
Company "C," 1 was killed, and 4 wounded; in Company 
"E," 1 was killed, and 7 wounded; total, 5 killed, 23 
wounded, and 5 missing. Lieutenant W. C. Douglass of 
this regiment was killed. 

In Humphrey's Battery, Lieutenant William H. Gore 
was wounded by a shell. Lieutenants Oliver P. Richardson, 
Henry C. Riggin, privates Samuel M. Tucker, Joseph W. 
Adams, Dennis Cannen, and Duty Sergeants Thompson, 
Casey, Greer, Long, Brewer and Burkett did good service. 

In closing his report, General Cleburne made special men- 
tion of the following officers and men, for gallant and merito- 
rious conduct : 

Polk's Brigade — First Arkansas Regiment. — Colonel John 
W. Colquitt, Lieutenant-Colonel Don McGregor (wounded) ; 



The year 1862. 



5 GI 



Adjutant S. N. Greenwood, Captain William A. Alexander, 
Company "B" (wounded) ; Captain W. H. Scales, Com- 
pany "C" (wounded) ; Captain Oscar F. Parrish, Company 
"D" (wounded) ; Lieutenant John E. Letson (wounded) ; 
Corporal Green W. McKenzie, Company "A" (killed) ; 
John S. T. Hemphill, Company "B" (wounded); pri- 
vates G. W. Sallee, Company "C," J. C. Bogy, Company 
"D," W. W. Chaney, Company "E," Hardee J. Bul- 
lion, Company "F," A. P. Green, Company "G" (killed) ; 
James Beesom, Company "H," John H. Curd, Company 
"I" (killed) ; O. C. Cheat, Company "K" (killed). 

The Thirteenth and Fifteenth Arkansas Regiments, consol- 
idated — Captain Thomas H. Osborne, of the Fifteenth; Lieu- 
tenant John Dolan (deserving promotion), Felix E. Lisse of 
the Thirteenth (wounded); First Sergeant, J. M. Harkelroad, 
of Company "F" of the Fifteenth, Private William Sanclford, 
of Company "E" of the Thirteenth (wounded) ; Lieutenant 
William H. Pearce, and Captain W. H. Kinsey, of the Fif- 
teenth. 

Liddell's Brigade — Second Arkansas Regiment. — Lieuten- 
ants H. C. Collier, B. L. Clegg (wounded); Lieutenant- 
Colonel Reuben F. Harvey, Captain J. K. Phillips (deserving 
promotion); Lieutenants C. S. Emerson, Company "A," M. 
D. Brown, Company "K," R. E. Smith, Company "G." 

The Eighth Arkansas. — Adjutant H. J. McCurdy (killed) ; 
Lieutenant S. B. Cole, Company "I," Lieutenant Calvin 
East, Company "H," Lieutenant T. H. Beard, Company 
"F" (killed); Lieutenant W. M. Bass, Company "E," 
Captain W. H. Lankford, Company "H," and Lieutenant 
B. A. Terrett, Company "E." 

The Fifth Arkansas. — Captain A. B. Washington, Com- 
pany "K," privates John Atkinson, Company "C," B. W. 
Maset, Company "I," C. Mattix, Company "F" (wounded). 

The Sixth and Seventh consolidated. — Captain Joseph W. 
Martin, Lieutenant J. A. Reeves, Captain C. S. Brown, Cap- 



^02 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

tain John G. Fletcher, Company "A" (wounded) ; W. E. 
Wilkerson (wounded) ; M. M. Duffie (wounded) ; Sergeant 
Major Eddins, Sergeant Bratton, of Company "H," private 
Hulse, of Company "K," and the Color Bearer (name not 
known). 

In General Order No. 131, General Samuel Cooper. 
Adjutant-General of the Confederate States, caused the fol- 
lowing "Roll of Honor" to be published as to this battle, in 
accordance with an Act of the Confederate Congress of Octo- 
ber 13th, 1862, to-wit : 

ROLL OF HONOR I 

Battle of Murfreesboro, December Jist, 1862, Arkansas 
Troops. — First Regiment of Infantry. — Lieutenant-Colonel 
Don McGregor,* Adjutant S. N. Greenwood, Captain Oscar 
F. Parrish, Company "D;" Lieutenant J. E. Letson, Com- 
pany "D ;" Captain W. H. Scales, Company "C;" Cor- 
poral G. M. McKenzie, Company "A;"* private J. S. T. 
Hemphill, Company "B;" private G. W. Sallee, Company 
"C;"* private G. Bogy, Company "D ;" private W. W. 
Chaney, Company "E ;" private H. J. Bullion, Company 
"F;" private A. P.Green, Company "G ;"* private J. Bee- 
son, Company "H;" private J. H. Curd, Company "I;" 
private O. C. Choat, Company "K." 

Second Regiment Arkansas Mounted Rifles. — Corporal 
James W. Pyles, Company "A;" private Tilman Peavy, 
Company "B ;"* private J. H. Eagle, Company "C;"* 
private E. A. Ballew, Company "D ;" private W. A. 
Thompson, Company "E;"* private William Till, Com- 
pany "F;"* Sergeant Jesse Shepherd, Company "G;" pri- 
vate M. M. McGhee, Company "H;" Sergeant H. M. 
Graves, Company "I ;" Sergeant F. C. Jett, Compaq? "K." 

Fourth Regiment of Infantry. — Sergeant S. H. Smith, 
Company "A;" private James W. Pate, Company "C;"* 
private Daniel Hudson, Company "D;" private Thomas 

(*) Those noted with an asterisk, thus *, were killed in the action. 



THE YEAR 1862. 



5°3 



Caldwell, Company "E;" private J. F. Garrett, Company 
"F;"* private J. M. Vinson, Company "G;"* Sergeant S. 
T. Ward, Company "H ;"* private Simpson Jackson, Com- 
pany "I;" private T. P. Williams, Company "K." 

First Regiment of Mounted Rifles. — Private Patrick Calli- 
nan, Company "A ;" private W. T. Blakemore, Company 
"B ;" private James Pearson, Company "C;" Corporal C. 
D. Jenkins, Company "D ;" Corporal T. J. Underwood, 
Company "E ;" private W. W. Cole, Company "F;" First 
Sergeant W. S. Colburn, Company "G;" Corporal Thomas 
Thomson, Company "I ;" private G. B. House, Company 

Twenty-fifth Regiment of Infantry. — Private J. Alphin, 
Company "A;" Corporal J. S. Ferguson, Company "B;" 
private W. G. Evans, Company "C;" private M. N. Jones, 
Company "D;" private S. H. McBride, Company "E;" 
private John A. Wright, Company "F:" private J. S. Gard- 
ner, Company "G;" private J. W. McNabb, Compairy 
"H;" Corporal A. M. Ragsdale, Company "I;" Corporal 
H. D. Holdaway, Company "K." 

Fourth Battalion of Infantry. — Private James Vines, Com- 
pany "A;"* Corporal L. Heggie, Company "B;"* private 
George W. Ay ler, Company "C ;" private C. G.Warren, 
Company "E." 

Humphrey's Artillery Company. — Private John Campbell. 

Summary of casualties among Arkansas troops in this battle : 
Liddell's Brigade. — Second Arkansas, Colonel D. C. Go- 
van, 15 killed, 94 wounded, 9 missing; total, 118; Fifth Ar- 
kansas, Lieutenant-Colonel John E. Murray, 12 killed, 135 
wounded, 1 missing; total, 148 ; Sixth and Seventh Arkan- 
sas, Colonel Sam. G. Smith, 29 killed, 140 wounded, 8 mis- 
sing ; total, 177; Eighth Arkansas, Colonel John H. Kelley, 
29 killed, 124 wounded; total, 153 ; Swett's Battery, 1 killed, 

(*) These noted with an asterisk, thus *, were killed in the action. 



504 ffiSTORX OF ARKANSAS. 

7 wounded; total, 8. Total loss of brigade was 604 in killed, 
wounded and missing. 

Polk's Brigade. — First Arkansas, Colonel J. W. Colquitt, 
11 killed, 90 wounded, 1 missing; total, 102 ; Thirteenth and 
Fifteenth Arkansas, 12 killed, 59 wounded, 5 missing; total, 
78. Total loss of brigade was 180 in killed, wounded and 
missing. 

McNair's Brigade. — First Arkansas Rifles, Colonel R. W. 
Harper, 9 killed, 82 wounded, 4 missing; total, 95 ; Second 
Arkansas Rifles, Colonel J. A. Williamson, 10 killed, 99 
wounded, 11 missing; total, 120; Fourth Arkansas, Colonel 
H. G. Bunn, 8 killed, 61 wounded, 10 missing; total, 79; 
Fourth Arkansas Battalion, Major J. A. Ross, 5 killed, 19 
wounded, 5 missing; total, 29; Thirtieth Arkansas, Colonel 
W. A. Cotter, 10 killed, 63 wounded, 22 missing; total, 95 ; 
Humphrey's Battery, 6 wounded ; total, 6. Total of Brigade 
was 424 in killed, wounded and missing. 

The total of loss sustained b}-' Liddell's Brigade was 604; 
by Polk's Brigade 1 70 ; by McNair's Brigade 424. The total 
loss of Arkansas troops in the battle was 1,198. 

This was the last of military operations during the year, in 
the progress of which there had been fought the enormous 
number of 102 battles, great and small, and with a loss of life 
which was absolutely frightful. 

In civil affairs some few incidents transpired in the State, 
necessary to be noted. The regular biennial session of the 
Legislature, the Fourteenth session, convened November 5th, 
and remained in session until December 1st, 1862. Thomas 
Fletcher, of Arkansas county, was elected President of the 
Senate, and John D. Kimbell, of Pulaski county, Secretary. 
In the House, John Harrell, of Crawford county, was elected 
Speaker, and Alden M. Woodruff, Clerk. 

Among their important transactions were Acts creating the 
counties of Cross and Woodruff, the war children in the 
date's family. 




HARRIS FLANAGIN. 

Seventh Governor of the State. 



506 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

During the course of the session, Oliver H. Oates became 
Secretary of State, succeeding John I. Stirman, November 
13th, and in the same month Colonel Sam. W. Williams be- 
came Attorney-General, succeeding Pleasant Jordan. 

Another important incident was a change in the governor- 
ship. It was discovered that by reason of a defect in the 
Constitution of 1861, the term of Governor would in a short 
time draw to a close, instead of running four years, as was 
supposed, and on a decision by the Supreme Court to that 
effect, Governor Rector resigned November 4th, and was suc- 
ceeded by Thomas Fletcher, of Arkansas county, then Presi- 
dent of the Senate. A special election for Governor was held 
November 15th, at which Harris Flanagin was elected. His 
majority was 10,012 in a total vote of 26,266 — regiments in 
the field participating in the vote. At the time of his election, 
Colonel Flanagin was commanding the Second Arkansas 
Riflemen, then in active service. 

Colonel Harris Flanagin, who thus became the seventh 
Governor of the State, was born at Roadstown, Cumberland 
county, New Jersey, November 3d, 1817. He was the son 
of James and Mary Flanagin, and attended a country school 
in New Jersey, teaching in the intervals of his attendance. 
He moved to Illinois, and from there came to Arkansas 
about the year 1837. He settled at Greenville, Clark county, 
but when, in 1842, the count}/ seat was moved to Arkadelphia, 
he moved to that place, and resided there for the remainder of 
his life. He read law, and was admitted to the bar in Illi- 
nois, and engaged in the practice of law as his profession in 
Arkansas. He was a member of the Legislature in the 
session of 1842, and a member of its Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1874. On the breaking out of the war, he entered the 
Confederate Army as Captain, of Company "E" of the 
Second Regiment of Arkansas Mounted Rifles, and became 
Colonel of the regiment. He was serving as Colonel when 
elected Governor. He served as Governor till the end of 



THE YEAR IS 62. 507 

the war, and then resumed the practice of law at Arkadel- 
phia, where he died October 23d, 1874, in the 57th year of 
his age. On the 3d of July, 185 1, he was married to Martha 
E. Nash, daughter of Phineas and Phcebe Nash, of Hemp- 
stead county, Arkansas, who survives him. By this marriage 
there are three children living: Duncan Flanagin, Nash 
Flanagin, and Mrs. Laura F. Howison. 

An election for Confederate Congressmen was held, at 
which Thomas B. Hanley was chosen from the First Dis- 
trict; Grandison D. Royston from the Second ; A. H. Gar- 
land from the Third, and Felix I. Batson froni the Fourth 
District. 1 

By the end of 1862, the rigors of war made themselves felt 
in domestic life with pitiless severity. The ordinary neces- 
saries of life had become scarce, and oftentimes were not to 
be had under any circumstances. Not only had Confederate 
money steadily depreciated, and its purchasing power become 
lessened, but many articles of ordinary use, which are usually 
imported, such as tea, coffee, pepper, spices and the like, had 
become exhausted, and were not to be had at any price. In 
lieu of them, people were compelled to employ substitutes. 

For tea, the substitute was the ordinary sassafras, with 
which the woods abounded ; but this found little favor, and 
was only used in cases of necessity. In sickness, other tea 
.substitute's were employed, according to circumstances. 

For coffee substitutes, a number of things were employed, 
such as chickon^, parched rye, parched okra seeds, or combi- 
nations of these. The best substitute was sweet potatoes, 
sliced thin and roasted crisp, with a little sugar or molasses 
stirred in at the browning, and the preparation ground like 
coffee, or pounded with pestle and mortar. This made a 
decoction which one could swallow and subsist on, but could 
not relish. Roasted peanuts, ground or pounded in the same 
way, were also used. This made a drink richer even than 
chocolate, but too rich for constant use. 



508 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Sugar also became scarce, owing to the fact that so large a 
part of Louisiana was in Federal possession, and the sugar 
plantations there were largely uncultivated; but the absence 
of this article was supplemented by large crops of Chinese 
sugar cane, which planters generally turned their attention to, 
and for the conversion of which into material, many sorghum 
mills arose all over the South. So that this ordina^ requisite 
was not so much missed. 

There were no facilities for the evaporation or drying of 
fruit, like there are now; but every farmer turned his attention 
to fruit-drying by whatever means he could devise, and in this 
way savecl much of the large fruit crop of that year. 

Salt was plentiful in this State, an unlimited supply being 
put forth by the Lake Bisteneau Salt Works, in Upper 
Louisiana, from which long wagon trains would go in every 
direction ; but the article which was most unobtainable was 
black pepper. A pound of it would bring $300 in Confed- 
erate money. The only substitute for it was the ordinary 
garden pepper, the red pods, and as there were few or no 
mills for grinding them, the usual method was, after their 
being thoroughly dried in the sun, some one closely veiled 
would improvise a discarded coffee-mill for the purpose, or 
put into use the primitive mortar and pestle ; but it was 
always a process accompanied with profuse weeping or un- 
limited sneezing, and was undertaken as rarely as circum- 
stances would permit. 

Every kind of poultry was becoming scarce ; also sheep, 
cattle and hogs. A turkey was worth $20, and a sheep 
would bring as high as $50. Whoever had a milch cow re- 
garded her as a veritable fortune; and if bread, either corn- 
bread or wheat-bread, could be had to add to milk for a meal, 
it was considered a sufficient cause for thankfulness. Pota- 
toes — sweet and Irish — and peas, composed the staple diet 
whenever they could be had, and whenever any one could 
bring in game from the woods, it seemed like a feast. 



THE YEAR 1862. 



5°9 



Cloth, both cotton and woolen, while not abundant, was 
not scarce, owing to the fact that a loom was at work in every 
possible place ; but it was a tedious task, spinning the thread 
out of which the cloth was woven by the old-time methods of 
the spinning wheel, and the cloth itself was coarse; but it was 
warm and was very durable. 

Hats and shoes were extremely difficult to obtain, and 
when once worn out or lost, could scarcely be replaced. The 
Southern Army was in great need of shoes. A large number 
of soldiers in the field were barefooted in the very dead of 
winter, and were inadequately supplied with clothing for 
either health or comfort. Summer hats were easier to be 
had, and ladies commonly became proficient in plaiting them 
from wheat and rye-straws, from palmetto leaves, and from fine 
shucks of corn; but a felt hat lost could hardly be replaced. 

In the way of drugs and medicines, nothing was to be had. 
The supply was exhausted, and the people had to fall back 
upon their knowledge of simples, and the roots and herbs of 
the field to supply their places. Quinine was not to be had, 
but, as a substitute, people used with some effect the root of a 
wayside herb, called vervinex, and also balls of the button- 
willow of the swamps, as antidotes for malaria, and in fevers. 

Oils for medical purposes were obtained from the seeds of 
the -palma Christi plant, pressed in rude mills — like cider 
presses. The medical practitioner of the day was compelled 
to eke out his knowledge with the scantiest appliances, and 
with the fewest obtainable remedies. 

For lights, tallow-dips and pine-knots were used, and many 
employed the balls of the sycamore tree, floating in grease, 
which made a flickering light, about of the power of an ordi- 
naiy night-lamp. 

And thus, with armies contending daily with each other in 
the field ; with the people at home having a hard struggle 
with privation and want; with the heart-ache at ever}/ fire- 
side, and death stalking everywhere in the land, this dreadful 
year drew to a close. 



CHAPTER XXII 

1863. 



THE PROGRESS OF THE WAR, CONTINUED. GETTYSBURG VICKSBURG 

HELENA PORT HUDSON. 

The opening of the } 7 ear 1863 found the Confederacy pro- 
portionally weaker in men and material than it had been since 
the first year, but its war-spirit was undaunted. The very 
first da} r s were ushered in by the booming of cannon in the 
fierce conflict of Murfreesboro. 

An early incident of the year in Arkansas was the capture 
of Arkansas Post by the Federal General McClernand and 
Admiral Porter. The place was garrisoned by a force of 
about 3,000 Texans and Arkansians, under Brigadier-General 
T. J. Churchill. On the morning of the 8th of January his 
pickets reported a fleet of gun-boats and transports coming up 
the river, and General Churchill made ready to receive them. 
They landed on the 9th, and advanced, supported by cavalry 
and artiller} 7 . Although greatly outnumbering the Confeder- 
ates, their attack was signally repulsed. In the afternoon the 
gun-boats opened fire, and a spirited engagement ensued, 
lasting about two hours. About noon of the 10th, the Fed- 
erals made another advance, attacking the whole line of 
works, simultaneously, by land and water. On the right the}^ 
were twice repulsed in endeavors to turn the works, and on 
the left were driven back with great slaughter, in eight differ- 
ent attacks. The Confederate force was, however, unable to 
repel the vastly superior numbers which entirely surrounded 
their position, and after having stood against their tremend- 

5 IQ 



THE YEAR 1863. 



5 11 



ous assault for two days, they could hold out no longer. Ac- 
cordingly, on the nth, General Churchill surrendered the 
place with the garrison. The men were paroled and subse- 
quently exchanged. General Churchill was carried a prisoner 
to Camp Chase, Ohio, where he was imprisoned three 
months, when, being exchanged, he reported to General Bragg 
for service, and was assigned to the Trans-Mississippi Depart- 
ment. 

In Virginia great events were transpiring. The Army of 
the Potomac becoming greatly disheartened by the defeat at 
Fredericksburg, General Burnside was removed and General 
Joseph Hooker placed in command, January 27th, 1863. 
By spring, Hooker had brought his army to a splendid state 
of efficiency, numbering 120,000 men, with 400 pieces of ar- 
artillery. General Lee had passed the winter back of Fred- 
ericksburg, and by the removal of Longstreet to North Caro- 
lina, with 24,000 men, his army had been reduced .to 50,000. 
In this weakened condition Hooker determined to attack him. 
Accordingly, dividing his army into two columns, he took po- 
sition himself at Chancellorsville with 80,000 men, while 
General Sedgwick, with 40,000, crossed the river below 
Fredericksburg to attack the rear, hoping that, between these 
two, Lee's Army would be crushed. But by adroit move- 
ments Lee baffled the intended circumvallation, and, instead, 
inflicted a crushing defeat — first upon Hooker, at Chancellors- 
ville, May 2d, and upon Sedgwick, at Salem Heights, May 
4th, and so put an end to Hooker's projected campaign. 

The victory at Chancellorsville, however, had one disas- 
trous offset for the Confederates. General Stonewall Jackson, 
their idol, and one of the ablest leaders, was wounded by the 
fire of his own men, on the night of May 2d, and died in 
Richmond, May 10th, at the age of 39 years. 

The prestige of these victories greatly raised the strength of 
Lee's Army. Longstreet was recalled from North Carolina, 
and was made second in command, Lee now had 80,000 



5 1 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



men and 200 cannon, and with these he projected an advance 
into Pennsylvania. Accordingly, he crossed the Potomac 
early in June, and marched northward, Hooker falling back 
before him. The Third Arkansas Regiment was in Lee's 
Army in this movement. It was in the Third Brigade, com- 
manded by General J. B. Robertson, with the First, Fourth 
and Fifth Texas Regiments, in Hood's Division, of Long- 
street's Corps. 

As Lee advanced, great alarm and excitement pervaded the 
North. President Lincoln issued a call for 100,000 fresh 
troops. An immense arm) 7 , numbering 110,000 men, with 
350 pieces of artillery, was gathered to oppose him. After 
some weeks of uneventful proceedings, the two armies en- 
countered each other at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Here, on 
the 1st, 2d and 3d days of July, was fought the greatest bat- 
tle of the war, and one which did more than any single battle 
to accomplish the overthrow of the Confederacy. 

It had not been designed that a battle should occur at the 
place, but the engagement was rather the result of the acci- 
dental meeting of the two armies there. A few days before 
the action took place, Hooker had been relieved of command, 
and General George G. Meade was assigned in his stead. 
The Federal Army occupied a position of extraordinary 
strength along the crest of a line of hills, called Cemetery 
Ridge, which they additionally fortified; their line of battle 
extending, in a crescent shape, a distance of three miles, and 
fairly bristling with artillery. During the first and second 
days the advantage was with the Confederates, but on the 
third day they were signally defeated — the first defeat which 
Lee's Army had ever sustained. 

One of the chief incidents of the battle was the charge against 
the Federal line, made during the third da} 7 , by General George 
G. Pickett, at the head of a force of about 5,000 infantry, 
one of the grandest incidents in the entire history of the war. 
The charge was made over a wide expanse of open country, 



THE TEAB 1863. 



5*3 



subjected to a murderous fire from musketry and artillery. 
It reached and pierced the Federal line, but the noble division 
which made it was annihilated in doing so ; the charge failed, 
and the battle was lost; and from that moment the cause of 
the Confederacy became hopeless. 

The position held by the Third Arkansas in this engage- 
ment was on the right of the Confederate line, opposite 
Sickles' Corps. General Robertson, their Brigade Com- 
mander, being wounded, their brigade was commanded by 
General E. M. Law, the Senior Brigadier. They were put 
into action on the second day, in a charge made by Longstreet 
on Sickles' line. They went into the gap between Sickles 
and Little Round Top, and gaining Sickles' rear helped to 
drive his men in disorder, first from the peach-orchard and 
then from the wheat-field bej^ond. They also took part in 
Longstreet's subsequent attacks on the Federal lines on Ceme- 
tery Ridge. They lost a number of men, both at the peach- 
orchard and in the wheat-field. Among the wounded was 
David E. Barker, of Monticello, of Company "C." He 
was shot in the leg and disabled for many months, but recov- 
ered. He was President of the Senate in the Arkansas Leg- 
islature i 887-1 889. 

The respective losses of the two armies is stated to have 
been: Federal, 3,072 killed, 14,497 wounded, 5,432 miss- 
ing; Confederate, 2,592 killed, 12,709 wounded, 5,150 
missing. After the battle Lee withdrew, July 4th, to 
Hagerstown and the Potomac, where he remained, unmolested 
by Meade's Arm}-, until July 14th. At this date he crossed 
the Potomac back into Virginia. Although many wounded 
were necessarily left behind and at farm-houses on the route, 
yet the wagon train that bore them away, with its accom- 
panying baggage train, and cavalry and artillery to guard it, 
covered a distance of seventeen miles. 

On returning to Virginia, Lee fell back leisurely to Win- 
chester, and Meade following took position at Culpepper 
33 



5H 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Court-house • but there was no farther great conflict between 
them during the year. 

The particular period at which the battle of Gettysburg 
occurred, was one of great disaster to the Confederates. On 
July 4th, the day when Lee began his retreat, Vicksburg 
surrendered to General Grant. It had stood a siege of forty- 
six days, and had been the center of military operations a 
much longer time. It was defended by General John C. 
Pemberton, with a force, including troops in the vicinity, 
numbering 30,000 ; was strongly fortified, and was supplied 
with about 200 cannon. General Grant had moved against 
the place earl} 7 in the year, in connection with his gun-boats, 
having a force of about 150,000 men. After extensive oper- 
ations outside of the place, Pemberton withdrew into the 
trenches, and the place was invested May 18th. From that 
time until its surrender, it was subjected to an almost con- 
stant bombardment from the land batteries, and from gun- 
boat and mortar fleet, to which the Confederate batteries 
replied with equal persistence. During the siege the place 
was several times assaulted, but the attacks were each time 
repulsed. Finally, all food being exhausted, starvation com- 
pelled the garrison to surrender. The men were paroled 
until exchanged, and the officers were sent to prison. 

Among the garrison participating in the defense, were 
some remnants of Cabell's old brigade, the Seventeenth and 
Twenty-first Arkansas Regiments consolidated, under the com- 
mand of Colonel Jordan E. Cravens; McRae's old battalion, 
commanded by Colonel J. M. Hobbs, and called Hobb's Ar- 
kansas Infantiy, and the Twentieth Arkansas, commanded by 
Colonel Dan. W. Jones. There was also a batteiy of heavy guns 
commanded by Major F. W. Hoadley, with Lieutenant John 
B. Baggett, from Corapan}' "B," of the original Fourth Ar- 
kansas Battalion, but now in artillery service. While working 
his guns, Major Hoadley was killed by a shell from the Federal 



THE TEAR 1863. 



5 X 5 



batteries. It exploded in the air just above his head, and a 
fragment struck him full in the breast, killing him instantly. 

After the fall of Vicksburg, General Joe Johnston, who had 
been sent to its relief, fell back and entrenched himself at 
Jackson, hoping to repel the Federal advance. On the ioth 
they approached, and from that time until the 16th there was 
continual skirmishing. Johnston then withdrew first to Bran- 
don, then to Morton, on the Southern Railroad. There were 
a number of Arkansas troops engaged in these movements. 
The Fourth Regiment lost 4 killed and 10 wounded. The 
killed were : Second Lieutenant J. R. Switzer, of Company 
"F;" John H. Morris, of Company "E;" James W. 
Wade, of Company "K," and D. R. East, of Company "B." 

A farther disaster to the Confederates at this date was in an 
attack made by them on the Federal forces at Helena, Ar- 
kansas, July 4th. The place was garrisoned by General 
Curtis, and was strongly fortified. General Theophilas H. 
Holmes, the Confederate Commander, conceived the idea of 
attacking it, and put his army in motion from their camp 
near Little Rock for the purpose. 

The following troops composed the expedition : 

McRae ) s Brigade. — Thirty-Second Arkansas, Colonel J. 
E. Glenn ; Thirty-Sixth Arkansas, Colonel Lucien C. Gause ; 
Thirty-Ninth Arkansas, Colonel R. A. Hart; and Captain 
John G. Marshall's Battery. 

Fagari *s Brigade. — Thirty-Fourth Arkansas, Colonel W. 

H. Brooks; Arkansas, Colonel A. T. Hawthorn; 

Twenty-Ninth Arkansas, Colonel Sam. S. Bell; Twenty-Sec- 
ond Arkansas; Colonel John P. King; and Blocher's and 
Etter's Batteries of Artillery. 

Parson'' s Brigade. — Four regiments of Missourians, with 
L. A. Pindall's Battalion, and Tilden's Battery. 

Walker's Division. — Fifth Arkansas Cavalry, Colonel 
Robert C. Newton ; Dobbin's Cavalry, Colonel Archibald 
Dobbins. 



516 HIS TO BY OF ARKANSAS. 

Marmaduke s s Division. — Green's Brigade. Two regi- 
ments of Missouri Cavalry and one Battalion. 

Shelby* s Brigade. — Two regiments of cavalry and one of 
infantry — Missourians — with Bledsoe's Battery. 

Total force, 7,640 men. 

After a laborious and toilsome march across the country, 
General Holmes appeared before the place late on the 3d, 
and the next morning the attack was made. Blochers' Bat- 
tery, one section of which was commanded by Captain J. V. 
Zimmerman, engaged the Federals at the lower part of their 
defenses, at a place called Fort Curtis, where they were sub- 
jected to a tremendous fire, as also from the heavy guns of 
the gun-boats in the river. The troops of General Price 
coming up at this point, were subjected to the same galling 
fire, and were compelled to retire with considerable loss. 
The main attack was made against the line of breastworks 
farther to the North. In order to reach them, it was neces- 
sary for the men to crawl through abatis work more than 
half a mile, subjected to a destructive fire from volleys of 
musketry and from individual sharpshooters. They suffered 
heavily, and lost man]/ men, but gallantly and resolutely 
pushed on past the abatis, and made a grand rush for the 
breastworks. Sweeping like an avalanche up to the hill 
tops, and over the line of works, they poured a destructive fire 
on the broken ranks of the Federals, who fled before them. 

But though a lodgment had thus been made in the works, 
it was impossible to hold it. The Federal line re-formed and 
came back with a determined effort, driving: out the Confed- 
erates, and re-taking the works they had lost. In the retreat 
through the abatis, followed by the rapid fire of the now 
triumphant Federals, the Confederates lost heavily, and find- 
ing the point too strong for assault, desisted from further 
..attack. J The engagement, which had begun about seven in 
the morning, had closed by noon, and in the afternoon the 



THE YEAS 1863. 



5 T 7 



Confederate force withdrew to Searcy, where they established 
camp. 

Of General Dandridge McRae's Brigade three regiments, 
Glenn's, Gause's and Hart's, took part in the engagement, 
and suffered a loss of over 400 in killed, wounded and miss- 
ing. The brigade, in making its attack, when reaching the 
distance of 150 yards from the fortification, was enfiladed by 
both musketry and artillery on each flank, which, together 
with the fire in front, inflicted on them the terrible loss the}' 
met. Their attack was made at the point called Graveyard 
Hill, and in the progress of it Colonel Hart was killed at the 
head of his command. Lieutenant William F. Rector, Ad- 
jutant of the regiment, son of Governor Henry M. Rector, 
was killed while mounting the breastworks, waving his cap 
and cheering his men. Major J. C. Martin, of Hart's Regi- 
ment, Major A. F. Stephenson, of Gause's Regiment, were 
wounded. Captains Thomas A. Eppes, of Gause's Regi- 
ment, and J. C. Garland, of Glenn's, were killed. 

Fagan's Brigade sustained heavy losses, and did hard 
fighting from daylight till about eleven o'clock in the day, 
when they were ordered by General Holmes to retire. They 
pushed their way through the fallen timber 'and through 
ravines, and attacked the works, driving the Federals from 
first one line of rifle pits to another, until the)'' took refuge in 
the fort on Hindman's Hill. The fire from this fort, which 
was not more than 100 or 150 yards away, was most de- 
structive, and thinned the Confederate ranks every moment. 
The day was extremely hot and sultry; the men were ex- 
hausted, and after making unsuccessful efforts to storm the 
fort, were withdrawn from the field. 



S'8 



HIS TORT OF ARKANSAS. 



The following is a list of casualties among the Arkansas 
troops engaged : 





KILLED. 


WOUNDED. 


MISSING. 


3 




COMMAND. 


eJ 




CS 


t"3 . 


OS 


W 


OFFICERS KILLED. 











































































Price's Division. 
















Captain J. R. Morris, Lieu- 


McRae's Brigade. 
















tenants R. B. Camp. Thos. 


Thirty-Second Arkansas. 


5 


12 


7 


39 


1 


25 


89 


A. Eppes, R. F. McKinney 
















and W. T. Tompkins. 


Thirty-Sixth Arkansas. 


2 


19 


7 


63 


4 


64 


159 


Captain J.- C. Garland and 
Lieutenant J. R. Harlan. 


Thirty-Nmth Arkansas. 


1 


7 


8 


3S 


5 


31 


93 


Lieutenant W. F. Rector. 


Marshall's Battery. 






1 


5 


10 


123 


6 
347 




Total. 


s 


38 


23 


145 




Fagan's Brigade. 
















Brooks' Regiment. 








1 






1 




Hawthorn's Regiment. 


o 


15 


3 


50 


6 


61 


137 




Bell's Regiment. 




14 


1 


16 


24 


167 


222 




King's Regiment. 




16 


6 


38 




15 


75 




Total. 


2 


45 


10 


105 


30 


243 


435 




Walter's Division. 


















Fifth Arkansas Cavalry.* 


















Dobbins' Regiment. 




4 




8 






12 




Grand Total. 


10 


142 


33 


258 


40 


366 


794 





(*) List of casualties not given. 

Shortly after the fall of Vicksburg, also occurred the sur- 
render of Port Hudson. This was a strongly fortified point 
on the river, forty miles below Vicksburg, and was being held 
as an outpost to Vicksburg, to keep in check advances against 
that place. It had been put in a state of defense in 1862 by 
General William N. R. Beall, an officer of great engineering 
skill and ability, and so well were the works constructed that 
they stood successfully a longer siege even than Vicksburg. 
The fortifications consisted of a formidable line of earth- 
works, extending in the arc of a circle a distance of five miles 
with a river front of about one mile, the whole encircling a 
little town called Port Hudson. The place was garrisoned by 
about 5,000 men, mostly Arkansians, who were at first under 
command of General Beall, but shortly before the siege. began, 



THE YEAR 1863. 



S l 9 



General Frank Gardner was placed in command, General 
Beall commanding a brigade under him. 

The following Arkansas troops were part of the garrison : 
Ninth Arkansas, Colonel Isaac L. Dunlap ; Tenth Arkansas, 
Colonel A. R. Witt; part of the Eleventh, Colonel Logan; 
the Twelfth, Colonel T. J. Reid ; Fifteenth, Colonel Ben.W. 
Johnson; Sixteenth, Colonel Provence ; Seventeenth, Colonel 
John Griffith ; Eighteenth, commanded by Lieutenant-Col- 
onel W. N. Parrish ; Twenty-third, Colonel O. P. Lyles, and 
Jones' Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Batt. Jones. Parts of 
the Eleventh, Colonel Logan, and Fourteenth, Colonel 
Powers, were operating as cavalry before the siege began, 
mainly to arrest the progress of Grierson's Raiders, and after 
the investiture of the place, they being outside, made their way 
to the Trans-Mississippi Department, and escaped the siege. 
General Albert Rust was also in command of a brigade, but 
before the siege he was transferred to the Trans-Mississippi 
Department. The remainder of the garrison consisted of 
Louisiana troops. 

Early in March, 1863, it was known that the Federal 
forces, under General Nathaniel P. Banks, numbering from 
20,000 to 30,000 men, were advancing. On the 14th of 
March, Rust's Brigade, which was operating outside the fort, 
felt the advance of the Federals and tried to draw them on. 
At the same date Commodore Farragut, with the gun-boat 
fleet, made an attempt to run past the batteries at night. 
Four gun-boats were selected for the effort : the flagship 
"Hartford," with the "Kineo" lashed to her as a consort, 
the "Richmond" and the "Mississippi" steamed out for the 
run. The "Kineo" was lashed to the "Hartford" in such a 
way as to form a shield or protection to her from the batteries, 
and they alone made the run successfully, and passed on up 
the river. The "Richmond" was disabled, and the "Mis- 
sissippi" was blown up. No second attempt of the kind was 
ever made. 



C20 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

After this all remained quiet in camp until May 8th, when, 
in the afternoon of that clay, the mortar-boats opened fire for 
the purpose of taking their range. On the 20th of May, the 
first fight between the land forces took place. The Confed- 
erates were holding a small fort on Thompson's Creek, called 
Fort Cotton, seven miles out, when they met the advance of 
General Augur's forces. The Confederate force consisted of 
parts of two regiments — the Tenth and Seventeenth. The 
Federals came upon them in great numbers, and fired several 
volleys, wounding a few men. They made prisoner of Colonel 
Witt, of the Tenth; Captain George A. Merrick then took 
command. The force of the Tenth at the place was four 
companies. After exchanging several volle}^, the Confed- 
erates retreated to the fortifications. 

From Fort Cotton there was quite a stretch of open space 
lying down hill, before reaching the woods. While passing 
over this space on their retreat under the rapid fire of the 
large Federal force engaging them, the Confederate loss was 
considerable. On the next day, Thursday, May 21st, Gen- 
eral Banks made assault on the works in force, but it was 
easily repulsed, and with considerable loss to him. Following 
this attack, and on the same day, the place was closely in- 
vested and the siege began. The firing by the mortar and 
gun-boat fleet was incessant, and from the land batteries was 
at all times constant, and in times of attacks was furious and 
unintermitted. In order to break down the endurance of the 
garrison by preventing them from sleeping, the mortar-boats 
threw two shells every half hour during the day, and two 
every fifteen minutes in the night, every day of the time that 
the siege lasted. For a while this, with the unlimited mus- 
ketry fire and the constant roar of the land batteries, did in 
fact prevent any sleeping among the besieged, until from 
utter exhaustion men would fall asleep standing up. By and 
by they learned the device of sleeping and watching in pairs. 
The shells could be easily dodged either day or night when 



THE YEAR 1863. 



5 21 



seen to be corning, and the plan was for one man to lie clown 
and sleep while his comrade watched. When the shell was 
seen rising in the air, the sleeper would be awakened, and after 
dodging the missive would lie down to sleep again. In this 
way a half hour's uninterrupted sleep could be had by da}', 
and a quarter hour by night, which being repeated for some 
hours, a man would get enough sleep to enable him to en- 
dure. He would then take turn to watch, while his com- 
rade slept in the same wa} T . 

Several times during the siege direct assault was made on 
the works, which was each time repulsed. The country for a 
long distance about the works, in all directions, was an open 
country, only obstructed by large qualities of abattis work, 
which the Confederates had placed for additional defense, 
thus rendering it susceptible of being swept a great distance 
by the fire of artillery and small arms. The most consider- 
able of these attempts was on the 14th of June, when General 
Banks made the heaviest and hottest tight of the siege, in 
which his men v/ere beaten off with frightful carnage. They 
came right up to the ditch on the outside of the works, and 
many leaped into the ditch and were made prisoners, while 
both in advance and retreat over the wide open plain they 
were fearfully cut clown by the terrible fire from the Confed- 
erates, protected by their works. 

One of the most gallant acts of this occasion was the 
charge made by a regiment of New York Zouaves, attired in 
the showy uniforms of red, baggy trousers, tight, blue jackets, 
red fez caps and white leggins. They came up first at a 
quick step and then at a double quick, a distance of 600 yards, 
bringing with them fascines, or scaling ladders, to leap the 
ditch and scale the parapet. Their conspicuous dress made 
them such a target for the aim of the riflemen, that although 
they started a full regiment, so many had been cut down on 
the plain, that only 75 and one officer, a lieutenant, reached 
the works, and they were made prisoners. On reaching the 



522 HI 8 TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

ditch, which was about 12 feet wide and 10 feet deep, finding 
they were unable to cross, and that to go back would be cer- 
tain death, they called out to surrender. The Confederates 
inside the works directed them to jump into the ditch, and re- 
main there until night, and not to attempt at that time to 
come inside the works, as they were likely to be shot by their 
own men in doing so. Obeying the directions, they leaped into 
the ditch, and at night were taken into the works, where they 
were held as prisoners, and employed to nurse the sick, and 
perform like offices, until the place surrendered. 

A part of Bank's Arm)', in these movements, consisted of 
colored troops. In this particular assault they experienced 
tremendous loss, from becoming entangled in the abattis, 
where they were a plain mark for the sharpshooters, and 
were stricken down in great numbers. 

The greatest loss the Confederates experienced during the 
siege was from sharpshooting. The Federal sharpshooters 
were remarkably accurate in their aim, until it became dan- 
gerous to expose any portion of the body above the works. 
It became a frequent ruse with the besieged to draw the fire 
of their assailants by putting a cap on the end of a stick or 
bayonet, and elevating it above the top of the works, when 
instantly it would be made the target for every rifle in reach, 
and swarms of bullets would whistle and sing about it. Then 
before time for reloading the men in the works would deliver 
their fire in return in comparative safety. 

To supply themselves with water, the Confederates resorted to 
a small spring in the rear of their lines. Becoming apprised of 
this, Federal sharpshooters covered the point, and in one fore- 
noon six men were killed. After that the spring was only- 
visited at night, until a trench was dug leading to it, in which 
a man could proceed in safety. Following one of Banks' as- 
saults, the wounded lay thick close to the works, and, in the 
extreme heat of the season, were moaning pitiously for water. 
Actuated by the ordinary principles of humanity, a Confed- 



THE YEAB IS 63. 



5 2 3 



erate came out of a rifle-pit and carried a canteen of water to 
a wounded Federal. As he did so, he was shot by a Fed- 
eral sharpshooter. After this no one would go on a similar 
errand, but oftentimes a canteen filled with water would be 
thrown from the works, to fall within reach of the wounded. 
Yet sometimes from most dangerous situations men escaped 
unhurt. One day Thomas Panke}^ of Company "G," Tenth 
Arkansas, lay down and fell asleep. In a few moments a 
shell falling burrowed in the earth beneath him, and explod- 
ing, hurled the man a distance of over forty feet. He made a 
circuit in the air, and fell outside of the works. Instantly 
John Pankey, his brother, with Sergeant Blassingame, of the 
same company, leaped over the works, recovered the bod}', 
and got back safely with it. Thomas Pankey, although 
frightfully mangled, lived until next day. 

Casualties among men and officers were frequent. Lieu- 
tenant Seay, of Company "H," of the Tenth, was wounded 
in the leg, and died from exhaustion. Lieutenant Burnett, of 
Company "G," same regiment, was so severely wounded in 
the foot as to render amputation necessary. Lieutenant Dun- 
can was struck in the forehead by a fragment of a shell, 
making a large hole in his head, from which a considerable 
portion of the brain was taken, but he survived. Lieutenant- 
Colonel E. Co Jordan, of the Twelfth Arkansas, was killed 
by a fragment of a shell. Lieutenant Hemmingway, Adju- 
'tant, and Captain Johnson, of the same regiment, and Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Pixley, of the Sixteenth Arkansas, were killed. 

By the middle of June provisions had begun to grow scarce. 
There had been at first cattle and sheep for subsistance, but 
these had now been consumed. A mill in the back part of 
the defended territory, but in plain view of the Federal lines, 
supplied meal and flour for bread, and there was a quantity 
of corn and wheat stored in it. The Federal batteries made 
persistent efforts to destroy the mill, but without success. A 
colonel of artillery offered ten dollars to any gunner who 



524 IIISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

would set the mill afire. One day, about this date, a sergeant 
sighted his gun and dropped a shell inside the mill, which 
took fire in the explosion, and was burned to the ground with 
all its contents. The besieged had no means of extinguishing 
the flames, and had no men to spare for the purpose, and 
were regretfully compelled to see their last source of obtaining 
bread swept away before their eyes. Their subsistance was 
now reduced to sugar, molasses and peas. Of this latter they 
had a quantity stored in an old church, hidden from view in 
a grove of trees, which prevented its sharing the fate of the 
mill. 

By the 1st of July, their provisions had run so low that it 
became necessary to slaughter the mules of the teams, and 
from that time on rations of mule-meat were regularly issued 
to the men. Any squeamishness at partaking of such fare was 
put to flight by the sharp pangs of hunger, and the flesh of 
the animals was eaten as readily as that of beeves would or- 
dinarily be. 

As the siege progressed, it became quite the custom for the 
Federal pickets and the men in the entrenchments to talk 
across to each other in the night. On the night of Jul;/ 7th, 
the Federal pickets called out to the Confederates in the 
trenches announcing the fall of Vicksburg, which they proved 
by sending in an official copy of General Grant's dispatch to 
General Banks, announcing the capitulation of that place on 
the 4th. On the next day, July 8th, negotiations for capitu- 
lation were conducted between the commanders, and on the 
9th the surrender was made. It had stood actual siege 49 
days. Its defense was one of the most heroic acts of the war. 
About 3,000 active men, and 1,250 sick or wounded, were 
surrendered. Twenty pieces of heavy artillery, 31 of light 
artillery, and 30 pieces dismounted, were surrendered. The 
Confederate loss, in killed, was estimated at 225. 

The non-commissioned officers and privates were paroled, 
and the commissioned officers were sent as prisoners to John- 



THE YEAR 1863. 



5 2 5 



son's Island, in Lake Erie, near Cleveland, Ohio, where they 
remained in prison for the rest of the time, only regaining 
their liberty at the close of the war. 

With the fall of Port Hudson, the Mississippi passed into 
the possession of the Federals, from its headwaters to the sea, 
and the Confederacy was cut in twain. 

The following; is a list of killed or wounded in the Twelfth 



& 



Arkansas Regiment, during the siege : Field and Staff 
officers. — Killed : Lieutenant-Colonel E. C. Jordan and 
Adjutant W. L. Hemmingway. Wounded - : Captain C. H. 
Jonas, Quartermaster. 

Company "A." — Killed: Sergeant J. J. Sutton. Wounded: 
Sergeant W. A. Sublett and Corporal J. M. Shackelford. 

Company U B," — Privates Isaac Newton and Munn 
Gorum. 

Company "C." — -Wounded: Captain H. L. W. Johnson, 
leg shot off, and private R. J. Barnes. 

Company "D."- Privates R. W. Williams and N. B. 
Holloway. 

Company "E."— Killed : Martin Guest and M. Elliott. 
Wounded : J. T. Jeans, John Avery and J. T. Nichols. 

Company "F." — Killed: Private J. C. Wallingford. 
Wounded: John Goodrich. 

Company "G."— Killed : Privates James W. Coulter and 
H. L. Appleton. Wounded: Sergeant B. F. Humphrey's 
right foot shot off, and George H. Brown shot through both 
legs. 

Company "H." — Killed: Corporal Marion Burke and 
private James Elder. Wounded : Smith Turner. 

Company "I." — Wounded : Lieutenant Andy Archer and 
Corporal-Lieutenant McCoy. 

Company "K." — Killed: Sergeant Joseph Garnett and 
private Isaac Fugett. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

1863. 



PROGRESS OF THE WAR, CONTINUED. BATTLES OF CHICKAMAUGA, MISSION- 
ARY RIDGE, AND RINGGOLD GAP. 

After the retreat of the Confederates from Helena, they 
had withdrawn first to Searcy, and eventually to near Little 
Rock, which place had been fortified with a line of earth- 
works, placed on the north bank of the river, but there were 
no defenses on the south bank. General Holmes was suc- 
ceeded in command by General Sterling Price, and the Fed- 
eral forces were placed under command of General Frederick 
Steele. In the latter part of August, General Steele set out 
with a force of about 20,000 men, advancing on Little Rock. 
A part of the force was moved by boat down the Mississippi, 
and up the White river, to Devall's Bluff, which was made 
the point of concentration, and from which the army marched 
for Little Rock. 

The following is the chronological order of incidents lead- 
ing up to this event : 

August 1st to 8th," 1863, Davidson's Cavalry Division 
moves from Wittsburg to Clarendon ; August 10th, Steele's 
column advances from Helena; August 14th, skirmish at 
West Point ; August 16th, skirmish at Harrison's Landing; 
August 17th, skirmish at Grand Prairie; August 25th, skir- 
mish at Brownsville; August 26th, skirmish at Ba3'ou Meto; 
August 27th, action at Reed's Bridge, on Bayou Meto; 
x\ugust 30th, skirmish at Shallow Ford, on Bayou Meto ; 

526 



GENERAL STERLING PRICE. 



528 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

September 2d, skirmish near Shallow Ford; September 7th, 
skirmish at Ashley's Mills; September 10th, engagement at 
Fourche Bayou, and capture of Little Rock. 

On approaching the town, Steele manoeuvered to take the 
fortifications in reverse by crossing a column of cavalry, under 
General J. W. Davidson, to the south bank of the river, 
about 9 miles below the town, while he, with the main body 
of troops, advanced along the north bank. The Confederates 
withdrew to the south bank to repel the advance in that di- 
rection, crossing on a pontoon bridge at about 11 o'clock of 
the day. 

Line of battle was formed near Fourche Dam, about four 
miles from town, and preparations were made for a general 
engagement. The Federal advance was checked, and in a 
brilliant dash the Confederates captured four pieces of artillery, 
when orders were given by General Price for a retreat. 
Breaking up their positions, the Confederates retired slowly, 
pressed by the advancing cavalry, and under artillery fire. 
The town was evacuated at about 5 o'clock in the afternoon, 
and from that time until 2 o'clock in the morning, the army 
was moving in. It was a season of severe draught, in which 
the dust was almost insufferable, there having been no rain 
for many weeks. 

In the meantime General Steele, advancing along the north 
bank of the river, came to the entrenchments, and finding 
them deserted passed over them, and planting batteries op- 
posite the town opened fire with some few discharges, but 
which ceased as soon as it became known that the place was 
being evacuated. 

While the Confederate Army lay near Little Rock, the 
last duel fought in Arkansas occurred. It was between Gen- 
erals L. Marsh Walker and John S. Marmaduke, lately 
Governor of Missouri, both of whom were generals in the 
Confederate forces, encamped near. The difficulty grew out 
of remarks made by Marmaduke, relative to Walker, who 



THE YEAR 1863. 



5 2 9 



had commanded the Confederate troops in an engagement at 
Reed's Bridge, a short time previous, Marmaduke command- 
ing a division under him. Upon the remarks coming to his 
knowledge, Walker challenged Marmaduke. The parties 
met in the latter part of August, near the Godfrey Lefeve 
place, a short distance from Little Rock, and fought with pis- 
tols. General Walker was wounded, and was taken to Little 
Rock, where he died next day. He was buried with military 
honors in Mount Holly Cemeter}^.' 

In the Tennessee Armies no conflict had taken place since 
Murfreesboro. Bragg had retreated to Tullahoma, where he 
lay for some time. Rosecranz made no advance until June, 
and when he did so, Bragg fell back from time to time until 
September; when, having received re-enforcements, and ex- 
pecting a farther addition of 12,000 men under Longstreet, 
who had been sent from Lee's Army for his assistance, he de- 
termined to give battle, with a view of re-possessing himself 
of Chattanooga, which the Federals had occupied Septem- 
ber 9th. His force consisted of nearly 50,000, while that 
of Rosecranz was about 65,000. He, accordingly, attacked 
Rosecranz at Chickamauga, Friday afternoon, September 18th. 
The battle began with a hot skirmish, in which the Federals 
were driven across Chickamauga creek, and both armies 
bivouacked where night found them. 

That night General Hood arrived with 5,000 men, the ad- 
advance of Longstreet's expected re-enforcements, and were 
put into action the next day. Among them was the Third 
Arkansas, in Robertson's Brigade. They were at the left 
center of the Confederate line. 

In the forenoon of the 19th the battle began, with a brilliant 
success by Liddell's Division, 2,000 strong, driving the Fed- 
erals in disorder before them, and capturing two batteries. 
At 2 130, p. m., General Hood, with his and Bushrocl Johnson's 
Divisions, gained a decisive success, crushing the Federal 

34 



THE YEAB 1863. 



53 



right center, capturing artillery and many prisoners. But the 
greatest success of the day was that achieved by Cleburne's 
Division. Late in the afternoon they were selected to assault 
an important point, which had been held against every attack, 
arid were marched six miles to come on the field. The battle 
had lulled everywhere. Cleburne gave the order to advance, 
and the men came up as coolly and unconcernedly as if they 
were going on parade. Many of the men were smoking 
pipes, saying, as they passed to the front: "We'll attend to 
them." 

At the proper place the line was formed, and the order was 
given to charge. Perhaps never, in so short time, was there a 
deadlier struggle. A deafening and continuous roar of cannon 
and musketry marked the bloody work. Cleburne led his 
veterans to the attack with the momentum of a tornado. The 
works were captured, with 300 prisoners, two stands of colors, 
and several pieces of artillery. It was all over in fifteen 
minutes. In this charge General Lucius Polk's Brigade cap- 
tured a battery of six twelve-pound Napoleon guns. Every 
gunner, driver and horse in the battery was killed. In one 
place nineteen horses lay piled one upon another. That night 
the division bivouacked on the gory ground they had won. 

When night came, everything was highly favorable to the 
Confederates. Two-thirds of the Federal force had been 
driven from the field, routed and disordered, and by a flank 
movement Thomas' men, who alone remained firm, were 
enclosed by Polk's men in his front, and Longstreet's men in 
his rear, their lines forming the two arms of a letter V. All 
night long, however, Thomas' men worked building breast- 
works. All night long the ringing of axes could be heard as 
they chopped logs and got them into position, so that when 
daylight dawned they had constructed a considerable line of 
defenses. That night General Longstreet arrived, and was 
assigned to command the left wing, with Hood's and Buck- 
ner's Corps, and Hindman's Division, under him, numbering 



53- 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



22,850 infantry and artillery, and 4,000 cavalry, under Gen- 
eral Wheeler. 

Bragg had given orders to Polk to attack in front at day- 
light, and to Longstreet to attack in rear as soon as he should 
hear Polk's guns in front. Daylight, of Sunday, September 
20th, came, and Polk did not attack. Seven o'clock, eight 
o'clock, nine o'clock came and passed, and still no attack 
was made. In the utmost impatience, Bragg sent orders to 
Polk to attack at once, and at ten o'clock the battle began. 
It was afterwards explained that Polk had given the necessary 
orders for a daylight attack, but they did not reach the sub- 
ordinate commanders until seven o'clock, at which time the 
troops were engaged in receiving rations. No disposition had 
been made for an attack, and the necessary formations could 
not be made until ten. The five hours' delay had enabled 
Thomas' men to greatly strengthen their position, so that 
when the attack was made, it was all the more vigorously re- 
sisted. 

When the battle opened, General Longstreet led a brilliant 
assault, in which he gained considerable advantage over the 
Federal right and center, in which two army corps were 
driven from the field in utter rout. On the Federal left, how- 
ever, General Thomas held his ground, and repelled the Con- 
federate attacks. Around his position the battle was the 
fiercest. 

General Hindman, in his report, speaking of an attack made 
in the afternoon, said : 

"In a few minutes a terrible contest ensued, which con- 
tinued at close quarters, without an}^ intermission, over four 
hours. Our troops attacked again and again, with a courage 
worthy of their past achievements. The enemy fought with 
determined obstinacy, and repeatedly repulsed us, but only 
to be again assailed. As showing the fierceness of the fight, 
I mention that on our extreme left the bayonet was used, and 
men also killed and wounded with clubbed muskets. A little 



THE YEAR 1863. 533 

after four, the enemy was re-enforced, and advanced with loud 
shouts upon our right, but was repulsed by Anderson and 
Kershaw." 

At night-fall, Bragg, finding he could not dislodge them, de- 
sisted from farther attack. That night Thomas retreated to 
Rossville, leaving the field in possession of the Confederates. 
The Confederates captured 8,000 prisoners, 57 cannon, 15,- 
000 stands of small arms, and about 40 standards. 

The strength of Rosecranz' Army, in the three days' strug- 
gle, was 64,362. Bragg opened with 33,583 the first day ; 
but, being re-inforced by Longstreet on the second day, raised 
his force to 47,321. 

All the Arkansas troops in the Army of Tennessee took 
part in this engagement. The First Rifles, Colonel Harper ; 
the Second Rifles, Colonel Williamson; the First Infantr} 7 , 
Lieutenant-Colonel William Martin ; the Second Infantry ; 
the Fifteenth and Twenty-fourth, under Colonel Warfleld ; 
the Third Arkansas, in Hood's Division ; the Fourth, the 
Thirty-first and the Fourth Battalion consolidated, under 
command of Major J. A. Ross; the Fifth, Colonel Lucius 
Featherston, and Lieutenant-Colonel John Edward Mumry ; 
the Sixth and Seventh consolidated, Colonel Sam. Smith ; 
the Eighth, Colonel Kelley ; Thirteenth, Colonel J. A. Mc- 
Neeley; Twenty-fifth, Colonel Hufstedler 9 being in Liddell's, 
Govan's, McNair's and Lucius Polk's Brigades, Shoup's 
Artillery also took part, and suffered heavily. 

On the evening of the 20th, McNair's Brigade, composed 
of the First and Second Rifles ; Fourth, Twenty-fifth and 
Thirty-first Arkansas, Fourth Battalion and Humphrey's 
Battery, were on the extreme left of the Confederate line, 
where the Federals undertook to turn their flank. The am- 
munition of the brigade was almost expended ; but, making a 
charge, they drove back the Federal right, and put an end to 
the fight in this part of the field. On the repulse of the 



f * mm ^ w .v T f V F >*& ?. 







P 5 s 



THE YEAB IS 63. 



535 



Federals, the brigade set up a shout of victory, which was 
taken up along the whole line. 

On the 19th, at about 12 o'clock, General Gregg's Brigade, 
which was just in front of McNair's, engaged the Federals, 
and being heavily assailed, sent, for re-inforcements. The 
Twenty-fifth Arkansas and Thirty-ninth North Carolina 
moved up, and joining with them the Fourth and Thirty-first 
Arkansas, and Fourth Battalion, in connection with Gregg's 
men, charged the Federals and drove them over a half a mile. 
The supply of ammunition being exhausted, the brigade fell 
back to replenish their cartridge-boxes, and bivouacked for the 
night in their first position. On the next day the brigade 
eno-asfed the Federals, and drove them out of a long line of 
breast-works, pursuing them some distance. In the course of 
the pursuit, seeing a battery of artillery on a hill to the left, a 
charge was made on it, and every gun was captured, 10 in 
number, 8 of them were at once carried to the rear. Private 
J. O. Tibbetts, of Company "K," of the Fourth Arkansas, 
who was bearing the regimental colors — the regular color- 
bearer, Frank Murf, having been wounded early in the action — 
was the first color-bearer to reach the captured guns, and 
to plant his flag above them. 

In the last charge, General McNair was severely wounded 
in the thigh, and left the command of the brigade to Colonel 
Robert W. Harper, who shortly after fell mortally wounded, 
and then the command devolved upon Colonel D. A. Cole- 
man, of the Thirth-ninth North Carolina. 

The following were the losses in McNair's Brigade : 
Fourth Arkansas, 10 killed; 37 wounded; 8 missing; total, 
55; Thirty-first Arkansas, 5 killed ; 12 wounded; 2 missing; 
total, 19; Fourth Arkansas Battalion, 1 killed; 12 wounded; 
6 missing; total 19. Total loss of these regiments, 93. 

They went into the battle with an aggregate strength of 250 
men, and fought well in every part of the field where en- 
gaged. Their sum total of loss was nearly forty per cent, of 
their number. 



536 HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Of those lost in the Fourth Regiment the following were 
killed : J. M. Crews, Company "A;" J. F. Cheatham, Com- 
pany "B;" R. J. Warren, First Sergeant, Company "B;" 
Harrison Wilder, Company "C;" Captain J. F. Coatney, 
Company "D;" John M. Kilgore, Company "D ;" L. 
McClelland, Company "D •" Captain Thomas A. Smith, 
Company "K;" Corporal William M. Avery, Company 
"K;" G. Ainsworth, Company "K." 

The following died of wounds received in the battle : George 
Vandever, Company "C," and F.W.Wilson, Company "K." 

In the First Arkansas Infantry of General Lucius E. Polk's 
Brigade, S. N. Greenwood, Adjutant of the regiment, was 
killed. This was the only regiment of Arkansians under Cle- 
burne in this battle, the other Arkansas Regiments having a 
short time previously been placed in a brigade under General 
St. John R. Liddell. After the battle of Chickamauga, this 
brigade was returned to Cleburne's Division and remained 
with him to the end. 

Colonel Lucius Featherston, commanding the Fifth Arkan- 
sas, was killed. John Edward Murray succeeded to the com- 
mand. Colonel Gillespie, of the Sixth and Seventh consoli- 
dated, was wounded and died from his wounds. In the Sixth 
Arkansas, Captain Joseph W. Martin was wounded. In 
Captain John G. Fletcher's Compaq- , Frederick Brack and 
E. H. Watson were killed, and William C. Ratcliffe was 
wounded; also Charles M. Norwood was wounded, losing 
his leg. 

The losses on both sides in this terrible battle were very 
heavy. The Federal loss is given at 16,179, and that of the 
Confederates at about 12,000. 

Thus was fought the battle of Chickamauga. The name in 
the Indian language signifies "River of Death," as indeed it 
proved to be. 

After this battle, Bragg occupied Missionary Ridge and 
Lookout Mountain, two points extremely strong by nature, 



THE YEAB 1863. 



537 



overlooking the city of Chattanooga. Their summits he 
crowned with artillery and made the points additionally strong 
by entrenchments and earthworks from base to cope, behind 
which he placed his veteran army. Human skill combining 
with the opportunities of nature could hardly create a stronger 
point. At this juncture, however, he committed the error of 
sending Longstreet with his corps to Knoxville, no miles, to 
kry siege to that place garrisoned by General Burnside, while 
he himself by commanding the bases of supply, practically 
laid siege to Chattanooga. General Grant having been placed 
in command of the Federal Arirry, concentrated large re- 
enforcements to relieve Chattanooga, and learning that Bragg 
had weakened his force by detaching Longstreet, notwith- 
standing his strong positions, attacked simultaneously the two 
points which represented respectively Bragg's right and left — 
the left, Lookout Mountain ; the right, Missionary Ridge. 
General Hooker led the attack against Lookout Mountain, 
and Sherman that at Missionary Ridge, while Grant himself 
commanded the center. Earl}' on the morning of the 24th of 
November, under cover of a dense fog, Hooker's command 
climbed the sides of the mountain, and completely surprised 
the Confederates, driving them out of their entrenchments. 
During the night the Confederates withdrew, leaving him 
in entire possession of that height. 

On the 25th, Sherman attacked Missionary Ridge. There 
the contest was extremely stubborn, and the Confederates 
repelled attack after attack. To resist these onslaughts, Bragg 
concentrated his troops on his right, and thereby weakened 
his center. When this was done, Grant made a tremendous 
attack on that point, which, although strenuously resisted, 
swept entirely through it, driving the Confederates backward 
to the top of the mountain. Finally, in a complete panic, 
the Confederate lines gave way, except the right, and went 
rushing down the mountain side. Nothing but the firmness 
of the right wing saved their army from total destruction. 



53B 



111 S TOBY OF AB KANSAS. 



The hottest fighting of the day had been on the right. 
Cleburne's Division held a position here, and repelled attack 
after attack made on it. So furious had been the righting, 
that they did not know that the rest of the arrrry had been 
defeated, until about sundown, when they were ordered to 
interpose between the Federals flushed with victory, and the 
demoralized Confederates. Having repulsed the Federal 
attacks at all points, they were cheering for victory when 
Grant broke through the center. The work of destruction 
had been terrible. The righting was at such close quarters, 
that the Confederates could not use artillery, the guns could 
not be sufficiently depressed to fire down-hill. So the artil- 
lerists lit the bombs, and with their hands sent them plunging 
down the mountain side to scatter destruction when they 
exploded below. Aided by the darkness, the broken army 
drew off through Ringgold Gap, and on the next morning 
Sherman, Hooker and Palmer, with their respective com- 
mands, started in pursuit. 

The Federal loss in these engagements was stated at 5,616, 
of whom 757 were killed, 4,529 wounded, and 330 missing. 
The Confederate loss in killed and wounded was 3,100, but 
they lost 6,142 prisoners, with 40 guns and 7,000 stand of 
small arms. 

In the battle of Missionary Ridge, the brunt of the long 
day's fight by Cleburne's Division was borne by Smith's 
Texas Brigade, and the Second, Fifteenth and Twenty-fourth 
Arkansas, consolidated, of Govan's Brigade, together with 
Swett's and Key's Batteries. The Second, Fifteenth and 
Twenty-fourth consolidated, and captured a stand of colors. 
The other portions of the division were also heavily engaged 
skirmishing, and were held as reserves until the retreat was 
ordered, when General Polk's Brigade was sent to hold the 
Shallow Ford bridge, and Govan's Brigade to dispute the 
Federal advance on the Shallow Ford road. The loss in the 



540 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



three brigades of the division engaged in the battle was 42 
killed, 178 wounded, and 2 missing. 

The duty of covering the rear in the retreat was assigned 
to General Cleburne, and the manner in which he accom- 
plished it is one of the most brilliant incidents of the war. 
With a bare handful of men, he established himself in Ring- 
gold Gap, to oppose the advance of three divisions, number- 
ing five times more than his own, and not only held them at 
bay, but so checked their advance that the pursuit was aban- 
doned, and the pursuers returned to Chattanooga. 

He had with him General Lucius E. Polk's Brigade, 545 
men, Arkansians and Tennesseeans ; Smith's Texas Brigade, 
1,016 men; Liddell's Brigade, 1,016 men, Arkansians, and 
Lowrey's Brigade, 1,330 men, Alabamians and Mississippi- 
ans, the whole aggregating 4,157 men, and a section of Sem- 
ple's Battery, under Lieutenant Goldthwaite, with 2 Napoleon 
guns. Hooker's advance attacked them posted in the gap, 
in the early forenoon, and a battle began which lasted over 
five hours. Again and again the Federal columns assaulted 
Cleburne's position, but he was not to be dislodged. His 
men stood as firm as the mountains they were among. It 
was a most furious hand-to-hand combat, and at such close 
quarters that the Confederates often fought with rocks. A 
number of men were wounded in this way. Towards two 
o'clock the Federals drew off, having lost nearly a thousand 
men. The Confederate loss was 190 killed and wounded, 
and 11 missing. Finding the pursuit abandoned, Cleburne 
remained in the gap until all of the army and the whole of 
the transportation, some five or six hundred wagons, had 
safely passed through the defiles of the mountains, when he 
withdrew and joined them safely at Dalton. 

For this splendid and unaided defense, the thanks of the 
Confederate Congress were extended to Cleburne and his 
men. 



THE YEAR 1863. 



541 



The following is General Cleburne's report of the engage- 
ment : 

'•Headquarters, Cleburne's Division. 

Tunnel Hill, Ga., Dec. 9th, 1S63. 
"Colonel : — On the retreat of the Array of Tennessee, from Missionary Ridge 
to Ringgold,- Georgia, my division covered the retreat of Hardee's Corps, arriv- 
ing safely on the east bank of the Chickamauga, river at 10 o'clock, P. M., on the 
26th of November. At this point the river had to be forded, and was nearly 
waist deep, and the night was freezing cold. I, therefore, determined to post- 
pone crossing until morning, and bivouacked on the hills near by. At 3 o'clock, 
A. M. I received the following order," viz : 

"General : — The General desires that you will take strong position in the gorge 
of the mountain, and attempt to check pursuit of the enemy. He must be pun- 
ished until our train and the rear of our troops get well advanced. The reports 
from the rear are meagre, and the General is not thoroughly advised of the 
state of things there. Will you be good enough to report fully, 

Respectfully, 

George W. Brent, 
Assistant Adjutant- General. 
"Major-General Cleburne. 

"Leaving staff officers to conduct troops across the river to the position desig- 
nated, I went forward myself to examine the ground and form a place for its 
defense. 

"The town of Ringgold, a place of two or three thousand inhabitants, stands 
on a plain between the East Chickamauga river and the range of hills known as 
Taylor's Ridge. It is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, about twenty miles 
southeast of Chattanooga. Taylor's R'.dge, which rises immediately back of the 
town, runs in a northerly and southerly direction. Opposite the town the ridge is 
intersected by a narrow gap, which admits the railroad, a wagon road, and good 
size creek, a tributary of the Chickamauga. The creek hugs the southernmost 
or left-hand hill as you face Ringgold", the wagon and railroad ran close to this 
creek. At its western mouth next to Ringgold, the gap widens out to a breadth 

of hundred yards, leaving room for a patch of level woodland on each side 

of the roads. The gap is almost half a mile through, but the plain immediately 
in front of its east or rear mouth is so cut up by the windings of the creek, that 
three bridges, or three fords, have to be crossed in the first half mile of road 
leading from the gap to Dalton. 

"It will be perceived at once that this was a most dangerous position to be 
caught in, if the enemy should succeed in turning either flank. The gap and 
the hills on either hand are thinly wooded, except the base of the right-hand 
hill, along which, next to the town, a heavy fringe of young timber extended 
from the gap northward for three or four hundred yards. Behind this fringe of 
trees I placed two regiments of Smith's Texas Brigade, Colonel H. B. Grauberry, 
Seventh Texas, commanding. The Sixth, Tenth and Fifteenth consolidated, 
Captain Jno. R. Kennard commanding on the left. The Seventeenth, E ighteenth, 
Twenty-fourth and Twenty- fifth Texas dismounted cavalry consolidated, Major 
W. A. Taylor commanding on the right. The remaining regiment of the 
brigade, the Second Texas, Captain C. E. Tally commanding, I sent to the top 
of the right-hand hill, with instructions to keep out of view, but watch well the 



54 ; 



HIS TOE Y OF ARKANSAS. 



right flank of its brigade at the foot. On a precipitous hill to the left of the 
gap and creek I placed the Sixteenth Alabama, Major F. A. Ashford cominand- 
iug, of Lowry's Alabama and Mississippi Brigade, with instructions to conceal it- 
self and guard the left flank. 1 also sent on the face of the hill, fronting Ring- 
gold, three companies of the Sixth and Seventh Arkansas, consolidated of Lid- 
dell's Arkansas Brigade, under charge of Lieutenant Doolin, of General Lid- 
dell's staff. For the defense of the gap itself I disposed the rest of the Arkansas 
Brigade, under command of Colonel D. C. Govan; the Fifth and Thirteenth 
Arkansas consolidated, Colonel John E. Murray commanding, I placed in a 
small ravine runniag across the mouth of the gap, from the right-hand hill to 
the railroad embankment. The Eighth and Nineteenth Arkansas consolidated, 
under command of Lieutenant-Colonel A. L. Hutchinson, fifty paces in rear and 
parallel to the former regiment. The Sixth and Seventh Arkansas consolidated, 
under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Snider, and the Second, Fifteenth 
and Twenty-fourth Arkansas Regiments consolidated, under command of Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel E. Warfield, at suitable distances in rear, and covered as well as 
the nature of the ground would permit — thus giving me four short lines across 
the gap. From these regiments I sent a body of skirmishers to occupy the 
patch of woods at the mouth of the gap and left of the road, and that portion 
of the bank of the creek close to the mouth of the gap. In front of the mouth 
of the gap, supported by Govan's foremost regiment in the ravine, I placed a 
section of Semple's Battery — two Napoleon guns, commanded by Lieutenant 
Goldthwaite. I had screens of withered branches built up in front of these, so 
as to effectually conceal them from view, and made the artillerymen shelter 
themselves in the ravine close by. The remaining three regiments of Lowrey's 
Brigade, consisting of the Thirty-second and Forty-eighth Mississippi Regiments, 
consolidated, under command of Colonel A. B. Hardcastle. The Thirty-third 
Alabama, under command of Colonel Samuel Adams, and the Forty-fifth Ala- 
bama, Lieutenant-Colonel H. D. L ampley commanding, I placed in reserve in 
the centre of the gap. The portion of Polk's Tennessee and Arkansas Brigade 
with me, consisting of the First Arkansas, ColonelJ. W. Colquitt commanding; 
the Second Tennessee, Colonel W. D. Robinson commanding, and the Third and 
Fifth Confederate Regiments, consolidated under Lieutenant-Colonel J. E. Cole, 
I ordered to take position temporarily near the rear mouth of the gap, with di- 
rections to observe my right flank, and prevent the enemy from turning me in 
that quarter. 

" I had scarcely half an hour to make these dispositions in, when I was in- 
formed the enemy's skirmishers were crossing the Chickamauga, driving our 
cavalry before them. Immediately alter the cavalry retreated through the gap at 
a trot, and the valley in front was clear of our troops, but close in rear of the 
ridge our immense train was still in full view, struggling through the fords of 
the creek and the deeply cut-up roads leading to Dalton, and my division, silent, 
but cool and ready, was the only barrier between it and the flushed and eager 
advance of the pursuing Federal Army. Shortly af ter S o'clock, A. M., the 
enemy's skirmishers were iu view advancing. They opened fire, and under cover 
of it his lines of battle were placed, and moved with the utmost decision and 
celerity against the ridge on the right of the gap. So quick and confident was 
their attack, the enemy must have been acting On a concerted plan, and must 
have had guides who knew well the nature of the country. As his first line 



THE YEAR 1863. 



543 



moved towards the ridge its right flank became exposed at canister range to my 
artillery, in the mouth of the gap. Five or sis rapid discharges broke the right 
of this line to pieces, and caused them to run for shelter under the railroad em- 
bankment. Farther to his left, however, he continued to advance, and made a 
heavy attack on the right-hand ridge. He continued to advance in the face of a 
deadly fire from Major Taylor's Regiment, with the determination to turn the 
right flank of the Texas Brigade. Major Taylor deployed skirmishers up the 
hill, at right angles to his Hue of battle, and held him in check while he in- 
formed Colonel Cranberry of the state of affairs. 

"Colonel Granberry sent two companies of his left regiment to re-inforce his 
right. With three companies of his own regiment, Major Taylor charged down 
the hill upon the force attempting and routed it, capturing between 60 and 100 
prisoners, and the colors of the Twenty-ninth Missouri Regiment. In the mean- 
time, I had ascertained that the enemy was moving another line of battle some 
distance beyond my then right, with the view of ascending the ridge in that 
quarter. I immediately notified Brigadier-General Polk, stationed in the rear 
of the gap, to ascend the ridge and meet the attempt of the enemy. Luckily, 
General Polk had already heard of this movement from a breathless straggler of 
our army, who was flying before the enemy, and anticipating my order, led the 
First Arkansas up the hill and met the enemy's skirmishers within a few yards 
of the top. With the assistance of the Seventh Texas Regiment, after an obsti- 
nate fight, the enemy was driven down the hill. By this time large bodies of the 
enemy had crossed the Chickamauga, and it was evident that the main attack 
was about to be made upon the right. I ordered General Lowrey to move his 
command up the hill, assist General Polk in defending that position. Moving 
rapidly ahead of his command, General Lowrey found the First Arkansas again 
heavily engaged, but heroically holding its ground against great odds. Assuring 
the regiment that support was at hand, he brought up the Thirty-second and 
Forty-fifth Mississippi in double time, and threw them into the fight at the 
critical moment. The enemy gave way, and went down the ridge in great con- 
fusion. Lowrey now brought up the two remaining regiments of his brig ide, 
and Polk brought up the two regiments of his command. The enemy, con- 
stantly re-inforciug, made another powerful effort to crown the ridge still 
further to the right. 

"Taylor's Ridge is the wavy conformation of its north side. The enemy 
moving up in a long line of battle, suddenly concentrated opposite one of the 
depressions in the wavy surface, and rushed up it in heavy columns. General 
Polk, with the assistance of General Lowrey, as quickly concentrated a double 
line opposite this point, at the same time placing the Second Tennessee in such 
a position as to command the flanks of any force emerging from it. The attack 
was again defeated, and the enemy hurled down the hill with the loss of many 
killed on the spot, several prisoners, and the colors of the Seventy-sixth Ohio 
Regiment. The colors and most of the prisoners were captured by the First 
Arkansas. In a fight where all fought nobly, I feel it my duty to particularly 
compliment this regiment for its courage and constancy in the battle; the officers 
fought with pistols and with rocks, and so close was the fight, that some of the 
enemy were knocked down with the latter missiles and captured. 

"Apprehending another attack, General Polk rapidly threw up some slight 
defenses in his front. But I must now return to the extreme left — which the 



544 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



enemy attempted to turn. He sent what appeared to be a brigade of three 
regiments to the creek upon my left, and crossed over some companies of 
skirmishers there, and were promptly met and stopped by a detachment from 
the Sixteenth Alabama posted on the left-hand hill, and the main body was for 
some time held in check by Doolin's skirmishers on the face of the left-hand 
hill, and the other skirmishers of Govan's Brigade on the creek bank and in the 
patch of woods to the left of the railroad. He got possession, however, of some 
houses and barns opposite this point, from which he annoyed us with a constant 
and well-directed lire of sharpshooters. At length, collecting in large numbers 
behind these houses, he made a charge upon Govan's skirmishers on the left of 
the railroad. Lieutenant Goldthwaite quickly turned round his guns, and swept 
them at quarter range with a load of canister and a solid shot. They ran back, 
leaving several dead and a stand of colors on the ground. Lieutenant Gold- 
thwaite then shelled the houses, and greatly relieved us of the firing from that 
quarter. The stand of colors lay temptingly within sixty yards of my line, and 
some of the officers wanted to charge and get it, but as it promised no solid 
advantage to compensate the loss of brave soldiers, I would not permit it. About 
12 o'clock, M., I received a dispatch from Lieutenant-General Hardee, to the 
effect that the train was now well advanced, and I might safely withdraw. On 
consultation with Generals Breckenridge and Wheeler, both of whom were 
present lending me their personal assistance, I determined to withdraw from 
Taylor's Ridge, and take up a new position on some wooded hills one mile in the 
rear. About 1 o'clock, P. M., I 'rebuilt the same screen in front of the artillery 
which had been partially blown away, and then withdrew both pieces by hand 
without loss. By the time the enemy had concentrated a large portion of his 
army at Ringgold, and were doubtless preparing to throw an overwhelming force 
on my flanks, he opened a rapid artillery fire down the gap and on the crest of 
the ridge, but showed no disposition to advance in front. I now simultaneously 
withdrew the brigades, leaving a few skirmishers to hold the front, which they 
did without difficulty. 

Soon after 2 o'clock, p. M., I withdrew my skirmishers — fired the bridges in my 
rear, and proceeded to form line of battle in my new position. The enemy was 
visible on the ridge in about half an hour after I had withdrawn my skirmishers. 
He saw my new dispositions for defense, but showed no further inclination to 
attack, and ceased from all further pursuit of our army. 

"I took into the fight in Polk's Brigade, 545; Lovvrey's Brigade, 1,330; 
Smith's Texas Brigade, 1,266; Liddell's Brigade, 1,016 — effective men, making a 
total of 4,157 bayonets. My loss was, killed and wounded, 190; missing 11. I 
am confident the enemy's loss was out of all proportion greater than mine. The 
conduct of officers and men in the fight needs no comment; every man, as far as 
I know, did his whole duty. To Brigadier-Generals Folk and Lowrey, and Colonels 
Govan andGranberry I must return my thanks — four better officers are not in the 
service of the Confederacy. Lieutenant Goldthwaite of the artillery proved him- 
self a brave and skillful officer. The following officers of my staff have my 
thanks for the efficient manner in which they discharged their respective and 
dangerous duties: Major Calhoun Beuham, Assistant Adjutant-General; Major 
J. K. Dixon, Assistant Adjutant-General; Captain Irving A. Buck, Assistant 
Adjutant-General; Captain C. S. Hill, Ordnance Officer; Surgeon D. A. Linthi- 
cum; Lieutenant L. H. Mangum, and S. P. Hanley, Aides-de-camp; Captain 



THE YEAR IS 63. 



545 



Charles H. Byron, Volunteer Aide-de-camp, also Messrs. Henry Smitte and Wil- 
liam Kuckner, of the Signal Corps, who volunteered their services, and whom I 
found very efficient and useful. 

"I forward herewith the reports of the brigade, regimental and battery com- 
manders. General Liddell was absent on leave, but hearing of the fight re- 
turned, and rendered me all the assistance in his power. He selected and re- 
formed the new line after we withdrew from our first position. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

P. R. Cleburne, Major- General, P. A. G. S. 
Colonel Kinlock Falconer, Assistant Adjutant- General. 

At the ravine where Govan's Brigade of Arkansians was 
posted, the fighting was very desperate and bloody. Opposite 
to their position was a house, called the u Jobe House," 
which was occupied by some of Hooker's men, who kept up 
a sharp fire on the Confederates on the ridge and in the 
pass. In return, those in the pass kept a storm of bullets 
pouring on the house, which, with a fire from Lieutenant 
Goldthwaite's guns, drove out the occupants, and relieved the 
attack in that direction. 

Shortly after this battle General Bragg was, at his own re- 
quest, relieved from command, and General Joseph E. John- 
ston was placed in charge, December 27th, 1863. Long- 
street was re-called from Knoxville, where his siege had been 
ineffectual. 

In Arkansas but little was done in a military way, after the 

capture of Little Rock. The Federal Army soon made 

preparations for wintering there, and the Confederate Army 

- established their winter camp on the banks of the Ouachita. 

The only movement of importance was an attack made 

October 25th, by General John S. Marmaduke, on the town 

of Pine Bluff, which was defended by General Powell Cla} 7 - 

ton. General Clayton established barricades of cotton bales 

in the streets, behind which he posted his troops, about 600 

in number, who offered such a stubborn resistance to the 

Confederate attack, that General Marmaduke was obliged to 

desist and retreat without having effected the capture of the 

town. In this engagement the Confederate loss was stated at 
35 



546 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

about 50 killed, wounded and missing, and that of the 
Federals not so large. 

Commencing in the year 1862, seven regiments, two com- 
panies and one battery, partly white troops and partly colored, 
were recruited from Arkansas for service in the Federal 
Army. The total number of colored troops from the State 
was 5,526. 

The following is a list of Federal Regiments from Arkansas : 

WHITE TROOPS : 

First Arkansas Cavalry. — M. La Rue Harrison, Colonel; 
Thomas J. Hunt, Lieutenant-Colonel; Albert W. Bishop, 
Lieutenant-Colonel; R. H. Wimpey, Major; Frank Strong, 
Major; Hugo C. C. Botefuhr, Major, at different times. Or- 
ganized at Springfield, Mo., July 10th to October 5th, 1862, 
for 3 years' service. 

Second Arkansas Cavalry. — John E. Phelps, Colonel ; 
Hugh Cameron, Lieutenant-Colonel; Jeremiah Hackett, 
Major. Organized at Springfield and Pilot Knob, Mo., July, 
1862, to January, 1864. 

Third Arkansas Cavalry. — Abraham H. Ryan, Colonel; 
Daniel W. Mason, Lieutenant-Colonel; David Hamilton, 
Major. Organized at Little Rock, February, 1864. 

Fourth Arkansas Cavalry. — Lafayette Gregg, Colonel ; 
Horace L. Moore, Lieutenant-Colonel; Harris S. Green, 
Major; M. Hazen White, Major, at different times. Organ- 
ized at Dardanelle, Little Rock, Cedar Glades, Pine Bluff 
and Helena, from December, 1863, to September, 1864. 

Fourth Arkansas Mounted Infantry. — Elisha Baxter, Col- 
onel. 

First Arkansas Batter}'. — Henry H. Easter, Captain; 
Wm. Mayes, Second Lieutenant. Organized at Springfield, 
Mo., August 31st, 1863, for 3 years' service. 

First Arkansas Infantry. — James M. Johnson, Colonel; 
Elhanah J. Searle, Lieutenant-Colonel; Francis M. John- 



THE YEAB 1863. 



547 



son, Major. Organized at Fayetteville, from February 
14th, 1863, to March 25th, 1863. 

Second Arkansas Infantry. — Marshal L. Stephenson, 
Colonel; Charles Brauerlich, Major. Organized at Fort 
Smith, from October, 1863, to February, 1864. 

First Arkansas Battalion. — John C. Bundy, Lieutenant- 
Colonel; Thomas J. Williams, Captain; Lorenzo D. Toney, 
Captain. Organized at Helena, July 20th, 1862, for 6 
months' service. 

Fourth Regiment (one company) — Ira D. Bronson, 
Captain; R. S. Crampton, First Lieutenant; W. W. Tibbs, 
Second Lieutenant. Organized at Fort Smith, January to 
May, 1864. Consolidated with Second Arkansas Infantry. 

COLORED TROOPS : 

Eleventh Regiment (five companies) — -James M. Steele, 
Lieutenant-Colonel ; Stephen Wheeler, Adjutant. 

Forty-sixth Regiment. — Eliphalet Whittlesey, Colonel; 
Wm. Lyon, Lieutenant-Colonel; George A. Barnes, Major. 

Fifty-fourth Regiment. — John E. Cone, Colonel ; Charles 
Fair, Lieutenant-Colonel ; George W. Burchard, Major. 

Fifty-seventh Regiment. — Thomas D. Seawall, Colonel; 
Silas Hunter, Lieutenant-Colonel. 

One Hundred and Thirteenth Regiment. 

The following is a summary of military operations in Ar- 
kansas for 1863 : 

December 31st, 1862, to January 25th, 1863, Marmaduke's 
command moves from Lewisburg, Arkansas, on an expedition 
into Missouri; January 2d, 1863, skirmish at White Spring, 
Boston Mountain ; January 6th, 1863, skirmish at Fort Law- 
rence, Beaver Station, Missouri; January 7th, 1863, Ozark, 
Missouri, captured by the Confederates; January 8th, 1863, 
engagement at Springfield, Missouri; January 9th, 1863, 
capture of Haitville, Missouri, with the garrison thereof; 
January nth, 1863, engagement at Haitville; January 14th; 



548 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

the Southwestern Arm)', Confederate, constituted under com- 
mand of General E. Kirby Smith; January 25th, 1863, Mar- 
maduke's command reaches Batesville ; January 1st, 1863, 
affair near Helena; January 9th to 12th, 1863, expedition 
from Huntsville to Buffalo river; January 12th, 1863, skir- 
mish at Lick Creek; January 13th to 19th, capture of St. 
Charles, Clarendon, Devall's Bluff and Des Arc; January 
23d to 27th, scout from Fayetteville to Van Buren ; Januar}' 
8th to nth, capture of Arkansas Post, with Confederate gar- 
rison, 3,000 men, under General T. J. Churchill, by a su- 
perior force under Federal General McClernand; February 
2d and 3d, 1863, skirmishes at Vine Prairie and near the 
mouth of the Mulberry river; February 4th, 1863, skirmish 
at Batesville, 'and capture of the place by the Federals; Feb- 
ruary 5th to 12th, skirmish near Van Buren, between 100 
men of Tenth Illinois Cavalry, and 125 men of the 1st Arkansas 
Federal Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel James Stuart, of 
Tenth Illinois, and a detachment of Colonel Charles S. Car- 
roll's men ; February 9th, the Southwestern Army, Confed- 
erate, extended so as to embrace the Trans-Mississippi De- 
partment; February 15th, 1863, Captain Brown, with 83 
men, was driven out of the mountains of the Ouachita river, 
near Arkadelphia, by a force of old men and bo} T s, raised for 
the purpose, under the command of Judge Henry B. Stuart, 
of Arkadelphia. 

February 19th, 1863, the village of Hoperleld, opposite 
Memphis, burned, by orders of Major-General S. A. Hurlbut. 
Four Companies of the Sixty-third Illinois Infantry, under 
command of Captain Joseph K. Lemon, are sent with orders 
to "commit no depredations nor offer any insults to the in- 
habitants," but to burn every house in the place. The citi- 
zens were given "one hour's notice of the destiny of their vil- 
lage. The torch was applied and the place was consumed." 

February 27th, Major-General Sterling Price ordered to the 
Trans-Mississippi Department, 



THE TEAM 1863. 



549 



March 5th and 12th, 1863, expedition from Helena up the 
St. Francis and Little rivers, and skirmish at Madison. The 
Federal force consisted of 50 men of the Twenty-fourth In- 
diana; 25 cavalry of the Third Iowa, and a section of the 
Second Ohio Battery, 6 pounders, under command of Colonel 
Powell Clayton, of the Fifth Kansas Cavalry. 

March 6th and 10th, skirmishes at Big and Lick creeks; 
March 7th, General E. Kirby Smith assumes command of 
the Confederate forces; March 18th, General Theophilas H. 
Holmes assumes command of District of Arkansas ; April 
18th, 1863, action at Fayetteville ; May nth, skirmish at 
Crowley's Ridge ; July 4th, 1863, battle of Helena ; August 1st 
and 8th, 1863, Federal Cavalry, under General J.W. Davidson, 
moved from Wittsburg to Clarendon; August 10th, Steele's 
forces advance from Helena; August 13th, expedition up the 
White and Little Red rivers, including engagement, on the 
14th, at West Point, and a skirmish, on the 16th, at Harrison's 
Landing; August 17th, skirmish at Grand Prairie; August 
25th, skirmish at Brownsville; August 26th, skirmish near 
Bayou Meto ; August 27th, action at Reed's Bridge, on Bayou 
Meto ; August 30th, skirmish at Shallow Ford, on Bayou 
Meto; September 2d, skirmish near Shallow Ford; Septem- 
ber 9th, skirmish at Ashley's Mills; September 10th, 1863, 
capture of Little Rock; September 10th, the Confederates 
retreat southward to Rockport and Arkadelphia. 

July 17th to September 14th, operations by General W. L. 
Cabell's command, including action of Backbone Mountain ; 
September 1st, 1863, September 5th, skirmish near Mays- 
ville. 

September 2 2d, General J. O. Shelby sets out from Ark- 
adelphia on a raid through Upper Arkansas and into Missouri, 
returning to Arkansas, near Washington, October 30th, hav- 
ing fought five battles, had daily skirmishes, traveled 1,500 
miles, captured and paroled 500 prisoners, destroyed 6 rail- 
road bridges, torn up 30 miles of track, lost 125 men, and 
increased his command 600 men. 



55° 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



October 25th, attack on Pine Bluff, b}' General John S. 
Marmaduke; November 9th, skirmish near Huntsville, be- 
tween Federals and troops under Colonel W. H. Brooks; 
November 10th, skirmish near Kingston, same ; November 
nth, skirmish at Caddo Gap; November 13th, skirmish at 
Mount Ida; November 31st, skirmish at Jacksonport ; De- 
cember 1st, 1863, skirmish near Benton ; December 8th, skir- 
mish at Princeton ; December 29th, attack on Waldron by 
Confederates, under Major Gibson. 

Thus the third year of the gigantic struggle drew to a close. 
In it the heaviest reverses had fallen on the Confederates. 
They had lost all of Tennessee, two-thirds of Mississippi, 
Louisiana and Arkansas ; Vicksburg and Port Hudson had 
fallen ; the siege of Knoxville had failed ; they had suffered 
great defeats at Gettysburg, Helena and Missionary Ridge ; 
and these were only offsett by Lee's victory over Hooker at 
Chancellorsville, and over Sedgwick at Salem Heights; Cle- 
burne's exploit at Ringgold Gap, and Bragg's barren victor)- 
at Chickamauga. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

1864. 



PROGRESS OF THE WAR, CONTINUED. BATTLES OP ATLANTA AND FRANKLIN. 

The reverses which had befallen the Confederates during- 
1863 were followed by a number of successes in the early part 
of 1864, which encouraged and stimulated them, notwith- 
standing their armies were greatly depleted, and their re- 
sources reduced to the last extremity. The war spirit of the 
North having "healed of its wound," put forth stupendous 
efforts to bring the struggle to a close. They had an army of 
a million of men in the field at various points, while those of 
the Confederacy did not aggregate 150,000. 

General Grant was placed in command of the armies in Vir- 
ginia and Tennessee. Two grand campaigns were planned 
to take place simultaneously, one to be led by General W. T. 
Sherman against Johnston, the other to be led by Grant in 
person against Lee. 

In this latter campaign events transpired with rapidity. After 
the great battles at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and other 
points the armies manoeuvered until they came to Cold Harbor. 
Here, on the 3d of June, was fought the bloodiest battle of the 
whole campaign, and the Federal Army was beaten with 
great loss. From here Grant moved to Petersburg, where he 
laid close siege to the defenses, and for ten months it was one 
grand and continuous combat. 

The principal incidents of this siege were the mining of the 
works, and the unsuccessful effort to capture them upon the 

55 1 



552 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

explosion of the mine, called "The Tragedy of the Crater ;'* 
the battle for the Weldon Railroad, August 18th to 21st, 1864, 
and the attack on Reame's Station, August 25th. 

Point by point Grant drew nearer and nearer to the be- 
leaguered city, until the end of the year found him well nigh 
closed down upon it. 

The campaign in Tennessee was conducted with equally 
sanguinary results. 

General Joseph E. Johnston assumed command of his 
army December 27th, 1863. He found it poorly provided 
with either food or clothing': a large number of the men 
barefooted, and 6,000 without arms. By the last of April he 
had brought it to a pitch of perfection, unexcelled by any 
army the South ever had in the field. It numbered 37,652 
infantry, 2,812 artillerymen, with 112 guns, and 2,392 cavalry- 
men, a total of 42,856 men. To this was opposed Sherman's 
Army, consisting of 98,797 men, with 254 guns, to which 
was afterwards added three divisions of cavalr}^, numbering 
14,000 men, making a grand total of 112,819. This great 
force was divided into the Army of the Ohio, under General 
Schofield, numbering 13,559; the Army of the Cumberland, 
under General Thomas, 60,773, and the Army of the Ten- 
nessee, under General James B. McPherson, 24,465. 

Among the promotions and assignments which took place 
during this preparatory time, while the army was lying at 
Dalton, General D. H. Reynolds had been made a Brigadier- 
General, of date March 5th, 1864, and was commanding the 
brigade formerly commanded by General E. McNair, and 
called McNair' s Brigade, but from this time on known as 
Reynold's Arkansas Brigade. It comprised the First and 
Second Arkansas Riflemen, dismounted ; the Fourth, Twenty- 
fifth and Thirty-first Arkansas Infantry, and after May 25th, 
1864, the Ninth Arkansas exchanged for the Thirty-ninth 
North Carolina. 



THE TEAM 1864. t r 3 

On the 4th of Ma}', the forward movement of the Federal 
Army began. On the 5th, 6th and 7th there was skirmish- 
ing between the advance guard of the two armies. On the 
8th, at about 4 o'clock, p. m., Geary's Division of Hooker's 
Corps attacked the First and Second Rifles of Reynold's 
Brigade, at Dug Gap, near Dalton, they being at the time 
under the command of Colonel J. A. Williamson. These 
regiments were soon joined by Grigsby's Brigade of Ken- 
tuckians. The increasing sound of musketry indicated so 
sharp a conflict, that General Hardee was requested to send 
Granberry's Texas Brigade of Cleburne's Division, and to 
take command himself. These accessions soon decided the 
contest, and the Federals were driven down hill. From the 
beginning of these movements, for 120 days, there was scarcely 
an hour in the day or night without the sound of musketry 
and artillery. 

It was not, however, General Sherman's intention to make 
an attack in force at Dalton, but simply to feign there and 
make a lodgment at Resaca, 18 miles in Johnston's rear. 
Accordingly, flanking Dalton, he pushed on to Resaca, which 
he reached by nightfall of the 13th of Ma}'. General John- 
ston, detecting the flanking movement, withdrew his army 
from Dalton before 10 A. M. of the 13th, and marched rapidly 
to Resaca, reaching there just as the Federal forces were en- 
countering Loring's Division a mile from the station. The 
delay which Loring secured, enabled Johnston to select ground 
and form his line, and as he did so, the Federal Army was 
forming in front of them. Hardee's Corps, with Cleburne's 
Division, occupied the center. That night was spent in en- 
trenching, and by morning both armies had a fair show of 
defenses. Those of the Confederates, however^ were much 
slighter than the Federals, because they had the most inade- 
quate supplies of entrenching tools. On the 14th of May 
spirited fighting was maintained by the Federals along the 
whole front, a very vigorous attack being made on Hindman's 



THE YEAR 1864. 



555 



Division and Hood's Corps, which was handsomely repulsed. 
Conditions being favorable, General Hood was ordered to 
attack with Stewart's and Stevenson's Divisions, and two 
brigades from Hardee and two from the left. The attack 
was made at 6 o'clock, p. m., and was well executed, and be- 
fore dark the Federals were driven from their ground. In this 
battle Colonel J. A. Williamson, of the Second Arkansas 
Rifles, was wounded, losing his leg. 

On the 15th, fighting commenced early in the morning, 
and continued until night with such vigor that the Federals, 
opposite Hindman's position, several times pressed up to the 
Confederate entrenchments, but each assault was repulsed, 
and with great loss. The number stated by General Sher- 
man was 2,747. 

While the main battle was in progress, General Sherman 
sent a force to construct a pontoon bridge over the Oosten- 
aula river, to gain Johnston's rear, and as soon as it was per- 
ceived that his flank had been turned, Johnston was obliged 
to fall back, and accordingly, that night he withdrew and 
halted next at Adairsville, which he reached on the morning 
of the 17th. An attack was meditated here upon the col- 
umns of the Federals, which, from the nature of the roads, 
were expected to divide ; and Generals Polk and Hood were 
placed for the purpose. The division of the Federal forces 
took place just as was anticipated, but by a singular move- 
ment General Hood, acting upon a misunderstanding of their 
location, let them get by him without attacking, and so the 
entire plan was frustrated and lost. 

Sherman having again worked round his flank, Johnston 
was obliged to fall back. That night he withdrew, and pass- 
ing through Kingston took up an admirable position at Cass- 
ville, with Hardee's Corps on the left. General Johnston 
said it was the best position he had seen occupied during the 
war, and he intended to deliver here the great battle of the 
campaign. The Federals got into position shortly after John- 



556 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

ston did, and skirmished freely until dark, and it appeared 
that a battle was imminent. That night a council of war 
was held. Generals Polk and Hood gave their opinion that 
they could not hold their respective positions if attacked, 
owing to the supposed possibility of their being subjected to 
an enfilading fire. General Hardee, who was not near so 
strongly posted as the others, expressed confidence in being 
able to hold his ground. Yielding to the dissatisfaction of the 
two Generals, Johnston ordered a retreat, and took up a new 
position with Polk and Hardee, at Dallas, and Hood, at New 
Hope Church. 

On the 25th of May, Hooker attacked Hood's position, at 
New Hope Church, in an action which lasted for two hours, 
but met with a bloody repulse; 16 field pieces charged with 
canister and 5,000 muskets fired at close range, played 
upon Hooker's lines as they advanced again and again to the 
assault, causing fearful carnage. The Federal loss was stated 
by General Sherman to be 2,400. On the next day, the 
26th, only skirmishing and entrenching took place, but on 
the 27th the battle was renewed. About half past 5 
o'clock in the afternoon of that day, the Fourth Corps, and a 
division of the Fourteenth of the Federal command, endeav- 
ored to turn the Confederate right, at Pickett's Mill and the 
road leading from Burnt Hickory, but the movement, after 
being impeded by cavalr}', was met by two regiments of 
Cleburne's Division, which held the right; and two brigades 
of his second line, brought up in aid of the first, the whole 
numbering 4,683 muskets. The Federal formation was so 
deep that its front did not equal that of the two opposing 
brigades ; hence, they were greatly exposed to musketry fire. 
They advanced until their first line was within 25 or 30 paces 
of the Confederates, and only retired when 700 men had 
fallen in their places. They conducted themselves with the 
utmost courage and intrepidity. 



TEE YEAR 1864. 



557 



The scene of this struggle was in a dense wood, with thick 
under growth, broken by hills and ravines, where nothing 
could be observed at a distance, and where neither side could 
see what was going on, except at the immediate point of con- 
flict. The Federal loss in this engagement was about 3,000, 
of whom about 500 were killed ; and that of Cleburne was 85 
killed, and 363 wounded. Among other captures the Con- 
federates took 1,200 small arms. 

On the 28th of May, General McPherson, at Dallas, made 
an effort to draw out of that place,, in order to move on 
farther, but on the beginning of the movement General 
Hardee attacked him with great fury, and a battle of some 
consequence occurred in which the Confederates were repulsed, 
with a loss stated by General Johnston at 300, but with prob- 
ably much more than that to the Federals, as much of the 
fighting was at close range, and their formations were close 
and solid, while those of the Confederates were open and 
deployed. 

This assault, which was by Bates' Division, of Hardee's 
Corps, upon General John A. Logan's Corps, composed of 
Harrow's, Smith's and Osterhaus' Divisions, was an extremely 
sanguinary contest. Three guns of the First Iowa Battery, 
which had been run out near the skirmish line, were captured 
by the Confederates, but they could not take them off. The 
'assaulting columns were caught by both a front and a cross- 
fire from the breastworks. They charged straight up to the 
works, and though suffering terribly, were not driven off until 
they had inflicted heavy loss on the Federals, some of their 
best officers being among the killed and wounded. 

Sherman now pushed forward to Allatoona and secured the 
Allatoona Creek from Ackworth to its mouth, again turning 
Johnston's flank, and was preparing to strike a new and 
heavy blow, when Johnston made one of his clean retreats in 
the night of June 4th, and fell back to a new line — running 



558 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

from Brush Mountain to Lost Mountain, with Pine Top, a de- 
tached hill, near the center, which was occupied by Bates' Di- 
vision. 

On the nth of June, the Federal left occupied the high 
ground beyond Noonday Creek, its center a third of a mile 
opposite Pine Top, and its right beyond the Marietta road. 

At this time the Confederates received re-inforcements of a 
division of 5,000 Georgia militia, under General Gustavus W. 
Smith, who were placed to guarding the bridges and ferries of 
the Chattahoochie river, for the safety of Atlanta. The Fed- 
erals also received the accession of General Frank P. Blair's 
corps of 10,000 men, from Huntsville, thus making up for 
their losses, which, up to this time, had amounted to 9,000 
men. General Johnston had at other times also received 
re-inforcements of Canty's, Loring's and French's Divisions, 
Martin and Jackson's Cavalry and Quarles' Brigade, rais- 
ing his force at this date to 59,248, the highest number he 
ever had. 

Finding the position at Pine Top untenable, Johnston 
fell back on the 16th of June to a new line on the high 
grounds beyond Mud Creek, where Hardee's Corps was 
placed and where sharp skirmishing was kept up. Find- 
ing that the position developed a weak place at the junc- 
tion of Hardee's lines, and those of Loring, successor to 
Polk who had been killed at Pine Top, Johnston next 
day fell back to Marietta ; but finding the position here too 
extended for his strength, concentrated his forces on Kenne- 
saw Mountain, which he occupied June 19th and began to 
fortify. This was a point of great natural strength, and 
here occurred perhaps the greatest battle of the campaign. 

On the 17th of June, General Lucius E. Polk, of Helena, 
the ranking Brigadier of Cleburne's Division, was wounded 
by a cannon ball, carrying away a part of his leg. Although 
desperately wounded, he recovered and survived the war, but 
was not able to render service again. After he was disabled, 



THE YEAR IS 64. crn 

his brigade, which had become quite small, was consolidated 
with one of the other brigades, and no longer maintained a 
separate existence. 

On the 22d of June, after the occupation of the mountain, 
General Hood made a forced night-march, and appeared sud- 
denly on the flank of Schofield and Hooker, and delivered 
there a desperate attack. Hindman's and Stevenson's Divis- 
ions, in a gallant charge, captured and for a time held an ad- 
vanced line of breast-works at Culp's Farm. General Hood 
then prepared to lead them against the main line of the Fed- 
eral position, but in making the necessary formation the two 
divisions were subjected to a destructive fire of artilleiy and 
musketry, which compelled them to desist from further attack 
and retire, having sustained heavy loss — General Johnston 
says, fully 1,000 men. 

On the 27th of June, General Sherman attempted to carry 
the Confederate position on Kennesaw Mountain. The action 
began with a furious fire of artillery kept up over a line ten 
miles long. At 9 o'clock, a. m., the assault was made and 
lasted for two hours and a half. With great intrepidity, the 
Federal columns moved up the mountain side, even up to the 
very entrenchments themselves, and were time and again 
driven back with frightful losses. Soldiers never behaved 
more admirably or fought with greater courage and determin- 
ation. Many fell against the Confederate parapets; some 
were killed in the trenches themselves. In Hardee's front 
the dead, which lay there for two days, were several times 
counted, and numbered more than 1,000. Thirty-two field- 
pieces, shotted with cannister, played upon their ranks at short 
range, aside from the musketry fire. By half past eleven 
o'clock the battle was at an end, and the attack had failed. 
It was the most sanguinary struggle of the campaign up to 
that date. The Confederate loss was comparatively small j 
General Sherman stated it at 630, other writers at 808. They 
had been protected by entrenchments and their line was not 



THE YEAR 1864. 



561 



broken at any point. The Federal loss was immensely 
greater ; it is stated as having been 6,000. 

Major Knowles, of the 25th Arkansas Infantry, was killed 
near the western end of Kennesaw Mountain, where his regi- 
ment was posted. 

The result of this battle demonstrated to General Sherman 
the futility of attempting to take Kennesaw by direct assault, 
and he accordingly put into effect his oft-repeated flank move- 
ment, by interposing between the Confederates and Atlanta. 
This placed Johnston in jeopardy again, and he was compelled 
to retreat. Having prepared a new set of earthworks at 
Smyrna camp ground, six miles below, he abandoned the 
strong position at Kennesaw and fell back to Smyrna. On 
the morning of July 3d, Sherman turning his spy-glass to the 
Kennesaw crest 5 saw his pickets crawling cautiously up the 
hill. The strong works from which so many distressful blows 
had been dealt him were found vacant. When the time 
came for retreat, a road was trimmed out straight down the 
mountain, and every gun was safely run down it between 
sundown and dark, except two guns of Guibo's Battery on 
the extreme left, which were lowered over a declivity by 
means of ropes. 

General Thomas took up the pursuit, and skirmishing went 
on up to the Smyrna works. The Confederates made a stand 
here, and there was farther skirmishing, sharp and continu- 
ous, but finding that Sherman was massing troops on his 
right, they fell back on the morning of July 5th to a new and 
admirably prepared line of earthworks on the high grounds 
overlooking the valley of Peach Tree Creek. General Sher- 
man said of these works, that they were the best line of field 
entrenchments he had ever seen. 

At this juncture of affairs, General Johnston was removed, 
and General John B. Hood was placed in command. 

General Hood assumed command July 18th. The army 
which Johnston turned over to him numbered, according to 

36 



562 HIS TOBY OF AB KANSAS. 

report of July 10th, 1864, 36,901 infantry, 3,755 artillery- 
men and 10,270 cavalry ; total, 50,926. Soon the Federals 
advanced across Peach Tree Creek, and General Hood sallied 
out of his entrenchments and delivered battle, beginning at 
3 o'clock of July 20th. The combat lasted four hours. The 
troops became commingled, and fought hand-to-hand, and at 
the end of that time the Confederates were driven back within 
their entrenchments, leaving their dead and wounded on the 
field. Their loss was stated at 4,796, to 1,710 of the Fed- 
erals. 

General Hardee would have continued the contest, but an 
order from Hood took away Cleburne's Division, to interpose 
before the rapid advance of McPherson on the defenses of 
Atlanta, and when this had been accomplished, they were 
moved to Bald Hill and placed in the trenches, in order to 
make secure the right of Hood's line, as Bald Hill was an 
important outpost. 

Since the promotion of Hood, General Frank Cheatham 
had been assigned to the command of Hood's Corps, and A. 
P. Stewart had been placed in command of Polk's Corps. 

In this battle of Peach Tree Creek, the Arkansas troops 
were in the heaviest of the fight, and met with severe losses. 
The Seventh Arkansas was almost completely wiped out of 
existence. Their numbers had become so reduced as to ren- 
der it necessary to consolidate them with the Sixth Arkansas, 
but after this engagement scarcely any of them were left. 
They were of Cleburne's Division, in Hardee's Corps, which 
was hotly engaged during the entire battle, and fought with 
the fiercest energy. 

On the 19th of July, Reynolds' Brigade, with the Fifteenth 
Mississippi, under command of General Reynolds, had a 
handsome affair at Moor's Mill, just at the outer line of de- 
fenses, in which the Federal attack was repulsed. 

On the 2 1st of July, a severe battle occurred at Bald Hill, 
near Atlanta, lasting all day long, and accompanied with 



THE TEAS 1864. 



5 6 3 



great loss of life to both sides. In Cleburne's Division, which 
lay south of the Augusta Railroad, formed with Smith on the 
right, Govan in the center, and Lowry on the left, just cross- 
ing the road ; the loss was about 300. One shell alone killed 
6 men outright, and wounded 11 others, as they sat in the 
trenches. The works they held were poorly constructed, 
and subject to an enfilading fire, as well as being exposed to 
sharpshooters. That night they withdrew from these de- 
fenses for a flank movement by Hardee. 

On the 22d of July occurred the battle of Atlanta, on the 
Decatur road, the most severe battle since Kennesaw Moun- 
tain. After the battle of Peach Tree Creek, General Hood 
had withdrawn into the defenses of Atlanta, but detaching 
Hardee's Corps, comprising the divisions of Bate, Maney, 
Walker and Cleburne, who had been withdrawn from Bald 
Hill, the)' set out at midnight and made a night march of 
15 miles by Cobb's Mill, enveloping Sherman's left flank. 
Having rested his men somewhat, Hardee, at about mid-da)', 
opened the attack with success, breaking the Federal line of 
General John A. Logan's Division, and driving them before 
him with loss of two batteries. By the aid of new batteries, 
which Sherman sent to his aid, Logan checked the Confed- 
erate advance at this point, and having rallied a force, drove 
back the Confederate line. General Frank P. Blair's men 
repulsed the front attack of Cheatham and Maney's Divisions, 
and then springing over their parapets fought Bate's Division 
from the other side. The battle continued until night, when 
Hood again yielded the field to Sherman, and withdrew. The 
losses to the respective sides, in this stubbornly contested battle, 
were about equal, and are given as 4,000 to each. On the 
Federal side, Major-General James B. McPherson, Com- 
mander of the Army of Tennessee, was among the slain. 

The Arkansas troops lost heavily in this engagement, and 
particularly in officers. Some of their best and most valuable 
ones were among the killed and wounded. 



564 HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

In the First Arkansas Infantry, Colonel John W. Colquitt 
was severely wounded, losing his right foot. After his being 
wounded, the command of the regiment devolved on Captain 
F. G. Lusk, of Company "K," who remained in command 
until August 19th, when he was transferred to the Trans- 
Mississippi Department. After this engagement, Captain 
Lusk and one other commissioned officer were all that were 
left for duty out of the entire field and staff of the regiment. 

In the Second Arkansas Rifles, dismounted, Lieutenant- 
Colonel Smith was killed during a charge made by the left 
wing, a Minie ball striking him in the left breast, and killing 
him instantly. 

In the Fifth Arkansas, Colonel John Edward Murray, of 
Pine Bluff, was killed at the head of his regiment, while gal- 
lantly leading it. At the time of his death he was only 22 
years of age, but his commission as Brigadier-General had 
been received by him on the day of the battle shortly before 
going into the engagement. He was a brave and efficient 
officer, and his loss was greatly lamented. 

In the Eighth Arkansas, Colonel G. F. Baucum was 
severely wounded, and Lieutenant-Colonel Anderson Wat- 
kins, of Little Rock, was killed while mounting the parapet 
of the Federal works. After the conclusion of the war the 
remains of Lieutenant-Colonel Watkins and those of Colonel 
Murray, of the Fifth, were disinterred from the battle-field, 
and were brought to Little Rock, and the two are buried side 
by side in Mount Holly Cemetery, as they had been buried 
side by side on the battle-field. 

General Sherman now began to draw his lines closer and 
closer around Atlanta, endeavoring to cut off Hood's source 
of supplies. On the 28th of July Hood made a sortie, and 
attacked him with great fury at Ezra Church, where a des- 
perate and prolonged battle occurred, with advantage to the 
Confederates at first, but in which they were finally repulsed, 
with heavy loss. 



TBE YEAR 1864. 565 

General Sherman now settled down to the regular siege of 
Atlanta, approaching it day by day, digging trenches and 
rifle-pits. This went on for 28 days, the besiegers being all 
the while subjected, day and night, to a galling fire of mus- 
ketry and artillery, and losing many men thereby. His 
effort, however, still was to reach southward, and cut Hood's 
lines of communication and supply. For this purpose he 
made a complete wheel with his armies, so that the right 
would reach and occupy Jonesboro, a point on the railroad, 
26 miles from Atlanta, not fortified, the movement being 
preceded by Kilpatrick's Cavalry. To repel this movement 
Hood sent Hardee, by rail, with about half his corps, to hold 
Jonesboro. On the 20th of August, General Reynolds, in 
command of part of his brigade, and the Forty-eighth Ten- 
nessee, encountered Kilpatrick's Cavalry at Lovejoy Station, 
30 miles southeast of Atlanta, on the Savannah Railroad, and 
repulsed them after a sharp engagement. 

On the 31st of August the Federal column, under General 
O. O. Howard, successor to McPherson, reached Jonesboro. 
At 3 o'clock of that day, General S. P. Lee attacked Logan 
and Ransom's Divisions in a stubborn and hotly contested 
battle, which lasted some hours, but was more the prelude to 
the heavier action of the next day than a distinct engagement 
of itself. Cleburne's Division, which was slightly engaged, 
having been moved to Jonesboro the night before, suffered 
some loss. 

That night large re-inforcements were received by the Fed- 
erals before Jonesboro, making five corps in their formations 
there, one only being left to watch Atlanta ; and to meet these, 
Hardee had less than half of a depleted corps. All night the 
Confederates were moving for positions and entrenching. 
When morning came, the defenses were only half completed, 
and were not a half a mile long, but behind them the resolute 
defenders took their places to contend with more than six 
times their numbers. 



$66 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The Federal attack, which commenced in the forenoon, was 
slow and hesitating, and did not fully open until the afternoon 
was well advanced. At that time, however, a determined at- 
tack was made, and was kept up until night-fall. The Fed- 
erals came up in succeeding lines, line after line, but were met 
without flinching, and were repelled one after another. At 
the point where Govan and Granberry's Brigades joined be- 
hind their line of defenses, which were mere logs and unfin- 
ished trenches, the fighting was the heaviest. The assailants 
were met with a continuous storm of musketry and cannon, 
until the ground in front of them, which was an open field, 
was dotted blue with the dead, dying and wounded. But on 
and on trudged the incessant flood of the assailants. It was 
more than mortal man could do to hold out long against that 
impetuous attack, and in a fierce rush by the very momentum of 
the mass, they broke over the insufficient breast-works at that 
point, making prisoners of General Govan and about 300 of 
his men, and capturing a battery which the division had them- 
selves captured at Chickamauga, and had used ever since. 

But though the line had been pierced, there was no stam- 
pede. The remainder of Govan's Brigade made what might 
be called a right and left backw ard wheel, and joining their 
line to Lewis' Kentuckians on the right and Granberry's 
Texans on the left, they enclosed the brave stormers in two 
lines to the right and left of the break, and poured in an ob- 
lique fire at short range on the Federals, crowded into the 
works, who, in their close formations, were cut down in ranks 
at each volley, and not only was their advance arrested, but 
the most of those who got over the works at this time were 
killed. 

When the break in the line occurred, Hardee and Cleburne 
were together in full view of it. Cleburne dashed his clenched 
fist into the palm of his other hand and ground it there, ex- 
claiming, "My God ! My Arkansaw Brigade is gone !" Gen- 
eral Hardee asked Cleburne if he had an officer who could 



THE TEAR 1864. 



5 6 7 



guide a certain brigade, the last disposable one they had left, 
to charge the opening. Cleburne replied, "Yes ! All of us 
will go!" and with that, he and his staff rode off to the 
brigade named, and led it up to the place, where, joining its 
flanks to the two other lines, making three sides of a quadri- 
lateral, formed around the break, the line was re-established, 
and the position was held for the rest of the engagement. 

In other parts of the field, also, the righting had been des- 
perate and heavy, but the line was not broken, and the Con- 
federates held their position when the battle ended. It was 
near night when the Federals broke Govan's line, and this 
was the only portion of the line that v/as broken. Darkness 
put an end to the combat ; and in the night, Hardee finding 
that the Federals were about to cut him off by encircling 
Jonesboro, moved off, without loss, to Lovejoy Station, five 
miles distant, and the Federals occupied Jonesboro on his de- 
parture. 

The defense of Jonesboro, and the cool and effective man- 
ner in which they repaired the break in their line, are circum- 
stances redounding greatly to the credit of Hardee's heroic 
corps. For two days, with wholly insufficient entrenchments, 
they had defended the place against forces which were nu- 
merically more than six times greater than their own. The 
loss to the respective sides in this memorable conflict was se- 
vere, but that of the Federals was immensely greater, as they 
were in the open field, while the Confederates were protected 
by works, such as they were. The chief loss to the Confeder- 
ates was the capture of General Govan and his 300 men. 

Cleburne thought so much of his "Arkansaw Brigade," and 
was so unwilling to lose them and their gallant commander, 
that General Hardee arranged with General Sherman to have 
them exchanged at once. Accordingly, they were brought 
back from Nashville, whither they had been transported, and 
were exchanged, and once more took their places in the di- 
vision beside their war-worn comrades. 



568 mSTOBT OP ARKANSAS. 

The occupation of Jonesboro being a complete severing oi 
Hood's lines of communication and supply, rendered his posi- 
tion at Atlanta no longer tenable, and he accordingly made 
preparations to abandon the place. Placing Reynold's Brigade 
to guard the rear of the retreat, Hood evacuated Atlanta, Sep- 
tember 2d, 1864, and the city was occupied by General Sher- 
man on the next day, September 3d. In drawing out of the 
city, Hood marched in the direction of Lovejoy Station, where 
he joined Hardee. On the 21st of September, he shifted his 
position to Palmetto Station, 25 miles southwest of Atlanta, on 
the Montgomery and Selma Railroad. 

Having taken possession of Atlanta, General Sherman had 
completed one portion of his campaign, but had not accom- 
plished its full purpose; for Hood's army, although now re- 
duced below 40,000 men, was still in his front. But he felt 
strong enough to dispense with a part of his army. Accord- 
ingly, General Thomas was sent back to the headquarters of his 
Department at Nashville, General Schofield was sent to Knox- 
ville, while he himself remained at Atlanta, awaiting Hood's 
next move. It was not long until this move was inaugurated. 
It consisted of an invasion of Tennessee, and an attempt to 
occupy the country in Sherman's rear, to break up his com- 
munications and cut off his supplies. 

On the 1st of October, General Hood set his army in 
motion, marching northward, crossing the Chattahoochie river, 
at Campbelltown, destroying railroads, and breaking commu- 
nications, Sherman following in pursuit. After a variety of 
manoeuvers, well and skillfully executed, and attended with 
considerable success, General Hood paused opposite Flor- 
ence, Alabama, the most "considerable action in this series of 
movements, being the attack by General French on Allatoona, 
where the Confederates were repulsed after a bloody encoun- 
ter. Here Sherman, concluding that he would leave his able 
Lieutenants — Thomas and Schofield — to cope with Hood, sent 
them such re-inforcements, by rail, to Nashville, as were 



The year ised. 569 

deemed necessary, while he himself repaired to Atlanta, with 
a force consisting of 4 infantry corps, 1 cavalry division, and 
65 field guns, aggregating 60,598 men. 

There being no longer any force in his front to oppose him, 
Sherman now entered upon that grand move in the game of 
war — his famous march through Georgia to the sea. 

His object was to join Grant in Virginia. The route nec- 
essary to be traversed was a thousand miles long. This was 
too long a march to be made without having some interme- 
diate base for supplies, or as a contingent center for opera- 
tions. He, accordingly, selected the city of Savannah, Geor- 
gia, 300 miles distant, as the proposed base. He set out on 
his march thither November 12th, and reached the city 
December 21st, 1864. His march had been unopposed b}' 
any material force, and only occasionally harrassed by the 
desultory fighting of skirmishers along his rear. He had 
only once been forced to form a line of battle. He lost 103 
men killed; 408 wounded; and 2.78 missing. He captured 
1,338 prisoners. He had subsisted an army of 60,000 men, 
with 35,000 animals, off of the resources of the country, for 31 
days. 

On the 10th of December, Sherman was before the de- 
fenses of Savannah. The chief of these was Fort McAllister, 
which was soon taken by assault. Savannah itself was held 
by a small force, under General Hardee. On the 16th, Sher- 
man summoned him to surrender, but he refused. There 
was one road out of the city on the north, which was un- 
closed. While Sherman was preparing to close this road and 
invest the city entirely, Hardee evacuated the city on the 
night of December 21st, and escaped by the open road. 
After he had gone, the Federals moved into Savannah, and 
thus their grand march to the sea was triumphantly and suc- 
cessfully completed. 

In the meantime Hood, resting at Florence, Alabama, hav- 
ing re-organized and re-supplied his army, prepared to 



57° 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



advance against Thomas, at Nashville. His first objective 
point, however, was the force under General Schofield, at Colum- 
bia, about 25,000 strong, and whom he marched against. On 
Hood's approach, Schofield left Columbia, with a view of 
making a junction with Thomas, at Nashville. The road 
over which it was necessary for him to travel, was a turnpike, 
called the Columbia Pike. Hood formed the plan of flank- 
ing him on his march, and by seizing the pike prevent the 
junction, and give battle to each army separately. Accord- 
ingly, on the morning of the 29th, he put out Cheatham's 
and Stewart's Corps for the movement. By a swift and 
silent march the column came in sight of the pike, near sun- 
down, at a place called Spring Hill, where there was a slight 
fortification held by the Federals, half way between Colum- 
bia and Franklin. Cleburne's Division was in front, and 
made a strong and sudden attack on the works, with Gran- 
berry's and Govan's Brigades, capturing it before its defend- 
ers had time to fire but one voile)'. 

Preparations were now made to take the pike itself, which 
was defended by artillery, but some of the supporting com- 
mands were deLayed, and before they could be brought into 
position, night had come on ; and Hood gave orders for the 
troops to bivouac where they were, saying he would attack at 
daylight. That night, however, the whole of Schofield' s 
Army passed along the pike, with a wagon train five miles 
long, and escaped to Franklin. 

At this point the Harpeth river runs in a loop north of the 
town, and Schofield hastily constructed a line of earthworks, 
from bank to bank, on the south side, across the neck of the 
loop. The next da}', November 30th, Hood's Army started 
in pursuit, and by afternoon arrived in sight of the defenses, 
and took up a position on the Winston Hills. Against the 
advice and remonstrance of his generals, Hood directed an 
immediate attack to be made. 



THE YEAB 1864. 



571 



The country, for as much as a mile outside of these entrench- 
ments, was a perfectly open country, in which an attacking 
force could have no protection whatever, but were subject to 
the fire of all the musketry and artillery in the works. 

The attack was made at about half past three in the after- 
noon, and was over in an hour. The men came up with a 
rush, with guns at a "right shoulder shift," and never fired a 
shot until they were up to and over the first line of works. 
Then, for the first time, they used their muskets, shooting the 
flying picket line, which had held the first line of works. 

From the time the charge began, the artillery opened upon 
them with a terrible fire, and from the time they were four 
hundred yards away, every musket in the whole works played 
upon them with the utmost possible rapidity. For the dis- 
tance of over half a mile, they were simply shot down* with- 
out the opportunity to return the fire. 

Only one charge was made. In that charge the Confed- 
erates captured the first line of works, and with it made pris- 
oners of two brigades of Wagner's Division, which were 
struck by the men of Cleburne and Brown's Divisions, and 
borne onward in the rush. In the onset, they also captured 
several guns. 

In this charge the First Arkansas Infantry, then under com- 
mend of Captain Alfred R. Hockersmith, who was in com- 
mand since the wounding of Colonel Colquitt, at Atlanta, was 
the first to reach the outer works, and swept over them with- 
out a check. 

Cheatham's Corps, which charged along the Columbia 
Pike, was now subjected to a terrible fire from the inner or 
second line of works, but pressed up to them. Here it was 
found impossible to cross the ditch in any force, but still some 
small numbers individually got over and climbed the parapet. 
Some planted colors there, some leaped over to engage the 
men behind the works, but it was only to fall from the mus- 
ketry fire of the defenders, or be taken prisoners, while the 



572 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

men in the ditches outside kept up a constant firing at the 
men who defended, they in turn firing down on the assail- 
ants. 

The Federal batteries from the works made terrible havoc 
in the advancing ranks of the Confederates, and the musketry 
fire from the entrenchments was like a sheet of leaden hail, 
mowing them down. 

After dark, Schofield having crossed his wagon train over 
and far beyond the Harpeth river, retreated from Franklin, 
and by midnight Hood had occupied the town, but his army 
had been terribly cut to pieces, and his adversary had escaped. 
His loss was stated at 6,252 men, and some of his best Gen- 
erals : Cleburne, Granberry, Adams, Quarles, Strahl and 
Gist were killed ; Cockrell and Brown were wounded, and 
G. Wt Gordon was captured. 

Cleburne was killed in the fierce charge on the works. His 
horse was killed under him, after which he went forward on 
foot, and when within less than a hundred yards of the works, 
he fell, pierced by a single Minie ball. His remains were 
buried at Columbia; then at Ashwood, the family cemetery 
of the Polk family, six miles south of Columbia; but in 1869 
were removed to Helena by the Ladies' Memorial Association, 
and there interred. He was one of the ablest Generals whom 
the Southern Army had. General Hardee said of him and 
his command : "When his division defended, no odds could 
break its lines; where it attacked, no numbers resisted its 
onslaught, save only once — and there is the grave of Cleburne." 

From the battle-field of Franklin, Schofield moved to Nash- 
ville, where he joined General Thomas, whose army had also 
been increased by re-inforcements under Major-General J. A. 
Smith, which had just reached him from Missouri. 

On the 2d of December, Hood's columns appeared before 
Nashville, and took up their position on a line of hills nearly 
parallel to those occupied by the Federal Army, and speedily 
threw up works, and prepared to defend the ground. It was 



THE YEAR 1864. 573 

a season of horrible freezing weather — raining, hailing, sleet- 
ingand snowing — and in it thetroops suffered exceedingly from 
insufficient protection. Their line of fortifications extended 
from the Murfreesboro to the Hillsboro Pike, with an ad- 
vanced front on Montgomery Hill. Here Thomas deter- 
mined to bring on a battle by attacking the entrenchments, 
and accordingly, on the 15th and 16th of December, was 
fought the battle of Nashville, the concluding battle between 
the armies in Tennessee, and which resulted in an over- 
whelming defeat for Hood. Having matured his plans, Gen- 
eral Thomas, on the 14th of December, gave orders for an at- 
tack to be made at daylight on the Confederate position. By 
6 o'clock of that clay, December 15th, all was in readiness, 
and the advance was sounded. The Federals moved out of 
their entrenchments and formed line of battle before the 
Confederate works, and the attack began. About noon, Col- 
onel Post's command made a rush for the Confederate works 
on Montgomery Hill, and captured them, taking a large num- 
ber of prisoners. One by one, the Confederate positions were 
assaulted and taken, until, when night came, Hood had been 
obliged to abandon his works along the Hillsboro Pike and 
fall back two miles to the Granny White Pike, and take up a 
new position. General Hood, not daunted by the reverses 
which had befallen him during the da} 7 , at once set to work to 
prepare for the next day's struggle. The new line extended 
along the range of a base of hills two miles south of that occu- 
pied during the day, and was only about half as long as that 
from which he had been driven. During the night, works were 
thrown up along the entire front, and the hills on their flanks 
were strongly fortified. 

At dawn of the 15th the attack was renewed by the divis- 
ions of the Fourth Corps, driving in the Confederate skirmish- 
ers. Soon Colonel Post, who had led the attack on Mont- 
gomery Hill the day before, moved up with a brigade to as- 
sault the Confederate position on Overton Hill, which was 



574 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Hood's extreme left. They were to be supported by fresh 
troops, who were to push up as soon as Post had gained the 
parapet. 

Seeing this heavy attack impending against his right at 
Overton Hill, Hood moved Cleburne's old division, now com- 
manded by General A. J. Smith, from the extreme left, 
where it opposed Schofield, over to his right on Overton Hill. 
Here Colonel Post soon made his attack, and advanced to 
within 20 steps of the works, when, under a concentrated 
fire of musketry and artillery, they were driven back, with the 
loss of 300 men, while the supporting brigade on its left lost 
250. Upon the repulse of Post's attack, the Confederate right 
wing turned its fire upon a parallel attack of General Thomp- 
son's Brigade of negro troops, who were moving against the 
works near the Franklin Pike. These were also repulsed, 
with a loss of 467, being 1,117 l° st m this one assault. On 
the Confederate left, opposite Schofield's front, General Bate's 
Division, which held the redoubt at that place, were struck by 
a front assault, and while resisting it, were also attacked in 
the rear by Hatch's Cavalry, with two pieces of artillery, and 
by a brigade of infantry charging in their rear, and deliver- 
ing a tremendous fire from their repeating rifles, causing 
Bate's line to break and abandon the works entirely, and rush 
precipitately to the valley below. 

As soon as the other Federal commands learned of the suc- 
cess of their right wing in attacking the Confederate left, the)-, 
by a common impulse, charged the works in their front, and 
carried them. The Confederate lines gave way, and the bat- 
tle, for them, was lost. General Edward Johnson, with nearly 
all of his division and his artillery, were captured ; Colonel 
Post's command renewed their charge over the same ground 
on which they had been repulsed, and this time were success- 
ful, capturing 14 guns and 1,000 prisoners. Everywhere, the 
Federal success was complete, and Hood's Army, broken and 



THE YEAR 1864. 



SIS 



routed, began a retreat, first to Franklin, then to Columbia, 
and finally out of Tennessee altogether, making its way to 
North Carolina, where it joined General Joseph E. Johnston, 
and was under his command; for after this battle, Hood 
was relieved of his command, and as a last extremity, the 
command was restored to General Johnston. 

The Confederate loss in this engagement, is given at 15,- 
000 killed, wounded, and captured or missing. The Federal 
loss, did not probably exceed 5,000. 

At the time the assault was being made on his left in this 
battle, Hood took General Reynolds' Arkansas Brigade from 
the line, and moved it to the left, to try and keep the Federal 
right from extending around the Confederate left, and on its 
way thither, it had reached a point in front of the Gap to the 
east of the Granny White Pike, when the Confederate line 
gave way. The brigade held the Federals back until Cheat- 
ham's Corps (Hardee's old corps,) passed through this Gap, 
and then covered the rear of the army until it reached Frank- 
lin. 

General Thomas began a pursuit of the retreating Confed- 
erates, which ended at the Tennessee river, ten days later. Af- 
ter the Confederates crossed Duck river, at Columbia, on 
their retreat, eight brigades, viz : Reynolds', Ector's, Quarks'., 
Strahl's, Maney's, Smith's, Palmer's and Featherstone's, 
were selected and placed under the command of General 
Walthall, as a rear guard of infantry. At Sugar Creek, with 
the brigades of Reynolds, Ector, Strahl and Maney, and a 
part of Ross' Cavalry, General Reynolds severely punished 
the Federal advance guard, and thereafter made them cautious. 
From there to the Tennessee river, the brigade of Reyn- 
olds and Ector, under Reynolds' command, were the rear 
guard, and were the last to cross the Tennessee river, on the 
morning of December 28th, 1864. 

This was the end of campaigning in these Armies. For eight 
months it had continued without intermission. It had called 



576 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

forth some of the highest exhibitions of strategy that the war 
exhibited. It had proved the valor of American soldiery, and 
shown it to be of the highest excellence ; whether in the en- 
durance of the toils of the march, the labor of entrenching. 
or the perils of the battle-field. It had witnessed a series of 
battles, everywhere stubbornly contested, but which had 
finally resulted in the complete triumph of the Federal arms, 
and the entire overthrow of the Confederate strength in that 
portion of the theater of war. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

1864—1865. 



RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF A STATE GOVERNMENT. ISAAC MURPHY, GOVERNOR. 

END OF THE WAR. 

In the Trans-Mississippi Department, the war had been 
prosecuted with some activity, both in Louisiana and in 
Arkansas. The earliest operations were in Louisiana, where 
an expedition under General N. P. Banks, with 40,000 men, 
set out for Texas by way of Shreveport. One portion of the 
plan of his advance contemplated that General Steele's forces 
at Little Rock should advance southwestward, and make a 
junction with him at some point on Red river. General 
Banks was encountered at Mansfield, Louisiana, April 8th, 
1864, by General Dick Taylor, in command of the Confed- 
erate forces, with about 25,000 men, and defeated in a severe 
battle. Again, on the next day, April 9th, Taylor attacked 
him at Pleasant Hill, and routed his entire army, arresting 
the invasion and compelling Banks to retreat to New Orleans, 
after having lost in the two battles, 14,000 men, 35 pieces of 
artillery, 20,000 small arms, an enormous wagon train, 
with immense quantities of stores and camp equipage. The 
Confederates also made capture of one gun-boat and three 
transports. Some of General Price's Army in Arkansas was 
moved into Louisiana, and took part in these engagements, 
but were afterwards moved back to Arkansas. 

In Arkansas, also, the progress of events had developed some 
activity. When the Federal Army advanced upon Little Rock, 
and the danger of the place being captured became imminent, 

37 577 



578 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



the State officers and many citizens moved southward. The 
seat of Government was temporarily established at Washing- 
ton, and the army, retreating in that direction, took a position 
first at Arkadelphia, and finally at Camden, on the Ouachita 
river, where they went into winter quarters. Having rested at 
Little Rock until spring of 1864, General Steele set out with 
an expedition to overtake the Confederates, and, if possible, 
drive them out of the State, and then turning southward to 
effect a junction with Banks' Arm)/. Steele's advance pushed 
southward until Camden was reached, which place they occu- 
pied April 15th, 1864. On the 18th of April, a fierce battle 
took place twelve miles northwest from Camden, on the 
Washington, Prairie d'Ann and Camden road, between the 
Confederates, under Generals Maxey, Marmaduke and 
Cabell, and the Federals, composed of Thayer's Division. 
The engagement was a complete success for the Confederates. 
They captured 150 prisoners, and 220 six-mule wagons and 
teams; 25 wagons were burned, and 195 were brought off. 
The Federal loss was stated at from 450 to 700, and that of 
the Confederates at about 50. This engagement is usually 
called the battle of Poison Spring. 

On the 25th of April, 1864, cavair}/ forces of General J. F. 
Fagan's command struck a large wagon train out from Pine 
Bluff, guarded by about 2,000 men, and a severe engagement 
took place at Marks' Mills, in what is now Cleveland count}'. 
The result of the affair was in favor of the Confederates, who 
took a number of prisoners and captured wagons. 

On the next day, the other portion of Steele's advance 
evacuated Camden, and began a retreat to Little Rock. 
Smith's Army came up to them at Jenkins' Ferry, in the 
Saline bottoms, and a desperate and bloody conflict ensued 
April 30th, in which Steele's forces were roughly handled, and 
the entire army narrowly escaped capture by a rapid retreat 
to the capital. This place Steele fortified with entrenchments, 
in the belief that an attempt would be made to re-capture the 



1864—1865. 



579 



city. The Confederates, however, did not pursue beyond the 
Saline river. The Confederate loss in this battle was also 
considerable. It is described as having been one of the most 
desperate and sanguinary combats of the whole war, consid- 
ering the numbers engaged. In the Thirty-third Arkansas 
Regiment, Colonel Grinstead, Sergeant-Major Hugh McCol- 
lum, Lieutenant W. H. Dixon, of Company "A," and J. 
W. Lankford, Captain of Company "K," were killed. 

One of the tragic incidents of this date was the execution 
of David Dodd, a young lad of seventeen years. He was 
arrested while making his way through the Federal lines, go- 
ing south. Papers were found on his person containing in- 
formation as to the Federal forces occupying Little Rock. 
He was charged with being a spy, and, on being tried by a 
court martial, was sentenced to be hung. A strong appeal 
was made to General Steele in his behalf, on account of his 
youth, but that officer was inexorable, and Dodd was executed 
January 8th, 1864. He was born in Lavacca county, Texas, 
November 10th, 1846. Just before his execution he wrote a 
touching letter to his mother, in which he expressed his per- 
fect willingness to die for his country. A handsome monu- 
ment now marks his resting place in Mount Holly Ceme- 
terv, Little Rock. 

About the 1st of September, 1864, General Price set out 
from his camp in Southwest Arkansas on a raid through 
Upper Arkansas, and into Missouri. A number of troops 
had been raised especially for this raid. A portion of his 
army consisted of sixteen regiments of cavalry. General 
James F. Fagan was second in command. 

After reaching the upper part of the State, and entering into 
Missouri, there was skirmishing every day, often amounting 
to a considerable engagement. The principal battle was 
fought at Pilot Knob, Missouri, September 27th, 1864. 

General Price made an attack on the place, which was 
strongly fortified. Notwithstanding the terrible storm cf 



580 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

shot and shell that swept from the Federal works and thinned 
their ranks at every step, the Confederates dashed up to trie very 
face of the breast-works, and made efforts to scale the para- 
pet. They had brought ladders with them for the purpose, 
which proved too short to pass the ditch on the outside and 
scale the works, but they spliced one ladder upon another, to 
make long enough ones. But it was impossible to hold the 
position they had gained, so they were obliged to retire, hav- 
ing suffered great loss in the attempt. That night the Fed- 
erals blew up the powder magazine inside the works, and re- 
treated in the darkness, abandoning their defenses. 

The movement of the army had thus far been as if to reach 
St. Louis, but now their course was turned northwest. 
Heavy engagements took place at Boonville, Independence 
and Westport, with sharp skirmishing taking place almost 
every day, until finally they reached Marais des Cygnes ("the 
lake of the swans") in Kansas, where they sustained a con- 
siderable reverse. A number of general and field officers, 
with about 300 men, were made prisoners. This was the 
farthest point reached by the expedition. From here the 
Confederates turned back toward Arkansas, and reached their 
camp in the lower part of the State in the latter part of 
October. 

This was the last considerable effort of the war in Arkan- 
sas, as the surrender followed soon after. The general result 
of the raid had been fruitless. 

Not a great while after the capture of Little Rock proceed- 
ings were be^un looking: to the establishment of a State 
Government. One of the first movements in this direction, 
was a Union meeting, held in Little Rock, October 30th, 
1863, at which Dr. John Kirkwood was made President of the 
meeting, and Dr. E. D. Ayers, Secretary. A Committee of 
Five, consisting of Isaac Murphy, W. M. Fishback, C. V. 
Meador, E. W. Crowl and E. P. Filkins was appointed to 
draft resolutions assuring the President of their desire to have 



1864—1865. 



5§: 



a State Government established as soon as possible, and to 
affirm? their loyalty to the Government of the United States. 

On the 3d of December, 1863, President Lincoln had 
issued a proclamation, in which he set forth that full pardon 
and amnesty was thereby extended to all persons who had 
taken part in the rebellion, conditioned only upon their tak- 
ing an oath of allegiance to the Government of the United 
States, excepting such Confederates as had held office under 
the United States, above certain ranks. 

In pursuance of the terms of this proclamation, citizens 
from certain counties which were in Federal possession held a 
meeting at Fort Smith, and took measures for the election of 
Delegates to a convention to frame a State Constitution . Dele- 
gates chosen in this election assembled at Little Rock, Jan- 
uary 4th, 1864, and held a convention for that purpose, re- 
maining in session until January 23d. Delegates were in 
attendance from 23 counties. John McCoy, of Newton 
county, was chosen President of the convention, and Robert 
J. T. White, Secretary. 

The following; were the Delegates : 



Crawford county, L. C. White, J. Aus- 
tin, J. Howell, C. A. Harper. 

Clark county, M. L. Langley, J. M." 
Stapp, Charles T. Jordan, J. Bur- 
ton. 

Columbia county, John H. Hiflin. 

Dallas county, R. H. Staniield, A. J. 
Eden. 

Drew county, William Cox. 

Hot Spring county, T. Whitten, W. H. 
Davis. 

Independence county, C. C. Bliss. 

Jackson county, John Box. 

Jefferson county, Horace B. Allis, Peter 
Finnerty, Thomas W. Clegg, Jr. 

Madison couuty, G. W. Seamans. 

Montgomery county, J. C. Priddy, R. 
Lamb. 

Xewton county, John McCoy. 

Ouachita county, R. T. Turner, Ralph 
Seats. 



Phillips county, J. A. Butler, J. B. 

Miles, Thomas M. Jacks, Thomas 

Pearce. 
Pike county, W. Jones, L. D. Cantrell. 
Polk county, James Huey, Thomas 

Young. 
Pope county, William Stout. 
Pulaski county, Thomas D. W. Yonley, 

E. Maynard, E. D. Ayers, F. A. 

Sarasin. 
Saline county, J. T. Swafford, J. M. 

Dement, W. Holleman, Enoch H. 

Vance. 
Sebastian county, H. L. Holleman, J. 

R. Smoot, R. D. Swindle. 
Sevier county, Samuel Helms. 
St. Francis county, A. B. Fryrear. 
Yell county, B. Johnson, Elias G. 

Cook. 



582 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

A Constitution was framed, and was submitted to a vote at 
an election held during three days — March 14th, 15th and 
16th, 1864. At this election, 12,177 votes were cast for the 
Constitution, and 266 against it. At the same time an elec- 
tion for State and county officers, members of Congress and 
of the State Legislature was held. 

In the election for State officers, Isaac Murphy, of Madison 
county, who had previously been chosen Provisional Governor 
by the convention in January, was elected Governor ; Robert 
J. T. White, Secretary of State; James R. Berry, of Madison 
county, Auditor ; Dr. E. D. Ayers, of Pulaski county, State 
Treasurer; Charles T. Jordan, Attorney-General; T. D. W. 
Yonley, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Charles A. 
Harper and Elisha Baxter, Associate Justices. 

In the election for Congressmen, the State was by the Con- 
stitution divided into three congressional districts, and William 
Byers was elected from the First District, G. H. Kyle in the 
Second District, and James M. Johnson in the Third Dis- 
trict, but they were never admitted to the United States Con- 
gress, as the State had not at that time been restored to the 
Federal Union. 

The Fifteenth Session of the Legislature, the members of 
which were elected at the time the vote upon the Constitu- 
tion was held, assembled at the capital April nth, 1864. C. 
C. Bliss was elected President of the Senate, and A. N. Har- 
grove, Secretary. In the House of Representatives, H. B. 
Allis, of Jefferson county, was elected Speaker,, and G. M. 
Sams, Clerk, but who was succeeded by W. A. Counts. This 
body held three sessions: from April nth to June 2d, 1864; 
again from November 9th, 1864, to January 3d, 1865, and 
from April 3d to April 2 2d, 1865. At this latter session was 
passed the Act of chief importance enacted b}^ the Body, 
which was an Act ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment to the 
Constitution of the United States. This amendment declared 
that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 



1864-1865. 



5 8 3 



punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been dulv 
convicted by the common law, shall exist within the United 
States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Other Acts 
were to provide a seal of State, as now used ; to prevent "bush- 
whacking;" to raise military forces for public defense, and to 
repeal the Common School Act of 1861. 

At its first session, the principal matter of importance was 
to institute the State Government, the officers for which were 
chosen at the election on the Constitution. This was done by 
the inauguration of Governor Isaac Murphy, April 18th, and 
the induction into office of those chosen to the other State 
offices. 

Isaac Murphy, the eighth Governor of the State, was born 
October 16th, 1802, near Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, the son of 
Hugh and Jane Murphy. His father was an extensive paper 
manufacturer of those times. Isaac Murplry attended school 
for the most of the time during his minority, and obtained a 
classical education. About the year 1830, he went to Mont- 
gomery county, Tennessee, where he taught school for a 
number of years. Jul) 7 31st, 1830, he was married to Miss 
Angelina A. Lockhart, whose father was a soldier in the War 
of 181 2, and whose grandfather was in the War of the Revo- 
lution. 

In November, 1834, he and his wife, and two children, 
Matilda and Mary, moved to Faj'etteville, Arkansas, where 
he taught school. Afterwards, he located at Mount Comfort, 
where he was engaged in school- teaching for a time. He did 
much for the building up of the school interests of Washing- 
ton county, and is entitled to much credit for the good results 
of his early efforts in the cause of education in that county. 
In the year 1835, he was admitted to the practice of law, at 
Fayetteville, and when not engaged in teaching, he followed 
the profession of law. For a time he was employed as 
United States Surveyor, and did much surveying of Public 
Lands in Northwest and Eastern Arkansas. In 1848-9 he 



5 8 4 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



was a member of the Legislature from Washington county. 
In 1849 he went to California, during the gold fever excite- 
ment, as a member of Captain McCulloch's Company, the 
first, or one of the first companies to cross the plains, es- 
tablished valuable claims, remained four years, left his claims 
with others, who never made any return to him, although his 
interests were great. 

He moved with his wife and six daughters to Huntsville, 
September 1st, 1854, and he, and two of his daughters, took 
charge of the Huntsville High School, for nearly two years. 
His daughter Matilda, in the meantime, having charge of the 
Huntsville Female Seminary. 

In 1856, he was elected to the State Senate, from the coun- 
ties of Benton and Madison, to fill the unexpired term of 
John Berry, deceased. From this time on, until the close of 
i860, he was engaged in the practice of law. In February, 
1 861, he was elected as a Union Delegate to the State Con- 
vention, which met in Little Rock, in March and Ma}-, 1861, 
to consider the state of the Union, and in which, as we have 
seen, he alone voted against the passage of the Ordinance of 
Secession. 

After the close of the Convention, he returned to his home 
near Huntsville, and remained a quiet citizen, but a feeling 
of enmity continued to increase against him as the war ad- 
vanced, and on the 7th of April, 1862, he, in company with 
Dr. J. M. Johnson, afterwards Colonel of the First Arkansas 
Infantry, and Frank Johnson, who was afterwards Major in 
the same command, fled the State for safety, and joined the 
army of General Curtis, who was then in Missouri. He was 
made a member of General Curtis' staff, and remained with 
this command until in 1863, when he joined the commands of 
Generals Steele and Davidson, and was with them in their 
march and capture of Little Rock, September 10th, 1863. 

In Januar}^ 1864, a delegated convention at the State cap- 
ital, chose him as Provisional Governor, and afterwards, in 



1864—1865. 585 

March, 1864, he was elected Governor, and was inaugurated 
as such in April of the same year. He took charge of the 
government of the State without a dollar in the treasuiy. 
His administration was pacific, and had the hearty approval 
of the masses. At the close of his administration, on the 3d 
of July, 1868, every cent of the expenses of his administration 
had been paid, and there were about $270,000 in greenbacks in 
the treasury. He then came back to his home in Madison 
county, and to some extent resumed the practice of law from 
time to time. 

He died at his home, September 8th, 1882, leaving behind 
him the record of an honest and conscientious life. His re- 
mains were interred in the Huntsville Cemetery, by the side 
of his wife, who had preceded him many 3 ? ears. Three 
daughters survived him : Mrs. J. R. Berry, Mrs. Mary Lowe, 
the widow of H. C. Lowe, and Mrs. F. M. Thorpe, wife of 
T. M. Thorpe, minister of an Episcopal church in the city 
of New York. 

Also, in this year, 1864, the Federal Court for the Eastern 
District of Arkansas was re-established. President Lincoln ap- 
pointed Colonel Henry C. Caldwell, from Ottumwa, Iowa, 
chief of staff of General Davidson of the Cavalr} 7 , to be Dis- 
trict Judge, and court was opened for the transaction of busi- 
ness in December— Charles P. Redmond, of Dubuque, 
Iowa, was appointed District Attorney by President Lincoln; 
Robert J. T. White, Clerk ; and W. O. Stoddard, Marshal. 
A full list of the officers of the court will be found at ap- 
pendix D. 

In that portion of Arkansas which was held by the Confeder- 
ates, a State Government was also being administered, under 
Governor Harris Flanagin. A session of the Confederate Legis- 
lature was held at Washington, September 22d, remaining 
in session until October 2d. Thomas Fletcher, of Arkansas 
county, was President of the Senate, and S. H. Bayless, Sec- 
retary. In the House, J. F. Lowry, of Chicot county, was 



586 EI 8 TOBY OF A It KANSAS. 

elected Speaker, and Edmund Burgevin, Clerk. General 
Albert Pike was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme 
Court, to succeed Judge H. F. Fairchild. 

In an election for Members of the Confederate Congress 
held in this year, Thomas B. Hanley was elected from the 
First District, Rufus K. Garland from the Second; Augustus 
H. Garland from the Third, but, becoming Senator, was suc- 
ceeded b}>- D. W. Carroll; and Felix I. Batson from the 
Fourth District. 

Thus, the State of Arkansas had within its limits two 
Governors and two Governments; Governor Murphy exer- 
cising jurisdiction over the northeast and part of the south, 
and Governor Flanagin the southwest. 

The close of the year 1864, had well nigh brought with it, 
the conclusion of the great war, which had now been in prog- 
ress during four years. The Federal armies in the field at 
the beginning of 1865, aggregated over a million of men ; 
while the utmost the Confederacy could muster was about 
100,000, in all parts of the field. 

In Virginia, the progress of events had been rapid, and had 
finally led on to the end of the great conflict. After a spir- 
ited defense of his lines for more than ten months, manned 
by a meagre force of 30,000 men, General Lee, after an un- 
successful attempt to break through Grant's lines by a night 
assault on Forts Steadman and Haskell, was forced to aban- 
don Petersburg and Richmond, which was done on the morn- 
ing of April 2d, 1865. In the destruction of public property 
in Richmond during the evacuation, the city took fire, and 
nearly one-third of it was consumed. Lee began a retreat 
through Amelia Court-house, and Chesterfield Court-house, 
being closely pressed b}? Grant's forces. With his men in a 
starving and exhausted condition, and all rations or subsist- 
ence destro3*ed, Lee was obliged to surrender. This was done 
at Appomattox Court-house, April 9th, 1865. 



1864—1865. 



5§7 



The number of effective men who laid down their arms in 
this surrender was 7,892 organized infantry, 2,100 cavalry, 
with 63 pieces of artillery. The total number borne on the 
parole lists was 28,231 men of all arms. In the dreary re- 
treat from Petersburg to Appomattox, the Third Arkansas 
Regiment was one of the few commands which preserved its 
regimental formation. 

In Johnston's Army the course of events had been no less 
rapid and effective. The close of the year 1864 had found 
Sherman's Army at Savannah. On the 4th of February, 
1865, he began his march northward, moving in two parallel 
columns, some distance apart, and with no considerable force 
in his front. Passing Charleston to the right, and Augusta to 
the left, he moved to Columbia, which was occupied by the 
right wing, under General Howard, February 17th, 1865. 
During that night the Federal troops set fire to the city, and 
destroyed the greater portion of it. From thence Sherman's 
Army moved to Winnsboro, thence to Fayetteville, and 
thence to Raleigh. General Hardee, who, with a small 
force, had been in his front, fell back gradually, and joined 
Johnston, at Smithfleld, North Carolina. 

General Johnston had united all of his available infantry at 
Smithfleld, 16 miles from Bentonville. They consisted of 
General R. H. Hoke's fine division of veterans, from the 
Army of Northern Virginia, Hardee's Corps, from Charles- 
ton and Savannah, Stewart's and Cheatham's Corps from the 
Army of Tennessee. He also had General Wade Hampton's 
Corps of Cavalry, with a complement of artillery, the whole 
numbering 14,100 infantry, about 2,000 cavalry* total, say, 
16,000. 

The Confederate forces in the Carolinas, instead of being 
concentrated, were so badly scattered that this was all of them 
that could be brought together in time for action. The situa- 
tion of affairs was, that unless Sherman's march should be 
arrested, he would shortly effect a junction with Grant in 



588 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Virginia, and the combined armies could then be the more 
readily able to overthrow the already depleted ranks of Lee. 

Accordingly, Johnston boldly resolved to give battle; to 
throw his handful of men against the 60,000 men of Sher- 
man's triumphant Army, with Schofield in supporting dis- 
tance, he having, since the defeat of Hood, been drawn from 
Tennessee, with a force of 23,000 men, making the total of 
Sherman's force 83,000. There was one chance for success. 
The two wings, right and left, were divided. It was John- 
ston's purpose to attack the left wing, and battle with it be- 
fore the right could come up. General Wade Hampton 
selected ground near the little hamlet of Bentonville as the 
battle place, and thither General Johnston moved and took 
positions on the 18th, and began to entrench. The battle- 
ground consisted of a wooded hill overlooking a large field. 
On the next da)/, March 19th, 1865, Hardee's Corps arrived, 
and was placed in position at the selected ground. About 10 
o'clock in the forenoon General D. H. Reynolds, with sev- 
eral general officers, rode forward to select the best place for 
putting the troops into action. 

The group attracted the attention of the artillerymen in a 
battery in their front within range, which opened fire on 
them. One of the shots struck General Re}-nolds' horse in 
the right breast, and, passing obliquely through the animal, 
came out behind the left fore-shoulder; and, in doing so, 
shattered General Reynolds' leg below the knee, so as to 
render amputation necessary. He, however, survived the 
wound, and is now a prominent law} 7 er of Chicot county. 

Reynolds' Brigade was now consolidated into one regi- 
ment, under Colonel H. G. Bunn, with James P. Eagle as 
Lieutenant-Colonel, and George Wells, Major. 

The battle began in the forenoon, and was a distinct Con- 
federate success, but the arrival of large re-inforcements to 
the Federal columns, compelled the Confederates to with- 
draw finally to their original position. The combat was 



1864—1865. 



5 8 9 



renewed on the next morning, March 20th, and was stub- 
bornly contested ; the Federals moving around the Confed- 
erate flank. 

On the 2 1st, the Federals drove in the cavalry videttes on 
the Confederate left, and pressed forward to gain the main 
road, which led to the bridge over Mill Creek, in the Confed- 
erate rear, and their only avenue of escape. This movement, 
however, was repulsed by a spirited attack, led by General 
Hardee in person, so sudden and so impetuous, that it carried 
everything before it, and the Federals retreated hastily. 

The outlet to the bridge being thus preserved intact, Gen- 
eral Johnston withdrew over Mill Creek, retiring leisurely a 
distance of four miles. 

All the Federal wounded, which had fallen into his hands, 
were cared for in his field-hospitals, and such of his own as 
could not be removed, were left. Thus ended the battle of 
Bentonville, the last regular field engagement of the war. 

Eighteen days from this time, Lee's Army, in Virginia, 
laid down their arms, and the war was practically at an end. 
The intelligence of his surrender was communicated to Presi- 
dent Davis, at Danville, Virginia, from which place he pro- 
ceeded to Greensboro, North Carolina. Here, in consulta- 
tion with his Cabinet, and Generals Johnston and Beaure- 
gard, Mr. Davis gave his consent that General Johnston 
should make such terms with General Sherman as he might 
be able to secure, for a suspension of hostilities, with a view 
to the peaceful termination of the war by the civil authorities. 

Before the surrender of Johnston's Army was consum- 
mated, an event transpired which made a great change in the 
course of subsequent affairs. This was the death of President 
Lincoln. He was foully assassinated on the night of April 14th, 
1865, by an actor, named John Wilkes Booth, as he was 
attending a performance of Sothern's play: "Our Amer- 
ican Cousin," at Ford's Theater, in Washington City. 



59° 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Upon the death of President Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, 
the Vice-President, took the oath of office April 15th, and 
entered upon the discharge of his duties as President. 

On the 1 8th of April, Generals Sherman and Johnston en- 
tered into an agreement for the cessation of hostilities, the 
terms of which provided that the war should cease, amnesty 
prevail, the Confederate Armies to be disbanded, and their 
arms and public property to be surrendered, and the men 
not to be disturbed, so long as they lived peaceably, abstain- 
ing from acts of armed hostility. 

President Johnson refused to approve the terms of this 
agreement, and on being notified thereof by General Sher- 
man, General Johnston entered into a capitulation with him 
April 26th, by which he surrendered all the Confederate forces 
under his command, upon terms similar to those agreed upon 
between Generals Grant and Lee, at Appomattox. 

The course of Johnston was followed by the other Confed- 
erate commanders everywhere. 

General Kirby Smith surrendered the armies of the Trans- 
Mississippi Department, April 26th. General John B. Hood 
and his staff surrendered May 31st. Colonel R. G. Shaver's 
Regiment surrendered at Shreveport, Louisiana, June 9th, 
1865, and was furnished a boat on which to be transported 
home. 

The troops who were surrendered with these commands 
set out to make their way homeward by whatever means 
they could, many of them being long distances from home, 
and without a cent of money to aid them in their return, but 
walking or riding — singly or in squads — as they had done when 
soldiers, and being assisted by the usual hospitality of the 
country through which they passed, a people who made it a 
practice to divide their last loaf with a Confederate soldier, they 
eventually came to their journey's end. 

The number of Confederate troops surrendered did not ex- 
ceed 100,000, and were divided as follows: In Lee's Arm)*, 



1864—1865. 



591 



28,000; in Johnston's Army, about 35,000, and in Kirby 
Smith's Army, about the same number; total, say, 98,000. 

At that time the Federal Armies in the field numbered 
1,000,576 men, or over ten to one, beside which there were 
1,254,000 other troops carried on the muster rolls, making a 
grand total of 2,225,516, as the strength of that army. 

Thus the great war was over, and had been fought out to 
the bitter end. It was the most stupendous war of modern 
times. By statistical tables it is shown to have been the oc- 
casion of 2,261 distinct battles and engagements, and involved 
the loss of the lives of over half a million of men on the two 
sides. . 

Stephens' History of the United States, quoting some un- 
named authority, says: "the stupendous aggregate of a mil- 
lion of men." 



PERIOD VI. 



From the Close of the War 

to 1890. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 
FROM 1865 TO 1868. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR ISAAC MURPHY. 

The restoration of peace found the people of Arkansas 
almost broken in fortune. In the progress of the war, farms 
had been ruined, barns, fences and houses destroyed, stock 
carried off or killed ; for such of them as had conducted mer- 
cantile or other business, all business connections had long 
ago terminated ; slaves, which had constituted the chief ele- 
ment of property, had been liberated, and there was literally 
nothing left them in the way of their former possessions ; but 
thoroughly accepting the situation, they set to work wherever 
they could with resolute purpose to the grave task of re- 
building their private fortunes. Turning their hands to 
whatever occupation presented itself, men addressed them- 
selves everywhere to the pressing subject of earning a liveli- 
hood. 

This personal industry also marked the course of the State 
in her public affairs. Turning away from the dread realities 
of war which had beset her, she devoted her efforts to the 
concerns of peace. 

"When the last echo of hostile cannon died away over her 
blasted fields, and left silence brooding in the midst of desola- 
tion, she did not sit down in idle grief, like Rachel, weeping 
for her children, but like David, when his son was dead, she 
restrained her unavailing tears and re-entered nobly upon her 
duties." 

595 



596 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

But besides the general poverty which the desolation of the 
war had produced, there were other embarrassments to be 
undergone. In addition to the severity of the situation in its 
general features, it became all the more trying, not only for 
the people of Arkansas, but for those of the whole South, 
from the action of the authorities in power, by their instituting 
proceedings to confiscate the property of prominent property 
owners who had taken part in the rebellion ; providing that 
lawyers should not practice in courts, unless they should first 
take an oath, called the "test oath," which was to the effect 
that they had not aided or abetted the Confederacy or been 
engaged in disloyalty toward the Federal Government, and 
causing many persons to be arrested and indicted on the 
charge of treason. 

Under the first named of these acts, proceedings were in- 
stituted in the Federal Court of Little Rock, to confiscate the 
property of George C. Watkins, Gordon N. Peay, T. J. 
Churchill, Daniel Ringo, A. J. Ward, James B. Keatts, 
Samuel P. Moore, William E. Ashley, David F. Shall, John 
D. Adams, William R. Miller, A. H. Garland, Albert Pike, 
John J. Clendennin, George A. Gallagher (his library of law 
books), Robert C. Newton, Richard H. Johnson, Benjamin 
F. Danley, William H. Gaines, Sandford C. Faulkner, James 
F. Fagan, W. H. HalliBurton, John G. HalliBurton, and 
others. 

In the cases of George C. Watkins, Gordon N. Peay and 
others their property was condemned and sold, but after a 
lengthy litigation, which was carried to the SupremeCourt of 
the United States, the confiscation laws were held invalid, and 
the property was restored to its former owners. 

In the second named proceedings the requiring of the test 
oath in the case of lawyers was a practical exclusion of the 
entire fraternity of the State, as all had been unanimous in 
support of the Confederacy, and should it be sustained, would 
entirely debar any Southern man from the ranks of the pro- 



FROM I860 TO 1868. 597 

fession. The validity of the requirement was contested in 
the courts by Colonel A. H. Garland, in a case entitled "jEx 
-parte Garland" which was carried to the Supreme Court of 
the United States. In a masterly argument made by brief 
before that court, Colonel Garland established his fame as a 
great lawyer. The decision of the court was against the con- 
stitutionality of the test oath requirement, and by this means 
the question was set at rest for the whole country. 

Under the last named Acts, proceedings were taken in the 
Federal Court of the Eastern District of Arkansas against a 
large number of persons who had taken part in the war on 
the Confederate side, charging them with treason. At the 
April term, 1865, the Grand Jury returned indictments against 
243 persons, among whom were George A. Gallagher, Wil- 
liam R. Miller, Elbert H. English, Richard H. Johnson, 
Robert C. Newton, Thomas C. Hindman, John J. Clen- 
dennin, John C. Peay, David F. Shall, William H. Brooks, 
Craven Pe3 T ton, William K. Patterson and others. Warrants 
of arrest were issued against these parties and they were nom- 
inally arrested, but were not confined in custody, though oc- 
casionally some were required to give bond for appearance. 
In the case of William -H. Brooks, bond in the sum of twenty 
thousand dollars for his appearance was required, which he 
gave. 

The most of these cases were disposed of by the parties 
obtaining and pleading a pardon from the President, under 
the amnesty policy, which was being pursued in the admin- 
istration of national affairs. 

Other cases not disposed of in this way were never brought 
to trial. In general, it may be said that no man was pun- 
ished by the United States through trial in any court of law, 
for his participation in the war. In all the body of the 
American laws, no statute could be found to punish any 
man for having followed the official action of his State — so 
closely were the rights of the States interwoven with the life 



598 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

of the General Government, in the governmental plan de- 
vised by the Fathers of the Republic. 

At this time the course of national legislation was looked to 
with great solicitude. President Johnson began his adminis- 
tration entertaining extreme views, meditating punishment 
for those who had been prominent in the Rebellion, and stern 
measures in the government of the South generally; or, in the 
language of a phrase current at the time, determined to 
"make treason odious." In a short while, however, the 
President's views underwent a change, mainly, it is said, 
through the influence and persuasion of Secretary Seward. 
From having been vindictive, he now became conciliatory. 
He issued proclamations of pardon and amnesty, finally em- 
bracing all who had taken part in the Rebellion ; and made 
provision for the prompt return to the Union of the States 
lately in rebellion, on the simplest and easiest conditions. 

The President's policy in this respect was not satisfactory 
to the extremists among the Republicans, who now began to 
be known by the party name of "Radicals." Upon the 
assembling of the Thirty-ninth Congress, December, 1865, 
his policy was bitterly assailed, one of the grounds set forth 
by the public press was that through it the "fruits of the war 
would be lost," and finally led to such a rupture between the 
two, that an attempt was made by Congress to impeach the 
President, the first and only time that such an effort has been 
made in the history of the United States, but which failed by 
one vote when tried before the Senate, sitting as a Court of 
Impeachment. 

Among the Acts of this Congress was one proposing an 
Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, to be 
known as the Fourteenth Amendment, conferring equal 
civil and political rights upon all persons; the effect being to 
confer such rights particularly upon the colored race. The 
Amendment contained the following provision : 



FBOM 1865 TO 1868. 



599 



"Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representa- 
tive in Congress ; or Elector of President and Vice-president ; 
or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, 
or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as 
a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, 
or as a Member of any State Legislature, or as an executive 
or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of 
the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or re- 
bellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the ene- 
mies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of 
each House, remove such disability." 

Congress made the acceptance of this Amendment a con- 
dition precedent to the return of any of the seceded States to 
representation in that Body. 

The last session of the Thirty-ninth Congress, which sat in 
December, 1866, was even more violently opposed to the 
President's policy of restoring the States to the Union, than 
the previous session had been. On the 2d of March, 1867, 
that Body passed an Act for the "Re-construction" of the 
States of the South, entitled : "An Act for the more efficient 
Government of the Rebel States." The preamble of the Act 
recited that "no legal State Governments, or adequate pro- 
tection for life or property now exists in the Rebel States of 
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Missis- 
sippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida, Texas and Arkansas, and 
(whereas) it is necessary that peace and good order should be 
enforced in said States until loyal and Republican State Gov- 
ernments can be legally established." This Act is known as 
"The Re-construction Act." 

As far as the State of Arkansas was concerned, its preamble 
had no foundation in fact,, for a State Government, every 
member of the Executive branch of which was Republican, 
had been in existence for three years. Everything was peace- 
able, and was beginning to be prosperous. The laws were 
executed, progress was in vogue, and the entire governmental 



600 EISTOBY OF AXKANSAS. 

machinery was moving on smoothly. President Johnson 
vetoed the Bill, but it was passed by Congress over his veto. 

Neither the State of Arkansas nor any other of the South- 
ern States, had any voice in the enactment of these laws, as 
they were not given any representation in Congress at the 
time. 

The Act required that the States of the South should be 
divided into five Military Districts, each district governed by 
a military appointee. Under this provision the States of 
Arkansas and Mississippi were joined as the Fourth Military 
District, under the government of General E. O. C. Ord. 
The State of Arkansas was made a Sub-district, under Gen- 
eral Alvan C. Gillem. 

The sixteenth session of the Arkansas State Legislature met 
at the capital November 5th, 1866, and remained in session 
until March 23d, 1867. It was largely Democratic, while the 
State Government otherwise was Republican. This led to 
considerable opposition between the Executive and the Legis- 
lature. Governor Murphy vetoed a number of Acts, but they 
were universally passed over his veto. 

In the Senate, Reverend Andrew Hunter was elected Presi- 
dent, and Wyatt C. Thomas, Secretary. In the House, Brad- 
ley Bunch, of Carroll county, was elected Speaker, and John 
King, Clerk. 

The Acts of general importance of the session were Acts to 
locate at Arkadelphia the Arkansas Institute for the Blind, 
which had been incorporated February 4th, 1859; providing 
for the erection of additional buildings upon the Penitentiary 
grounds ; assenting, in the name of the State of Arkansas, to 
the donation by Congress of lands to provide Agricultural and 
Mechanical Colleges; providing for "the support of wounded 
and disabled soldiers, and the support of indigent widows and 
children of deceased soldiers, and the relief of indigent families 
of this State," and to furnish artificial limbs for maimed 
soldiers. This last-named Act directed that ten per cent, of 



F&OM 1865 TO 1868. 6oI 

the revenue of the State, up to $350,000, to-wit : not exceed- 
ing $35,000, should be reserved by the State Treasurer annu- 
ally for the purposes contemplated by the Act. The benefi- 
ciaries of the measure were to be the maimed or crippled 
soldiers, "disabled in the late war," or their families, "not 
already provided for by pension, bounty or otherwise, by the 
Government of the United States." This Bill was vetoed by 
the Governor, but was passed over his veto February 2d, 1867. 

Other Acts of general importance were to declare the rights 
of persons of African descent ; increasing the salaries of the 
Auditor and Treasurer of State to $2,500 per annum, the 
Secretary of State to $2,000, and the Governor's Private Sec- 
retary to $1,500 per annum; directing the issue of deeds to 
persons who had contracted and paid for school lands prior to 
the 5th day of June, 1865, and confirming all patents issued 
for such lands ; Acts which were vetoed by the Governor, but 
passed over his veto ; creating the county of Little River ; loan- 
ing the faith and credit of the State in aid of the construction of 
railroads; remitting interest on purchases of internal improve- 
ment of seminary and saline lands during the war, i. e., from 
May 6th, 1861, to May 6th, 1865; defining and putting on 
record the boundaries of the counties of Cross and Woodruff, 
which were created by the Legislature of 1862-3 '•> an d de- 
clining to accede to the Fourteenth Amendment to the Consti- 
tution of the United States, as proposed by Congress. 

At this Legislature Hon. John T. Jones, of Helena, and 
Rev. Andrew Hunter, President of the Senate, were elected 
United States Senators. Dr. Hunter declined the office, as 
being incompatible with his duties as a minister, and A. H. 
Garland was elected to rill the vacancy. Neither of these 
gentlemen were allowed admission by the Senate, and so the 
seats remained vacant, as they had been since 1861. 

On the 15th of October, 1866, Judge David Walker became 
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and John J. Clendennin 
Associate Justice, but they were ousted by General C. H. 



602 IIIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Smith, Military Commander of the Sub-district of Arkansas, 
under the Re-construction Acts. 

On the 15th of October, 1866, L. B. Cunningham became 
State Treasurer, succeeding Dr. E. D. Ayers. He served as 
such until August 19th, 1867, when he was ousted by the 
Military Government of the District, and Henry Page was 
appointed at that date his successor. At the same date, Oc- 
tober 15th, 1866, Robert H. Deadman became Attorney- 
General, succeeding R. S. Gantt, who had served as such 
from January 31st, 1865. 

On the 12th of February, 1867, Judge T. D. W. Yonley 
was appointed Chancellor of the Pulaski Chancery Court, suc- 
ceeding Judge Lafayette Gregg, who had served as Chancellor 
since November 28th, 1865. 

Upon appointing the commanders for the five military dis- 
tricts into which the South was divided, President Johnson took 
the opinion of Attorney-General Stanberry as to the effect of 
the Re-construction Acts, and his opinion, which was in the 
main adverse to the validity of the law, was issued to the de- 
partment commanders as an order for their guidance. 

Under these directions, General Ord caused a registration of 
voters to be made, and in November, 1867, an election was 
held for Delegates to a Constitutional Convention, which the 
law directed should be held at the capital, in January, 1868. 
Both the registration and the election were held under military 
authority. A large number of citizens who applied to regis- 
ter were refused registration on the ground of their having 
participated in Rebellion, and being in classes prohibited by 
the re-construction laws. In this state of affairs many Dem- 
ocrats did not offer to register, regarding the whole proceed- 
ings as unconstitutional and void. At the election for Dele- 
gates, likewise held under military auspices, Delegates to the 
convention were returned, who, generally, were Republicans. 

The Convention sat in Little Rock, from January 7th to 
February 18th, 1868. Thomas M. Bowen was elected Presi- 
dent of the Body, and John G. Price, Secretary. 



FBOM 1852 TO 1860. 



603 



The following is a list of the 

Arkansas county, John McClure, J. H. 

Hutchinson. 
Ashley, W. D. Moore, G. W. Norman. 
Benton, W. W. Reynolds. 
Bradley, John M. Bradley. 
Calhoun, William G. Hollis, 
Chicot, James W. Mason. 
Clark, S. Exon, M. L. Langley. 
Carroll, Joseph Wright. 
Columbia, Wm. A. Beasley, 6. W. Mc- 

Cown. 
Conway, Anthony Hinkle. 
Craighead and Mississippi, F. R. Poole. 
Crawford, Thomas M. Bowen. 
Crittenden, Asa Hodges. 
Cross and Poinsett, J. A. Houghton. 
Dallas, Gale H. Kyle. 
Desha, Clifford Stanley Sims. 
Drew, R. G. Putney, S. J. Matthews. 
Franklin, Robert Hatfield. 
Fulton and Searcy, Wm. A. Wyatt. 
Green, Hampton T. Allen.* 
Hempstead, J. R. Montgomery, S. D. 

Belden, Richard Samuels. 
Hot Spring, John W. Harrison. 
Independence, Peter G. Misner, Geo. 

W. Dale. 
Izard, W. W. Adams. f 
Jackson, W. H. Pickett.* 
Jefferson, S. W. Mallory, O. P. Snyder, 

James M. Gray, William Murphy. 
Johnson, James Newton Sarber. 



Delegates : 

Lafayette, Alfred M. Merrick, Monroe 

Hawkins. 
Lawrence, Bouldin Duvall. 
Little River, George S. Scott. 
Madison, F. M. Sams. 
Marion and Newton, P. A. Williams. 
Monroe, A. H. Evans. 
Montgomery and Perry, J. C. Priddy. 
Ouachita, James P. Portis, Nathan N. 

Raw lings. 
Phillips, Joseph Brooks, Thos. Smith, 

Wm. H. Gray, James T. White. 
Pike and Polk, Elijah Kelley.* 
Pope, Walter W. Brashear. 
Prairie, Robert S. Gantt, William F. 

Hicks. 
Pulaski, James L. Hodges, James 

Hinds, Henry Rector, Thos. P. 

Johnson. 
Randolph, Ham. W. Ratcliffe.f 
Saline, James H. Shoppach. 
Scott, Charles H. Oliver. 
Sebastian, Moses Bell. 
Sevier, Joseph H. Corbell. 
St. Francis, Daniel Coates. 
Union, R. C. Van Hook, I. L. Wilson. 
Van Buren, Jesse Millsap. 
Washington, Charles W. Walker, James 

M. Hoge. 
White, Jesse N. Cypert, Thomas Owen. 
Woodruff, W. H. Gray.* 
Yell and Franklin, Monroe Rounsaville. 



(*) Never Present. (f) Present one day. 

A Constitution was framed to be submitted to a vote to be 
had March 13th, 1868. At the same a vote was to be had 
for the election of State officers. James L. Hodges, Joseph 
Brooks, and Thomas M. Bowen were appointed a State Board 
of Commissioners to declare the result of the vote on the 
adoption or rejection of the Constitution. 

The instrument contained provisions with relation to 
franchise, making registration a prerequisite for voting, the 
effect of which was that any person to whom registration 



604 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

should be denied was thereby precluded from voting; and 
refusing the privilege of either registering or voting to a large 
number of citizens — about 25,000 — in the State. The dis- 
franchisement which it contained was similar to that con- 
tained in the re-construction laws. 

Notwithstanding these laws, the Democratic vote was in 
an unquestioned majority in the State. They were not, how- 
ever, agreed as to their course. Most of the leaders were in 
favor of subscribing to the oath required by the re-construc- 
laws, and casting the full vote against the instrument. Others, 
following the direction of Attorney-General Stanberry's opin- 
ion, were inclined to look upon the whole proceeding as null 
and void, and counseling that Democratic voters should take 
no part in the election, and should refrain from voting ; or, as 
the phrase of the times went, should "stand boldly aloof." 
Others refrained from different reasons. The party conven- 
tion, and the party press generally, advocated that all should 
turn out and vote, but it is not improbable that the holding 
aloof polic} T kept many from doing so. 

The vote on the Constitution was held during five days — 
March 13th to 18th. The vote, as given in General Gillem's 
report, was : 

Number voting for Constitution, 27,913 ; number voting 
against Constitution, 26,597 ; majority for Constitution, 1,316; 
total vote cast, 54,510. The total registered vote, as given in 
said report, was 73,784. This would indicate that there were 
19,274 registered votes in the State, which were not cast at 
the election at all. The report mentioned a number of irreg- 
ularities, among which was 1,195 more votes cast in Pulaski 
county than there were registered voters, and in Jefferson 
county 730 persons voting who were registered in other coun- 
ties; but as to which General Gillem reported that he "could 
not tell whether they voted for or against the Constitution." 

On the 1st of April, 1868, the State Board of Commis- 
sioners issued their proclamation, reciting that, "it appears 



FBOM 1S65 TO 1868. 



605 



that a majority of the votes cast were cast for the Constitution , ' ' 
and declaring it ratified and in force from that date. 

The election for delegates to the convention, and the elec- 
tion on the adoption of the Constitution, was the first time at 
which the negro vote was cast at an election in Arkansas. 

At this last named election the following State officers were 
chosen, of Republican politics, to-wit : Governor, Powell Cla}*- 
ton ; Lieutenant-Governor, James M. Johnson ; Secretary of 
State, Robert J. T. White; Auditor, James R. Beny ; Treas- 
urer, Henry Page; Attorney-General, John R. Montgomery; 
Chancellor #f Pulaski Chanceiy Court, T. D. W. Yon ley. 
Justices of the Supreme Court: Thomas M. Bowen, Lafay- 
ette Gregg, William M. Harrison and John McClure. On 
the organization of the Court, W. W. Wilshire was appointed 
Chief Justice by the Governor. N. W. Cox was appointed 
Clerk, and D. P. Upham, Clerk of Chancery Court. 

The Democrats claimed that great frauds were perpetrated 
in the election by the exclusion of those entitled to vote, by 
repeating, and in other ways, whereby the Constitution was 
really largely voted down. Colonel Francis A. Terry, the 
Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee, was 
active in presenting a great number of affidavits to prove the 
truth of the charges, but in the end it availed nothing. The 
Constitution was sustained, and the State was admitted to 
representation by Act of Congress of May 13th, 1868. Pres- 
ident Johnson vetoed the Bill, but it was passed over his veto. 
When this was done, the reign of the military ceased, and 
the control of affairs was turned over to the civil authorities. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 
FROM 1868 TO 1873. 



THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS POWELL CLAYTON AND O. A. HADLEY. 

The State Government, under the new Constitution, began 
its existence July 2d, 1868, at which date Governor Clayton 
was inaugurated and the other officers were inducted into of- 
fice. 

Governor Powell Clayton, the ninth Governor of the State, 
was born in Delaware county, Penns}-lvania, August 7th, 
1833. He lived in that county until reaching manhood, was 
educated there, and attended the Military Academy at Bristol, 
Pennsylvania. In 1855 he emigrated to Kansas, and located 
at Leavenworth, where he pursued civil engineering. On 
the breaking out of the war, he enlisted in the First Kansas 
Infantry, organized at Leavenworth, and was made a Cap- 
tain therein. With his regiment he took part in the battle of 
Oak Hill, or Wilson's Creek, the regiment losing many men 
in the eno-ag-ement. He was then made Lieutenant-Colonel, 
and afterwards Colonel of the Fifth Kansas Cavalry, and was 
at Helena, under General Curtis, in the battle there, July 4th, 
1863. He was then with General Steele in the capture of 
Little Rock, and was assigned to the command of Pine Bluff, 
which place he held until the close of the war, when he was 
mustered out of service. During his command at Pine Bluff 
he had two encounters with Confederate Cavalry, one in the 
attack on Pine Bluff, by General Marmaduke, which was re- 
pulsed; and the other, with a force under General Dockery, at 

606 




POWELL CLAYTON. 

Ninth Governor of the State. 



608 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Mount Elba, on the Saline river, in which he made capture 
of a number of prisoners. For gallantry in this last named 
engagement he was promoted to Brigadier-General. 

Shortly after the war he married Miss B. A. McGraw, of 
Helena. Of this marriage four children were born. He set- 
tled on a plantation, near Pine Bluff, in 1867, and in the pro- 
ceedings in the canvass and election on the Constitution he 
became, and still is, the leader of the Republican party in the 
State. After serving one term as Governor, he was, in 1871, 
elected United States Senator to succeed Alexander MacDon- 
ald, and served as such to 1877, after which he settled at 
Eureka Springs, Carroll county, becoming largely interested in 
the railroad leading from Seligman, Missouri, to Eureka 
Springs. 

On becoming Governor, he chose as his Private Secretary, 
first, Keyes Danforth, and, afterwards, James H. Barton. 

The seventeenth session of the Legislature of Arkansas 
met at the capital April 2d, and held two sessions : the first 
extending from April 2d to July 23d, 1868, and the second 
sitting from November 17th, 1868, to April 10th, 1869 — the 
two sessions embracing 255 days. James M. Johnson was 
President of the Senate, and I. W. Carhart, Secretary. In the 
House, John G. Price, of Pulaski county, was elected 
Speaker, and Frank E. Wright, Clerk. In politics it was 
almost entirely Republican. 

The Acts of general application, passed at the first session, 
were Acts bestowing civil rights upon the colored race ; provid- 
ing for the registration of voters, and the revision thereof; ap- 
pointing a Commissioner of Immigration and State Lands; es- 
tablishing the Arkansas Deaf Mute Institute; creating the 
county of Sharp ; directing the preparation of a Code of 
Practice in Civil and Criminal Cases ; pledging State aid to the 
construction of railroads ; moving the State School for the 
Blind from Arkadelphia to Little Rock; establishing free 
common schools; making a general incorporation law for 



FBOM 1868 TO 1873. 609 

cities and towns, and for railroad companies ; repealing the 
Act of 1867 for pardon and amnesty; authorizing counties to 
subscribe stock to railroads; establishing the Arkansas Indus- 
trial University ; and adopting the Fourteenth Amendment to 
the Constitution of the United States — this last of date July 
20th, 1868. 

One of the highly important Acts of this Legislature was 
the establishment of the "Arkansas Deaf and Mute Insti- 
tute." The following account of the institution is taken from 
the public press of 1888 : 

"The Arkansas Deaf Mute Institute. — On July ioth, 
1867, Joseph Mount, a deaf mute, opened a school in Little 
Rock, supported by the city. By an Act of the Legislature, 
approved July 17th, 1868, this school was incorporated as 
'The Arkansas Deaf Mute Institute,' and permanently lo- 
cated at Little Rock. The first Board of Trustees were : 
John Wassell, President; Robert J. T. White, Albert W. 
Bishop, Geo. R. Weeks, and Henry Page. On February 
28th, 1869, Mr. Mount, the Principal, left, and the school was 
carried on under one of the older pupils until June 26th, 
when Prof. Marquis L. Brock became Principal, but only re- 
mained until the 26th of February following, when he re- 
turned to the Illinois institution, whence he came. In April, 
1870, Prof. Elmore P. Caruthers took charge, and from that 
time the institute entered upon a career of prosperity that re- 
ceived no check till 1875. In the spring of that year, owing 
to financial trouble, growing out of the political struggle in 
the State, the school was closed. At that time there were 
seventy-nine pupils in attendance, and it was not until 1886 
that the pupils reached that number again." 

About the year 1868 an organization came into existence in 

the South, called the "Kuklux Klan," which was productive of 

much trouble in the administration of affairs. It is said that 

it had its origin in a masquerading frolic of some young men 
39 



6 1 HIS TOR Y OF ARK ANSA S. 

in Georgia, and was intended for no other purpose than 
harmless amusement; but as the organization grew larger, 
and spread into neighboring States, it became uncontrollable, 
and acts of violence were committed by its members, which 
brought the society or "Klan" under the ban of repression by 
law, and it ceased to exist. 

The order undoubtedly existed in Arkansas, either as a 
regular organization, or else by its acts being followed and imi- 
tated, and a number of secret murders and acts of violence were 
committed, which were charged to have been done or promp- 
ted by the "Klan," until it was broken up by the Legisla- 
ture of 1 8S9, passing a law declaring it to be a felony to belong 
to it. In the summer of 1868, James Hinds and Joseph 
Brooks were on their way to a political meeting, at Indian 
Bay, Monroe county, when they were fired on from the 
bushes, and Hinds was instantly killed, and Mr. Brooks was 
wounded. The assassination of Hinds created a profound 
sensation, and was one of the man)'' acts arising to add to the 
troubled condition of affairs at the time. It was believed to 
have been done by "Kuklux." 

In the following autumn, another foul murder was commit- 
ted in the assassination of General Thomas C. Hindman, but 
which was not referable to this organization. He was sitting: 
by his fireside, at his home in Helena, on the night of Septem- 
ber 27th, 1868, when some one fired a charge of buck-shot 
through his window, taking effect in his head and neck, kill- 
ing him instantly. He was taking part in a political canvass 
of unusual heat and intensity, in behalf of Charles S. Cameron, 
Democratic Candidate for Congress in the First District, 
and it was in the midst of this canvass that the foul deed was 
committed. A reward was offered by the Governor for the 
apprehension of the murderer or murderers, but they were 
never discovered or brought to justice. 

The year 1868 was the year of a Presidential election, which 
gave rise to an earnest and exciting canvass. The candidates 



FROM 1868 TO 1873. 



6ll 



of the Republican party were U. S. Grant, of Illinois, and 
Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana. Those of the Democrats were 
Horatio Seymour, of New York, and General Frank P. Blair, 
of Missouri. In the election November 3d, Grant and Col- 
fax were chosen. The electoral vote was 217 against 77. 
The vote of Arkansas was one of the States given for them. 

In this election a number of counties did not participate for 
the reason that on the 6th of October, 1868, Governor Clay- 
ton issued a proclamation, setting aside the registration in the 
counties of Ashle}-, Bradley, Columbia, Hot Spring, Lafay- 
ette, Mississippi, Woodruff, Sharp, Craighead, Sevier and 
Greene, and on November 1st, Randolph. 

The total registered vote in these counties, which were thus 
excluded from voting, was about 13,750. In the vote on the 
Constitution, beginning March 13th, 1868, this vote had been 
cast as follows : 



COUNTY. 


FOR 
CONSTITUTION. 


AGAINST 
CONSTITUTION. 


REGISTERED 
VOTE. 


MAJORITY 
FOR 

CONSTITUTION. 


MAJORITY 

AGAINST 

CONSTITUTION. 


Ashley, 


424 


626 


1 4 1.8 




202 


Bradley, 


256 


546 


12 74 




29O 


Columbia, 


59 1 


977 


2200 




386 


Hot Spring, 


214 


474 


920 




260 


Lafayette, 


466 


4 2 3 


1683 


43 




Mississippi, 


94 


i33 


5 IQ 




39 


Woodruff, 


191 


597 


1264 




406 


Sharp,* 


57 


223 


1013 




166 


Craighead, 


182 


226 


620 




44 


Sevier, 


305 


401 


917 




96 


Greene, 


10 


597 


946 




5«7 


Randolph, 


114 


5°3 


985 




389 


Totals, 


2904 


5726 


I 375° 


43 


2865 



At this election also an election for Congressmen in the sev- 
eral districts was held. The candidates were: In the First 

(*) Sharp county was formed out of Lawrence county after the vote on the Constitution, 
and before the vote at this election, was had. Its relative proportion of vote is estimated in 
the above table as being one -half of Lawrence. 



6 12 HIS TOBY OF AUKAJSISAS. 

District, Logan H. Roots, Republican; Charles S. Cameron, 
of Cross count)/, Democrat. Second District, A. A. C. Rog- 
ers and James Thomas Elliott. Third District, Thomas 
Boles, Republican; L. B. Nash, Democrat. 

On the 5th of December the Governor issued his proclama- 
tion declaring the following persons elected as members of the 
Fort3'-first Congress: First District, Logan H. Roots; Sec- 
ond District, A. A. C. Rogers ; Third District, Thomas 
Boles. 

On the 4th of November, the day following the election, 
Governor Clayton issued a proclamation declaring martial 
law to exist in the counties of Ashley, Bradley, Columbia, 
Lafayette, Mississippi, Woodruff, Craighead, Greene, Sevier 
and Little River, reciting that "life and property were inse- 
cure" in said counties and that the civil officers were "unable 
to preserve the peace" there, and calling for volunteers to 
serve in the militia. Similar proclamations were made with 
reference to the counties of Fulton, November 7th; Drew, 
November 10th; Conway, December 8th; and Crittenden, 
Dec. 28th, fourteen counties. On the 7th of November the 
Governor issued his proclamation, declaring that "for the pur- 
pose of perfecting the organization of the militia and carrying 
into effect the Governor's proclamation of martial law in 
several counties of this State, the following military districts 
are hereby established : 

District of the Southwest. Consisting of the counties of Se- 
bastian, Scott, Yell, Peny, Pulaski, Polk, Montgomer}', Hot 
Spring, Saline, Sevier, Pike, Clark, Dallas, Little River, 
Hempstead, Ouachita, Calhoun, Lafayette, Columbia, and 
Union commanded by Brigadier-General Robt. F. Catterson. 

District of the Northwest . Composed of the counties of 
Crawford, Franklin, Johnson, Pope, Conway, Van Buren, 
Searcy, Newton, Madison, Washington, Benton, Carroll and 
Marion; the Commander to be announced. 



FROM 1868 TO 1873. 613 

District of * the Northeast. Composed of the counties of Ful- 
ton, Lawrence, Sharp, Randolph, Greene, Izard, Independ- 
ence, Jackson, Craighead, Poinsett, Mississippi, White, Wood- 
ruff, Cross, St. Francis, Crittenden, Prairie, Monroe, Phil- 
lips and Desha, north of White river; commanded by 
Brigadier-General Daniel P. Upham. 

District of the Southeast. Composed of the counties of 
Arkansas, Ashley, Jefferson, Bradley, Drew, Chicot and 
Desha south of White river; commanded by Colonel Sam. 
Mallory. 

In pursuance of these proclamations, several of these coun- 
ties were visited by bodies of militia. They were given 
orders to forage off of the country, and to give receipts for 
whatever was taken by them, to be paid for "on proof of 
loyalty." To the inhabitants of those counties where the 
State troops were, it was a veritable reign of terror, as it was 
made by the militia the occasion of indiscriminate plundering 
of the people, and much that was taken or destroyed was 
never paid for. Many citizens were killed, houses were 
burned, and other crimes committed. The civil law was 
superseded in. those counties by courts martial, and the citi- 
zens for the time being were placed under military sway. 
Altogether, it was one of the darkest periods in the State's 
entire history. 

In Sevier count}', in a collision between the State troops 
and citizens at Center Point, five of the latter were killed and 
three were afterwards put to death, and several on both sides 
were wounded. Stores in the town were entered by the 
State troops and rifled of their contents, and things not needed 
for use were destroyed. 

In Woodruff county nine persons were killed and a number 
were imprisoned. 

In Conway county, Thomas Hooper was killed at Plum- 
mersville, by a squad of militia, December 7th. His legs were 



6lA HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

tied under a mule, and he was shot in the back. At Lewis- 
burg, Joseph Jackson, Thomas Beachfield and Casey were 
killed, and a large part of the town of Lewisburg was burned. 

In other counties, also, similar spoliation and killing of 
citizens took place. In general, it is estimated that as many 
as fifty persons were killed in the several counties. 

At the session of the Legislature of 1869, an Act was passed 
absolving all persons who had served in the militia from 
accountability for any act done in such service. This Act was 
tantamount to acquitting, in advance of legal proceedings, 
any person who, while so engaged, might have committed 
any unlawful act, however great. 

Proclamations revoking martial law in these counties, were 
made at the following dates : 

December 2d, 1868, Sevier cbunty ; December 14th, 1868, 
Fulton county; December 19th, 1868, Little 'River and Lafa- 
yette counties, east of Red river; December 24th, 1868, Con- 
way county; January 9th, 1869, Columbia and Lafayette 
counties, west of Red river; January 19th, 1869, Woodruff 
county; February 3d, 1869, Ashley county; February 3d, 
1869, Bradley county; February 3d, 1869, Drew county; 
February 13th, 1869, Mississippi county; February 17th, 
1869, Craighead county; February 17th, 1869, Greene 
county; March 21st, 1869, Crittenden county. 

There being no appropriation for the purpose of arming 
the militia, Governor Clayton negotiated with Messrs. James 
L. Hodges and George R. Weeks for the necessary funds for 
the purchase of arms ; and they advanced the money upon 
Governor Clayton becoming responsible for it, the amount 
to be repaid by the State. Mr. Hodges was appointed Agent 
of the State to go North and purchase arms. He did so, 
and purchased 4,000 muskets, which were shipped on their 
destination, and came as far as Memphis. 

On the 1 2th of October, 1868, Governor Clayton chartered 
the Steamer "Hesper," in command of Captain Sam. Hous- 



FB01I IS 68 TO 1S73. 615 

ton, to go to Memphis and transport the arms to Little Rock, 
where they were to be distributed. The boat proceeded to 
Memphis and took the boxes of guns on board, and started on 
her return journey to Little Rock, October 15th. When she 
had reached about twenty miles below Memphis, the "Hesper" 
was overhauled by the steam-tug "Nettie Jones," when a party 
of masked men came from the latter boat aboard of the "Hes- 
per." They speedily broke open the boxes containing the 
guns, and pitched the entire 4,000 muskets into the Mississippi 
river, and returning to the "Nettie Jones," soon steamed away 
out of sight. 

In the session of the Legislature from November 17th, 1868, 
to April 10th, 1869, the following were the Acts of chief im- 
portance : 

Creating the counties of Grant and Boone ; making an ap- 
propriation of $75,000 to pay the expenses of the militia 5 
$205,000 in all was ultimately appropriated by other Legis- 
latures ; authorizing the issue of interest-bearing certificates ; 
providing for the making and repairing of public levees; for 
maintaining the public peace; and for the funding of the pub- 
lic debt of the State, on account of her bonds issued to 
the State Bank and to the Real Estate Bank, including the 
disputed Holford bonds, by the issue of new bonds ; and as- 
senting- to an amendment to the Constitution of the United 
States proposed b}' Congress, and called the Fifteenth Amend- 
ment, which was in these words : 

"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any 
State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of serv- 
itude." 

And the Act before mentioned, absolving persons who had 
served in the militia from an)f accountability on account of 
acts done while in said service. 

In the autumn of 1870 occurred an election for Congress- 
men. O. P. Snyder was elected in the First District; John 



616 HISTORY OF' ARKANSAS. 

Edwards was returned in the Second District, but his seat was 
contested by Thomas Boles, his opponent, who was awarded 
the seat. James M. Hanks was elected for the Third Dis- 
trict. This was for the Forty-second Congress — from 1871 to 

1873. 

In the Government census of 1870 the population of Arkan- 
sas is given at 484,471, of which 362,115 were white persons, 
and 122,169 of the colored race, an increase of 49,021 over 
the census of i860. 

The eighteenth session of the Arkansas Legislature met at 
Little Rock, January 2d, 187 1, and remained in session until 
March 25th. Lieutenant-Governor James M. Johnson was 
President of the Senate, and R. L. Archer, Secretary. Chas. 
W. Tankersley was elected Speaker of the House, and Joseph 
R. Richards, Clerk. 

The Acts of general importance were to create the counties 
of Nevada, Sarber and Lincoln; to issue bonds for the State 
debt ; to provide for the making of a digest of the State laws ; 
to provide for the collection of the school fund; for the build- 
ing and repairing of public levees ; for the issue of interest-bear- 
ing certificates on bank-note paper; establishing criminal 
courts ; authorizing counties to issue bonds for the building of 
court-houses arid jails ; and providing an amendment to the 
Constitution, which, when adopted, should be known as Ar- 
ticle VIII, and be substituted for the prior section, which pro- 
vided such extensive disfranchisement of citizens. 

Under the Act of March 27th, 1871, for the establishment 
of the Arkansas Industrial University, subscriptions were in- 
vited from the counties and towns of the State for its loca- 
tion. The county of Washington subscribed $100,000, and 
the city of Fayetteville subscribed $30,000, which being the 
best offered, the location of the university was made at that 
place. These subscriptions were in 30 year bonds, bearing 
eight per cent, interest, and are now running to their matur- 
ity. In the latter part of the year 1871 the buildings were 



FROM 1868 TO 1873. 617 

erected, and the university was open for the reception of pupils 
January 22c!, 1872. 

Early in the year 1871 a change was made in the compo- 
sition of the Supreme Court. Thomas M. Bowen resigned, 
and John E. Bennett, of Helena, was appointed by the Gov- 
ernor as his successor, February 13th. Chief Justice Wilshire 
resigned, and John McClure was appointed Chief Justice, 
February 16th, and at the same date Elhanah J. Searle was 
appointed Associate Justice, to fill the vacancy created by the 
promotion of Judge McClure. 

Upon the Legislature of 1871 was devolved the duty of 
electing a United States Senator to succeed Alexander Mc- 
Donald, whose term would expire March 4th, 1871. Gover- 
nor Powell Clayton was desired for the position by the 
Republicans of the Body, who were in the majority, and he 
was elected to the position January 10th. A difficulty, how- 
ever, arose for his party as to his accepting the office, for the 
reason that the extreme or radical wing, had grown distrust- 
ful of James M. Johnson, the Lieutenant-Governor, under 
the belief that should he succeed to the office, his policy 
in public matters would not prove satisfactory to them. 
Governor Clayton expressed it that Johnson, at the head of a 
few Republicans, had formed "a coalition with the entire con- 
servative element of both Houses," and that his course would 
, be "adverse to the wishes of a large majority of the Repub- 
lican party." To prevent his accession, therefore, Governor 
Cla3'ton declined the office of Senator, to which he had been 
elected. An effort had previously been made to get Johnson 
out of the line of succession b) 7 removing him from office. 
A writ of quo 'warranto was issued against him out of the 
Supreme Court, requiring him to show cause why his office 
should not be declared vacant, by reason of his having failed 
to quality, as required by law. Upon the hearing of the case, 
the record disclosing the fact that he had qualified in all re- 
spects as required b} T law, the writ of quo -warranto was dis- 




O. A. HADLEY. 

Acting Governor. 



FROM 1SGS TO 1873. 619 

missed. The next move was an effort to present articles of 
impeachment against him, but this was voted down in the 
House. 

But the party managers accomplished by arrangement 
what they had not been able to accomplish through the courts 
or the Legislature. On the 14th of March, Robert J. T. 
White resigned the office of Secretary of State, James M. 
Johnson then resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship, which 
carried with it the Presidency of the Senate, and was ap- 
pointed Secretary of State. A vacancy thus existing in the 
Presidency of the Senate, Ozro A. Hadley, Senator for the 
Pulaski District, was on the same day elected President of 
the Senate. All obstacles being now removed, Governor, 
Clayton was a second time elected Senator, and resigning the 
Governorship, March 14th, 187 1, was at that date succeeded 
by Hadley, as acting Governor. 

O. A. Hadley was born at Cherry Creek, Chatauqua 
county, New York, June 30th, 1826, and lived there until he 
was 29 years of age. At that date, 1855, he emigrated to 
Minnesota, where he farmed until 1859. In 1865 he moved 
south, and settled at Little Rock, engaging in mercantile 
business. After his term of office as Governor closed, he be- 
came, in 1875, Register of the United States Land Office at 
Little Rock, and in 1878 was Postmaster at Little Rock till 
,1882, or the close of 1881, after which date he moved to 
Colorado. 

On the 17th of February, 1849, he married Miss Mary C. Kil- 
bourn, at Chatauqua. By this marriage there were two 
daughters, Mrs. Louis Tetard and Mrs. W. H. Hallett. 

In this year two matters of public disturbance are to be 
noted. One was in Mississippi count}*, where a riotous mob 
of armed negroes rode into Osceola, threatening to burn the 
town, kill the inhabitants, etc. For a time everything looked 
like a conflict of a terrible nature was about to ensue, when 
Hon. H. M. McVeigh addressed the crowd inducing them to 



620 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

disperse. A month or so later a similar crowd appeared, 
and were dispersed by force by Captain Charles Bowen, with 
a squad of men. This condition of things created great 
alarm in the county for the time being, and it was only 
through coolness and caution on the part of the people at 
large that greater violence was prevented. 

The other incidents took place in Pope count} 7 , and were 
known as the Pope County War, in which several lives were 
lost. Bad feeling had existed between certain residents of 
that county, which was probably augmented b} T the heat of 
political differences, until it resulted in several collisions. 
Sheriff Dodson and Captain J. B. Hecox were killed. The 
matter was brought before the Legislature, and a committee 
was oppointed to investigate affairs. There was both a ma- 
jority and a minority report. The majority report set out 
that the killings were for political reasons, and recommending 
that martial law should be declared by the Governor. The 
minority report, which was by Alex Caraloff, Democratic 
member of the committee, set forth that the difficulties were 
matters of mere private or personal concern, and had no 
political bearing, and recommending that the matters be left 
to the regulation of the county officials. The majority report 
was adopted by the Legislature. Talk of declaring martial law, 
and of sending militia to the county to keep the peace, was freely 
indulged in ; but Governor Hadley refrained from doing so. 
Instead, he sent a Commissioner to the county to examine 
into the state of affairs, and make report. On his report no 
official action was taken by the State officers, but the matter 
was left for the disposal of the county officials solely. 

The session of the Legislature in which these proceedings 
took place, was one which was filled with intense political 
bitterness. The Democrats had a small, but firm and able 
representation in the Body, which, uniting with the Conserv- 
ative or Liberal Republican members, while not constituting a 
majority, made a sufficient opposition to the radical or extreme 



FB031 1868 TO 1S73, 621 

Republicans to defeat many of their measures, and constitute 
unto themselves a balance of power. It was a session of much 
excitement. The very air was filled with impeachment ; and 
ousters and contests for seats in the Body were the order of 
the day. George Thornburgh, Democrat, the sitting mem- 
ber of the House, from Lawrence county, was ousted in favor 
of Dr. W. B. Janes, claiming the seat. J. F. Lane, John J. 
Sumpter, Democrat, and James M. Bethel, were admitted in 
the place of C. K. Kymes, P. B. Allen and N. Ellington, 
and in the Senate, Joseph Brooks, Liberal Republican, was 
admitted to the seat claimed by Dr. Rile)/, from the Pulaski 
and White District. The whole session was one of turmoil 
and strife, rarely equaled in the sessions of any Legislature. 

The year 1872 was the occasion of remarkable political 
contests, in both National and State affairs. A considerable 
division or split had occurred in the Republican party, by 
which there were two distinct parties in that organization. 
The larger party were the supporters of the Administration, 
but a portion of some strength separated from them, and took 
the name of Conservative Republicans, Liberal Republicans, 
or Reform Republicans. Their party held a National con- 
vention in Cincinnati, May 1st, and nominated for President, 
Horace Greeley, of New York, and for Vice-President, B. 
Gratz Brown, of Missouri. 

The National Republican Convention met at Philadelphia, 
June 5th, and nominated President Grant for a second term, 
and Hon. Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, for Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

The National Democratic Convention was held in Balti- 
more, July 6th, and voted to make no nominations of their 
own, but to adopt the platform of the Liberal Republican 
party, as expressed in their convention of May 1st, and en- 
dorse the candidacy of Greeley and Brown. 

In the election, which occurred November 5th, Grant and 
Wilson were elected, receiving 286 electoral, and 3,592,984 



622 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

popular votes, against 2,833,847 popular votes, equal to 74 
electoral votes, for Greeley and Brown. Mr. Greeley died 
between the time of holding the election and the time at which 
the electoral vote was cast. Hence, several votes which 
would have been cast for him, if living, were given to Grant, 
and other votes were cast as complimentary votes for persons 
who were not in nomination. 

In our State affairs a similar condition of things existed. 
The Conservative or Liberal Republican element had centered 
around Joseph Brooks as their leader, and had become dis- 
tinctly antagonistic to the State Government as administered 
by Clayton and Hadley. Their doctrine was stated to be one 
of reform, from which they were called Reform Republicans. 
Active leaders in this organization were : Senator Benjamin 
F. Rice, Milton L. Rice, James L. Hodges, Dr. John Kirk- 
wood, Judge John A. Williams and others. In the month of 
May, 1872, this party held a State Convention, and made 
nominations of a full ticket for State officers, headed by Joseph 
Brooks, for Governor. 

On the 2d of June, 1872, the Democratic State Convention 
was held. After a length}' discussion of the situation, the 
convention, acting on the same idea as that which controlled 
the National Convention, resolved not to make any nomina- 
tions of their own for State officers, but recommended to the 
Democratic voters throughout the State that they support the 
candidacy of Mr. Brooks. 

A State Central Committee, of which Colonel Gordon N. 
Peay was Chairman, was appointed with full power to do 
whatever might be considered needful for success in the pro- 
gress of the canvass. 

The regular Republican or Radical party held their State 
Convention in July, and placed in nomination a full State 
ticket, headed by Judge Elisha Baxter, of Batesville, as their 
nominee for Governor. 



FROM 1S6S TO 1S73. 



>^3 



The Democratic State Central Committee and the Reform 
State Central Committee soon united in a joint Central 
Committee, for the purposes of the campaign, calling it a 
Campaign Committee. B. F. Rice was made Chairman, and 
Gordon N. Peay and other Democrats being members for 
their party, uniting with M. L. Rice, Dr. John Kirkwood, 
James L. Hodges, John T. Fleming and other Reform Re- 
publicans for their party. A fusion ticket was agreed upon 
between the two committees, which was headed by Joseph 
Brooks, as the nominee for Governor, and on which the Dem- 
ocrats had representation in candidates for Supreme Judge, 
Attorney-General and other places. 

The canvass which ensued was a spirited one, and public 
speaking was conducted between the candidates at many 
points in the State. On his part, Judge Baxter, in his 
speeches and public utterances, promised that if elected he 
would administer the Government in a fair and impartial 
manner, as the Governor of the whole State, and not of one 
party only, and that he would use his efforts to have the dis- 
franchising features of the State Constitution done away with. 
These principles were, in fact, enunciated as a part -of the plat- 
form on which his candidacy rested. 

The candidacy of Mr. Brooks was not universally accept- 
able to the Democratic voters of the State, and inasmuch as 
the convention had not bound them to it, but had simply 
recommended it, a portion of the party dissented from the 
convention's action. Accordingly, a ticket for State officers, 
consisting of Democrats only, was made up, headed by the 
name of Rev. Andrew Hunter, for Governor, and was an- 
nounced to the people through the columns of the "Gazette," 
which placed the new ticket at its masthead, and invited for 
it general Democratic support. Dr. Hunter at once declined 
to be a candidate, the use of his name having been made 
without his knowledge or consent. One by one the other 
gentlemen named for positions declined to run, until the en- 
tire ticket fell to pieces and was withdrawn, and the race was 
made as between the two candidates — Brooks and Baxter. 



624 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

In the election which took place November 5th, the Demo- 
cratic vote was generally given for Mr. Brooks, but as he 
had been very bitter against them in former times, there 
were many who declined to vote at all, and some who voted 
for Baxter. 

The result of the vote, as declared by the Legislature, at 
the opening of the returns, January 3d, 1873, was as follows : 
Total vote cast, 80,720; number of votes for Elisha Baxter, 
41,834; number of votes for Joseph Brooks, 38,886; major- 
ity for Baxter, 2,948. 

Governor Baxter was inaugurated before the General As- 
sembly, January 6th, 1873, and at the same time the follow- 
ing State officers were inducted into office, to wit : V. V. 
Smith, Lieutenant-Governor; James M. Johnson, Secretary 
of State; Stephen Wheeler, Auditor; Henry Page, Treas- 
urer; .T. D. W. Yonle}', Attorne}'-General ; M. L. Stephen- 
son, of Helena, and E. J. Searle, Justices of the Supreme 
Court. 

At the Congressional election, held at the same time, for 
Members of the Forty-third Congress, from 1873 to 1875, 
Asa Hodges was elected in the First District, over Lucien C. 
Gause, of Jacksonport, but who contested the seat. O. P. 
Snyder was returned in the Second District, over M. L. 
Bell, of Pine Bluff, who likewise contested the seat. W. W. 
Wilshire was returned in the Third District, over Thomas M. 
Gunter, of Fayetteville, but on a contest the seat was awarded 
to Colonel Gunter. William J. Hynes was returned as Con- 
gresman at Large, his seat being contested by John M. Brad- 
ley. These contests, however, were unsuccessful, with the 
exception of the Third District. 

Mr. Brooks and his supporters claimed that he had been 
elected instead of Baxter, and that the result had been de- 
clared against him by fraud ; but, since the result had been 
declared as it was, and the new Government instituted under 
it, the people generally acquiesced in it. Mr. Brooks and his 
immediate friends alone held out against the declared result. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 
JANUARY, 1873, TO NOVEMBER, 1874. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OV GOVERNOR ELISHA BAXTER. 

Governor Elisha Baxter, the tenth Governor of Arkan- 
sas, was born in Rutherford count}', North Carolina, Septem- 
ber ist, 1827. In 1848 he commenced business, merchandis- 
ing with a brother-in-law, Spencer Eaves, at Rutherfordton, 
in Rutherford county, North Carolina, the firm doing a good 
business. In 1852 he came to Arkansas, and in 1853 engaged 
in mercantile business in Batesville with his brother, Ta}'- 
lor Baxter, the firm being Elisha Baxter and Brother. 
Since that time he has made Batesville his home. The bus- 
iness of the firm did not prosper, and in 185 5 they failed. The 
two brothers made a clear and honorable surrender of all their 
assets, paid their debts in full; and, without a cent left to them, 
both took to manual labor to gain a livelihood. Taylor Bax- 
ter became a carpenter, and took his initiatory lessons in the 
business in working on a building being erected just in front 
of the store they had vacated. Elisha Baxter engaged to learn 
the printing business, in the printing establishment of the Inde- 
pendent Balance, a newspaper published at Batesville, by Urban 
E. Fort, and edited by M. Shelby Kennard. He remained here 
for a year, and in the meantime studied law under the direc- 
tion of Hon. Hulburt F. Fairchild, first Chancellor of the Pu- 
laski Chancery Court. Soon afterwards he obtained license to 
practice, was admitted to the bar, and ever afterwards pursued 
the practice of the profession, except when in office — at times 
40 625 



ELISHA BAXTER. 
Tenth Governor of the State, 



JANUARY, 1873, TO NOVEMBER, 1874. 627 

coupled with farming. In 1854, and again in 1858, he was 
elected a Member of the Legislature from Independence coun- 
ty. In 1859 he formed a law partnership with James Hinds 
for the practice of law, at Little Rock, but which was broken 
up by the war. 

When the question of secession was before the people, he 
endeavored to take a neutral position, and acting as such, re- 
mained at Batesville. In the spring of 1862 General Curtis, 
with a large force, occupied Batesville, and remained there for 
two months, when he moved on to Helena. While the army 
was at Batesville, Governor Baxter interested himself in be- 
half of many citizens of the place in reclaiming property, 
procuring the release of prisoners, etc., which he was en- 
abled to accomplish by virtue of his neutral position. After 
General Curtis had withdrawn, Governor Baxter was advised 
by friends that his expressed adherence to the United States 
Government made it unsafe for him to remain in the country 
since the withdrawal of the arm}-. Accordingly, taking his 
family, but illy provided, he left at once, and overtook General 
Curtis at Jacksonport. Here he was tendered the Colonelcy 
of the First Arkansas Federal Regiment, just then being or- 
ganized. This he declined, saying that, being southern born 
and raised, he did not feel that he ought to take up arms and 
fight against his neighbors and friends. He then went to 
Missouri, and in the spring of 1863 he was made prisoner 
by a squad of Confederate Cavalry belonging to the regiment 
of Colonel Robert C. Newton. Colonel Newton treated him 
courteously and paroled him near Fredericktown, Missouri, and 
furnishing him with an escort, required him to report to Gen- 
eral T. H. Holmes, at Little Rock, commanding the depart- 
ment. On his way to Little Rock he came in full view of 
the entire Federal Army, when friends urged him to make his 
escape among them, but he declined, sayirjg he had given his 
parole to report at Little Rock, and that he intended to keep it. 



628 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

On reaching Little Rock he reported to General Holmes, 
and was by him turned over to the civil authorites, to be dealt 
with by them. He was incarcerated in the Pulaski county 
jail, to await the finding of an indictment against him for 
treason against the Confederate Government. The case 
was brought before Judge Daniel Ringo, William M. Ran- 
dolph acting as District Attorney. Upon the case being con- 
tinued to the next term of court, Governor Baxter, by the 
assistance of friends, succeeded in making his escape from 
the jail, and remained hidden near Little Rock for eighteen 
days, without shelter and almost without food. In the mean- 
time General Steele occupied Little Rock, when Baxter made 
his way thither. 

During this time he had been the subject of much abuse 
from Confederate sources, both in the newspapers and verbally, 
in the course of which his courage had been called in ques- 
tion, the instance cited in proof of the charge being his declin- 
ing to command the First Arkansas Federal Reo-iment. 
Stung by the ungenerous and unfounded charge, he resolved 
to disprove it by acts, and at once applied to General Steele 
for permission to raise a Federal regiment in Arkansas, which 
was granted, and he repaired to Jacksonport, where he re- 
cruited the Fourth Arkansas Mounted Infantry to almost com- 
pletion, and reported for duty to General R. R. Livingston, at 
Batesville. Here he was placed in command of the Post, and 
remained as suchuntil the organization of the Murphy Govern- 
ment in the spring of 1864, under which he was. elected a 
Judge of the Supreme Court. He resigned the command of 
the regiment, which devolved upon his brother, and qualified 
as a member of the Supreme Court. In a short while he was 
elected United States Senator, but upon repairing to Wash- 
ington with his credentials, was refused admission. 

When the war was over, he returned to Batesville and re- 
sumed the practice of law. In 1868 he was appointed Regis- 
ter in Bankruptcy of the First Congressional District, and 



JANUARY, 1575, TO NOVEMBER, 1874. 629 

discharged the duties of that office until he was appointed by 
Governor Cla}'ton in the same year Judge of the Third Judi- 
cial Circuit, for a term of four years. And now, as the next 
step in an eventful life, he was installed as Governor of a great 
Commonwealth. After the end of his term as Governor he re- 
sumed the practice of law at Batesville, in which he is now en- 
gaged. 

In 1849, Governor Baxter married Miss Harriet Patton, in 
Rutherford count}', North Carolina. There were born of this 
marriage six children, the oldest of whom was born in North 
Carolina, the others in Arkansas. Their names are Millard 
P., who became a merchant in Batesville; Edward A., a phy- 
sician, practicing at Melbourne, Izard county; Catharine M., 
who became the wife of Newton M. Alexander, a jeweler in 
Batesville; George E., HattieO., and FannieE., the latter of 
whom died in 1873, at the age of two years. 

In commencing his administration, Governor Baxter soon 
gave evidence of his intention to carry out the pledges 
which had been made to the people during the canvass, and 
which had been made a part of the platform on which he was 
elected. Pie addressed himself to the subject of securing the en- 
franchisement of the disfranchised citizens of the State ; and 
appointed to office, particularly in instances of the Judiciar)-, 
those who had opposed him politically, as well as those who 
had been for him. This course displeased his party support- 
ers, who remonstrated with him for it, saying that such a course 
would inevitably result in giving the control of the State into 
the hands of the Democrats, to which Governor Baxter re- 
plied. 

"I very well understand that to enfranchise the Rebels will 
place the control of the State Government in the hands of the 
Democratic party, and if you did not wish this to be done, 
you should not have pledged me and the party that elected 
me to this course. For myself, I prefer to give an honest ad- 
ministration for four 3'ears, and retire to private life under cir- 



630 BISTORT OF ARKANSAS. 

cumstances that will be creditable to myself and the party that 
elected me, than to retain the control of the State for a life- 
time by pursuing a different result/' 

This was the beginning of an estrangement between himself 
and his party supporters, which will be noticed more at length 
in the further progress of this history. 

The session of the Legislature before which Governor Bax- 
ter was inaugurated, was the nineteenth in number. It as- 
sembled January 6th, 1873, and remained in session until 
April 25th. In it the Republicans were again in the major- 
ity, but the Democratic strength, led by J. G. Frierson, Alex- 
ander Caraloff and Benjamin F. Askew, in the Senate, and 
H. M. McVeigh, W. H. Cate, George Thornburgh, James P. 
Eagle, John J. Sumpter, George G. Latta, X. J. Pindall, 
Oscar F. Parish and J. T. W. Tillar, in the House, formed a 
strong minority, which, with the votes of the Liberal Republi- 
cans of the Body, formed an element of power. 

In the Senate, Volney V. Smith, by virtue of his position 
as Lieutenant-Governor, was President of the Senate, and W. 
W. Orrick was elected Secretary. The House organized by 
the election of Charles W. Tankersley, Speaker, and Henry 
W. Cooper, Clerk. 

The Acts of public importance passed were to submit to the 
people the amendment to the Constitution proposed by the Leg- 
islature of 1 87 1, removing disfranchisements. It was voted on 
March 3d, 1873, and was declared ratified by proclamation 
of the Governor April 19th, 1873, and was incorporated into 
the Constitution as Article VIII. It practically removed dis- 
franchisement, but made registration a prerequisite for voting, 
and as the Registrars had power to strike off of the lists, in 
secret, such names as they selected, from which action there 
was no appeal, the matter of suffrage still remained surrounded 
by dangerous conditions. 

Other Acts of importance were districting the State into 
five districts for congressional purposes; to maintain a sys- 



JANUARY, 1873, TO NOVEMBER, 1874. 63 I 

tem of free common schools; and creating the counties of 
Baxter, Clayton, Garland, Faulkner, Lonoke, Howard, Dor- 
sey, Lee and Stone. 

On this Legislature was devolved the duty of electing a 
United States Senator, to succeed Senator Benjamin F. Rice, 
whose term was to end March 4th, 1873. Stephen W. Dor- 
sey was elected to the position, the term being from March 
4th, 1S73 to the same date 1879. 

On the 6th of July, 1873, J. C. Corbin became Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction, which office he filled until No- 
vember, 1874. 

During the year 1873 the Fifth Digest of the State Laws 
was prepared. It was compiled by and under the direction 
of Edward W. Gantt, who had been appointed Digester, un- 
der the Act of the Legislature, for that purpose. It was ex- 
amined by Hon. Henry C. Caldwell, District Judge of the 
United States Court, who certified to it August 27th, 1873, 
he having been appointed Examiner under the Act. Judge 
Caldwell, with the assistance of John E. Knight, also person- 
ally supervised much of the detail and arrangement of the 
compilation. The work was published in 1874, and became 
known as "Gantt's Digest." 

Upon the inauguration of Governor Baxter, Mr. Brooks at 
once entered upon a contest for the office. He was a man of 
indomitable energy and of great courage and persistence. He 
had been a Baptist minister, and is said to have come to the 
State about 1863 or 1864, as Chaplain of a colored regiment 
of the Federal Army, and at the conclusion of the war had set- 
tled at Helena. He was a strong and forcible speaker. As 
a debater he was one of the greatest of his time. He pos- 
sessed great mental and physical vigor, and was gifted with a 
voice of most unwearied duration. He could address an audi- 
ence hour after hour without fatigue, and at all times pre- 
sent a forcible and logical discourse. At first he had been one 
of the most extreme supporters of the re-construction meas- 



632 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

ures, and of the State administration of Governor Cla}'ton in- 
stituted under it ; until in time the dissensions which have been 
alluded to had sprung up and had brought about the present 
proceedings. 

His contest for the office made before the Legislature, which 
by law was the only tribunal clothed with power to try a 
contest for the Governorship, was decided b}< that Body against 
him. 

He next endeavored to bring the case before the Federal 
Court, under a precedent furnished by the action of the Federal 
Judiciaiy in Louisiana in taking cognizance of an election case 
in the city of New Orleans, but Judge Caldwell, the District 
Judge, refused the application on the ground that there was 
no jurisdiction in the Federal Courts for such matters. 

Proceedings were then begun in the Supreme Court by quo 
'warranto against Governor Baxter, but that court decided 
that the right to try the title to the office existed only in the 
Legislature, and that there was no jurisdiction in any court 
whatever to enquire of it. 

Not daunted by these failures, and with every portal of the 
law closed against him, Mr. Brooks, on the 16th day of 
June, 1873, filed a suit in the Pulaski Circuit Court against 
Baxter, claiming the office of Governor, its fees, emoluments, 
etc. To this complaint Baxter's attorne}'s filed a demurrer 
on the ground of want of jurisdiction, and in this shape the 
case rested until the following April. 

In the meantime a complete reversal of the attitude of public 
sentiment toward GovernorBaxter took place. Displeased with 
his efforts to lemove disfranchisement from the citizens upon 
whom it was imposed, and with his appointments of Demo- 
crats to office, his Republican supporters had forsaken him, 
and now began to espouse the* cause of Brooks. Efforts were 
made in the Legislature to secure his impeachment and re- 
moval from office, but the movement was voted down in the 
House. Finally the rupture which had for some time 



JANUABY, 2575, TO NOVEMBEB, 1874. 633 

been maturing became absolute when Baxter refused to 
sanction certain measures in the issue of railroad bonds, and 
the establishment of a State Constabulary, the tendency of 
which would have been to plunge the State into hopeless bank- 
ruptcy, not only as to finances, but as to the rights and liber- 
ties of her citizens. 

Finding they could not influence or control him to their 
wishes, the Radical Republicans at once abandoned Baxter 
and took up the cause of Brooks. The result of this coalition 
was that the former supporters of Baxter were now his oppo- 
nents, and were as warmly engaged in championing Brooks' 
efforts to secure the office of Governor as they had previously 
been in keeping him out. 

On the other hand the Democrats who had formerly op- 
posed Baxter, seeing that he was endeavoring to give the 
State a fair and impartial administration, and had set himself 
against the measures of ruin which his former advocates had 
proposed, flocked to him in their support, until the situation 
of the two parties had become entirely reversed. 

At this juncture Mr. Brooks took measures which precipi- 
tated a revolution, and put an end forever to his contest in all 
its branches. 

On the morning of April 15th, the attorneys of Brooks 
called up the case against Baxter in the Circuit Court for hearing. 
Baxter's attorneys were not present, being in attendance in the 
United States Court, which was then in session. The Circuit 
Judge, John Whytock, proceeded to hear the case on the de- 
murrer#of Baxter, and pronounced judgment overruling it. 
Then, instead of making order that the defendant should 
either answer farther, or else should elect to stand on his demur- 
rer, he proceeded to enter a final judgment on the merits of 
the case, declaring that Brooks was entitled to the office of 
Governor, and was entitled to $2,218; and that Baxter be 
ousted from the office of Governor of Arkansas. 



634 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

In a few moments thereafter, and without the intervention 
of any court officer to execute the writ, Mr. Brooks, duly pro- 
vided with a copy of the judgment, proceeded to the State- 
house, in company with General R. F. Catterson, and about 
twenty men. It was a day of excessive rain, when few per- 
sons were astir. Entering the Governor's office, he found Gov- 
ernor Baxter, and his private Secretary, Mr. McAnany, 
within. He stated the proceedings which had taken place, and 
demanded possession of the office. Baxter refused to surrender 
it, whereupon Mr. Brooks' followers ejected Baxter and took 
posession of the apartments. He then took the oath of office. 

Having thus obtained a lodgment in the capitol building, 
Mr. Brooks summoned as many of his followers as he could 
command, and seizing all the arms which were in the State 
armor)/, part of the building, he posted a strong guard around 
the buildings, and gave evidence of intending to hold it by 
force. In a short while a line of breastworks was thrown up 
in a semi-circle around the buildings in the State-house yard, 
which was guarded by armed sentinels. Mr. Brooks styling 
himself Governor of Arkansas, issued calls for troops to uphold 
his assumption to the office, and sustain his proceedings by 
force. A considerable proportion of Mr. Brooks' adherents 
were colored men. 

In the meantime Baxter, as soon as he was ejected from 
the Governor's apartments in the capitol, took a carriage, and 
drove at once to the St. Johns' College building, in the east- 
ern suburbs of the city, where he temporarily established him- 
self. As soon as it became known throughout the ci^y what 
had happened, the excitement became intense. A number of 
citizens at once repaired to St. Johns' College, and offered 
their services to Baxter for his support. They were speedily 
enrolled as State Militia, and formed a "Governor's Guard," 
arming themselves out of about sixty stand of cadet muskets, 
which were in the armory of that college, which at the time 
was a military institution. Governor Baxter, remembering 



JANUARY, 1873, TO NOVEMBER, 1874. 635 

the consideration with which he had been treated by Colonel 
Robert C. Newton, when a prisoner in his hands, and out of 
regard for Newton's military capacity, appointed him Major- 
General of the State Militia. The next da)', escorted by his 
"Guard," Governor Baxter moved down town, and established 
his headquarters at the Anthony House, within three hundred 
yards of where Brooks was in the State-house. In a short 
while Baxter had at his command all the military force he 
needed. 

When the news ran through the State, there was a general 
uprising in his behalf. Citizens, in companies, singlv and in 
squads, came pouring into the capital tendering him their 
services, and as fast as they arrived were enrolled in the 
militia. 

Every train and every boat came loaded, and many even 
came on foot. A company came from Woodruff county, 
under Captain A. W. Jones ; another company came from 
Lonoke county ; another from Conway county. General 
H. King White brought a company of colored men from 
Jefferson county, and there were other companies from ad- 
joining counties. 

General T. J. Churchill was placed in charge of the troops, 
and a movement was projected to occupy the "Capital Hotel" 
or "Denckla Block," and the "Benjamin Block," and thus 
-closely invest Brooks in the State-house, but on telegraphic 
instruction from the Secretary of War, Colonel Rose, the 
commandant of the Post at Little Rock, interposed his force 
of Federal troops between the adversaries with a view to pre- 
serve the peace, and prevented the consummation of this de- 
sign. 

The matter of obtaining arms and ammunition at once be- 
came the important subject of concern to both sides. Baxter's 
men had muskets, but no artillery. Accordingly, Major 
William E. Woodruff went on a journey to Texas, and pur- 
chased a battery of two "Parrott" guns, and had them shipped 



636 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

by rail to Little Rock, where they were duly received and 
held for use. In the pressing need of the occasion also, they 
bethought themselves of an old 64-pound "Columbiad" gun, 
which the retreating Confederates had unsuccessfully en- 
deavored to burst on the day of the capture of Little Rock, 
September 10th, 1863. It was dragged out from its half for- 
gotten resting place near the oil mill grounds, in the east of 
the city. The sand and gravel with which it had become 
filled, the accumulation of eleven years, was dug out of it; 
the touch-hole was re-bored, and under the superintendency 
of Colonel Arnold Syberg, an experienced engineer, the gun 
was hauled to the bank of the river at the north part of Main 
street, and planted so as to command the State-house, but 
no occasion ever arose for its being fired for that purpose. 
After the commotion was all over, the gun — which had been 
named "Lady Baxter" — was moved into the State-house 
yard, where it now rests — almost entirely overgrown with 
vines. 

In the progress of events several collisions occurred in Little 
Rock between the two sides. The most considerable of these 
occurred near the "Peabody School," where shots were ex- 
changed between squads of the two, and a brisk skirmish 
ensued, resulting in the wounding of several on each side, but 
not with loss of life to any. 

Another casualty of the war was the wounding of Daniel 
O'Sullivan, an adherent of Brooks. As he was walking along 
Markham street at night, when passing the alley by the Cap- 
ital Theatre, he was fired upon in the dark by some unknown 
person, and was wounded in both legs, the ball passing en- 
tirely through them. He lingered a long time with his 
wound, but finally recovered. 

But perhaps the saddest of all the casualties of that un- 
happy period was the killing of David F. Shall, one of the 
prominent citizens of Little Rock, a leading civil engineer, 
and real estate dealer and owner; and a non-combatant, 



JANUABY, 1873, TO NOVEMBER, 1874. 637 

simply being about his business on the streets. On the after- 
noon of April 21st, 1874, he was sitting in or standing near a 
lower window at the Anthony House, near where his office 
was ; having his back to the West, in which direction the State 
House and the Brooks forces were. On a sudden, while 
there was no engagement or other disturbance in progress, a 
volley of musketry was fired from the upper windows of the 
Metropolitan Building which was inside the Brooks' lines, 
aimed down Markham street in the direction of the Anthony 
House, where several bullets struck. A bullet struck Major 
Shall in the back of the head and penetrated the brain, from 
which he died next day. From this occurrence, citizens came 
to learn that they ran risks of losing their Jives by simply 
being upon the streets in the ordinary discharge of every day 
affairs, and so refrained from appearing. 

The occasion in which the greatest loss of life occurred, was 
on Ma)/ 8th, 1874, at Palarm. Certain of the Brooks forces 
had gone to Fa3 7 etteville and seized the arms in the University 
there, and were engaged in transporting them down the river. 
To intercept the boat containing them on its journey, the 
Hallie Rifles, a company of State Militia, comprising the Gov- 
ernors Guard, composed mostly of young men of Little 
Rock, commanded by Captain James A. Welch, boarded the 
Steamer Hallie, which was commanded by Captain Sam. 
Houston, and steamed up the river. As soon as they had de- 
parted, a company of Brooks' men, embarked on the train 
and speeded up the Fort Smith Railroad as far as Palarm, 
eighteen miles up the river, to intercept them. Arriving ahead 
of the boat, they took position behind a woodpile, and awaited 
her coming. As soon as the Hallie appeared in sight and 
came within range, the Brooks men opened fire on her, de- 
livering a volley which disabled the boat, and killed and 
wounded several. Frank H. Timms was instantly killed ; 
Captain Sam. Houston, commanding thesteamer, was mortally 
wounded, so that he died in a short time — before he could be 



638 II I STORY OF ARKANSAS. 

transported to Little Rock; John Meyers, the pilot, was also 
mortally wounded, and died after a short time; L. Bascomb 
Leigh was disabled for life, being shot through the knee. 

Upon being fired into, the Rifles returned the fire, from 
which two of the Brooks men were wounded. The volley 
fired into the boat had the effect of disabling her. One 
bullet penetrated the steam pipe, rendering the boat unman- 
ageable. She drifted to the bank on the other side, where 
she was tied up, the Hallie Rifles marching home. 

During the progress of these incidents an enormous amount 
of telegraphic correspondence was being had by both sides 
with the President and Departments, and their respective 
friends and allies at the capital, and from the capital to the 
respective sides in Little Rock. Senators Cla3'ton andDorsey, 
and Congressmen Hodges, Snyder and Hynes united in a 
dispatch to Mr. Brooks, saying that the President would cer- 
tainly sustain "the man recognized by the courts." Con- 
gressman Wilshire alone, of the delegation, remained firm in 
his adhesion to Baxter. 

A special session of the Supreme Court was appointed to 
be held, at which the question would be for consideration, 
but as Justices Bennett and Searle were on their way from 
Helena to the capital, to attend the court, they were made 
prisoners by the Baxter men as soon as they arrived at Ar- 
genta. They were taken southward and detained for some 
time, but finally got free. 

In a short while after their escape a session of the court 
was held, Justices Gregg and Bennett not attending. In 
order to get the case before the Supreme Court for a hearing 
on its merits, a difficulty presented itself, As Baxter had taken 
no appeal from the judgment of the Pulaski Circuit Court de- 
claring him ousted, there was no case before them ; hence, 
to supply the omission, Mr. Brooks drew his warrant on 
Henry Page, as Treasurer, for the payment of expenses, and 
Page refused to honor it, thereupon Brooks applied to the 



JANUARY, 1575, TO NOVEMBER, 1S74. 639 

Supreme Court in the exercise of its original jurisdiction for a 
mandamus to compel its payment. It followed, that in order 
to obtain the mandamus, the relator must be in a position of 
right to ask it. In this way the merits of Brooks' claim to 
the Governorship was passed on by the court, and the grant 
of the mandamus was awarded. The whole of the opinion, 
which was a lengthy one, was telegraphed at once to Wash- 
ington, and laid before the Attorney-General, who was en- 
gaged in considering the case. 

Now, it happened that as soon as Mr. Brooks had made 
his seizure of the State-house, Treasurer Page, with other 
Republican State officers, had united in a dispatch to the Presi- 
dent saying they recognized Brooks as Governor, and not 
Baxter. 

In his consideration of the case, the Attorney-General ad- 
dressed himself to this circumstance, and drew from it the in- 
ference that since Treasurer Page had acknowledged Brooks' 
claim in his dispatch, but had denied them in the mandamus 
proceeding, that the whole thing bore evidence of being a 
made-up case, gotten up for the purpose of securing a deci- 
sion in Brooks' favor by the very court which a short while 
previous had rendered its decision from a full bench in the 
case of James H. Berry against Stephen Wheeler, for the 
office of Auditor, declaring that the Legislature alone was 
clothed with power under the law to determine the contest. 
A consideration of these facts operated to create the opinion 
of the Attorney-General that the claim of Brooks had no 
legal basis. 

As a portion of this correspondence, Governor Baxter called 
upon the President, under the Constitution of the United 
States, to suppress domestic violence, but the President took 
no action. Finally Baxter telegraphed to President Grant to 
know if he would protect the Legislature in case they should 
be called together to submit the question to them as the 
Representatives of the people, and the sole tribunal clothed 



640 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

with power, under the State Constitution, to declare and de- 
termine who was the rightful Governor. President Grant re- 
plied in the affirmative, and Governor Baxter at once issued a 
call convening the Legislature in extra session. 

The Assembly met May nth, 1874, and as the Brooks men 
were in possession of the State House, including the Legisla- 
tive Hall, the Body occupied a rented hall, on lower Mark- 
ham street, near Rock. Lieutenant-Governor V. V. Smith 
not attending the session, Hon. J. G. Frierson, of Missis- 
sippi county, was elected Temporary President, and W. W. 
Orrick, Secretary. In the House, Hon. James H. Berry, of 
Benton county, was elected Speaker, and Charles C. Reid, Jr., 
was elected Clerk. As soon as a quorum of both Houses was 
obtained, a Concurrent Resolution was passed, recognizing 
Baxter as the lawful Governor of the State, and appealing to 
the President to suppress domestic violence. This was at 
once telegraphed to Washington on the day of its enactment. 

The points in the case had been ably and fully argued 
before the Attorney-General, George H. Williams, by Colonel 
A. H. Garland, Judge U. M. Rose, Messrs. Pike and John- 
son and other counsel for Baxter, and by Congressmen W. 
W. Wilshire, who filed a brief and made an able argument. 

While the case was being presented before him, Attorney- 
General Williams suggested that the two claimants should act 
jointly as Governors, until the matter could be determined. 
This Governor Baxter declined, saying : "I am either Gover- 
nor or I am not Governor, and I will consent to nothing that 
will in whole or in part recognize Mr. Brooks as Governor." 

The Joint Resolution of the Legislature recognizing Bax- 
ter, determined the case at once in his favor. Attorney-Gen- 
eral Williams rendered a strong and lengthy opinion reviewing 
the points in the case, and holding that the Legislature, being 
under the Constitution the sole tribunal clothed with power to 
declare who is Governor, to the exclusion of any and all 
courts, and it having now twice declared that Baxter was the 



■da I 



JANUARY, 1873, TO NOVEMBER, 1874. 64 1 



(lawful Governor, and he having been recognized as such, and 
(for a long time been in the discharge of the duties of the office, 
I must be recognized and upheld as the rightful Governor. 

Accordingly, on the 15th of May, 1874, President Grant 
issued his proclamation, deciding in favor of Baxter, and 
calling upon Mr. Brooks' followers to disperse within ten days. 

Secretary Fish caused this proclamation to be telegraphed 
to the President of the Senate, Frierson, for publication, at 
about two o'clock in the afternoon of that day. The reading 
of it was the occasion of tumultuous cheering. Col. Garland 
read it aloud from a balcony of the Hewitt Building, opposite 
Baxter's headquarters, to an immense crowd gathered in the 
street below, and the cheering was tremendous and long con- 
continued. Hats were thrown in the air, and men shouted 
themselves hoarse with every manifestation of rejoicing. The 
crowd then surged into the Anthony House, where Baxter 
was, and overwhelmed him with hand-shakings and congratu- 
lations. The General Assembly met at three o'clock, and it 
was read aloud to the Body by acting President Frierson 
amid great excitement. From that time on till night the city 
was a scene of intense excitement and rejoicing in the Baxter 
lines, and a feeling of great relief prevailed that the difficulty 
had at last been settled. 

In a few days the forces of both sides were disbanded, and 
"returned to their homes on the 19th of May. Governor Bax- 
ter re-occupied the Gubernatorial apartments in the capitol, 
and the Legislature moved into and occupied their halls in the 
building. The event was made the occasion of a considerable 
demonstration. A salute of one hundred and one guns was 
fired from the two Parrot guns, under the superitendency of 
Captain George A. Merrick, and the sixty-four-pound Colum- 
biad joined in the uproar. In a short while Judge Yonley 
tendered his resignation as Attorney-General, which was ac- 
cepted, and James L. Witherspoon was appointed. This was 

41 



642 HISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

followed by the resignation of Justices Bennett and Stephenson, 
and of Henry Page, Treasurer. Justice Stephenson was suc- 
ceeded by J. T. Bearden, of Camden; Justice Bennett was 
succeeded by Judge Freeman W. Compton, June 1st, and at 
the same date Elbert H. English was appointed Chief Justice 
by Governor Baxter, in place of Justice John McClure. Colonel 
Robert C. Newton was appointed Treasurer, to succeed Henry 
Page, and served from May 23d to November 12th, 1874. 

When Colonel Newton took charge of his office as Treas- 
urer, it was ascertained that it had been the custom of his prede- 
cessor in office to permit the private banking house of Stod- 
dard Bros. & Co., Bankers, of Little Rock, to act as the fis- 
cal agents of the State in effecting settlements with the sheriffs 
and collectors of the various counties, for their collection of 
taxes, etc. Before this irregularity could be corrected by the 
transfer of the State's funds into the vaults of her own treas- 
ury, the banking house of Stoddard Bros. & Co. failed and 
closed its doors, being indebted to the State upwards of $50,000 
for scrips and warrants received from sheriffs and collectors ; and 
for which Newton thereby became officially responsible. As 
the scrips and warrants were at a discount, Colonel Newton 
was, by a subsequent Act of the Legislature, allowed to pay off 
the loss with an amount of currency equal to the value of the 
scrips, and accordingly the amount was liquidated with about 
$23,000, which was paid to the State for the purpose. 

As a part of its labors, the convention passed concurrent 
resolutions of thanks to President Grant for having settled the 
difficulty by upholding the Baxter Government, and to Con- 
gressman Wilshire for his efforts in that behalf. 

Another proceeding was to authorize the Governor to issue 
a series of bonds, not exceeding $200,000 in amount, to pay 
the expenses of the militia and of the Legislature, called out 
by the recent occurrences. Under this Act, Governor Baxter 



JANUARY, 1ST3, TO NOVEMBER, 1874. 643 

issued bonds in the denominations of $100 and $500, bearing- 
ten per cent, interest, pa}/able in ten years, but redeemable at 
the pleasure of the State after five years. These were known 
as the Baxter War Bonds, and were all promptly paid in 
principal and interest by or before maturity. At first the)' 
sold on the market at a great discount, the price at times 
being as low as thirty cents on the dollar, but they gradually 
rose in value until they were above par, commanding 103 
cents on the dollar. 

Another important matter transacted by the Assembly, was 
with relation to a new Constitution. On the 18th of May an 
Act was passed, which had been introduced by - Hon. B. F. 
Askew, calling a Constitutional Convention to assemble at 
the capital on the 14th day of June, for the purpose of fram- 
ing a new Constitution, and submitting the same to the people. 
Governor Baxter promptly approved and signed the Bill. 
Having completed its labors, the Assembly adjourned May 
28th. The vote on the subject of calling the convention was 
had June 30th, 1874. The total vote for convention was 
80,2595 against convention, 8,547 ; majority for convention, 
71,712. 

The convention provided for by the Act, and the vote of 
the people, was held at the capital July 14th, 1874. As was 
most appropriate in the fitness of things, Grandison D. 
Royston, Delegate from Hempstead county, the last surviving 
Member of the Constitutional Convention of 1836, was made 
President, and Thomas W. Newton, of Little Rock, Secre- 
tary. 



6 44 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



The following is the list of 

Arkansas County, James A. Gibson. 

Ashley, Marcus L. Hawkins. 

Baxter, John W. Cypert. 

Benton, H. H. Patterson, A. M. Rod- 
gers. 

Boone, William W. Bailey. 

Bradley, John R. Hampton. 

Calhoun, Benjamin W. Johnson. 

Carroll, Bradley Bunch. 

Chicot, F. Downs. 

Clayton, E. Foster Brown. 

Clark, Harris Flanigan,* J. A. Ross. 

Columbia, George P. Smoote, D. L. 
Kilgore. 

Conway, William S. Hanna. 

Craighead, John S. Anderson. 

Crawford, Hugh F. Thomason. 

Crittenden, W. L. Copeland. 

Cross, J. G. Frierson. 

Dallas, W. D. Leiper. 

Desha, Xenophon J. Pindall,f J. P. 
Jones. % 

Dorsey, John Niven. 

Drew, James P. Stanley. 

Faulkner, John Dunaway. 

Franklin, William W. Mansfield. 

Fulton, Edwin R. Lucas. 

Garland, Henry M. Rector. 

Grant, Davidson O. D. Cunningham. 

Greene, Benjamin H. Crowley. 

Hempstead, Grandison D. Royston, 
Jno. R. Eakin. 

Hot Spring, W. C. Kelley. 

Howard, Jacob Custer. 

Independence, James W. Butler, J. 
Rutherford. 

Izard, Ransom Gulley. 

Jackson, Franklin Doswell. 

Jefferson, John A. Williams, W. Mur- 
phy, Cyrus Berry. 

Johnson, Seth J. Howell. 

Lafayette, Volney V. Smith. 

Lawrence, Phillip K. Lester. 



Delegates : 

Lee, Monroe Anderson. 
Lincoln, Reason G. Puntney. 
Little River, James H. Williams. 
Lonoke, James P. Eagle. 
Madison, John Carroll. 
Marion, Roberson J. Pierce. 
Mississippi, Charles Bowen. 
Monroe, Simon P. Hughes. 
Montgomery, Nicholas W. Cable. 
Nevada, Rufus K. Garland. 
Newton, George H. S. Dodson. 
Ouachita, Elijah Mosely, H. G. Bunn. 
Perry, William H. Blackwell. 
Phillips, John J. Horner, J. T. White, 

R. Polk. 
Pike, Henry W. Carter. 
Poinsett, Roderick Joyner. 
Polk, Steven C. Bates. 
Pope, John R. Homer Scott. 
Prairie, David F. Reinhardt. 
Pulaski, James F. Fagan,§ George N. 

Perkins, Jesse Butler, Sidney M. 

Barnes, Dan. O'Sullivan.lf 
Saline, Jabez M. Smith. 
Sarber, Ben. B. Chism. 
Scott, J. W. Sorrels. 
Searcy, William S. Lindsey. 
Sebastian, R. B. Pulliam, William M. 

Fishback. 
Sevier, Burton H. Kinsworthy, 
Sharp, Lewis Williams. 
St. Francis, John M. Parrott. 
Stone, Walter J. Cagle. 
Union, H. G. P. Williams, Robt. Good- 
win. 
Van Buren, Allen R. Witt. 
Washington, Benj. F. Walker, M. F. 

Lake, T. W. Thomason. 
White, Jesse N. Cypert, Joseph W. 

House. 
Woodruff, William J. Thompson. 
Yell, Joseph T. Harrison. 



(*) Died during the session of the convention, October 22, 1874. 
(t) Resigned July 20, 1874. 

(%) Admitted July 21, 1874, upon contest for the seat originally occupied by X. J. Pindall. 
(§) Resigned without taking his seat in the convention. 

(IT) Chosen at special election, held July 27, 1874, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the 
resignation of James F. Fagan. 



JANUARY, 1873, TO NOVEMBER, 1874. 645 

A Constitution was framed, liberal in its provisions, remov- 
ing all disfranchisement, and with equitable exemption features, 
and was directed to be submitted to a vote of the people, to be 
held October 13th, 1874. A State Board of Election Super- 
visors, consisting of Augustus H. Garland, Gordon N. Pea} 7 , 
and Dudley E. Jones, was appointed to superintend the hold- 
ing of the election, and to declare the result. 

To nominate candidates for the offices to be filled, if the 
proposed Constitution should be adopted, a convention assem- 
bled in Little Rock, and unanimously nominated Governor 
Elisha Baxter as their candidate for Governor. Governor 
Baxter declined the nomination, not wishing as he said, 
to render himself liable to the imputation of having "sold 
out to the Democrats for the purpose of gaining their 
support." This action on the part of Governor Baxter, and 
the delicacy of sentiment which he manifested by it, tended 
to increase the already high regard in which he was held in 
the general estimation of the public. Upon Baxter's declin- 
ing, A. H. Garland was nominated by the convention for 
Governor, and the remaining offices on the ticket were filled. 

The election on the Constitution was held October 13th, 
1874, and the vote stood as follows : For ratification, 78,697 ; 
against ratification, 24,807. Total vote cast, 103,504; ma- 
jority for ratification, 53,890. 

For Governor, A. H. Garland received 76,453 votes, and 
the remaining candidates about the same. The Republicans 
had no ticket in the field to be voted for. 

The official proclamation or certificate of the Commissioners 
of Election, declaring the Constitution ratified, was made 
October 30th, 1874, announcing the instrument to be in 
force from that date. 

The Legislature, which convened November 10th, pub- 
lished the returns and declared the result. They were dis- 
posed to inaugurate the Governor-elect with some ceremony, 
but it was believed that the Republicans designed, as soon as 



646 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Baxter should have vacated the office, to declare V. V. Smith, 
Lieutenant-Governor, under the former Constitution, as the 
legitimate successor to Baxter, and endeavor to have him as- 
sume the office of Governor. So, to avoid any trouble on this 
score, Governor Garland was privately sworn into office, 
on the 1 2th of November, 1874, g°' m g with Governor Baxter 
to the Governor's office in the State-house, where he was for- 
mally inducted into office. 

The other State officers inducted into office at the same 
time were : Benton B. Beavers, of Saline county, Secretary of 
State; William R. Miller, Auditor; Thomas J. Churchill, 
Treasurer; Simon P. Hughes, Attorney-General ; J. N. 
Smithee, Commissioner of State Lands; Elbert H. English, 
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ; David Walker and Wil- 
liam M. Harrison, Associate Justices; John R. Eakin, Chan- 
cellor of the Pulaski Chancery Court. 

In the Pulaski Chancery Court, Colonel A. R.Witt, of Van- 
Buren county, was appointed Clerk, and in the Supreme 
Court, Luke E. Barber was restored to the position which he 
had so long held prior to the Constitution of 1868. John M. 
Moore was appointed Reporter. 

At the Congressional election for Representatives in the ses- 
sion from March 4th, 1875, Colonel Lucien C. Gause, of Jack- 
sonport, was elected for the First District ; W. F. Slemons, 
of Drew county, for the Second; W. W. Wilshire, of Little 
Rock, for the Third, and T. M. Gunter, of Washington coun- 
ty, for the Fourth. 

Governor Garland had hardly entered upon the discharge 
of his duties before the Republican managers made an in- 
effectual effort to seize the reins of Government. Their pro- 
gramme was to regard the Constitution as a nullity, and to 
declare that Baxter having abdicated the office of Gover- 
nor, it descended to V. V. Smith, the Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, under the former Constitution. Accordingly, as soon 
as Governor Garland was inducted into office, V. V. Smith 



JANUARY, 1873, TO NOVEMBER, 1874. 647 

issued a proclamation declaring himself the successor of Bax- 
ter, and as such the rightful Governor of Arkansas. 

The proclamation, however, produced nothing more than a 
momentary sensation. Governor Garland at once ordered the 
arrest of Smith as an insurgent, and offered a reward for his 
apprehension. Smith was never arrested. He was shortly 
afterwards appointed by President Grant United States Con- 
sul to the Island of St. Thomas, to which place he repaired, 
and discharged the duties of the office for some time, but af- 
terwards returned to Arkansas, and became Clerk of Lafay- 
ette county. The next step in the course of events on this 
subject was taken in the National Capital. On the 8th of 
February, 1875, President Grant sent a special message to 
Congress relative to the Arkansas case, giving his opinion that 
all the testimony showed "that in 1874 the Constitution of 
the State was, by violence, intimidation and revolutionary 
proceedings, overthrown, and a new Constitution adopted, and 
a new State Government established," and asking Congress 
to take action in the matter to relieve him "from acting on 
questions which should be decided by the legislative branch of 
the Government." Upon this communication to Congress 
being made by the President, Governor Garland, himself, 
invited an investigation, on the part of Congress, into the 
legality of the State Government of Arkansas, and a commit- 
tee for the purpose was appointed. The sessions of the com- 
mittee were begun at Washington, where Governor Baxter, 
among others, repaired, and made an argument in behalf of 
the legality of the Government. Hon. Luke P. Poland, of 
Vermont, and Hon. Mr. Ward, members of the committee, 
came to Little Rock to take testimony, and personally inspect 
the condition of affairs. Becoming satisfied of its legality in 
all respects, they returned to Washington, and reported the 
result of their investigations, and the committee made a re- 
port to Congress to that effect, which was adopted as satisfac- 
tory, and was the conclusion of the whole matter. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

NOVEMBER, 1874, TO JANUARY, 1881. 



THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS A. H. GARLAND AND "WILLIAM R. 
MILLER. 

The State Government was now as entirely Democratic, as 
it had previously been Republican. 

Augustus H. Garland, the eleventh Governor of the State, 
was born in Tipton county, Tennessee, June nth, 1832. 
In 1833 his parents moved to Arkansas, and settled in Hemp- 
stead county. He was educated in St. Mary's College, and 
St. Joseph's College, in Kentucky. He studied law, and was 
admitted to the bar at Washington in 1853. In 1856 he 
moved to Little Rock, and formed a law partnership with 
Ebenezer Cummins, which continued until the death of Mr. 
Cummins, in 1857. He was, as we have seen, a Delegate to 
the State Convention of 1861 ; a Member of the Provisional 
Congress of the Southern Confederacy, which met in Mont- 
gomery, Alabama, in 1861, and subsequently in the Confeder- 
ate Congress, both as Representative and Senator, being in 
the Senate when the war closed. After the war he resumed 
the practice of his profession, and associated with himself Ma- 
jor C. C. White and Captain L. B. Nash, as Garland, White 
& Nash. After the death of Major White, the firm was Garland 
& Nash. Captain Nash afterwards moved to Dakota Territory, 
and Colonel Garland formed a law partnership with Hon. 
Sterling R. Cockrill, the present Chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court, the firm being Garland & Cockrill. Two of his not- 
able achievements in the legal profession were the cases of 

648 




AUGUSTUS H. GARLAND. 
Eleventh Governor of the State. 



650 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

ex-parte Garland, in the Supreme Court, of the United States, 
on the constitutionality of the test oath for lawyers, and Os- 
borne vs. Nicholson, before the same court, in which the va- 
lidity of contracts for slaves was established. 

Being now elevated to the high position of Governor, even 
greater honors awaited him. In January, 1877, he was with- 
out opposition, elected by the Legislature, United States Sen- 
ator, to succeed Senator Powell Clayton, for the term of six 
years, beginning March 4th, 1877, and in 1882 was, re-elected 
to the position for the term ending March 4th, 1889. Upon the 
election of President Cleveland, in 1884, he was appointed At- 
torney-General of the United States, and resigning the Senator- 
ship entered the Cabinet. He was the first person from Ar- 
kansas who ever held a Cabinet position. Senator Garland 
has been a widower for some } 7 ears ; he married in Washing- 
ton, Arkansas, Miss Virginia Sanders. She was a daughter 
of Captain Simon T. Sanders, who for 30 years was Clerk of 
Hempstead county. By this marriage there are four children 
living, three sons, Sanders, E. Cummins, and William, and a 
daughter, Daisy Garland. 

In commencing his administration, Governor Garland found 
the State Treasury entirely empty. As he expressed it, on 
his taking possession, "there was not enough money in the 
Treasury to buy sufficient wood to build a fire in the Governor's 
office." The State Government was conducted for two months 
upon the promissory notes of individuals ; and after that 
was run on borrowed money, 'for which loans were effected, 
which in time, however, were all paid back and liquidated. 
The first loan of $200,000 was repaid in June, 1876. 

After the disturbed condition of affairs which had previously 
existed, public matters settled down into a state of calm- 
ness and peace, the beneficial effects of which were seen in a 
revival of business, in immigration, and in progress in public 
enterprises. 



NOVEMBER, 1874, TO JANUARY, 1881. 65 I 

The twentieth session of the Legislature was held from No- 
vember 10th, 1874, to March 5th, 1875, and a second session 
from November istto December 10th, 1875. 

Hon. Bradley Bunch was elected President of the Senate, 
and Thomas W. Newton, of Little Rock, Clerk. In the 
House, A. A. Pennington, of Hot Spring county, was elected 
Speaker, and J. W. Gaulding, of Clark county, Clerk. 

In the first session, from November 10th, 1874, to March 
5th, 1875, the Acts of importance were for the government 
of municipal corporations ; re-organizing the county of Miller ; 
providing means to pay the expenses of the State Govern- 
ment, and to retire outstanding Auditor's warrants and Treas- 
urer's certificates by the issue of thirty year bonds, commonly 
called Loughborough bonds; creating a general election law; 
incorporating benevolent companies; fixing the legal rate of 
interest and defining usury; prohibiting the canying of deadly 
weapons ; enacting a three mile law, preventing the sale or 
giving away of spirituous, vinous or malt liquors within three 
miles of any school or academy, if the inhabitants petition 
therefor, in short, local option ; providing for bridges on pub- 
lic roads; regulating the celebration of marriages ; joint reso- 
lutions of thanks to Governor Elisha Baxter, and reviewing 
the course of the three past State administrations. 

In the second session, from November 1st, to December 
10th, 1875, the Acts of chief importance were: Dividing the 
State into four districts for congressional purposes ; authoriz- 
ing the Finance Board to borrow money, with which to con- 
duct the State Government; appropriating $15,000 for a proper 
representation of the State at the approaching centennial 
exhibition; for the maintenance of free common schools and 
benevolent institutions of the State ; and enlarging the peni- 
tentiary grounds. The most constant occupation, however, 
of this and of some subsequent sessions was to alter, amend or 
repeal chapters of Gantt's Digest, which was published in 
1874. In the present session twenty chapters were either re- 



652 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

pealed or amended in whole or in part, until it was difficult to 
keep advised as to the precise state of the laws without careful 
investigation. 

The Act to provide means to pay the expenses of the State 
Government and retire outstanding Auditor's warrants and 
Treasurer's certificates, provided for the issue of twenty-five 
hundred State bonds, of the denomination of $1,000 each, 
payable in 30 years, with 6 per cent, interest, payable half 
yearly, in January and July. They were called Loughbor- 
ough bonds, taking their name from Hon. James M. Lough- 
borough, Senator from the Tenth District, who introduced the 
measure and secured its passage. The bonds contemplated 
by the Act were issued and sold on the market, and are now 
running to their maturity, which will be the year 1905. In the 
meantime the interest is being paid and a sinking fund created 
out of the State's revenue to provide for the payment of the 
principal at maturity or call. 

The Joint Resolution of thanks to Governor Baxter recited 
that: 

" Whereas, The people of Arkansas owe a debt of gratitude 
to Elisha Baxter for the fearless and manly stand he took 
against the corruption and fraud that have pervaded Arkan- 
sas for the past six years therefore, 

"Resolved, That the heartfelt thanks of this General Assem- 
bly, in behalf of the people of the entire State, be tendered to 
Ex-Governor Elisha Baxter, for the great and meritorious serv- 
ices that he has rendered to the people and State. Our very 
best wishes follow him in his retirement from public life, and 
may he find more enjoyment than can be found in any offi- 
cial position." 

The Joint Resolution, reviewing the three State Govern- 
ments of the preceding six years recited that, when the State 
Government of 1868 was instituted, the total bonded debt of 
the State, on all accounts, was $3,252,401.00; its floating 
debt was nothing, and there was in the treasury, in lawful 



NO VE3IBEB, 1874, TO JANUAB Y, 1 881 . 65 3 

money of the United States, the sum of $319,237.00 From 
July 3d, 1868, to October 1st, 1874, there was paid into the 
treasury, on all accounts, the sum of $6,674,511.00, or about 
$1,100,000.00 per annum. There was paid out during that 
period, on account of interest and sinking fund, $515,204.00, 
leaving $6,159,307.00 to pay the ordinary expenses of the 
State Government for six years, beside the sum in the treas- 
ury to begin with. The whole expenses of the State Govern- 
ment, properly administered, should not have exceeded $300,- 
000.00 per annum ; or $1,800,000.00 for the six years; or, 
allowing $200,000.00 for payment of the militia and claims, 
$2,000,000.00. Adding the floating debt, created during 
that time, $1,857,721.00, to the $6,674,511.00, paid into the 
treasury, made a grand total of $8,851,469.00 as the total ex- 
penses of six years, or $6,236,265.00 more than it ought to 
have been. 

For this expenditure a few public buildings, of the prob- 
able cost of $100,000.00, were to be seen, leaving $6,238,- 
265.00 to be accounted for. It farther recited that, in addi- 
tion to this, the bonded debt had been increased by the issue 
of $3,350,000.00 of funded bonds, issued for internalimprove- 
ments ; $5,350,000.00 for railroad aid, and $3,005,846.00 for 
levee bonds, making a total of $1 1,705,846.00 of bonds issued, 
and a grand total of bonds issued, $11,705,846.00/ floating 
>debt created, $1,857,721.00. Total of debt created, $13,- 
563,567.00. 

The averments of the Joint Resolution were summarized as 
follows : 

Amount in treasury at commencement, $319,237.00; re- 
ceived in six years, $6,674,511.00. Total resources, $6,993,- 
748.00. 

Paid out for expenses in six }7ears, say, $1,800,000.00; 
paid out for militia and claims, say, $200,000.00 ; paid out 
for sinking fund and interest, $515,204.00; paid out for 



654 EI S TOBY OF AB KANSAS. 

public buildings, say, $100,000.00. Total paid out, $2,615,- 
204.00. 

Total received, $6,993,748.00; total paid out, $2,615, - 
204.00; to be accounted for, $4,378,544.00; add total debt 
created, $13,563,567.00. Total cost to State, $17,942,111.00. 

The Resolution directed the Finance Board to correspond 
with the holders of outstanding bonds, with a view to consol- 
idate and settle them on a just basis, and one within the abil- 
ity of the people to pay. 

In the progress of events, however, it proved that the 
amount of debt created during this period, to-wit : $13,563,- 
567.00 of principal, on which interest ran from date, was re- 
duced in the following particulars, to-wit : With reference to 
the railroad aid and levee bonds, the Supreme Court of the 
State, Chief Justice E. H. English, and Associate Justices 
David Walker and Wm. M. Harrison, decided, in an opinion 
delivered by Judge Walker, in the case of the State against 
the Little Rock, Mississippi River & Texas Railway Com- 
pany, reported in the thirty-first volume of the Arkansas Re- 
ports, that the Act authorizing the issuance of the bonds had 
never been passed as required by law, and that, therefore, the 
bonds issued thereunder were void. By this means, bonds to 
the amount of $8,604,773.00 were effected. The payment of 
these bonds, either in principal or interest, was further pro- 
hibited by the Amendment No. 1 to the Constitution, or Fish- 
back Amendment, adopted in 1884. 

The $1 ,857,721 .00, representing the floating debt, was called 
in and taken up by the issue of the Loughborough thirty-year 
bonds. 

Another Act of this Assembly authorized the State Treasurer 
to exchange bonds of any fund in the treasury for State bonds. 
Under this authority 7 , the sum of $38,000.00 in United States 
bonds, to the credit of the school fund, bearing six per cent, 
interest, was exchanged for $64,000.00 of State or Lough- 
borough bonds, drawing six per cent, interest, thus making a 



NO VEMBER, 1874, TO JANUAB Y, 1881. 655 

gain of $1,560.00 per annum in the interest, or $20,280.00 
gained in interest for the school fund from the date of the Act 
to the present time, 1888. 

The school fund has now (1888) to its credit in the treas- 
ury, the sum of $136,000.00 in State or Loughborough 
bonds, drawing 6 per cent, interest. 

On the 18th of December, 1875, G. W« Hill was appointed 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, and served as such until 
October, 1878. 

In the summer of 1876 there was held, at Philadelphia, the 
"Centennial" celebration, or the hundredth anniversary of the 
declaration of independence of the United States. Under the 
Act to secure a proper representation of the resources and pro- 
ducts of the State, Governor Garland appointed Dr. George W. 
Lawrence, of Hot Springs, and George E. Dodge, of Little Rock, 
Commissioners for Arkansas. These gentlemen devoted much 
time and attention to securing and properly exhibiting sam- 
ples of the productions and resources of the State, and presented 
a display which was not only creditable to the State, but to 
their efforts in its arrangement and display, and which com- 
pared favorably with the displa) 7 s made at that great exposi- 
tion by other and older commonwealths. For some time 
prior to this date the ladies, in various towns in the State, had 
by a combined effort, by means of fairs, concerts, fetes and the 
like, raised a considerable sum of money, which they for- 
warded to the Commissioners for the general good of the 
cause. The amount, or part of it, was employed in the pur- 
chase of a handsome fountain, which was placed in front of 
the Arkansas building in the space allotted the State, and af- 
ter the conclusion of the exhibition, the fountain was brought 
home and placed in position in the State-house yard in front 
of the main building, where it now does service. A coat-of- 
arms of the State on the outer wall of the main building also 
came from the "Centennial." 



656 EISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

In the month of September, 1876, occurred an election for 
State officers. William R. Miller was the Democratic candi- 
date for Governor, and General A. W. Bishop the Republi- 
can candidate. The entire vote cast was 108,633. Mr. Mil- 
ler received 70,425 votes, and General Bishop, 38,208. The 
other State officers elected were B. B. Beavers, Secretary of 
State; John Crawford, Auditor; Thomas J. Churchill, 
Treasurer; W. F. Henderson, Attorney-General; J. N. 
Smithee, Commissioner of State Lands; George W. Hill, Su- 
perintendent of Public Instruction ; John R. Eakin, Chancel- 
lor; Jonathan W. Callaway, Clerk of Chancery Court. Mr. 
Callaway served till 1886, being elected for several successive 
terms. 

At the Congressional election, held in November, L. C. 
Gause was re-elected from the First District for the term from 
1877 to 1879; W. F. Slemons from the Second District; 
Jordan E. Cravens, of Clarksville, from the Third District, and 
T. M. Gunter from the Fourth District. 

The event of the greatest excitement of the year was the 
Presidential election, occuring in November. The candidates 
were Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and William A. Wheeler, 
of New York, the Republican candidates; Samuel J. Til- 
den, of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, of 
the Democrats. In the election, November 7th, Tilden re- 
ceived a popular vote of 4,284,265, and Hayes 4,033,295. The 
Returning Boards gave Hayes 185 votes and Tilden 184; but 
the Democrats disputed the giving of the votes of Florida, Lou- 
isiana and South Carolina to the Republican candidate, as part 
of the 185. . 

In the extraordinary state of public excitement over the sub- 
ject, a Bill was introduced into Congress to create an Electo- 
ral Commission to settle the questions in dispute. It was to 
consist of five Senators, five Representatives, and five Judges 
of the Supreme Court. When the Bill was pending before 
Congress, Colonel W. F. Slemons, Congressman from the 




WILLIAM R. MILLER. 

Twelfth Governor of the State. 



658 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Second District of Arkansas, was one who not only voted 
against the measure, but opposed it at every turn. The Bill 
was passed, and, on becoming a law, the Commission was 
made up to consist of eight Republicans and seven Demo- 
crats. When the questions at issue were presented before it, 
the Commission, by an unvarying vote from eight to seven, 
decided every question presented in favor of the Republicans. 
The result was to confirm the 185 votes for Hayes, giving 
him the office by one vote. The vote of Arkansas was for 
Tilden and Hendricks. 

Governor William R. Miller, the twelfth Governor of Ar- 
kansas, was inaugurated January nth, 1877, and was 
the first native-born Arkansian to occupy the Gubernatorial 
chair. 

He was born at Batesville, Independence county, Arkan- 
sas, November 23d, 1823, and lived on his father's farm until 
he was twenty-one years old. In 1848 he was elected Clerk of 
Independence county, which position he held until 1854. Dur- 
ing this time he studied law, but was not admitted to the bar 
until later. In 1854 he was appointed by Governor Elias N. 
Conway to fill the unexpired term of Captain C. C. Danle}', 
as State Auditor, which place he filled from September i6th 5 
to December 26th, 1854, when, the Know-Nothings being 
in a majority in the Legislature, he was defeated for the po- 
sition, butwas elected thereto atthe next term, November 10th, 
1856, and served to April 18th, 1S64. On the institution of 
the Murphy Government at that date, he turned over the of- 
fice to his successor, James R. Berry. He was again elected 
Auditor in 1866, defeating Mr. Berry for the place, butwas 
ousted under the Constitution of 1868, and Mr. Berry became 
his successor. Governor Miller was then admitted to the bar, 
at Little Rock, and returned to Batesville, where he engaged 
in the practice of the law. In 1874, under the Constitution 
of that date, he was again elected Auditor, and served until 
January, 1877, when he became Governor, Having served 



NOVEMBER, 1874, TO JANUABY, 1881. 659 

as Governor two terms, or four years, he returned to Bates- 
ville, where he resided until 1886, when he was again, for the 
fifth time, elected Auditor, making five full terms and one 
unexpired, of that office, during which he served, covering a 
period of thirteen years' service, and with four years' Governor- 
ship, makes a total of seventeen years' service. 

The places of his residence in Arkansas were at Batesville, 
to 1854; from 1854 to 1S68, at Little Rock; from 1868 to 
1874, at Batesville ; again, from 1874 to 1 881, at Little Rock ; 
from 1881 to 1886, at Batesville; and from 1886, at Little 
Rock. He died at this latter place, November 29th, 1887, 
aged 65 years, and is buried in Mt. Holly Cemetery. In 
Batesville, on the 27th of January, 1849, he married Miss 
Susan E. Bevens, a daughter of William C. Bevens, of that 
place. By this marriage there are four children living, two 
daughters and two sons. The daughters are Mrs. W. J. 
Joblin, now residing in New Mexico, and Mrs. J. E. Williams, 
wife of Hon. J. E. Williams, Senator from the Pulaski dis- 
trict. The sons are William R. and Hugh Miller, both 
residing in Little Rock. Governor Miller was the author 
of Miller's Digest of the Revenue Laws, and other val- 
uable compilations of the laws of the State. Governor 
Miller's ancestors, for two generations back, were persons of 
uncommonly long lives. His grandfather, Simon Miller, 
who came to Arkansas in 1814, lived to the age of 96 years, 
and died in Crawford county. His father, John Miller, lived 
to the age of 98 years ; was born in Bedford county, Vir- 
ginia, in 1787; came to Arkansas with his father in 1814, 
and died in Batesville in the year 1885. 

In Governor Miller's administration, the course of affairs 
was peaceful and uneventful. After the disturbances of past 
times, the State settled down into a condition of progress and 
advancing prosperity, in which there were few incidents 
worthy of note outside of the usual routine of ordinary happen- 
ings. The biennial elections, and the sessions of the Legisla- 



660 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

ture, grew to be the only ripples on the smooth surface of 
events. Of its general course, it may be said that it was 
prudent and economical. In his own participation in it, he 
pardoned but few convicts, believing that the courts and 
juries were the first and best judges of what justice each par- 
ticular case required. 

The twenty-first session of the Legislature was held from 
January 8th to March 8th, 1877. James K. Jones, of Wash- 
ington, Hempstead county, was elected President of the Sen- 
ate, and Jacob Frolich, of Searcy, White county, was elected 
Secretar}/. In the House, D. L. Kilgore, of Columbia county 7 , 
was elected Speaker, and Thomas W. Newton, of Little Rock, 
Clerk. 

The Acts of the session wortrry of note were : authorizing 
counties to fund their indebtedness; appropriating $30,000 for 
additional buildings atthe penitentiary ; actsfor the maintenance 
of the State Industrial University and the Blind Asylum ; for 
the payment of interest on the public debt; and authorizing 
counties to hire out county convicts, either to individuals, or 
by the establishment of county farms. 

On this Assembly was devolved the election of a United 
States Senator to succeed Senator Powell Clayton, whose 
term of office was to expire March 4th, 1877. Governor 
Garland was elected without opposition to the office, for a term 
ending March 4th, 1883. 

In March, 1878, Judge David Walker resigned from the 
Supreme Bench, and Judge Jesse Turner was appointed 
March 29th to succeed him. 

Commencing in the month of August, 1878, and continuing 
from that time until the coming of frost, late in November, 
for the season was very late that year, a most terrible scourge 
of yellow fever, in an epidemic form, prevailed in many places 
in the South, notably in Memphis, Tennessee, Grenada, 
Mississippi, and New Orleans, and Shreveport, Louisana. The 
first case in Memphis appeared August 10th, and the last one 



NOVEMBER, 1874, TO JANUARY, 1881. 66 1 

November 28th. Although it was raging with great violence 
on both sides of the State, it did not prevail in Arkansas as an 
epidemic, and but few cases at all, and they coming from 
refugees and contagion, instead of being indigenous. Rigid 
quarantine measures were established to prevent travel into 
the State from infected districts, and under the direction of 
the local Board of Health of Little Rock, which, in the absence 
of any law creating a general Board, assumed jurisdiction over 
the whole State, inspecting officers were stationed at 
Hopefield, Forest City and Argenta, for the inspection 
of travel over the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad. Dr. 
Len P. Gibson acted as Health Officer on the St. Louis, 
Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, stationed at Carondelet, 
or South St. Louis, and Dr. J. J. Jones, at Poplar Bluff, and 
Dr. Dale, at Texarkana, and there were similar officers at 
other points. No one was permitted to travel, unless able to 
show a "bill of health," or physician's certificate, that the 
holder had been in no infected district within the space of six 
weeks. 

By means of these precautions, aided by the general efforts 
of the citizens, the plague was kept out of Arkansas to any 
considerable extent, though the fever made its appearance at 
Hopefield, in Crittenden county, on the river opposite Mem- 
phis, in a number of instances. At Argenta, also opposite Little 
Rock, the Health Officers, Francis H. Moody and Dr. J. M. 
Bohemier were taken with an illness resembling the yellow 
fever, from which they both died. It was supposed to have 
been yellow fever contracted from inspecting baggage of per- 
sons coming from infected points. 

During the prevalence of the scourge, volunteer nurses 
and physicians went from all parts of the Union to minister to 
the sick in Memphis and the points at which it was worst. 
Among these Dr. J. C. Easley, a prominent physician of 
Little Rock, went to Memphis and tended the sick, and, con- 
tracting the fever, died there from it. 



662 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

In the month of September, 1878, occurred the election 
for State officers. Most of the old officers were their own suc- 
cessors. Governor Miller was elected for a second term, with- 
out opposition, receiving 88,730 votes. Jacob Frolich was 
elected Secretary of State ; John Crawford was re-elected 
Auditor; T. J. Churchill, re-elected Treasurer; W. F. Hen- 
derson, re-elected Attorney-General; D. W. Lear, Commis- 
sioner of State Lands ; James L. Denton, Superintendent of 
Public Instruction ; John R. Eakin, Associate Justice of the Su- 
preme Court, and D. W. Carroll, Chancellor. Judge Carroll is 
the present Chancellor, having filled the office from the date of 
his election, now a period of twelve years. On the 31st of 
October, James L. Denton became Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, and served as such till October nth, 1882, when 
he was succeeded by Dunbar H. Pope, his Chief Clerk, who 
served to October 30th, and was succeeded by Wood E. 
Thompson, the present incumbent. 

In the Congressional election occurring in November of 
the year, Poindexter Dunn was elected Congressman from 
the First District for the session from 1879 to 1881 ; W. F. 
Slemons, re-elected for the Second District ; Jordan E. Cra- 
vens, re-elected for the Third District, and T. M. Gunter, re- 
elected for the Fourth District. 

The twenty-second session of the Legislature was held 
from January 13th to March 13th, 1879. M. M. Duffie, of 
Princeton, was chosen President of the Senate, and Lou T. 
Kretchmar, Secretary. In the House, J. T. Bearden, of 
Camden, was elected Speaker, and John G. Holland, of 
Searcy, Clerk. 

Governor Miller was inaugurated January 17th, 1879, and 
entered upon his second term. 

The important Acts of the session were Acts to support the 
State Government; to maintain the State Industrial Universi- 
ty, and the benevolent institutions of the State ; continuing 
the Finance Board ; repealing the laws making the Holford 



NOVEMBER, 1874, TO JANUARY, 1881. 663 

bonds and coupons receivable for taxes ; encouraging the 
building of railroads ; abolishing Clark count)- ; for the re- 
pairing and building of levees ; memorializing Congress for an 
appropriation of $20,000.00 to stop the river from encroach- 
ing on the city of Pine Bluff; and a Joint Resolution, intro- 
duced by Hon. W. M. Fishback, Representative from Sebas- 
tian county, proposing an Amendment to the State Constitu- 
tion, which has been mentioned. 

The appropriation asked from Congress for the improve- 
ment of the river and prevent its encroachments on the city 
of Pine Bluff was granted, and under it work was conducted 
under the superintendency of Captain H. S. Taber, of the 
United States Engineer Corps, which resulted in throwing the 
current of the river farther off from the bank, and prevent- 
ing it from cutting away the bank on the Pine Bluff side, as 
it had been accustomed to do in every rise of the river. 
Owing to the light and sandy nature of the soil, the banks of 
the river there being all alluvial and bluff banks, had for a 
number of years been cutting away and caving into the river, 
at each season of high water, until considerable portions of 
the town itself had gone in this way ; but since the Govern- 
ment work was done, none of this has been observed, and it 
is believed to have been effectually stopped. 

On the Legislature of 1879 was devolved the election of a 
United States Senator to succeed Senator Stephen W. Dorsey ? 
for the term of six years, from March 4th, 1879, to March 
4th, 1885. The prominent competitors for the position were 
Hon. Robert W. Johnson, Colonel J. D. Walker, of Fayet- 
teville, and Ex-Governor Elisha Baxter. After an exciting 
contest, Colonel Walker was elected. 

In the summer of 1879 the yellow fever again made its 
appearance in Memphis and at other points in the South. 
The State Medical Society had appointed a Committee from 
its members to urge upon the Legislature the passage of a 
law creating a State Board of Health. Although the matter 



664 B1ST0BY OF ABKANSAS. 

had not yet been presented to the Legislature, Governor 
Miller, from the necessity of the case, issued a proclamation 
vesting the Committee with powers to act in the emergency, 
the same as a regularlv constituted State Board of Health. 
By the vigilance and efforts of this Board, and rigid quaran- 
tine measures, the disease was a second time prevented from 
gaining a footing in Arkansas. 

In the year 1879 John M. Moore resigned the office of Re- 
porter of the Decisions of the Supreme Court, which he had 
held since 1874, and was succeeded by Judge B. D. Turner, 
of Searcy. Judge Turner served as such until his death, Octo- 
ber 6th, 1887, when he was succeeded by Hon. W. W. 
Mansfield, of Ozark, the present incumbent. 

The biennial election of State officers was held in Septem- 
ber, 1880. General Thomas J. Churchill was nominated as 
the candidate of the Democrats. The Republican party 
made no nominations of its own, but the Greenback part} 7 , 
which had sprung up prior to that time, having put out a full 
State ticket, headed by W. P. Parks, of Lafayette county, 
the Republican vote was generally given to that ticket. The 
total vote cast at the election was 115,619, of which 
Churchill received 84,190 votes and W. P. Parks received 
31,429 votes. Majority for Churchill, 52,761 votes. 

The other State officers elected at the same time were 
Jacob Frolich, re-elected Secretary of State; John Crawford, 
re-elected Auditor; William E. Woodruff, Jr., Treasurer; 
C. B. Moore, Attorney-General; D. W. Lear, Commis- 
sioner of State Lands; James L. Denton, Superintendent of 
Public Instruction; Elbert H. English, Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court. 

Governor Churchill was inaugurated before the Legislature, 
January 13th, 1881. 

The year 1880 was the year of a Presidential election. 
There were several nominations for the office. The Republi- 
can National Convention met in Chicago, June 5th, and nomi- 



NOVEMBER, 1874, TO JANUARY, 1881. 66$ 

hated General James A. Garfield, of Ohio, for President, and 
Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice-President. The 
Democratic candidates were General W. S. Hancock, of the 
United States Army, and William H. English, of Indiana. 

In the election, November 2d, Garfield and Arthur were 
elected, their electorial vote being 214 against 155. 

The vote of Arkansas was cast for Hancock. The Presi- 
dential election was also the occasion of the election of Con- 
gressmen to the Forty-seventh Congress, from 1881 to 1883. 
Poindexter Dunn was re-elected for the First District; James 
K. Jones, of Washington, Hempstead county, for the Second 
District; Jordan E. Cravens, re-elected for the Third Dis- 
trict, and Thomas M. Gunter, re-elected for the Fourth Dis- 
trict. 

In the tenth census taken in this year, the population of 
Arkansas was given at 802,525 ; being 591,531 white, and 
210,666 colored persons; a gain of 318,054 over the previous 
census. 



CHAPTER XXX. 

FROM 1881 TO 1885. 



THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS T. J. CHURCHILL AND JAMES H. 
BERRY. 

Governor Thomas J. Churchill, thirteenth Governor of 
Arkansas, was born on his father's farm, near Louisville, 
Jefferson county, Kentucky, March ioth, 1824. He was 
educated at St. Mary's College, in Kentucky, where he grad- 
uated in 1844, and then took a course of law in the Transyl- 
vania University. In 1846, at the breaking out of the Mex- 
ican War, he enlisted as a Lieutenant in the First Kentucky 
Mounted Riflemen, commanded by Colonel Humphrey 
Marshall, and served in that war. In January, 1847, with a 
scouting party of seventeen men, under Captain Head}', he 
was made prisoner near the Hacienda of Encarnacion, by 
General Minon's Cavalry, who had previously captured Major 
John P. Gaines and Captain Cassius M. Clay, of Colonel 
Marshall's Regiment, and Major Solon Borland, of Colonel 
Yell's Arkansas Regiment, at the same place. Lieutenant 
Churchill was sent to the City of Mexico, and held as a pris- 
oner for a while, and was then given the freedom of the city 
on parole, and when General Scott was advancing on the 
City of Mexico, he was moved to Toluca, from which point 
he was subsequently exchanged, but not until the war was 
virtually over. In 1848 he moved to Arkansas, and settled 
in Little Rock. Here, in 1849, July 31st, he married Miss 
Ann Sevier, daughter of Senator Ambrose H. Sevier, and 
grand-daughter of Judge Benjamin Johnson. When, as 

666 




THOMAS J. CHURCHILL. 

Thirteenth Governor of the State. 



668 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Lieutenant Churchill, he was on his way to Mexico in Colonel 
Marshall's command, he was entertained at the family man- 
sion*of Judge Johnson during a time at which the command 
halted in Little Rock on its march. Now that he had be- 
come a resident of the city, his marriage took place in the 
same house. 

He devoted himself to planting on a large plantation near 
Little Rock. In 1857 he was appointed, by President 
Buchanan, Postmaster of Little Rock, which office he held 
until 1861. 

On the breaking out of the war, he was one of the first to 
enlist. He raised at once a splendid regiment of cavalry, 
called the First Arkansas Mounted Riflemen, and. served 
with gallantry and distinction till the end of the war, rising to 
the rank of Major-General. A fuller account of his military 
career has been given in the chapters relating to the war. 

In 1874, as we have seen, he was elected State Treasurer, 
and was re-elected in 1876 and 1878, and after a service of 
six years in that department, was now elevated to the high 
office of Governor. 

By their marriage, General and Mrs. Churchill have four 
children living, to-wit : a son, Samuel J., and three 
daughters, Mrs. John B. Calef, Mrs. Langhorne, and Miss 
Juliette Churchill. 

The twenty-third session of the State Legislature was held 
January 8th to March 19th, 1881. H. C. Tipton, of Fulton 
county, was elected President of the Senate, and John G. 
Holland, of Searc}?, Secretary. In the House, George 
Thornburgh, of Powhatan, Lawrence county, was elected 
Speaker, and Paul M. Cobbs, of St. Francis count}', Clerk. 

The important Acts of this session were appropriating 
$150,000 to build an Asylum for the Insane; $10,000 for the 
establishment of a Branch Normal School at Pine Bluff ; 
regulating the practice of medicine and surgery; establishing 
a medical department of the Arkansas Industrial University 



670 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

at Little Rock ; to enforce the payment of overdue taxes ; 
creating a State Board of Health; regulating railroads; 
leasing out the Penitentiar} 7 , and requiring a vote on the 
subject of local option in the towns and counties of the State 
to be had at each election. 

Under the Act to build an Asylum for the Insane, ground 
was purchased west of the city of Little Rock, where a noble 
asylum was erected for the care of those unfortunates. It is a 
handsome and commanding building, large enough for 200 
patients. It is situated upon a high point, commanding a 
view from a long distance. It is fitted up with all modern 
comforts and conveniences for such institutions, and is alto- 
gether worthy of the purpose for which it was erected, and 
which the State has so long needed. The institution is under 
the able and efficient management of Dr. P. O. Hooper, as 
Superintendent, who has been at the head of it since 1885. 

Out of the appropriation for the Normal School, at Pine 
Bluff, a suitable and substantial college building of brick, was 
erected in the west part of the city. This college, which is 
for the purpose of training teachers for the public schools for 
colored persons, is a branch of the State Industrial University. 
The building was completed in 1881. It is a handsome edifice 
two stories high, with slate roof and trimmings of Ala- 
bama granite — with improvements and furniture it cost 
$12,000. Prof. J. C. Corbin, a graduate of Oberlin College, 
Ohio, is principal, with three teachers, and an attendance of 150. 

In May, 1881, a Grand Lodge of the Knights of Pythias 
was organized for the State of Arkansas, with the following 
officers: D. W. Pollock, of Damon Lodge No. 3, G. P. C ; 
Thomas Essex, of Damon Lodge No. 3, G. C; H. G. Allis, 
of Juliet Lodge No. 6, G. V. C ; J. M. Taylor, of Juliet 
Lodge No. 6, G. K. of R. and S; S. F. Hilzheim and Albert 
Cohen were elected Supreme Representatives. In 1882 Gen- 
eral Bob Newell was elected to succeed Mr. Hilzheim, and in 
1883 Colonel Thomas Essex was elected to succeed Mr. Cohen, 



FROM 1881 TO 1885. 67 I 

The Order of Knights of Pythias was established in Arkan- 
sas, October 20th, 1872, when Alpha Lodge No. 1 was insti- 
tuted at Fort Smith, by Colonel Bob Newell, but its charter 
was surrendered and the Lodge disorganized. Afterwards 
other Lodges were formed, until sufficient were in existence to 
establish a Grand Lodge. The growth of the Order in the 
State has been rapid and permanent, and it now numbers a 
large membership, having many Lodges, with handsome halls 
and Lodge rooms, in all the principal points in the State. 

The month of July, 1S81 ,was marked by that terrible crime 
in national affairs, the assassination of President Garfield by 
Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker and man of 
unbalanced mind. The President lived 80 days after the firing 
of the fatal shot, and died at Elberon, New Jersey, September 
20th. Upon his decease, Vice-President Chester A. Arthur 
took the oath of office and became President. 

In the month of Jul) 7 , 1881, trouble arose in Perry county, 
Arkansas, which resulted in Governor Churchill sending a 
force of militia there to preserve the peace and assist the civil 
authorities in executing the laws. The County Judge repre- 
sented to the Governor that he was unable to discharge the 
duties of his office, on account of a great degree of lawlessness 
in the count) 7 , which had manifested itself in the destruction 
and burning of the printing office of the "Fourche Valley 
Times," published at Perryville, by John L. W. Matthews, 
and which had compelled him to leave the county. Governor 
Churchill sent General Robert C. Newton to Perryville, to 
ascertain the state of affairs and report. General Newton 
went to Perryville, and after fully investigating the case, re- 
turned and reported to the Governor that the County Judge 
had become obnoxious to a number of citizens of the county, 
on account of his proceedings in punishing persons as for con- 
tempts, in which he was thought to have overstepped the author- 
ity of his office ; that it was believed that Matthews was 
the instigator of these proceedings, with a view of causing 



672 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

certain persons of the county to be arrested and incarcerated, 
and recommending that the Circuit Judge, Jabez M. Smith, 
should hold at once a special term of court there, and the 
Prosecuting Attorney secure the arrest, and bring to trial the 
persons guilty of the burning of the printing office. This 
suggestion was adopted by the Governor, and he desired the 
court should be held, and endeavored to secure such by cor- 
respondence with Judge Smith, but before it could be accom- 
plished, Matthews was assassinated, being shot down while 
standing on his doorstep. Upon this, the Sheriff of the 
county wrote to the Governor from Morrillton, asking that 
the military arm of the State should be extended to aid him 
in arresting the parties believed to be guilty of the assassina- 
tion of Matthews. 

On this request, Governor Churchill sent General Newton 
with the Quapaw Guards, to Perryville, to assist in executing 
the laws, and employed Hon. W. L.Terry as Special Counsel 
to assist the Prosecuting Attorney in the discharge of his 
duties. Mr. Terry had warrants issued for certain parties 
implicated, who were examined and bound over to answer to 
the court or grand jury. The troops arrived at Perryville, 
August 1st, 1 88 1, and remained about three weeks, in which 
time it appearing that all was quiet and the civil law able to 
be peaceably executed by the officers, the militia was with- 
drawn. The visit of the militia was unaccompanied by any- 
thing in the way of either bloodshed, violence, or the molesta- 
tion of citizens. 

A matter arising during the administration of Governor 
Churchill, which occupied much public attention, was a deficit 
appearing in his accounts as late Treasurer. Upon the 
matter being called to the attention of the Legislature of 1881, 
that Body appointed a Special Committee to go over the books 
and report thereon. After a long session, running through 
many months, the Committee made a report setting forth that 
the accounts showed a deficit of $233,616 during the three 



S 



FBOM 1881 TO 1885. 673 

terms of office. Governor Churchill at once placed the re- 
port in the hands of the Attorney-General, for such action as 
he might think necessary in the discharge of his duties. On 
the 30th of May, 1883, the Attorney-General brought suit in 
the Pulaski Chancery Court against T. J. Churchill, late 
Treasurer, and the sureties on his several official bonds. 

The case was referred in a Master in Chancery to state an 
account of the matter. Thomas H. Simms, of Washington, 
Hempstead county, was appointed Master, and proceeded to 
state the account. After a full and exhaustive examination 
of the books, papers and accounts, in the course of which Gover- 
nor Churchill established a number of credits against the 
amount as found by the Committee, the Master presented his 
report, stating the amount of the deficiency at $80,522. 
00, being $23,973.00 in currency, $56,438.00 in State 
scrip, and $110.00 in swamp land scrip, and for this 
amount the Chancellor rendered a decree. The defend- 
ant contended that the entire deficit was due to errors of 
book-keeping, and a failure to inscribe proper credits, and 
that as to the missing scrips, that the same had been 
burned by mistake by the State Debt Board, and for which 
he was entitled to have credit. This position seems to be 
sustained by the fact that the scrip has never been presented 
for payment or cancellation. The case was appealed to the 
Supreme Court, where the decree of the Chancellor was af- 
firmed, and the amount officially fixed at the sum stated by 
the Master, decreeing against Churchill, as principal, and his 
sureties. The amount of the currency deficit was paid up by 
the defendants, and the claim of the State thereasto fully 
satisfied. 

In the month of September, 1882, occurred the regular 
biennial election for State officers. Hon. James H. Berry 
was the candidate of the Democrats; W. D. Slack, Land 

Commissioner of the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad, 
43 



674 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

was the candidate of the Republicans, and Rufus K. Garland, 
of Hempstead county, a brother of Senator A. H. Garland, 
was the candidate of the Greenback party. 

The vote was: For Berry, 87,625 ; for Slack, 49,354; for 
Garland, 10,142. Total vote, 147,121; majority for Berry, 
28,129. 

The other State officers elected at the same time were : 
Jacob Frolich, re-elected Secretary of State; A. W. Files, of 
Hamburg, Auditor ; William E. Woodruff, re-elected Treas- 
urer; C. B. Moore, re-elected Attorne3'-General ; W. P. 
Campbell, of Augusta, Commissioner of State Lands ; W. 
W. Smith, of Helena, Associate Justice of the Supreme 
Court; D. W. Carroll, re-elected Chancellor; J. W. Calla- 
way, Chancery Clerk ; Woodville E. Thompson, Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction. 

At the Congressional election in November of the year, 
for Representatives in the Forty-eighth Congress, from 1883 
to 1885, Colonel Poindexter Dunn was re-elected forthe First 
District; James K. Jones, re-elected for the Second District; 
John H. Rogers, of Fort Smith, for the Third District ; Sam. 
W. Peel, for the Fourth District, and from the State at large — 
Clifton R. Breckinridge, of Pine Bluff, son of Vice-President 
John C. Breckinridge, the first time the State of Arkansas 
ever had five Representatives in the lower House. 

Governor Berry was inaugurated January 13th, 1883. He 
chose for his Private Secretary James F. Read, of Fort Smith. 

James H. Berry, the fourteenth Governor of Arkansas, 
was born in Jackson count} 7 , Alabama, May 15th, 1841. In 
1848 his father moved to Carroll county, Arkansas, with the 
family, and settled at what is now the town of Berryville, 
named after him. Here James H. Berry received such edu- 
cation as the schools of the country afforded. On the break- 
ing out of the war, he enlisted in Company "E," of the 
Sixteenth Arkansas Regiment, and became Second Lieutenant 
of it. At the battle of Corinth, October 4th, 1862, he was 




JAMES H. BERRY. 
fourteenth Governor of the State, 



676 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



wounded, losing a leg. After the war he taught school and 
read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1866, by Judge 
Thomas Boles. In August, 1866, he was elected to the Leg- 
islature from Carroll county, and after serving there began 
the practice of law in the county. In December, 1869, 
he moved to Bentonville, Benton county, and formed a 
law partnership with his brother-in-law, Hon. Sam. W. 
Peel. In 1872 he was elected to the Legislature from Benton 
county, and again in 1874 ; and at the session of the Bod}' of 
the latter year, was elected Speaker. In 1878 he was 
elected Judge of the Fourth Circuit, and served for four years. 
In 1882 he was elected Governor, and served for two 3 T ears, 
at the end of which time, in March, 1885, he was elected 
United States Senator for the remainder of the term of Sena- 
tor A. H. Garland, who had resigned, being appointed At- 
torney-General of the United States, his term ending March, 
1889. In October, 1865 he married a daughter of James F. 
Quaill, of Ozark. 

The twenty-fourth session of the Legislature was held from 
January 8th to March 28th, 1883. J. B. Judkins was 
elected President of the Senate, and John G. Holland, Sec- 
retary. In the House, W. C. Brady, of Washington county, 
was elected Speaker, and Thomas W. Newton, Clerk. 

The important Acts of the session were : Creating the 
county of Cleburne; dissolving the Finance Board, the State 
being on a solid financial basis, and the existence of the 
Board being no longer necessary ; for the revision and digest- 
ing of the State laws ; for the protection of the timber inter- 
ests of the State; making appropriations for the Deaf, Mute 
Blind and Insane Asj'lums ; regulating the labor s} 7 stem ; dis- 
tricting the State into five districts for Congressional purposes ; 
and Joint Resolutions re-submitting to the vote of the people 
the Fishback Amendment, and praying Congress to grant 
pensions to the survivors of the Mexican War, 



FROM 1881 TO 1885. 677 

Under the Joint Resolution re-submitting the Fishback 
Amendment, the question was a second time voted on by the 
people at the general election of 1884, and this time was 
adopted by a large majority of the vote cast, and is now a 
part of the State Constitution. 

Under the Act for the revision and digesting of the State 
laws, Governor Berry appointed Judge W. W. Mansfield, of 
Ozark, as Digester, and Judge U. M. Rose, of Little Rock, 
as Examiner for the new Digest of Laws contemplated by 
the Act. Judge Mansfield addressed himself to the great 
task, and completed it during the latter part of 1884. It was 
examined by Judge Rose, and certified to by him Januar} 7 
27th, 1885. It is the sixth digest that has been issued of 
Arkansas laws. Steele's was first ; Ball and Roane's, second ; 
English's, third; Gould's, fourth ; Gantt's, fifth, and Mans- 
field's is sixth. 

On the 1 st of September, 1884, Judge Elbert Hartwell 
English, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, died at Ashe- 
ville, North Carolina, in the 69th' year of his age. His health 
had been declining for some time. He had literally worn 
himself out in his labors, and had gone to Asheville'during the 
summer in the hope of recuperating. His remains were 
brought to Little Rock, and were deposited in the Senate 
Chamber, where they lay in state until Sunday afternoon, 
September 7th, when they were buried in Mount Holly 
Cemetery. Every possible public respect was shown to his 
memory. The State officials, and the State and Federal 
judiciary attended the funeral in a body; many local societies 
took part in the procession, and the attendance of citizens, 
many of whom had come from long distances to be present, 
made the occasion one of the largest funeral concourses ever 
seen in the city. A funeral discourse of unusual eloquence 
and power was delivered at the residence by Rev. A. R. 
Winfield, after which the body was borne to its last resting 
place in Mount Holly Cemetery. 




ELBERT H. ENGLISH. 
Chief Justice Supreme Court for twenty-one years. 



FROM 1881 TO 1885. 



679 



Judge English was born at the foot of Capshaw's Moun- 
tain, in Madison county, Alabama, March 6th, 18 16. When 
he was two years old, his father moved and settled near 
Athens, Alabama. Here E. H. English grew to manhood; 
studied law ; was a member of the Legislature, and practiced 
law till 1844, when he came to Arkansas to live. In the 
autumn of that year he was appointed Reporter of the Supreme 
Court, and in 1854 was appointed Chief Justice, which position 
he held until ousted during the Re-construction period, as we 
have seen. He was re-appointed to the position by Governor 
Baxter in 1874, and was re-elected at the election in that 
year, and subsequently. He was twice married. In Athens, 
Alabama, he married Julia A. Fisher, who died in 187 1. By 
this marriage there was a daughter, Elberta, who was Mrs. 
W. D. Blocher ; and a son, Peyton D. English. In July, 
1872, he married Mrs. Susan A. Wheless, at Nashville, 
Tennessee. 

To supply the vacancy on the Supreme Bench caused by 
his death, a Democratic Convention was held in Little Rock 
to nominate his successor. At this convention, Sterling R. 
Cockrill, of Little Rock, was nominated for the position. He 
was elected thereto at the following election, and is the pres- 
ent incumbent. 

The Democratic State Convention was held in the month 
of June. The two prominent candidates for Governor were 
General Simon P. Hughes, of Monroe county, and Captain 
John G. Fletcher, of Little Rock. A spirited canvass for the 
nomination had previously been made, and now, at the session 
of the convention, the interest was intense. A close race 
occurred until the 36th ballot, when S. P. Hughes was nom- 
inated. The Republican Convention, which was held in July, 
placed in nomination a full State ticket, headed by Judge 
Thomas F. Boles, of Dardanelle. 

At the election which occurred in September, General 
Hughes was elected, and with him the remainder of the State 



680 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

ticket. The vote was as follows : Whole number of votes 
cast, 156,310; number of votes for Hughes, 100,773; number 
of votes for Boles, 55,537. Majority for Hughes, 45,236. 

The remaining State ticket elected at the same time was 
E. B. Moore, Secretary of State; A. W. Files, re-elected 
Auditor; William E. Woodruff, re-elected Treasurer; Dan. 
W. Jones, of Washington, Hempstead county, Attorney- 
General; D. W. Carroll, re-elected Chancellor; J. W. Cal- 
laway, Clerk of Chancery Court; Paul M. Cobbs, State Land 
Commissioner; and Wood E. Thompson, Superintendent of 
Public Instruction. 

The 3'ear 1884 was the occasion of a Presidential election. 
The Republican National Convention was held in Chicago, 
June 3d, and nominated James G. Blaine, of Maine, for 
President, and General John A. Logan, of Illinois, for Vice- 
President. 

The Democratic National Convention was held in Chicago, 
July 8th, and nominated Grover Cleveland, Governor of New 
York, for President, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, 
for Vice-President. 

In the election which occurred November 4th, Cleveland 
and Hendricks were elected, and the Democratic party was 
thereby returned to political supremacy, after having been out 
of power for 24 years. The successful candidates received a 
popular vote of 4,911,017, and an electorial vote of 219. 
The Republican candidates received a popular vote of 4,848,- 
334, and an electorial vote of 182. The vote of Arkansas 
was given for the successful candidates. 

On making up his Cabinet, President Cleveland appointed 
Senator A. H. Garland, Attorney-General of the United 
States. Senator Garland resigned his Senatorship and entered 
the Cabinet, in which he served to March, 1889. Governor 
James H. Berry was elected his successor in the Sen- 
ate for the unexpired portion of the term from 1885 to 1889. 



FROM 1881 TO 1885. 68 1 

At the same election in which the President was voted for, 
the following Congressmen were also elected for the session of 
the Forty-ninth Congress, from 1885 to 1887. 

Hon. Poindexter Dunn, re-elected for the First District ; C. 
R. Breckinridge for the Second District; James K. Jones for 
the Third District; John H. Rogers for the Fourth District, 
and Samuel W. Peel for the Fifth District. Hon. James K. 
Jones being elected United States Senator, Thomas C. Mc- 
Rae, of Prescott, Nevada county, was elected for the Third 
District in his place. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

FROM 1885 TO 1889. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SIMON P. HUGHES — TWO TERMS. 

Governor Simon P. Hughes, the fifteenth Governor of 
Arkansas, was born in Smith county, Tennessee, April 14th, 
1830. He lived there until 1844, when his father, with his 
family, moved to Arkansas, and settled in Pulaski count}'. 
He returned to Tennessee in 1846 to go to school, and was 
there during 1846-7 at Sylvan Academy, under Peter Hub- 
bard, and in 1848-9 was a student at Clinton College. His 
education was not completed, as at an early age he was 
thrown on his own resources. In 1849 he settled in Monroe 
county, Arkansas, and ultimately engaged in farming and 
practicing law. In 1854 he began the study of law, and in 
1857 was admitted to the bar at Clarendon, and practiced 
law there from 1857 to 1874, when he 'became Attorney- 
General, and moved to Little Rock. In Clarendon he was 
associated in the practice of law with Judge W. W. Smith, 
who was afterwards Justice of the Supreme Court. The firm 
was Hughes & Smith. He was sheriff of Monroe county from 
1854 to 1856, and Representative of the county for the Leg- 
islature of 1866-7, anc ^ Delegate to the Constitutional Con- 
vention of 1874. He served as Attorney-General until 1876, 
after which he resumed the practice of law in Little Rock, 
and continued therein until his elevation to the Governorship. 
On the 2d of April, 1889, he was elected a Justice of the 
Supreme Court, the number of Judges having been increased 
to five. 

682 




SIMON P. HUGHES. 

Fifteenth Governor of the State. 



684 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

On the breaking out of the war, Governor Hughes enlisted 
in the Infantr}^ Regiment of Colonel Charles W. Adams, the 
Twenty-third Arkansas, and was a Captain of a compan}', 
and afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel of the regiment, but after 
the re-organization of the regiment he entered the cavalry 
service in Morgan's Texas Battalion as a private, and served 
therein to the close of the war. 

In 1857, June 2d, Governor Hughes married Miss Ann E. 
Blakemore, in Monroe county. By this marriage Governor 
and Mrs. Hughes have six children living, to-wit : four sons, 
Dr. William B., Robert, George and John ; and two daugh- 
ters, Misses Sallie and Lillian Hughes. 

The twenty-fifth session of the State Legislature was held 
January 12th to March 28th, 1885. In the Senate, R. B. 
Weaver was elected President, and John G. Holland, Secre- 
tary. In the House, James P. Eagle, of Lonoke county, was 
elected Speaker, and Thomas W. Newton, of Little Rock, 
Clerk. 

The Acts of importance of the session were: appropriating 
$5,000 for' a proper representation of the State in the New 
Orleans Exposition ; enacting a game law ; for the govern- 
ment of cities and towns; for the improvement of the capitol 
building; changing the jurisdiction of the Pulaski Chancery 
Court from a general jurisdiction over the entire State to that 
of a district composed of the counties of Pulaski, Faulkner 
and Lonoke, called the First Chancery District ; and to call in 
and register all outstanding State bonds. 

On this Legislature was devolved the election of two 
United States Senators; one for the regular term from 1885 
to 1 89 1, and the other to fill the unexpired term of Senator 
A. H. Garland, appointed Attorney-General of the United 
States. Hon. James K. Jones, of Washington, Member of 
Congress from the Third District, was elected to the first of 
these, and Governor James H. Berry to the second. Hon. 
Thomas C. McRae, of Prescott, Nevada county, was elected 



FBOM 1885 TO 1889. 



685 



to fill the vacancy caused by the advancement of Colonel 
Jones. These gdtotlemen are the present incumbents of those 
offices, and are engaged in the able and acceptable discharge 
of the duties of their high positions. 

The New Orleans Exposition, which was formally opened 
December 16th, 1884, was by this date in full and successful 
operation. The exhibit made by the State of Arkansas, under 
the superintendency of General Dandridge McRae, State 
Commissioner, General James F. Fagan, and other officers 
appointed for the purpose, was highly creditable to the State, 
and very satisfactory. Among the awards made on the occa- 
sion, a good number of them fell to the State of Arkansas. 
Her grass and grain exhibit competed favorably with the best, 
and in the matter of fruits she was of the first. The award 
was made to her display for the best collective exhibit of fruit. 
19 awards were made to her for apples, and 109 diplomas 
were awarded for exhibits of fruits and general products. 
Boone county was awarded first premium for best display of 
apples, peaches and pears, and carried off thirteen first premi- 
ums on individual specimens. The award for the best single 
apple was given to the Shannon apple, a variety which was 
propagated in Washington county in 1833, an ^ from which 
county the specimen had been sent. At the time of the award 
there were 22,000 plates of apples on exhibition. 

On the 3d of September, 1885, Judge John R. Eakin, As- 
sociate Justice of the Supreme Court, died at Marshall, Mis- 
souri, whither he had gone to visit relatives and to recruit his 
failing health. His remains were brought to Little Rock, 
where they lay in state in the Supreme Court room, and were 
then transported to Washington, where they were interred. 
An escort of state officials accompanied the remains to Wash- 
ington. Judge Burrill B. Battle, formerly of Washington, 
but at the time a resident of the capital, became his successor 
on the Bench for the unexpired term. 



686 EISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

On the 13th day of June, 1886, Luke E. Barber, Clerk of 
the Supreme Court, died at his home in Littl^Rock, in the 80th 
3?ear of his age. He had been Clerk of that court from 1845 
to 1868, and from 1874 to the date of his death, a period of 35 
years, and was also Reporter of the court from 1845 to I §68, 
a period of 23 }'ears. In the latter part of the month W. P. 
Campbell, of Augusta, Woodruff county, was appointed his 
successor, and is now in the discharge of the duties of the 
office. 

In the month of September, 1886, occurred the biennial 
election of State officers. Governor Hughes was again the 
candidate of the Democrats, having been nominated without 
opposition by their Convention in June. The Republican 
party nominated a ticket for State officers, headed by Judge 
Lafayette Gregg, of Faj-etteville, for Governor, and the Green- 
back part) 7 , or State Wheel Organization, also put out a ticket, 
headed by Charles E. Cunningham, of Little Rock, for Gov- 
ernor. 

At the election which occurred September 6th, 1886, Gov- 
ernor Hughes and the entire Democratic ticket was elected. 

The entire vote cast was 163,889; number of votes for 
Hughes, 90,650 ; number of votes for Gregg, 54,070 ; num- 
ber of votes for Cunningham, 19,169. Hughes' plurality over 
both candidates, 17,411 ; majority over Republican candidate, 
36,580; majority over Greenback or Wheel candidate, 71,481. 

The following State officers were elected at the same time, 
to-wit : E. B. Moore, re-elected Secretary of State; William 
R. Miller, for the fifth time elected Auditor; Willam E. 
Woodruff, Jr., re-elected State Treasurer; Dan W. Jones, re- 
elected Attorney-General; Paul M. Cobbs, re-elected Com- 
missioner of State Lands ; Wood E. Thompson, re-elected 
Superintendent of Public Instruction ; B. B. Battle, Associate 
Justice of the Supreme Court. 

Under the Act changing the jurisdiction of the Chancer} 7 
Court to that of a District Court, the Chancellor was directed 



FROM 1885 TO 1889. 687 

to be appointed by the Governor, and the Clerk elected by 
the voters of the district. Judge D. W. Carroll was ap- 
pointed his own successor, and is now in the discharge of the 
duties of the office. S. R. Brown was elected Clerk for the 
term ending October 30th, 1888. 

Governor Hughes was inaugurated for his second term, 
January 12th, 1887. 

The twenty-sixth session of the Legislature was held 
January to March, 1887. In the Senate, D. E. Barker, of 
Drew county, was elected President of the Senate, and John 
G. Holland, Secretary. In the House, John M. Hewitt, of 
Marianna, Lee county, was elected Speaker, and Jonathan 
W. Callaway, Clerk. 

The principal Acts of the session were : accepting the sum 
of $250,000.00 from the St. Louis Iron Mountain & 
Southern Railroad in settlement of all claims for back taxes; 
prohibiting the issue or use of free passes on railroads in the 
State ; providing for a geological survey of the State ; the 
"three mile law," an Act to prevent the sale or giving away 
of intoxicating liquor within three miles of any school, college 
or academy, upon petition of a majority of the inhabitants, 
except in cities of the first class — many similar Acts had 
been passed by previous sessions with reference to particular 
schools or academies, but this made a general law on the sub- 
ject; to settle the accounts between the United States and the 
State of Arkansas, on account of the 5 per cent, fund arising 
from the sale of public lands ; regulating railroad charges, 
making the rate three cents per mile on all roads of greater 
length than 75 miles ; amending the revenue laws ; providing 
for the publication of the earlier volumes of the Reportsof the 
Supreme Court ; establishing legal weights and measures ; 
providing for the donation of forfeited lands ; for the pay- 
ment of the public debt of the State ; and submitting to a vote 
of the people the question of holding a Constitutional Conven- 
tion, 



688 HIS TOBY OF abkansas. 

In the summer of 1887, a great Pomological Exhibition 
was held in Boston, at which fruits from the entire nation 
were exhibited. The first premium for excellence was given 
to Arkansas. 

In 1888 also, at the annual meeting of the American Hor- 
ticultural Society, at Riverside, California, an award for the 
best display of apples was given to Arkansas. In this in- 
stance the State was specially competing with a sister State, 
held as the finest fruit country in all the world. Again, in 
1888, an award was made to the State for the best display of 
seedling apples, at a meeting of the Illinois State Horticul- 
tural Society, held at Alton, Illinois, on the nth, 12th and 
13th of December. 

On the 6th of October, 1887, Judge B. D. Turner, Re- 
porter of the Supreme Court, died at his home in Little Rock, 
after protracted ill-health. In the latter part of the same 
month Judge W. W. Mansfield, of Ozark, the compiler of 
the last digest, was appointed his successor, and is now in the 
discharge of the duties of the office. 

On the 29th of November, 1887, Ex-Governor William R. 
Miller, Auditor of the State, died at Little Rock, in the 65th 
year of his age, and was buried in Mt. Holly Cemetery. He 
had been in declining health for some time. Governor 
Hughes appointed as his successor Major W. S. Dunlop, of 
Monroe county, who had been Chief Clerk in the office under 
Auditor Miller. 

The year 1888 was the occasion of an exciting election for 
State officers. Colonel James P. Eagle, of Lonoke county, 
was the nominee of the Democrats, a nomination having been 
made on the 136th ballot, after a close contest with Governor 
S. P. Hughes and Captain John G. Fletcher as his principal 
competitors. The Union Labor party nominated Dr. Charles 
M. Norwood, of Sevier county. The Republican party 
made no nomination of their own, but endorsed the candidacy 
of Dr. Norwood, and mainly gave him their support. 



FEOM ISSo TO 1SS9. 689 

The election which took place September 3d, 1888, re- 
sulted in the choice of James P. Eagle as Governor, and the 
remainder of the ticket nominated with him. The vote, as 
certified to the Secretary of State on the returns sent up, was : 
For Eagle, 99,229; for Norwood, 84,223 ; majority for Eagle, 
15,006. Total vote cast, 183,452. This vote showed an 
increase of 19,563 in the total vote cast, over the vote of two 
years previous, being a Democratic gain of 8,579, and an 
opposition gain of 10,984. 

The other State officers elected at the same time with Col- 
onel Eagle were: B. B. Chism, of Logan county, Secre- 
tary of State; W. S. Dunlop, of Monroe county, Auditor; 
William E. Woodruff, for the fifth time elected Treasurer 
Sterling R. Cockrill, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 
William E. Atkinson, of Nevada county, Attorney-General 
Wood E. Thompson, re-elected Superintendent of Public 
Instruction ; and Paul M. Cobbs, State Land Commissioner. 

In November of the year occurred the Presidential elec- 
tion. The candidates were : President, Grover Cleveland, 
and Allen G. Thurman, of Indiana, the nominees of the 
Democrats; and Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana, and Levi P. 
Morton, of New York, the candidates of the Republican party, 
Harrison and Morton being elected. The vote of Arkansas 
was for Cleveland, 85,962 ; for Harrison, 58,752 ; for Streeter, 
Union Labor candidate, 10,613 ; for Fiske, Prohibition, 614. 

At the Congressional election, held at the same date, W. 
H. Cate was elected in the First District, Clifton R. Breckin- 
ridge in the Second, Thomas C. McRae in the Third, J. H. 
Rogers in the Fourth, and Sam. W. Peel in the Fifth Dis- 
trict. Judge Gate's seat was contested by L. P. Featherstone, 
and the latter was awarded the seat by the Republican major- 
ity in the House, March 5th, 1890. 

On the 18th of December, 1888, Judge William W. Smith, 
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, died at his home in 

44 



690 HISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

Little Rock, in the 50th year of his age. He was born near 
Cokesburg, in the Abbeville District, South Carolina, October 
12th, 1838. In 1855 he was a student of Columbia College, 
South Carolina, where he graduated in 1858. He then 
taught ancient languages in a classical school in Charleston, 
in i860. At the end of that time he came to Arkansas, and 
purchased lands in Monroe county, intending to pursue plant- 
ing. The outbreak of the war, however, changed his plans, 
and he went at once to Richmond, where he enlisted in the 
First Regiment of South Carolina Volunteers, commanded by 
Colonel Gregg. After the expiration of the term of enlist- 
ment of this regiment, he joined the Twenty-third Arkansas 
Infantry, commanded by Colonel Charles W. Adams, with 
Simon P. Hughes as Lieutenant-Colonel. He went in as 
Orderly Sergeant, but became a Captain in the regiment, and 
served during the war, being made prisoner at the capitulation 
of Port Hudson. After the war he taught school and read 
law. He was admitted to the bar in 1867, and formed a 
partnership with Colonel Simon P. Hughes, at Clarendon, 
which continued till 1874, wnen Colonel Hughes was elected 
Attorney-General. Judge Smith continued at Clarendon prac- 
ticing alone for two years, and then, in 1877, moved to Helena, 
where he practiced law till 1882, when, being elected Asso- 
ciate Justice to succeed Hon. William M. Harrison, he moved 
to Little Rock, and lived there until his death. He married 
in 1865. The death of Judge Smith presented the noticeable 
fact that from September, 1884 to December, 1888, three 
Judges, to-wit : Judges English, Eakin and Smith; the Clerk, 
L. E. Barber; and the Reporter, B. D. Turner, had all 
passed away — five members of the court in four years. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

1889—1890. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JAMES P. EAGLE. 

Governor James Philip Eagle, the sixteenth Governor of 
Arkansas, wasbornin Maury county, Tennessee, August ioth, 
1 83 7, son of James and Charity Eagle — who was Charity Swaim 
— both the parents being natives of North Carolina. In youth, 
hiseclucational opportunities were limited ; but, reaching man- 
hood, he continued his studies. He attended day school in 
Lonoke, in 1869, and in 1870 and 1871 attended Mississippi 
College, but was obliged to return home from failing health. 
After leaving college, he kept up his studies at home. He 
came to Arkansas in November, 1839, with his parents, who 
settled in Pulaski county, 23 miles northeast from Little Rock, 
engaging in farming. In 1844 ne m °ved to the Military 
road, 23 miles east of Little Rock. In 1857 he moved to the 
neighborhood of his present residence, now in Lonoke county. 
All these places were in Pulaski, afterwards Prairie, and now 
Lonoke county. His occupation from childhood has been 
that of a farmer, but a part of the time he was also a 
Baptist minister, and has been President of the Baptist State 
Convention for the last 8 years. He was Deputy Sheriff, under 
Sheriff King, in Prairie county, in 1859, a Member of the 
Legislature from Prairie county in 1873 ; in the extra session 
of 1874, in the Constitutional Convention of 1874, fr° m the 
same county ; a Member of the Legislature from Lonoke 
county in the session of 1877 ; a Member and Speaker of 
the House of the session of 1885, and Governor from 

691 




JAMES F. EAGLE. 
Sixteenth Governor of the s+»t« 



18S9—1890. 693 

1889 to 1 89 1. On the breaking out of the war he enlisted 
in Captain J. M. King's Company of Col. James Mc- 
intosh's Regiment. He was first a private in the ranks, 
was then successively Lieutenant, Captain, Major, and 
in 1865, when General Reynolds' entire Brigade was 
consolidated into one regiment, he was made Lieutenant-Col- 
onel of the Regiment, the brigade having been commanded 
successively by Generals T. J. Churchill, Evander McNair 
and D. H. Reynolds. He was in all the prominent battles 
in which this brigade took part after Oak Hill to the sur- 
render of Johnston, in North Carolina, and was badly 
wounded at the battle in front of Atlanta, July 17th, 1864. 
On the 3d of January, 1882, he married at Richmond, Ken- 
tucky, Miss Mary Kavanaugh Oldham, daughter of William 
K. and Kate Oldham, of that place. 

The twenty-seventh session of the Arkansas Legislature 
convened at the capital on Monday, the 14th day of January, 
1889. The Senate organized by the election of W. S. Hanna, 
of Con way county, President, and John G. Holland, of Searcy, 
White county, Secretary. The House organized by the elec- 
tion of B. B. Hudgins, of Boone county, Speaker, and John 
G. B. Simms, of Chicot county, Clerk. 

Governor Simon P. Hughes delivered his final message to 
the Assembly, January 16th, 1889, being a full review of the 
condition of public affairs. 

Governor Eagle was inaugurated January 17th, 1889, and 
the other State officers were also inducted into office. He 
chose for his Private Secretary, John C. England, of Lonoke. 

Among the important acts of this session was one to increase 
the number of Supreme Judges to five, approved February 
20th, 1889; and providing for an election for a Judge to fill 
the vacancy created by the death of Judge W. W. Smith. 
At this election, which was held April 2d, 1889, Ex-Governor 
Simon P. Hughes, and W. E. Hemmingway, of Pine Bluff, 
were elected Associate Justices for the terms prescribed by law, 



694 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

and M. H. Saudels, of Fort Smith, was elected as successor to 
Judge Smith. 

On the 29th day of January, 1889, Senator James H. Berry 
was re-elected United States Senator for a term of six years, 
commencing March 4th, 1889. 

A circumstance creating intense excitement throughout the 
State and in. the nation at large, was the assassination of Hon. 
JohnM. Clayton at Plummersville, Conway count}', on the night 
of Tuesda} 7 , January 29th, 1889. He had been the Republi- 
can Candidate for Congress in the Second District, and was at 
that place engaged in taking testimony for the purpose of con- 
testing the seat of his opponent, Hon. Clifton R. Breckinridge. 
At about half past eight o'clock at night, when sitting before 
a window of the hotel at which he was stopping, some one fired 
a charge of buckshot through the window at close range, which 
took effect in the head, killing him instantly. Colonel Clay- 
ton was a man universally esteemed for many excellent qual- 
ities, and his death was greatly deplored by all, not only for 
his decease as a personal matter, but also on account of the 
foul manner in which it was accomplished. He was buried in 
Bellwood Cemetery ,v Pine Bluff, on Friday afternoon, Febru- 
ary 1st, 1889. The funeral was the occasion of the largest 
concourse of people ever assembled in thatcitv. Services were 
held at the Methodist church by Rev. Horace Jewell ; and the 
commodious building would not hold the concourse of people 
in attendance. It was estimated that there were fully 5,000 
people to witness the obsequies. Every train came into the 
city loaded with visitors from adjacent towns. Little Rock, 
Camden, Hot Springs, Russellville, Fort Smith, Brinkley and 
other points were represented. 

Governor Eagle offered a reward of $5,000 — a special Act 
of the Legislature having authorized that amount. Other 
sums raised by private subscriptions were also added. Detec- 
tives were set at work, and investigation was made in many 
directions, but the perpetrators were never discovered. 



1889—1890. 695 

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. 

Thus, in the foregoing pages, the History of Arkansas has 
been traced from the time of the advent of the first white man 
who ever entered its limits — a period of nearly 350 }^ears. It 
would not be within the range of possibility to embrace in 
the compass of one volume, nor indeed in many volumes, 
even if the limits of human industry were sufficient to attain 
to it, an account of all its transactions; nor is such necessary. 
It would seem that any account which presents at least an 
outline of the principal and leading events, ought to be con- 
sidered sufficient. 

The active History of Arkansas* dates really from the year 
181 9, a period now of only seventy years. In that time it 
has grown from being a wilderness, with a few thousands of 
inhabitants, widely scattered, to a rapidly growing common- 
wealth, with probably a million or more of people as its pop- 
ulation. 

In the year 1799, the population' of what was then Arkan- 
sas, embracing a larger area than the present State, was re- 
turned at 368 persons, and in 1785 was returned at 196. In 
1810 it was 1,062; in 1820, 14,255; in 1830, 30,388; in 

l8 4°> 97>574* in l8 5°> 20 9> 8 97* in l86o > 435>45°; in 
1870, 484,471 ; in 1880, 802,525. 

The resources and advantages of Arkansas are every year 
' becoming more apparent. In the growth of timber, her forest 
tracts are varied and limitless, producing every kind of wood 
useful for service and manufacture. She has within her limits 
vast coal-fields, producing an abundant supply of coal of ex- 
cellent quality. Her mineral resources are abundant, and 
yield largely of valuable ores. In mineral and medicinal 
springs and curative waters she stands unrivalled, and these 
have caused her to become widely known as a health resort, 
visited annually by thousands from all parts of the world. 

In agricultural products she has achieved an enviable fame. 
The variety of soil embraced within her boundaries enables 



696 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

her to produce with remarkable excellence all that is grown in 
this particular latitude, and which, when brought in competi- 
tion with the products of other communities, compares favor- 
ably with the best to be shown. In great fairs and exposi- 
tions, like that of Philadelphia in 1876, and at New Orleans 
in 1884, together with our own home exposition of 1887, the 
displays of agricultural products made by the State have 
ranked among the best ; while in the production of fruits, her 
displays at Boston in 1887, and in California and Illinois in 
1888, have obtained for her the verdict of being one of the 
very best in the nation. 

In geographical situation her position is most excellent. 
Her entire eastern border is washed by the waters of the great 
Mississippi, affording an outlet for navigation to the Gulf of 
Mexico or to points above, while her own territory is traversed 
by such considerable rivers as the Arkansas, White, Red, 
Black, St. Francis, Cache, and smaller streams, affording 
navigation for the greater part of the year, and to some ex- 
tent at all times for transportation of products or for the re- 
quirements of travel. At the same time her inland extent is 
penetrated to all points by railroads, and with more likely to 
follow, furnishing facilities for intercourse and commerce by 
this greatest of all modern achievements — travel by rail. 

While her natural advantages are great, and a source of 
gratification to her citizens, she has also cause for satisfaction 
that among her citizens themselves, either native born, or else 
living such portion of their lives in her limits as to be identi- 
fied with her destiny and fortunes, there have been many 
who have attained eminence, of whom there may be noted 
among her distinguished judges, Benjamin Johnson, Elbert 
H. English and Henry C. Caldwell; among her prominent 
law}7ers, Agustus H. Garland and U. M. Rose; among her 
distinguished physicians, Dr. Elias R. Duval; among her 
notable statesmen, Ambrose H. Sevier, Chester Ashley, 
Robert W. Johnson, the Conways, Henry W. and Elisha N., 



1889—1890. 697 

James K. Jones and Clifton R. Breckinridge ; among elo- 
quent orators, Robert Crittenden, Thomas C. Hindman, 
Orville Jennings, John R. Fellows and George W. Caruth; 
among eloquent and persuasive Divines, Reverends A. R. 
Win field, Robert H. Read, John P. Carnahan, Bishops 
Kavanaugh and B3 T rne ; among classical and polished writers, 
Wyatt C. Thomas and John R. Eakin ; among scholars and 
literary men, and as a poet, Albert Pike; among men of 
public administrative affairs, Wharton and Elias Rector ; 
who, in conducting Indian affairs of earlier times, merited 
distinction and received public acknowledgement; among 
digesters and able law reporters, Samuel H. Hempstead, 
John M. Moore, B. D. Turner and W. W. Mansfield; 
among gallant commanders, Archibald Yell and Patrick R. 
Cleburne ; among artists, C. P. Washburn and William 
Quesenbury ; among editors, William E. Woodruff, senior; 
and among humorists, Opie P. Read, who, while the editor 
of an Arkansas newspaper, achieved not only a'national, but 
a world-wide reputation, as one of the leading humorists of 
his day. . 

Beside her other natural advantages may farther be men- 
tioned the fact that her climate is such as to present many 
points of attractiveness. Being situated in an intermediate 
latitude, it is not accompanied by either the extreme cold of 
northern climates, or the extreme heat of more southern 
countries. It is relieved of heavy and continuous snows on 
the one hand, and of long-continued and parching droughts 
on the other, but possessing a mediate temperature, highly 
conducive to vegetation and to the relief or aid of various 
physical ailments. 

These advantages combining with the general progress and 
growth of the nation at large are destined to advance the 
State at no distant day to a high position in the great sister- 
hood of States. 



698 ins toby of Arkansas. 

May her future progress be ever fair and forward.. May 
the blessings of good government ever endure within her 
limits, and order reign supreme ! 

May she, beginning with a zealous few, 
Rise in importance, till her influence, through 
All spheres of heightened thought and sense be found; 
Her seeds of wisdom fall in favored ground ; 
The light she backward flingeth serve to stead 
The feet that walk in darkness as they tread; 
And, growing strong and stronger, may she stand 
A lofty beacon seen through all the land; 
Till last she shiues in Fame's high-towering crest, 
Like that large star that glitters in the West! 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

HISTORY OK LITTLE ROCK. 
FKOM 1819 TO 1890. 



At the time of the formation of the Territory, Little Rock, 
the future capital, had not an existence. Settlement at and in 
its immediate neighborhood had been made as early as 1817 
by Edmund Hogan, George Stewart, William Lewis and 
Benjamin Murphy, and Wright Daniel had a farm four miles 
below on the north side of the river. William Russell, a large 
land-buyer, living in St. Louis, was making purchases of 
pre-emption rights throughout the locality as early as 18 13. 
Prior to April 12th, 1814, Peter Franks, and Rachel, his wife, 
with their children, lived on a tract of four hundred acres of 
land "situated on the southwardly margin of the Arkansas 
river, at or near a place called Little Rocks." The pre- 
emption claim to this tract they sold to William Russell, De- 
cember 18th, 1819, for the sum of forty dollars, giving Russell 
the right to purchase from the Government when it should be 
for sale. Their location is described as being "about a half a 
mile above a point of rocks in the margin of the river from 
which the Quapaw Indian boundary line has been run." 
George Stewart lived on land now occupied by the city as 
early as 18 14, and sold to Russell. William Lewis also had 
established a pre-emption claim under the law of 1814, to land 
on which the city stands ; but before his pre-emption was estab- 
lished by proof, he sold to Benjamin Murphy. James Debaun 

699 



FBOM 1819 TO 1890. 70I 

lived there in 1818, and Robert C. Oden was a lawyer there 
in 1819. 

In the latter part of 1819, Moses Austin, of Potosi, Mis- 
souri, had a small house built near the Point of Rocks, just 
west of the Quapaw line. It was a small frame, partly built 
of cypress slabs, some of which were set up endways, and 
was evidently only put there to perfect a claim of entry made 
by James Bryan, his son-in-law. Rev. Cephas Washburn, 
who arrived at Little Rock, July 3d, 1820, says this house 
with one other, "a small cabin made of round logs with the 
bark on," situated near what is now Scott street, between 
Third and Fourth, west side, near where the Christian church 
stood, and where a cotton warehouse now stands, were "all 
the buildings at that time at Little Rock." Of the two, 
Austin's cabin was probably the first built. At the time, it 
contained a very scanty supply of "drugs and medicines," 
and a more liberal supply of "bald face." The subsequent 
occupancy of this house by Nathan Cloyes, became the turn- 
ing point in the celebrated Cloyes' 'heirs case, involving the 
title to a large tract of land in the vicinity of the Point of 
Rocks, and which was decided adversely to the heirs. No 
other house was built near it until 1822, when Joseph Thorn- 
hill built the shell of a one-story frame house, about one hun- 
dred feet west of it, but the house remained for many years 
unfinished inside. Edmund Hogan had a ferry there which 
he sold to William Russell, January 28th, 1820, together with 
his improvements on the north side of the river at the ferry 
place. 

Rev. Cephas Washburn, whose arrival at the place (July 
3d, 1820) has been mentioned, was on his way to the Cher- 
okee country to establish a Mission station there — subse- 
quently established at Dwight, Pope county. He stopped for 
the day on the other side of the river, at the house of a Mr. 
Martin, opposite the Rock. On the next morning he was 
waited on by a committee of gentlemen, among whom were 



702 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

Dr. Cunningham and Colonel Austin, requesting him to 
preach a Fourth of July sermon at Little Rock. He accepted 
the invitation, and "preached in the aforesaid log cabin to an 
audience of fourteen men and no women. This," Mr. 
Washburn adds, "was the first sermon ever preached in Little 
Rock."* 

A post-office was established at the place April ioth, 1820, 
and Amos Wheeler was appointed Postmaster. He served 
until October 17th, 1821, when Henry W. Conway was ap- 
pointed his successor. 

When the land on which Little Rock is situated was lo- 
cated, there were two sets of claimants for it. William 
O'Hara, of St. Louis, who was buying lands extensively 
through the west, bought up several New Madrid certificates, 
among them the one issued to Eloi Dejarlois, which has been 
mentioned, and sold interests in them to Stephen F. Austin, 
of Potosi, Missouri, afterwards the Father of American Col- 
onization in Texas, and to James Bryan, of Ste. Genevieve, 
Missouri, Austin's brother-in-law, and other parties also 
bought interests in it. O'Hara claimed to have located the 
certificates in the United States Land office at St. Louis, 
February 24th, 1819, on lands commencing at the Point of 
Rocks, and extending half a mile up the river and half a mile 
back, and he and Bryan proceeded some time before the 
month of October, 1820, to lay off a town on it, which they 
named Arkopolis, and sold lots in the town. Many convey- 
ances of about that date, express to be made at Arkopolis, 
and to persons of Arkopolis, among which is a conveyance 
dated March 9th, 1821, to Charles P. Bertrand, for lots in 
the town of Arkopolis. 

At the same time, a certificate of pre-emption made in 1820, 
had been obtained from the Register and Receiver of the Law- 
rence Land District at Davidsonville, in behalf of Benjamin 

(*) From Reminiscenses of the Indians, by Rev. Cephas Washburn. 



FBOM 1819 TO 1890. ^03 

Murphy, as Assignee of William Lewis, for the same lands, or 
most of them ; and William Russell had bought a half interest 
in it, and afterwards, in June, 182 1, had bought the remain- 
ing half at execution sale against Murphy. After his 
purchase, Russell sold interests in the land to Henry W. 
Conway, Robert Crittenden, William Trimble, Robert 
C. Oden, Thomas P. Eskridge, and Joseph Hardin, and they 
proceeded to lay off the land into a town called Little Rock, 
by town plat and a bill of assurances, dated November 20th, 
1 82 1. The necessary survey for locating it and making it 
into lots and blocks was made b}^ Allen Martin, a Surveyor, 
who lived just across the river from the place, and the plat 
and bill of assurances were filed of that date. 

The name Little Rock evidently originated in contradis- 
tinction to Big Rock, a precipitous cliff some three miles 
higher up the river. The point of rocks which marks the 
town of Little Rock, is the first rock to be met with from the 
river's mouth. It now constitutes one of the abutments to 
the lower bridge in the eastern part of the city. 

The town, as defined in the plat, commenced at the 
Quapaw line, as east of that line belonged to the Indians, 
and extended west to the present Arch street, eight blocks 
and a half. According to the plat, as now in existence and 
of record, but from which plat a portion showing the most 
westerly part has been torn off, its north boundary was the 
fiver bank, and it extended southward one block beyond 
Caroline street, now Tenth street. The names of the streets 
were as follows : Commencing at the river and running South, 
the first street was North street, commencing at Arch street, 
and running west a half a block to the city limits ; next Water 
street ; then Markham ; Cherry, now Second street ; Mul- 
berry, now Third street; Walnut, now Fourth Street; 
Orange, now Fifth street; Elizabeth, now Sixth street; 
Chestnut, now Seventh street; Holly, now Eighth street; 






7°4 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Hazle, now Ninth street ; and Caroline, now Tenth street — 
then one block to the town limits. 

Commencing at the East and counting to the West, the 
names of the streets were : East street, commencing at Hazle 
street, and running south to the town limits, two blocks, then 
Rock, Cumberland, Scott, East Main — now simply Main 
street, Louisiana, Center, Spring, West Main — now called 
Broadway, and Arch, then a half a block to the limits on 
the West. 

The derivation of several of these names can easily be 
traced. The North street and the East street, which latter 
has now disappeared, were evidently so-called because they 
were respectively the most Northern and Eastern streets, if 
their abbreviated extent entitled them to be called streets 
at all. Chester street was evidently so-called for Chester 
Ashley ; and Scott street for Judge Andrew Scott. Louisiana 
after the great Province out of which the Territory had been 
formed ; Center, although at that time far to the West, 
because it was hoped that it would eventually prove to be the 
central street in the spread of the town, while Walnut, 
Chestnut and Hazle, evidently came in imitation of names of 
Philadelphia streets, from which place Dr. Cunningham had 
originally come, and were probably due to his influence or 
suggestion. 

The town was not laid out to correspond with the Quapaw 
line, which is a due North and South line, but was laid out 
on a variation of the magnetic needle. 

In the meantime, Chester Ashley had become a part owner 
in the New Madrid Certificate of O'Hara, and being attorney 
for the other owners, so sharp a contest was made against the 
pre-emption claim of Murphy or Russell, that partly to settle 
all questions of title, and partly to secure the establishment of 
the seat of Government at Little Rock, a compromise was 
effected in November, 182 1, whereby a half interest was 
conveyed to Ashley in a large portion of the lands covered by 



706 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

both claims, and a guaranty was taken from him against the 
New Madrid claim, as to other property embraced in the 
pre-emption not conveyed to him. Russell paid for his land 
in the land office, in January, 1825, and also, on April 10th, 
1838, obtained from Benjamin Murphy a quit-claim deed for 
the lands. Thus all questions of title seemed to be settled, 
and although no patent had been issued for the land, people 
bought property under these titles with fancied security. A 
whole town, the capital of an advancing Territory, was grow- 
ing up on the lands, and there were thousands of titles 
flowing from them. Great consternation therefore arose on the 
subject, when Attorney-General William Wirt, in an opinion 
delivered October 10th, 1825, put a point on the case not under- 
stood before, by ruling that the New Madrid Relief Act applied 
only to lands in the Territor}^, which were subject to sale at 
the date of the Act, and not at the date of the location of the 
certificate, as had been previously understood and considered ; 
and hence, inasmuch as the land on which Little Rock was 
situated was not owned by the United States at the date of 
the Act — February 17th, 181 5 — but was in possession of the 
Quapaw Indians, their title not having been extinguished 
until August 24th, 1818; that the same was not subject to 
sale, and hence was not locatable under a New Madrid 
certificate 5 and this decision being adopted as their rule and 
guide in such cases by the Land Department, the O'Hara 
certificate became void. The title was still further shaken by 
an opinion of Attorney-General Benjamin F. Butler, of date, 
May 3d, 1836, in which he considered and ruled that "none 
of the lands ceded by the Quapaw treaty of August 24th, 
1818, are, or ever have been, subject to pre-emption claims, 
under the fifth section of the Act of April 12th, 1814." 
Under this state of the case, with both of the titles invalidated, 
Dr. Matthew Cunningham sought to locate a pre-emption on 
160 acres in the very heart of the town, and eventually suc- 
ceeded in obtaining one on eighty acres. In May, 1838, 



FROM 1819 TO 1S90. 



707 



Roswell Beebe, formerly of New Orleans, a partner of Chester 
Ashle}', purchased a pre-emption "float" as it was called, 
for 160 acres, from Jackson Crain and Joel Grain, and one 
for eighty acres from George Harris, and on the 6th of June 
of that year located them in the name of the Grains and 
Harris, on the lands comprising the town, and on the 9th of 
June, 1838, obtained from them deeds for the lands located. 
On these floats thus located, patents were issued by the United 
States to Beebe, as the Assignee of the Grains and Harris, of 
date September 29th, 1839. ^ n these patents Ashley ac- 
quired an equal interest. Before receiving the patents, Beebe 
executed and placed on record an instrument in writing, 
wherein he obligated himself upon obtaining the title, to 
convey to the State, the city and to all individuals, the same 
property and rights which they had before owned, and this 
agreement he faithfully kept. 

In addition to the interest which William O'Hara conveyed 
to Chester Ashley in this New Madrid Certificate, he also 
conveyed an undivided one-half interest to Nathaniel Phil- 
brook. Philbrook died intestate in 1824, and his interest 
descended to his son, Eliphalet Philbrook, who died in 1828, 
and devised the interest to Thomas H. Elison, and others of 
his grand-children and children. They conveyed to George 
V. Dietrich and Jabez C. Hurst, of Galesburg, Illinois, and 
John F. Cadler, of Troy, New York. On the 31st of Jan- 
uary, 1883, by direction of Attorney-General, Benjamin H. 
Brewster, the District Attorney of the United States Court, 
filed a bill in chancery in the United States Circuit Court at 
Little Rock, in the name of the United States against the 
Beebe heirs, to set aside the patents issued by the Government 
to Roswell Beebe in 1839. The Circuit Court decided that 
the claim was stale, and sustained a demurrer to it for want of 
equity, ordering it to be dismissed. The case was taken by 
appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, and the 
decision of the Court was there sustained and affirmed, in an 




-4 

a i 
« I 



FBOM 1819 TO 1890. 



1°9 



Opinion delivered April 30th, 1888, by Justice L. Q. C. 
Lamar. 

The following account of Little Rock as it was in 1820, is 
given by Judge Daniel T. Witter, who became a resident of 
the place at that date : 

"In November, 1S19, your humble servant, then living in St. Louis, Missouri, 
left there on his way to that point on the Arkansas river then known as the 
Little Rock. Meeting with a series of delays and misfortunes that clouded and 
changed the whole course and progress of his subsequent life, he finally reached 
the incipient city and anticipated State capital, in the month of May following. 
He found on his arrival the following named gentlemen, who comprised at that 
time the entire population of the future city: Amos Wheeler, Chester Ashley, 
Dr. Matthew Cunningham, Stephen F. Austin, James Bryan, Austin Elliott, 
Charles H. Pelham, Henry Sanford, and some three or four laborers and em- 
ployes. Upon the arrival of your correspondent, the name of Daniel T. Witter 
was added to the human muster roll, and who is now the sole survivor of those 
earliest citizens. He then scarcely dreamed that he would ever see those lofty 
pines and impenetrable jungles give place to refinement and roses, with all their 
hallowing and purifying influences. Such, however, is human life. Such is 
human progress. The only buildings then erected were a small one-story frame, 
about eighteen by thirty feet square, divided into two rooms, one of which was 
occupied as a store with a small remnant of dry goods, etc., and the other as a 
sort of general headquarters. This building was situated, I think, near where 
the Anthony House now stands, and was blown up with powder to keep it from 
falling iuto the possession of an adverse claimant. In addition to this building, 
there were three or four huts built with round pine logs, one of which was used 
as a cooking room and dining saloon, the other as sleeping apartments. No lots 
had at that time been disposed of, and the ground was in possession of the 
owners and the proprietors of the New Madrid claim that had been located 
thereon. About the first of June, Major Noah Lester, then late of the United 
States Army, who had come to the county with Governor Miller, reached here 
from the Post, and within a few days thereafter was taken sick, and in a few 
days died. His was the first death, and his the first burial in Little Rock. A 
few days later two keel boats, each containing a company of missionaries bound 
for the Indian country, and under the direction of the Rev. Messrs. Vail and 
Chapman, and numbering in all some thirty or forty persons, reached here. 
They were suffering very much from sickness contracted on the river, and I 
think one or more of their number had died before they reached here, and prob- 
ably one or two shortly after. Having determined to remain here till autumn, 
they unloaded their boats and pitched their camps near the place where the late 
Robert Crittenden afterwards erected his residence. The arrival of those mis- 
sionary families added much to the tone and material of our society. There 
were several well educated and intelligent ladies and gentlemen in the company, 
who did all they could to render themselves pleasant and useful to us in our 
secluded and lonely condition. We had Divine service every Sabbath, and 
could once more feel that we were again in a Christian country. There was a 
Dr. Palmer, a finely educated and accomplished young physician, who was very 



FBOM 1819 TO 1890. h\l 

kind and attentive to our sick in the absence of our Dr. Cunningham, generously 
supplying us with such articles of medicine as could not be elsewhere obtained 
in the country, and to whom all of us felt under great and lasting obligations. 

Sometime in early summer, Colonel Moses Austin, of Potosi, 

Missouri, reached the Rock on his way to the City of Mexico. Meeting here 
with his son, Stephen F. Austin, and his son-in-law, James Bryan, he concluded 
to remain until autumn, and then resume his journey. He did so. Colonel 
Austin had in early life settled in Missouri under the Government of old Spain, 
before the cession of the Louisianas to the United States. He had been exten- 
sively and successfully engaged in the lead mining business in Potosi, but meet- 
ing with pecuniary reverses, he had determined, though late in life, to try his 
fortunes again under the Government of His Most Catholic Majesty, the King of 
Spain. During the summer Governor Miller, on his return from the Osage 
country, where he had been to hold a council with the Osages, accompanied by 
Colonel McRae and Major Archer, both of the United States Army, spent a day 
or two with us, and was highly pleased with our town site, and pronounced it 
the unquestionable seat of Government, not only for the present Territory, but 
for the future State." 

"Another small building, with two or three rooms, was put up by the pro- 
prietor during the summer, situated near where the Christian church now 
stands, and which was temporarily used as a public house, and was kept by 
Sam. Collins; standing near the line of the land which was then in litigation 
between the proprietors then in possession and William Russell, claiming that 
possession. This building was moved across that line previous to William 
Russell getting possession of the land on which it was erected. Being at the 
residence of Governor Fulton, at Little Rock, some ten or twelve years later, the 
Governor told me that this building formed a portion of his then residence.* 

"That, with the buildings heretofore named, constituted the entire buildings of 
the city at the time your narrator left there, in the fall of 1S20, after which date 
he was there no more until October, 1825." 

It only remains for me to say a few words in regard to those 
early comrades of mine, whose names I have heretofore men- 
tioned as the pioneer settlers of our State capital. Captain 
Amos Wheeler, our proprietary chief, went to St. Louis dur- 
ing the ensuing winter and married Miss Charless, daughter 
of Joseph Charless, the founder of the "Missouri Republican" 
and its Editor at that time. He lived but a few days after his 
marriage. 

Dr. M. Cunningham was at that time the only married 
man of our company. He came to Little Rock in Februaiy, 
1820, leaving his family at Herculaneum, Missouri, until he 

(*) This residence of Governor Fulton still stands on Scott street, a low, one-story frame 
building, between Third and Fourth streets, east side. 



FBOM 1819 TO 1890. ^13 

could make suitable arrangements for their removal, and hav- 
ing made such arrangements, Mrs. Cunningham and family 
joined him there in September following. This was the first 
family, and Mrs. Cunningham the first lady that had a perma- 
nent residence in Little Rock. The doctor and his worthy 
lady lived many years after their removal — acquired a com- 
petency — raised a large and interesting family of children, and 
died some years since, beloved and respected by their friends 
and neighbors. 

Chester Ashley went also to Missouri a year or two later 
and married Miss Mary Elliott, and with her returned to Little 
Rock, where in happiness, peace and prosperity they spent the 
remainder of their days. I do not presume to become the 
biographer of Mr. Ashley, but permit me to say that Chester 
Ashley knew no peer in Arkansas. He died at Washington 
City in 1848, a Senator in Congress from our State. From 
1844 to 1848 our State was represented in the Senate of the 
United States by Ambrose H. Sevier and Chester Ash- 
ley. The former, Mr. Sevier, occupying the high position 
of Chairman of the "Committee on Foreign Relations," 
a position politically next to that of the president • and the 
latter, Mr. Ashley, the distinguished position of Chairman of 
the "Judiciary Committee" of the Senate, and each considered 
equal to any duty or emergency that might devolve upon 
, them Stephen F. Austin, during the sum- 
mer was appointed Judge of the Circuit Court, and held the 
summer term of court. The Legislature, at their adjourned 
term in October, 1820, having abolished that system of courts, 
Mr. Austin visited Missouri, his native State, and went from 
there to the City of Mexico, where grants and franchises made 
by the Viceroy to his father were confirmed to him by the Gov- 
ernment that succeeded the viceroyalty. Under the provisions 
of that grant, Mr. Austin first introduced Anglo-Saxon settlers 
into the Republic of Mexico. Mr. Austin continued to exert 
a controlling influence over the affairs of Texas until his death, 



FBOM 1819 TO 1890. 



7*5 



several years ago. Mr. James Bryan, a son-in-law of Moses 
Austin, returned in the fall of 1820 to Missouri, and died the 
following winter. E. Austin Elliott returned to Missouri, and 
died in 1821 or 1822, one of the kindest-hearted of men and 
an old bachelor. Charles H. Pelham married and settled in 




MEDICAL DEPARTMENT STATE UNIVERSITY, LITTLE ROCK. 

Independence county in this State ; was a member of our 
Legislature one or more terms, and died several years since. 
Henry Sanford went to Cape Girardeau county, Missouri, in 
182 1 or 1822; was Clerk of that county for several 3 T ears and 
died some years since. 



716 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

By the close of 1820 the houses at Little Rock did not 
number a dozen, and were mere huts. The most easterly one 
was Moses Austin's house, at the point of rocks, and extending 
west they were scattered at intervals along the river bank to 
where the Red Mill now is, where there was a hut, in which 
lived John Core with his family. To the south, the furthest 
house was a log house at the northeast corner of Scott and 
Fourth streets, which Major Isaac Watkins occupied after he 
came, in March, 1821. About 1825 Major Watkins built a 
two-story frame house on the next block east and south, which 
was long known as the old Stevenson place — his widow, Mrs. 
Maria Watkins married Rev. W. W. Stephenson — and 
which stood until 1880, when it was pulled down after a. divi- 
sion of the estate. 

About 1824 David G. Eller built a frame house at the 
southwest corner of Louisiana and Second streets, which he 
used for a residence. It stood until April 18th or 20th, 1888, 
when it was pulled down, and to make wa}^ for a brick struc- 
ture. At that date it was the oldest house in town, with one 
exception. When torn apart, the rafters and sleepers to the 
rooms proved to be often of unhewn oak logs. 

Governor John Pope lived just east of this house, in the one- 
story brick building afterwards occupied by Charles J. Krebbs 
as a family residence. Governor Archibald Yell lived just 
north of Governor Pope's residence in a frame building oppo- 
site Mrs. Reider's, standing on the spot where a brick house, 
occupied by the Thomas W. Baird Machinery house now 
stands, built in 1888. 

The first Sunday school in Little Rock was established 
about the year 1825, by Judge Thomas P. Eskridge. 

About 1826 Christian Brumbach and Clements came 

from Penns}dvania and settled at Little Rock, engaging in 
the making of brick : — the first brick yard to be established in 
the place. 



FBOM 1819 TO 1890. 



717 



Thomas Thorn also shortly afterwards engaged in the same 
business, and had a brick kiln at the place of the block between 
Main and Scott streets, on the north side of Markham street, 
and another one where the Allis Building now is, opposite 
the State-house. 

Christian Brumbach was also a blacksmith, wagon maker, 
livery-stable keeper, dealer in stone, and afterwards a hotel- 
keeper. He kept the Eagle Hotel, at the northeast corner of 
Main and Second streets, where the Pacific Express Company 
is now ; and, in the way of official position, was Colonel of a 
regiment in the Arkansas Militia. 

In December, 1826, Hiram A. Whittington came to Little 
Rock, and worked with William E. Woodruff in the "Gazette" 
office until June, 1832, when he moved to Hot Springs. 
When he came to Little Rock he counted the houses in the 
town, and they numbered only forty. 

In 1827 the first brick residence, and one of the first 
brick houses of any kind in the town, was erected. It was 
built by Robert Crittenden for a family mansion, and is the 
same which is generally known as the "Old Johnson Place," 
on Seventh street. This house is at present occupied as a family 
residence by Governor James P. Eagle. Judge Benjamin 
Johnson bought it from Mr. Crittenden in November, 1833. 
The house, when built, was far in advance of the territory, 
. and Mr. Crittenden really impoverished himself to build it. 
There was a law office on the premises, which stood on the 
corner where Judge B. B. Battle's house now is, in which 
Thomas W. Newton studied law with Mr. Crittenden. 
The possession of this house by Mr. Crittenden w^s the sub- 
ject of many a gibe and squib at him by his political enemies, 
a certain writer for the "Gazette," who signed himself "Jaw- 
bone," was much given to making flings, in his articles, at 
"the Big House,". with ungenerous allusions to "the cry of 
disappointed ambition around the Big House," etc. The 
house also played a prominent part in the action of the Legis- 



718 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

lature of 183 1, by their proposing to swap it for ten sections of 
land, granted by Congress to build a State-house, which 
has been mentioned in its proper place. 

Hezekiah Jenkins, Asa G. Baker, Robert B. Starbuck and 
Ezra H. Owen all came about 1828. 

Charles Fischer kept a hotel in 1828, called "Fischer's 
Hotel." It was situated on the bank of the river, at the 
northeast corner of Main and Water streets. It was kept, in 
1829, by James W. Henderson, who called it the "Indian 
King Hotel." 

About 1825 a row of log-houses was built on the block 
where the City Hall now stands, which served for law} T ers' 
offices, etc. One of them, the one on the northwest corner 
of Main and Markham streets, stood until about 1868, when 
it was pulled down to make way for improvements, and on 
its site arose the building known as the Metropolitan Hotel, 
now called the Bowman Building. The rest of the row was 
torn down and replaced by one-story brick offices about 1830. 

The Town Trustees of 1829 were John McLain, Robert 

C. Oden, David G. Eller, Matthew Cunningham and Dudley 

D. Mason. 

In 1830 the population of the town was 450 souls, and it 
contained a number of valuable buildings. It had five dr} T - 
goods and grocery stores: McLain & Badgett; Monroe & 
Smith; Jacob Reider ; James Debaun and R. C. Byrd ; one 
drugstore: John T. Fulton ; two hotels: Major Pea)7's, and 
the Eagle Hotel; five private boarding houses; two black- 
smiths; Christian Brumbach and Burk Johnson; one gun- 
smith ; two tailors : J. Smith and J. H. Monroe; one tinner: 
Nathan Clo}-es ; one firm of hatters : Asa G. Baker and 
Dudley D. Mason; three shoemakers; one wagon maker: 
Christian Brumbach; two carpenters: David G. Eller and 
Joseph Thornhill ; two brick-masons ; one. baker; one meet- 
ing house, the Baptist, of which Rev. Silas T. Toncray had 
been in charge, but which at that date was without a minister — 



720 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

first church or meeting house to be erected in the place — two 
schools: Thomas B. Malone, and Miss Lucy L. West; two 
printing offices : the "Gazette" and "Advocate;" five doc- 
tors: Drs. R. A. Watkins; John H. Cocke; B. W. Lee; 
John T. Fulton and John R. Conway; seven lawyers : 
Chester Ashley; Robert Crittenden; William Cummins; 
Orson V. Howell; Benjamin F. Potter ; Peter T. Crutch- 
field and David Rorer, whose residence was on the opposite 
side of the river; and one brick-maker: Thomas Thorn. 

In 1830, William Field settled in Little Rock; in 1832 
he was Postmaster, succeeding Dr. John T. Fulton. 

The Town Trustees of 183 1 were John McLain, Dudle} T 
D. Mason, Robert Crittenden, Emzy Wilson and William E. 
Woodruff. 

The town was incorporated in 183 1, by Act of the Legisla- 
ture — the first town to be incorporated in the State — and at an 
election of officers, held January, 1832, Matthew Cunning- 
ham was elected Mayor, and John McLain, Benjamin 
Clemens, David Holt and Charles Caldwell, Members of the 
Town Council. On the 16th of January, 1832, the Council 
elected the following officers : Charles Caldwell, Clerk ; John 
McLain, Treasurer; Dudley D. Mason, Assessor; Asa G. 
Baker, Collector of Town Tax ; Christian Brumbach, Town 
Constable, and Emzy Wilson, Overseer of Streets; and these 
were the first persons to hold these offices in Little Rock, as 
an incorporated town. 

The highest number of votes cast in the town election was 
thirty-nine. 

The first fire engine in Little Rock was purchased in 1834 — 
a hand engine, with brakes, and quite a crude affair. 

The building of the State-house, which was begun in 1833, 
was the means of creating activity in the town, giving occu- 
pation to many workmen of different kinds. The work was 
continued off and on until about 1846, before it was finally 
completed. 




CAPITAL THEATRE, LITTLE ROCK, 



j22 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Until 1834, the Eastern limit of the town was the Quapaw 
line, running along the east side of Rock street, but in 1832, 
Congress granted 1,000 acres for the building of a court-house 
and jail, and in 1833 the Governor was directed to make sale 
of it. In October, 1833, Governor Pope had a public sale of 
lots out of it, and in March, 1834, filed a bill of assurances, 
whereby a portion of the grant was added to the town on the 
east, called Pope's Addition, comprising 152 87-100 acres. 

The first theatrical performance ever given in Little Rock, 
was on the evening of November 4th, 1834. "The 
Little Rock Thalian Society," a local organization, gave a 
performance of a play, called "The Soldier's Daughter," with 
such success, that it was repeated the following night, with the 
addition, of a piece called "Raising the Wind," both per- 
formances being for a home charity. This was followed by a 
performance, on the evening of December 1st, of Goldsmith's 
comedy of "She Stoops to Conquer," and a farce, entitled, 
"Who's the Dupe." 

James Pitcher was Mayor in 1835, with William Field as 
City Judge, and S. H. Tucker as Recorder. 

In the year 1840 the Real Estate Bank Building, opposite 
the State-house, was erected, and also the buildings at the 
United States Arsenal. 

An incident of excitement occurring during the year 1843, 
was the discovery of extensive counterfeiting of city scrip and 
shinplasters which had been going on, and in which the 
Mayor of the town, one Trowbridge, proved to have been an 
active participant. Upon his arrest, large quantities of the 
counterfeited bills were found with members of his familv. 
Several other persons were engaged in the crime, all of 
whom were arrested and punished. Besides counterfeiting, 
some of the bills were raised, one being from "nine" to 
"ninety" dollars by the addition of "ty" to the denomina- 
tional word. Trowbridge, on being arrested, made a con- 
fession of his guilt, and was sentenced to five j^ears in the 



FBOM 1819 TO 1890. 723 

Penitentiary, from which he was pardoned in time for good 
conduct on the occasion of the burning of the Penitentiary in 
1846, he having assisted the guards, and prevented the escape 
of the prisoners. 

In 1843 Mount Holly Cemetery was first used as a bury- 
ing ground. John P. Karns was the sexton in charge. 
Before that elate, the burying ground was where the Peabody 
School now is, between Fourth and Fifth, State and Gains 
streets. Most of the bodies buried there were moved when 
the new cemetery was commenced, but there is still one 
monument remaining in the old ground. 

In 1846 the Anthony House, long known as one of the 
chief hostelries of the State, was built on the site formerly occu- 
pied by Peay & English's house of entertainment. It stood 
until about the year 1880, when it was destined by fire. 

The town officers of the year 1848 were: S. H. Webb, 
Mayor; D.W.Galloway, Recorder; Lambert J. Reardon, 
Roswell Beebe, Ebenezer Cummins, Thomas D. Merrick, 
J. W. Parker, Philip Prasch, Alexander George and William 
Haney, Aldermen; and Hugh Brogan, City Constable. 

In 1856 John Robins built a row of two-story brick houses 
on Main Street, between Second and Third streets, west side, 
which bore the name of "Robins' Row." The upper story 
was used for a theatre, and for a long time was the only 
-building in the place for that purpose. A theatre was 
opened there some time before the war, by a company of 
players, under Nick Maroney. The first play given in the 
place was "The Lady of Lyons," with Nick Maroney as 
"Claude Melnotte" and Mrs. M. A. Pennoyer as "Pauline 
Deschappelles." The company became a resident company, 
and numbered among its membership T. L. Connor, 
George Huntley and other actors of note, and was occasion- 
ally called to the support of star actors of prominence. The 
house was destroyed by fire November 18th, 1888, and was 
replaced by elegant brick structures, now occupying the site. 



7 2 4 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



In 1857 the St. John's College Building was begun, and com- 
pleted in 1859. It was opened as a Military Academy in Sep- 
tember, 1859, by Professors John Baker Thompson, of Staun- 
ton ; Frank Bronaugh, of Richmond, and John B. Lewis, of 
Lexington, Virginia. It was successfully conducted until 
closed by the war, and was re-opened in 1869, and continued 
until 1883, when it was finally closed. In i860 Gordon N. 
Peay organized a military company, called the "Capital 
Guards," composed of the young men of the place. In this 
year a shooting match took place between them and the 
Cadets of St. John's College, at 100 yards range. The 
target was set up at the place where the residence of the late 
M. W. Benjamin now is, which at that time was all dense 
forest, and far out of town. The College buildings were de- 
stroyed by fire, January 17th, 1890. 

In 1859 the streets were first lighted with gas. 

In i860 the first telegraph line was built to Little Rock, 
and the first office opened there. The line was owned by 
H. A, Montgomery, of Memphis, Tennessee. Charles P. 
Bertrand was President of the Company, and James A. Henry, 
Secretary ; Larry C. Baker, now of St. Louis, was the first 
operator, and first in charge of the office. He was succeeded, 
in 1864, by Ed. C. Newton, who is still Superintendent in 
charge. 

The first railroad to reach the town was the portion of the 
Memphis & Little Rock Railroad, from Devall's Bluff to 
Little Rock, which was completed to the place in i860. The 
trip then was by boat from Memphis to Devall's Bluff, and 
from Devall's Bluff by rail, and thus it remained until 1868 
or 1869, when the railroad was completed to Memphis. The 
first spike driven in the building of this road, and consequently 
the first spike in railroad building in Arkansas, was driven 
by John Robinson, of Memphis, Tennessee, in the year 1858, 
and was at the commencement of the eastern end of the line, 
which ran from Hopefield to Madison, about 40 miles. 



FROM 1819 TO 1890. 



7 2 5 



In the spring of 1861 the excitement of the approaching 
war, was the absorbing topic, and when the contingency 
actually arose, the town was fairly depopulated by the num- 
ber of men who went into the Confederate Army. The 
Capital Guards, Gordon N. Peay, Captain, enlisted to a man. 
Woodruff's Battery of Artillery, recruited largely from the 




CONVENT SISTERS OF MERCY, LITTLE ROCK. 

town, entered the service at once. The best men in the 
place enlisted in different organizations, and those who were 
left behind, above arm-bearing age, or unfit for active duty, 
formed companies of Home Guards. As that unhappy strife 
progressed the loss of men of the place was great. There 



726 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



was mourning in many homes. The first to fall was Omer 
R. Weaver, who was killed at the battle of Oak Hills, 
August 10th, 1861 ; Carl Hempstead and Colonel John 
Baker Thompson were killed at Shiloh, April 6th, 1862; 
Prof. Frank Bronaugh at Seven Pines; Daniel Ringo, Jr., in 
one of the battles in Virginia, being wounded and dying in the 
hospital in Lynchburg; Robert Watkins Ringo, his elder 
brother, dying of disease in hospital; William C. Osborn 
died in prison at Alton, Illinois; F. W. Hoadley was killed 
at Vicksburg; Simpson Walker at Perryville, Kentuck}*, and 
E. C. Jordan at Port Hudson, all three of them being 
lawyers. Frederick Brack was killed at Chickamauga ; 
Julius Levy and Henry Fisher at Murfreesboro; Walter Pike 
was killed in a skirmish in Missouri ; William F. Rector at 
Helena; J. K. Thibault at Pilot Knob; Solon Borland, and 
George Borland, his son, died from exposure; and Henry 
Brookins and David Dodd lost their lives ; T. C. Scott and 
Frank T. Vaughan each lost an arm, and Joseph W. Martin, 
Ben. S. Johnson, John G. Fletcher, Leslie Savage, L. 
Berkeley Noland, A. H. Sevier, Anderson Mills, George A. 
Gallagher and W. C. Ratcliffe were among the wounded. 

The town was not greatly exposed to the incidents of the 
war. It was captured by the Federal forces under General 
Steele, on the 10th of September, 1863, and remained in 
their possession until the close of hostilities. The first man 
of that command to enter the town was Colonel A. H. Ryan, 
riding at the head of a squadron of cavalry. He remained 
here after the restoration of peace, and was for many years a 
citizen doing an extensive lumber business. 

After the conclusion of the war, there was a great revival 
of trade and business activity which had lain dormant for so 
long. There was from that time on an advancing demand 
for property, which reached a high point in 1873, and after- 
wards went back somewhat, but which began again in 1880, 
and has continued ever since. 



f'BOM 1819 TO 1890. 



1*1 



In 1870 the Cairo & Fulton Railroad, afterwards called the 
St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway, reached the 
place, and has since proved to be the great medium of 
communication with the outside world. In the years 1871 
to 1873 the upper bridge was built, adding greatly to the 
facilities of travel. 




PHI LANDER- SMITH COLORED INSTITUTE, LITTLE ROCK. 

In the year 1870 the City Council passed an ordinance 
changing the names of such streets as ran East and West 
parallel with the river, except North, Water and Markham 
streets, and giving them numbers instead of names. Taking 
Markham street as equivalent to First street, the names of the 



728 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



streets were changed as follows, to wit : Chester street became 
Second street, Mulberry street became Third street, Walnut 
street became Fourth street, Orange street became Fifth 
street, Elizabeth street became Sixth street, Chestnut street 
became Seventh street, Holly street became Eighth street, 
Hazle street became Ninth street, Caroline street became 
Tenth street. Other streets which had been graded and 




COLORED BAPTIST CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK. 

opened since the filing of the original plat, also received con- 
secutive numbers, until now they have reached the number 
of Twenty-fifth street, which is in Ropley's Addition. 

The Brooks-Baxter war of 1874 was a period of great ex- 
citement and danger about Little Rock, as the city was the 
focus of the struggle. A full account of this remarkable 
occurrence has been given in the history of Governor Baxter's 
administration. 



FROM 1819 TO 1890. 



729 



In November, 1879, a Telephone Exchange was opened 
in Little Rock, by the Western Union Telegraph Company, 
under the management of Arthur F. Adams*, which was 
shortly after the invention of the instrument. The office is 
still conducted by Mr. Adams, and is now one of the oldest 
Exchanges in existence. Its present name is the Erie Tele- 
phone Exchange, and it operates instruments of the Bell 
patent, the invention of Augustus Graham Bell. In 1887 a rival 
telephone office was opened in Little Rock, under the name 
of the Southern Telephone Company, but its existence was 
broken up by an injunction obtained by the Bell telephone 
owners, for an infringement of their patent, and it ceased 
operations after May 1st, 1888. 

An incident of interest, in the year 1880, was the visit of 
General U. S. Grant to this city, in the month of April of 
that year. He -was on a tour of extensive travel, and visited 
this place among many others. He was given a reception in 
accordance with his prominence ; and on the evening of April 
15th, 1880, a grand .banquet was given him at Concordia 
Hall by citizens, at which about 300 guests were present. 
The city was full of people, many of whom had come from 
long distances to do him honor; and the concourse of people 
forming the procession to the reception stand, where public 
addresses were made, was immense ; and was by far the 
largest crowd of people ever seen together in the place at any 
one time. 

In the year 1 881 the United States Court house and Post 
Office was built. The Post Office was moved into it, and 
opened in November, 1881, in the latter part of the term of 
O. A. Hadley, as Postmaster. 

In the year 1883 the Street Car Company began operations ; 
and in the same year the Little Rock Oil Mill was constructed 
for the manufacture of oil from cotton seed. 

In 1884 the system of waterworks was established by a 
joint-stock Company. After passing through several owner- 



FROM 1819 TO 1890. 



731 



ships, the plant became the property of Colonel Zeb Ward, 
who began, in 1886, the construction of the large reservoirs in 
the western part of the city. The works were to be com- 
pleted by November, 1887, but an accident dela)7ed com- 
pletion until May 4th, 1888, when water was turned on to 
flow through the city pipes. Before that the supply had been 
from the stand pipe on the river bank, near the Union Depot. 
In the summer of 1889 the plant and franchises of the Water 
Company were purchased by Eastern capitalists, who are 
now engaged in operating them. 

The buildings of the State School for the Blind, at Twenty- 
second and Center streets, were erected in 1885 and 1886. The 
corner stone of the main building was laid November 24th, 
1885. It consists of several buildings for the purpose, 
grouped or connected together, built of brick, and finished in 
modern and attractive style. The first building, which is 
used as one of the present collection, was erected in 1880, 
upon the removal of the Blind School from Arkadelphia, 
where it was formerly located. In the tower is a large clock 
and pleasant chime of bells, the second chime to be used in 
the city. A fuller account of the School for the Blind, with 
its history as an Institution, will be found in Chapter XV, 
in the recital of events of the year 1859, the year in which it 
was established. 

In 1886 electric lights were introduced in private or busi- 
ness use, but not for public lighting, and the lower bridge 
was built. 

The Board of Trade Building was begun in 1886 and 
completed in 1887, at the corner of Scott and Second 
streets. The following were the officers for 1888: J. A. 
Fones, President; G. F. Baucum, Vice-President; P. K. 
Roots, Treasurer; Geo. R. Brown, Secretary, and E. S. 
Greene, Assistant Secretary. The Directors were : J. A. 
Fones, G. F. Baucum, R. A. Little, P. K. Roots, Jos. Wolf, 
J. B. Miller, John G. Fletcher, W. H. Wright, W. E. 



FROM 1819 TO 1S90. 733 

Tobey, John W. Deshon, C. H. Whittemore and S. O. 
Smith. 

In the summer of 1887 the Southern Oil Mill was built in 
the eastern part of the city, the second one of its kind to be 
erected in the place; and the mammoth Cotton Compress, 
the largest in the South, was begun, and was completed in 
1888. 

During the summer of 1887, the first street paving with 
stone was done. Markham street was paved from the State- 
house east to Rock street, with granite blocks, quarried at the 
Fourche Mountain quarries. As soon as this street was com- 
pleted, the work was commenced on Main Street, and it was 
paved from Sixth street to its intersection with Markham 
Street, and thence north to the river. The work was done 
by David Clough, under a contract with the City Council, 
and was completed the last day of June, 1888. 

In the spring of 1888 a new line of street railroad, called 
the Dummy line, was begun, and was finished so as to be 
opened for business July 4th, 1888. The trial trip over the 
route was made with a party of citizens July 3d. It began 
at Second and Louisiana streets, and ran westward beyond 
the limits of the city, to within one square of the West End 
Park. 

In the months of May and June, 1888, the Town Branch 
was arched over from Second to Third streets, to permit the 
completion of the street paving. It was spanned by a num- 
ber of short arches running north and south, springing from 
stout iron trusses reaching across the branch. As soon as this 
work was completed, the granite blocks were laid over it, and 
the pavement of Main street was concluded by the last of 
June. 

During the months of June and July the Town Branch 
cut off, down the alley between Louisiana and Center streets, 
from Fifth street to the river, was built. A strong brick cul- 
vert was constructed at a distance of from twelve to eighteen 



FEOM 1810 TO 1890. 



735 



feet below the surface of the ground at the mouth, and grad- 
ually rising to Fifth street, where it intersected the original 
Branch. 

In May, 1888, a charity hospital was opened in the city, 
and placed in charge of sisters of charity, five of whom under 




CAPITAL HILL COLORED SCHOOL, LITTLE ROCK. 



Mother Cleophas, their superior, came from Nazareth, 
Kentucky. The project was instituted by a bequest in the 
will of Alexander Hager, and was aided by the efforts of 
Edward W. Parker, who advanced means to it, procured sub- 
scriptions, and interested himself greatly in the cause. 



73^ HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The first four-story building in the city was that of the 
Fones Hardware Company, corner of Main and Second 
streets. A two-story building had been erected on the spot 
by the Fones Brothers about 1875, but the growing demands 
of their business requiring more space, two additional stories 
were added in July, 1888. 

This was followed in the summer of 1889 by the elegant 
buildings of Fletcher & Hotze, on Main street, between 
Third and Fourth, west side, which was built four stories 
above ground, with basement. 

In the summer of 1888 preparations were made for light- 
ing the streets with electric light instead of gas. Four star 
towers, 125 feet in height, carrying five lights, were erected. 
One at the head of Rector avenue, at Ninth street; another 
at south Main street, at Eighteenth street ; a third on Capital 
Hill, and a fourth on the hill near the depot ; and a suffi- 
ciency of pole lights on the principal streets. The plant was 
used for the first time on the night of September 1st, 1888, 
and proved to be successful ; the use of gas in street lighting 
being discontinued at that date. Prior to that time, electric 
lights had been used in business places as matters of private 
enterprise, and for a time the electric light company had con- 
tributed the use of a public light at the corner of Main and 
Fifth streets, but the city had not been otherwise lighted by 
electricity. 

In the years 1887 and 1888 much was done towards 
constructing a system of sewerage for the city, the pipes being 
laid in many streets; and in 1888 particularly, many miles of 
concrete sidewalks were laid. One of over 1,000 feet in 
length, being in front of the U. S. Barracks, on Ninth 
street, south side. 

The public school buildings of the city are numerous, and 
many of them are splendid structures. The public school 
system of the place is admirable, and is well conducted by Prof. 
J. R. Rightsell, the Superintendent of City Schools, employing 



73§ 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



sixty teachers, and having about 3,000 pupils, white and 
colored. 

The first public school building in the city was what is 
now the Peabody school. It was a one-room building, put 
up prior to 1869, at which date the School Board was organ- 
ized. This was added to from time to time, until it reached 




FORT STEEL SCHOOL, LITTLE ROCK. 



its present condition. A handsome building, the finest in the 
city, was erected on the grounds in 1890, and was made the 
High school. 

The Sherman school was built in 1870, and the Union 
school for colored children shortly after. The Arsenal school, 



FROM 1S19 TO 1S90. 



739 



likewise for colored pupils, was built in 1873 — frame build- 
ings all three. 

The Forest Grove school houses were built in 1877. 

The Scott Street school house, a fine large building of 
brick, was built during 1880 and 1881 ; the first session of 
school being held there 1881 and 1882. 

The Fort Steel school house was built in 1885. It is 
of brick ; of neat and tasty design, with all modern embellish- 
ments, and finished inside in elegant style. It is a building 
which is an honor to the city, and reflects credit upon the 
School Board which built it. 

The Capital Hill school house, a handsome brick structure 
in the west part of the city, was built in 1886. It is for 
colored scholars, and was built on the site of a former frame 
school building, but which proved too small for the annually 
increasing number of pupils. 

Other public schools for colored pupils are the Arsenal and 
the Union schools. 

In the years 1882 and 1883, the Little Rock University, 
occupying a commanding position on the river near the Union 
Depot, was built. The corner stone was laid by the Masonic 
Fraternity, November 30th, 1882. It is a handsome building 
of brick, excellently adapted to its purposes, and commands 
a view of city and country for a long distance. In the tower 
js a large clock which possesses a chime of bells to strike the 
hours, halves and quarters, the first chime of bells ever used 
in the city. The institution is well conducted, and is in a 
flourishing and prosperous condition. 

The following farther account of it is from the columns of 
the "Little Rock Gazette:" 

"The Little Rock University was founded six years ago, 
under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal church. Six- 
teen gentlemen, among whom were: Rev. T. B. Ford, F. 
Garland, W. G. Whipple, L. H. Roots and J. H. Barton, 
now residents of Little Rock, were 'constituted a body cor» 



FROM 1819 TO 1890. 74! 

porate, by the name of Little Rock University, for the pur- 
pose of founding and maintaining a university at the city of 
Little Rock, and of establishing seminaries throughout the 
State.' The leading spirit in the enterprise was Rev. Dr. 
R. S. Rust, the Representative of the church, and with him 
the first President, Rev. Dr. G. W. Gray. After a long 
search, the site on Lincoln avenue was chosen and purchased 
for the uses of the institution. A good subscription was made 
locally, which materially aided in erecting the main building, 
known as University Hall. This edifice, an imposing and 
elegant four-story brick structure, with two commanding 
towers, was designed wholly for recitation and lecture rooms 
and offices. Other buildings for dormitories and residences 
are to follow as soon as means are provided. The institution 
was opened in Methodist Block, on Main street, in the fall of 
1882, and was domiciled in the new building a year later." 

In the matter of churches no city in the Union, of its size, 
can show more beautiful and tasty church edifices than Little 
Rock, and they are at this time either all new, or else have 
been recently improved, enlarged or renovated. 

The first church house built in Little Rock was in 1825, 
by the Baptist denomination. Rev. Silas T. Toncray was the 
Minister in charge, and preached for them until 1829, when 
the death of a brother called him to Memphis, and after that 
-date the pulpit was vacant, except when they could find an 
occasional Minister to officiate for them. But though they 
had no regular Minister in charge, there were seven devout 
ladies of the congregation who went regularly each Sunday 
and held services or some form of worship. This they con- 
tinued for three years, until in May, 1832, Rev. Benjamin 
F. Hall, a Minister of the Christian Church, coming from 
Kentucky, obtained permission to hold the services of his 
church in the building, and on the 4th day of July of that 
year, organized the Christian Church, the members of the 
Baptist denomination going into his church. These seven 



742 



HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 






ladies were : Mrs. Maria Watkins, the widow of Major Isaac 
Watkins, and who afterwards married Rev. W. W. Steven- 
son, Pastor of the Christian Church; Mrs. Magdalen Hooper, 
Mrs. Jane E. Woodruff, Mrs. Letitia Neill, Mrs. Martha 
Peyeatt. Mrs. Elizabeth Keysacher and Mrs. Sarah Caldwell. 





FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK. 



At the organization of the church, Isaiah and Catharine 
Palmer, Mary Wilson, Eli Fletcher and Christian Cobb were 
added. 

This church house, usually called "The Baptist Meeting 
House," was a mere log house, and stood on Third street, 



FSOM 1810 TO 1890. 



743 



between Main and Scott streets, south side. For a long time 
it was the only building in the town, being airy thing like a 
hall ' hence, was often used for public assemblies, the Legis- 
lature and the Superior Court being held in it. It was super- 
ceded about 1842 by an unpretentious frame house on Fourth 
street, near Broadway, which was used until 1884, when the 




congregation having divided into the First and Second Baptist 
Churches by number, those of the first church built a modest 
building on Louisiana, near Ninth street, but during 1889 
and 1890 built the elegant edifice they now occupy at the 
corner of Louisiana and Twelfth streets. 



744 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The Baptist denomination also occupied a frame structure 
at the corner of Eighth and Louisiana streets, but which was 
removed, and the handsome building which now occupies the 
spot was erected, about 1884 or 1885, upon the formation 
of what is now the Second Baptist Church. Rev. A. B. 
Miller assumed charge of this church January 1st, 1885, the 
old organization going in with the new. 

The organization of the Christian Church in Little Rock 
sprung out of that of the Baptist organization, as has just 
been noted, but their church edifice was not erected until 1845. 
At that date a square, brick church was erected on Scott 
street, between Third and Fourth, west side, to which a square 
tower was added about 1858. This tower had in it a clock, 
the first public clock used in the town. Rev. W. W. Steven- 
son took charge of the church in 1832, and officiated until 
1849, at which date he left a congregation of ninety 7 persons. 

This church edifice stood until 1886, when it having been 
determined to build a church elsewhere in the city, lots were 
purchased at the southeast corner of Louisiana and Tenth 
streets, and the old church was pulled down. In 1887 the 
present handsome structure was erected on the new lots, and 
in the front of the building was placed the original sandstone 
slab which marked the date of the building of the first church, 
with the words added "Rebuilt 1887." The interior of the 
church is most cheerful and comfortable, and is attractively 
fitted up. Rev. T. J. Shelton, an eloquent Minister, is in 
charge, and the congregation is large and zealous. 

In the early part of 1890 a second church was established, 
purchasing from the First Baptist Church their former church 
house on Louisiana street. 

The next church house in Little Rock was a Methodist 
church, built in 1833. Prior to that, from a very early date, 
they had used a frame house, built by Joseph Thornhill* near 
the "point of rocks." Their house was built on Second 
street, west of Main, and is still standing, used for doctors' 



FROM 1819 TO 1890. 



US 



offices. Reverend Andrew Hunter was in charge of this 
church from 1834 to 1836, and Reverend William P. Rat- 
cliffe from 1836 to 1838. The pulpit has been filled from 
time to time by the Reverends McKenzie, Bump, R. M. 
Hunter, H. B. Frazer, Hearn, Watson, Godden, Horace 
Jewell, and A. R. Winfield, who officiated in 1853. Mrs. J. 
E. J. Langtree has been a faithful worker in this church since 
1840. 

• This church edifice was used until 1879, when the congre- 
gation determined to build a new church. A lot was pur- 
chased from Judge E. H. English, at the corner of Eighth 
and Centre streets, and a handsome church erected there. It 
was large and commodious, but still the congregation found 
it desirable to add to it, and accordingly a chapel, in keeping 
with the beauty and finish of the church, was erected in 1887. 
The church is a tasteful and attractive building, and a 
comfort and satisfaction to the congregation occupying it. 

The spread of the city making it necessary to establish a 
second church to accommodate those who lived far away from 
the large church, another one was established, a frame church, 
at the corner of Spring and Twelfth streets, called the Spring 
Street Methodist Church, about the year 1883. Dr. Win- 
field was in charge of this church in the years 1883, 1884, 
1885 and 1886. In 1887 the congregation decided to move 
'from this church and build another. Accordingly a neat 
brick church was erected on Fifteenth street, near Centre 
street, which is now in charge of Rev. F. R. Jenkins. In 
1888 a beautiful addition was made to the main building, 
to the memory of Rev. Dr. A. R. Winfield, and called the 
Winfield Memorial Chapel — a fit tribute to the memory of so 
good and great a man. 

This is the division known as the Southern Methodist 
church, or Methodist Episcopal Church South. x\nother 
branch of the Methodists established themselves as a separate 
congregation in Little Rock, about 1870, and built a large 




SECOND BAPTIST AND METHODIST CHURCHES, LITTLE KOCK. 



FROM 1819 TO 1890. 747 

church on Main street, between Fourth and Fifth streets, east 
side. After a time the building was remodelled, and made 
into two stories, with stores in the lower story and the church 
portion in the upper story, and thus they are at present com- 
fortably situated, with all that is necessary and ample for 
church uses, and with other portions yielding a revenue. 
Their congregation is large and zealous, and their church af- 
fairs in good shape. The church is now in charge of Rev. 
C. B. Besse, a highly acceptable Pastor, who took charge in 
1888, coming from Maine. 

One of the glories of the Methodist church in Arkansas has 
been the ministration of Rev. Dr. Augustus R. Winrield. 
He was one of the most eloquent Divines who ever adorned 
the pulpit in any country. As an earnest, fervid exhorter, 
his equal was rarely to be found. His method of speaking 
was entirely extemporaneous, yet it was as logically stated, 
and as happily phrased, as if he had bestowed the utmost care 
upon it beforehand. His delivery was rapid and emphatic ; 
he was never at any time at a loss for a word or an idea, and 
in the most vehement torrent of speech there" was never a 
word in the wrong place, nor an idea clumsily presented. 
Speaking was his peculiar forte, and he was singularly gifted 
in the way of moving assemblies by his utterances. He was 
born in Sussex count} r , Virginia, in 1822, but at an early 
age moved with his father to Tennessee, and settled near 
LaGrange. Here he studied law, and, receiving his license, 
began the practice of the profession. In a short while, how- 
ever, he experienced a change of heart, and, abandoning the 
law, turned his attention to the ministry, He was received at 
a conference in Memphis, in 1845. In 1849 he was assigned 
to the Batesville Circuit, his first charge in Arkansas. 

His preaching created a great sensation there, and was the 
cause of many being added to the church. He was next at 
Princeton, in 1831, where his eloquence drew large numbers 
to him, and the church greatly increased. He was next at 



748 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Little Rock, in 1853 to^i.855, where the same degree of in- 
fluence was wielded by him, and many were converted. 
From that time he was in many parts of the State, with great 
success attending his efforts. His ministry extended over a 
period of over forty years. In 1879 to 1883 he was Presi- 
dent of the Arkansas Female College. In 1884 he made a 
pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and traveled extensively in 
Europe. In 1885 he became Editor of the "Western Meth- 
odist," which position he was filling at the date of his death, 
December 26th, 1887, at the age of sixty-five years. He was 
buried on the afternoon of December 28th, from the Eighth 
Street Church. All ministers in the city, and many from 
neighboring cities and towns, were in attendance, and took 
part in the ceremony, and the general attendance of citizens 
made one of the largest gatherings that was ever present at a 
funeral in Little Rock. Rev. Andrew Hunter delivered the 
funeral discourse, an admirable disquisition on the life and 
character of the deceased Divine, who had been his friend 
from early manhood, and who was the last one left of the 
comrades of the Ministry of his earlier days. 

Commenting upon this circumstance, the reverend and 
venerable gentleman, then in his 68th year, turning to the 
group of his brethren assembled on the platform, said, in a 
voice broken with emotion : 

"Of all of you whom I see here to-day, I ought to be chief 
mourner. He was the last one left to me out of those who 
went out with me in the strength of youth, nearly a half cen- 
tury ago, to labor in the harvests of the Lord. I alone am 
left like a lonely tree standing desolate, when all its fellows 
are fallen, and I, too, shall speedily follow him. Until then, 
my brother, farewell." 

Concerning him, the committee appointed for the building 
of the Winfield Memorial Chapel, in appealing to the public 
for aid in the erection of the edifice, well and truly say : 



FB03I 1819 TO 1890. 



749 



"The church is named in honor of the late Dr. A. R. Win- 
field, so widely known and deeply lamented, whose eloquent 
tongue and pen for forty years was ever ready to defend and 
uphold the State and people he loved so well. His strong in- 
dividuality and aggressive force have left their mark for all 
time to come upon the citizenship of our State, and we feel 
that we are honoring justly such a man in thus keeping his 
memory green through the generations yet to come, by means 
of a house to be used in the advancement of the Christian 
religion, which was dearer to him than life itself." 

Dr. Winfield was married at Princeton, in 1852, to Miss 
Susan Norment, who survives him, as does also a daughter, 
Mrs. T. C. Powell, and a son, Rev. Edward Winfield, who 
is himself a Minister in the Methodist church. 

The Presbyterian Church in Little Rock dates from 1834. 
In the latter part of that year, or early in 1835, a frame 
church, with a wooden tower, was built on Main street, near 
Second, east side. In 1848 the first Presbyterian Synod held 
in Arkansas — the district embracing all of Arkansas, North 
Mississippi, Western Tennessee, and the Indian .Territory — 
was held in the church October 24th, Rev. Dr. Bryington 
being Moderator. In 1853 this church was pulled down, and 
a commodious brick church, with square wooden tower, was 
erected on lower Markham street, between Rock and 
Cumberland, south side. A prominent Minister of this pul- 
pit was Rev. Joshua F. Green, from November, 1847. In 
1868 this church was destroyed by fire, and the present edifice, 
called the First Presbyterian Church, was commenced at the 
northwest corner of Scott and Fifth streets, and was com- 
pleted about 1870. Rev. Thomas R. Welch occupied the 
pulpit in both of these churches for a period of twenty-five 
years, from December, 1859, to 1885, when ill health compelled 
him to retire. He was appointed United States Consul to 
Hamilton, Ontario, and died there March 25th, 1886. He 
was born in Jessamine county, Kentucky, September 15th, 
1825, and came to Arkansas in 183 1, settling at Helena, 



75° 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



The pulpit of this church is filled by the Rev. T. C. Barrett, 
an eloquent and impressive Divine, much beloved of his 
people. 

Dr. J. W. Beidelman has been the organist of this church 
for over twenty years. 




FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHUKCH, LITTLE ROCK. 



The congregation of this denomination having greatly 
increased, and the spread of the city making it necessary to 
provide facilities for church attendance to those living in dis- 
tant parts of the city, a second church edifice was erected, 



FROM 1819 TO 1890. 



75 1 



1880 to 1882, at the corner of Fourth and State streets; a 
handsome and comfortable building, having a large congrega- 
tion resorting to it. 

The Catholic church in Little Rock dates from 1840. On 
the eighteenth day of May of that year the corner stone of a 
church edifice was laid, and a brick structure was erected 
during the year. It stood in the grounds now occcupied by the 
Convent of the Sisters of Mercy, on Louisiana and Centre, 
Sixth and Seventh streets, and was under charge of Father 
Joseph Richard Bole, a distinguished and devout Frenchman. 
The foundation and part of the walls are still there, and were 
incorporated into the convent building when it was remod- 
eled in 1885. This church building was used as a house of 
worship until 1845, when the frame building at the corner of 
Centre and Second streets was erected. This was used for 
church purposes until 1881, at which date the cathedral, at 
the corner of Louisiana and Seventh streets, was completed 
and occupied ; and shortly afterwards a residence for the Bishop 
was erected adjacent thereto. The dedication of the cathedral 
took place November 30th, 1881, by the name of St-. Andrew's 
Cathedral. It is a noble edifice, built of native granite, with a 
lofty and commanding spire, a notable object from all points 
of view. It was begun in 1878, and was completed, all but the 
spire, in i88i,the spire was added in 1887. The interior of 
.the cathedral is handsomely and imposingly fitted up, and 
contains an altar of great beauty, made entirely or chiefly of 
marble. 

In 1 85 1 the Convent of the Sisters of Mercy was established, 
they using the original church building with additions, and it 
has been in successful operation ever since. 

In 1884 a church for German Catholics, a frame structure, 
called St. Edward's, was built in the eastern part of the city, 
on Ninth Street, opposite the grounds of the United States 
Garrison, 




CATHOLIC CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK. 



FROM 1810 TO 1890. 



753 



Rt. Rev. Andrew B}'rne was Bishop from March, 1844, 
the date of his consecration, to June, 1862, the date of his 
death. He died at Helena, and was buried there, but his 
remains were afterwards brought to Little Rock, and interred 
in St. Andrew's Cathedral, where they now lie. 

Rt. Rev. Edward Fitzgerald was consecrated Bishop of 
Little Rock February 3d, 1867, anc ^ 1S st *^ m the discharge 
of that sacred office. 

The first mass said in Little Rock was in the rear of 
Dugan's store, in the year 1830. The store occupied the 
gKound which is now covered by the rear end of Stift's jewelry 
store. The services were conducted by Father Donnelly. 
Among the Little Rock people now living who attended the 
mass are Mrs. Dempsey and Miss Betsey Bruder. Little 
Rock, at that time, was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of 
St. Louis. 

The First Episcopal Church built in the place was in 1840, 
a brick church, with square wooden tower, standing on the 
spot now occupied by the Rectory, just south of the large 
church and contiguous thereto. It was completed in 1842. 
Rev. Dr. Yeager was the first Minister in charge. He 
remained until 1848, when he was succeeded b}^ Rev. Andrew 
Freeman, son of Rt. Rev. George W. Freeman, the Bishop 
of the Diocese, Rev. Andrew Freeman remaining until 1858 or 
. 1859, when he was succeeded by Rev. John Thomas Wheat. 
Dr. Wheat, who was a dearly beloved Pastor, remained until 
1862, doing much good. He died at Saulsbury, North 
Carolina, February 2d, 1888, in the 87th year of his age. 
He was born at the Navy Yard, in Washington, D. C, No- 
vember 15th, 1801. After he left Little Rock the pulpit was 
filled by the Bishop of the Diocese, Rt. Rev. Henry C. Lay, 
during the remainder of the time of the war. As the church 
building was for much of the time used as an Army Hospital, 
church services were held at private houses, For this pur- 

48 



754 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



pose the residence of Judge Ringo, corner Fourth and Com- 
merce streets, was frequently used. The next Minister to 
take charge was Rev. P. G. Robert, who came from Virginia 
in 1866, and remained until 1869 or 1870. To him fell the 




EPISCOPAL CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK. 



difficult task of re-organizing the parish, scattered and dis- 
persed by the war, and with devoted zeal he succeeded in 
building it up to life and activity. He was succeeded by the 
Rev. Henry Hobart Morrell in 1870, who, however, left be- 



FROM 1819 TO 1890. 



755 



fore a great while, and Rev. Thomas Booth Lee, of Oxford, 
England, became the Rector, remaining until 1875. During 
his ministration the church building was destroyed by fire, 
September 1873. In the spring of 1874 work was com- 
menced on a new church, but it got no farther than the foun- 
dation for a number of years. In 1875 R ev « Tullius C. 
Tupper was called to the charge, and remained eleven years. 
He was one of the most popular and dearly beloved Pastors 
whom that church ever had. During his ministration, work 
was carried on from time to time on the church until it was 
finished, and was occupied by the congregation for the first 
time Easter Sunday, 1886, thirteen years from the time it was 
commenced. When completed, it was one of the most ele- 
gant structures of the kind in the city. Mr. Tupper was 
succeeded in September, 1885, by Rev. Wallace Carnahan. 

In 1884, mainly through the efforts of the Bishop, Rt. 
Rev. Henry N. Pierce, an Episcopal Church, called Trinity 
Cathedral, was built at Spring and Eighteenth streets. An 
extension was made in 1888, adding greatly to the area of 
the building. 

The First German Evangelical Lutheran Church, corner 
of Rock and Eighth streets, is an elegant church, a model 
one in every respect. It was completed and occupied for the 
first time April 8th, 1888. In 1868 influential Germans of 
the city resolved to establish a Lutheran Church. In the 
spring of 1869 an organization was effected, with about 
twenty-five persons. The congregation called Rev. J. H. 
Nieman, of St. Louis, to be their Pastor. He has now a 
large congregation, over 2,000 souls, in Cleveland, Ohio. 
The lots where the church now stands were purchased, and a 
church edifice erected thereon. It was a frame building, and 
cost about $3,500. The corner stone of it was laid October 
31st, 1869. As the congregation grew, the necessity for a 
larger and better church was felt. Accordingly, in the latter 
part of 1886, the old church was torn down and a new church 




GERMAN LUTHERAN CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK. 



FROM 1819 TO 1890. 



757 



of pressed brick, with stone facings, a tall and stately tower, 
and all the beauties of church decoration in the way of 
stained glass windows, chancel, altar, font, and chandeliers, 
which taste could dictate, was erected on its site. The cost 
of the building was about $23,000. The Rev. J. H. Nie- 
man, who had been its first Pastor, came from Cleveland 
to perform the dedication ceremonies. He had begun with a 
congregation of 25, and now its fold embraced over 400. 

The Jewish Synagogue dates from about the year 1870. 
Before that, from about 1866 or 1867, the congregation had 
used rented halls, one of which was in a frame building 
corner of Main and Water streets, northeast corner; then a 
hall in the building near the corner of Markham and Rock 
streets. In that year, 1870, the congregation organized with 
the view of erecting a house of worship, and built the house 
where the present one stands. In time the building 
proved to be inadequate for the needs of the people, and it 
was enlarged and remodeled in the year 1887 to its present 
aspect. It is a commodious structure, finished inside with 
neatness and comfort, and a satisfaction to the congregation. 
Rabbi Block was the first Rabbi in charge. He was suc- 
ceeded by Rabbi Benson, he by Dr. Joseph Stolz, and he by 
Dr. Schreiber. 

About the year 1886 a division of the congregation took 
place, they separating into two branches, called Reformed 
Jews and Orthodox Jews. The Reformed Jews are those 
which worship at the synagogue. The Orthodox Jews have 
no house of worship, but use rented halls. 

The building of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, in 
Little Rock, dates from 1871. At that date a neat frame 
church house was built at the corner of Seventh and Arch 
streets, and Rev. Dr. S. H. Buchanan, a Pastor beloved for 
many good deeds, was placed in charge. In 1885 the con- 
gregation determined to move to another locality. Accord- 
ingly, a handsome brick structure was erected at the corner 



758 HIS TO BY OF ARKANSAS. 

of Louisiana and Sixth streets, its present locality. The 
church is tastily and comfortably fitted up inside, and among 
its memorial windows, contains one in memory of Rev. John 
P. Carnahan, a Pastor of this denomination, who preached 
the first Protestant sermon ever preached in Arkansas. It 
was delivered at Arkansas Post, in the year 181 1. Attached 
to the church was a comfortable frame residence, for the 
Pastor's residence. In 1887 the house took fire and was 
burned, but the congregation immediately devised means to 
restore the building, and this time built it of brick. 

The Congregational Church began in the early part of 
1884, by meetings held in the Opera House by a Rev. Mr. 
Anderson. After these had continued some three or four 
months, Mr. Anderson left, and on the 1st of May, 1884, the 
church was formally organized with the following church 
officers : 

Rev. Geo. M. Sanborne, Pastor; Judge Liberty Bartlett, 
E. J. French, A. E. Beadle, Deacons; E. W. Leland, A. 
W. Upton, Lucien W. C037, George W. Clark, Capt. H. S. 
Taber, A. S. Fowler, John Cross, Trustees; Dr. L. W. Mil- 
lett, Clerk; Mrs. M. A. Leland, Treasurer; Capt. H. S. 
Taber, Sunday School Superintendent. 

Rev. Mr. Sanborne remained in charge until about the 
year 1888, when he resigned to accept a call in St. Louis, 
and was succeeded by Rev. Dr. Robert H. Read, a learned 
Minister, and one of extraordinary eloquence and power. 
Although upwards of severe-four 3'ears of age, Dr. Read 
filled his charge with as much vigor and activity as many men 
of not half that aoje would have done. He s^ave from his 
pulpit on Sabbath evenings a series of lectures on the birds, 
and animals mentioned in the Scriptures, such as the dove, 
the raven, the eagle, the horse, etc. Few who heard his 
lecture on the foxes, taken from the text, "Take me the foxes, 
the little foxes that spoil the vines, for my vines bear tender 
grapes," delivered on the night of Sunday, November nth, 




CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK 



760 



HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



1888, will ever forget the wonderful amount of learning, of 
eloquence and instruction which he imparted to the subject, 
and his ingenious handling of the novel theme. 

Dr. Read resigned May 1st, 1889, and began a series of 
public services, which he conducted with success. He died 
in Paris, Texas, in March, 1890, aged 77 years. 




BETHEL COLORED CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK. 



The members of the Congregational Church erected a neat 
chapel building, at the corner of Main and Eleventh streets, 
which they use for church purposes, their design being to 
erect a large church on adjacent ground. 

The first church for colored people was a frame church, 
built in 1840, on a lot donated for the purpose by Roswell 



FBOM 1819 TO 1890. 761 

Beebe, at the northwest corner of Ninth streets and Broadway, 
opposite where the Bethel Church stands now. The old 
church is still standing, having now been moved back and 
added to. 

There are now several handsome brick churches, and a 
number of frame churches used by the colored race in the 
city, of the various denominations. . 

And thus from the da}/s of its humble beginning with 
Moses Austin's cabin, "partly made of cypress slabs, set up 
endways," Little Rock has grown to be a beautiful and vig- 
orous city, with a population estimated at 40,000 ; and rejoic- 
ing in all the attributes of a city's splendor. 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND PERSONAL HISTORIES 

OF CITIZENS OF LITTLE ROCK, OF EITHER 

PAST OR PRESENT TIME. 



In the month of February, 1820, Dr. Matthew Cunning- 
ham came from Philadelphia, and settled at Little Rock. 
He was many times elected Mayor and Trustee of the town, 
and served in many other positions. His son, Chester A. 
Cunningham, born 1822, was the first white child born in 
Little Rock. His family residence stood on the west side of 
Main street, at the southwest corner of Third street, and was 
then in the suburbs of the town. The house stood until 1883, 
when it was pulled down, to make way for the brick structure 
which now occupies the spot. Dr. Cunningham was born in 
Philadelphia, July 5th, 1782, and died June 15th, 1854. He 
married Mrs. Bertrand, the mother of Charles P. Bertrand. 
His children were: a son, Chester A., and two daughters, 
Henrietta, who was first Mrs. Hill, and afterwards Mrs. Dr. 
Savage, and Matilda J., who was the first Mrs. Peter 
Hanger. 

In 1820 Chester Ashley settled in Little Rock. He was a 
native of Massachusetts, where he was born in 179 1. In 18 19 
he went to St. Louis, and engaged in the practice of law, but 
remained there only about a year. From there he came to 
Little Rock, where he entered upon a prosperous career in 
law and land matters, and eventually became known as one 
of the leading men in public affairs in the State. He was 
evetywhere noted for his urbanity and hospitality. He built 

7 6 3 



764 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

the family mansion at the corner of Markham and Scott 
streets, which still stands, though much crowded upon by 
business houses. He was elected United States Senator, and 
served with ability and distinction from 1844 to 1848. He 
died at Washington City, April 29th, 1848, in the 57th year 
of his age, and is buried in Mount Holly Cemetery, in Little 
Rock. On the 4th of July, 1821, at Cape Girardeau, Mis- 
souri, he married Mary W. W. Elliott of that place, and 
came at once to Little Rock to reside. The members of his 
family attaining majority were two sons, William E. Ashley 
and Henry C. Ashley, and a daughter, Frances A., who 
became the wife of Rev. Andrew Freeman. The only male 
representative of the name now living is William Ashley, son 
of Henry C. Ashley. 

One of the early settlers of the place was Major Isaac 
Watkins, who came from Shelbyville, Kentucky, with his 
family, in March, 1821. The town was then the merest col- 
lection of huts, and the only house he could find in which to 
stay was a log house, far out on the outskirts of the place, but 
near what is now the corner of Scott and Fourth streets. 

When Major Watkins came, he brought with his family 
from Shelby county, Kentucky, a colored boy, ten or twelve 
years old, named John Logan, who, at the date of this 
writing (1890), is still living, aged 81 years, and who retains a 
vivid and distinct recollection of the incidents of that day. 
Logan's wife, who came to the place in 1833, is likewise 
living, aged 73 years. 

Dr. Robert A. Watkins, son of Major Isaac Watkins, 
came in 1822, practiced medicine, and became a leading 
physician. He was the first Secretary of State, 1836. 

Judge George C. Watkins was born at Shelbyville, Ken- 
tucky, November 25th, 1815, and came to Little Rock with 
his father, Major Isaac Watkins, in 1821. In youth he re- 
ceived a collegiate education, and graduated at the law school in 
New Haven, Connecticut. In 1837 he commenced the prac- 



BIOGBAFIIICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 765 

tice of law as a partner of Chester Ashley, and in the same 
year served as Secretary of State -pro tern. In 1848 he was 
Attorney-General of the State, and in 1852 was Chief Justice 
of the Supreme Court, which he resigned in 1854. He was 
at one time law partner of James M. Curran, and afterwards 
of George A. Gallagher, and then, about 1865, of U. M. Rose. 
He died at St. Louis, Missouri, December 7th, 1872, while 
on a journey to Colorado to recruit his declining health. He 
was twice married. In 1841 he married Mary Crease, 
daughter of John H. Crease, who died in 1855. Of this 
marriage were three sons, Anderson Watkins, Dr. Claiborne 
Watkins, and Walton Watkins, and a daughter, Mar) 7 . Of 
these only Dr. Claiborne Watkins is living. His second 
wife was Mrs. Sophia Curran, widow of James M. Curran, 
and daughter of Governor William S. Fulton. She died in 
1865. Of this marriage were three daughters, Mrs. W. J. 
Turner, and Misses Georgie and Ida Watkins. 

Anderson Watkins, his eldest son, entered the Confederate 
Army at the breaking out of the war as a private, in the 
Eighth Arkansas Regiment of Infantry. He was promoted 
until he became Lieutenant-Colonel, commanding the Regi- 
ment. He passed safely through eighteen battles, and was 
killed at the Battle of Atlanta, July 22d, 1864, while at the 
head of his command. He was in the 22d year of his age. 
After the close of the war, Judge Watkins caused his remains 
to be brought from the battle field, and interred in the family 
burying ground in Mount Holly Cemetery. 

Claiborne Watkins, the second son, was born in Little 
Rock, March 2d, 1844. ^ e was educated under private 
tutors until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in 
the Confederate Army, and was a Captain in the Eleventh 
Arkansas Infantry, serving therein throughout the entire war. 
After the war he studied medicine, and graduated at the Jef- 
ferson Medical College, of Philadelphia, in March, 1868, and 
is now one of the most prominent and successful physicians in 



766 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Little Rock. On the 26th day of June, 1873, he married, in 
St. Louis, Mo., Miss Millie Farley, of Mississippi. By this 
marriage there were five daughters. 

Walton Watkins, the youngest of the sons, was also a gal- 
lant officer in the Confederate Army, with the rank of Cap- 
tain, in Hawthorn's Regiment, of Fagan's Brigade. He 
married Miss Sue Trezevant, daughter of Colonel John T. 
Trezevant, of Memphis, and died in 1885. Of this marriage 
there is one son, Anderson Watkins, named after the elder 
brother. 

Charles P. Bertrand was a citizen in 1821. He was born 
in New York City, November 23d, 1808. From 1830 to 
1835 he edited "The Advocate" newspaper. On the 28th of 
April, 1836, he married Mary H. Morris, at Frankfort, Ken- 
tucky, who is now living. He died August 27th, 1865. 
His name is represented by a son, Robert C. Bertrand, re- 
siding in Jefferson county. 

Upon the removal of the seat of Governmet to the place 
in 182 1, Robert Crittenden became a citizen of the place, and 
lived there until his death, in 1834. 

In the same year, also, Bernard Smith, Register of the Land 
Office, settled at Little Rock. About 1824 he built the house 
at the southeast corner of Scott and Fourth streets, now occupied, 
as a family residence, by Dr. R. L. Dodge, though the house 
has been much modernized and improved since Mr, Smith 
built it. When built it was considered to be far out on the 
outskirts of the town. 

Henry W. Conway became a resident of the place in 1821. 
He was Receiver of the Little Rock Land District ; was ap- 
pointed Postmaster, October 17th, 182 1, and from 1823 to 
1827, the date of his death, was Delegate in Congress. 

Judge Andrew Scott also came in the year 182 1, remaining 
until 1829, when he moved up the river, and settled in what 
afterwards became Pope county. His son, Captain John R. 
Homer Scott, now an honored citizen of Pope county, studied 
law with his father in Little Rock, in 1828. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 767 

William E. Woodruff, Sr., became a resident of Little 
Rock in 182 1, and lived there the remainder of his life. 
An extended sketch of him will be found in Chapter VI. 
The large family residence, which he built in the suburbs in 
1854, is now occupied by his eldest son, Alden M. Woodruff. 

Major William E. Woodruff, the second son, was born in 
Little Rock, June 8th, 1831. At the breaking out of the war 
he commanded a battery of artillery in the Confederate Army, 
known as "Woodruff's Battery," and was engaged in the 
battle of Oak Hill, and a number of other engagements. In 
connection with W. D. Blocher, he conducted the "Gazette" 
newspaper for several years, about the date 1872. In 1881 
he was elected State Treasurer, and has been re-elected each 
term since. He married Miss Ruth Blocher, a sister of his 
former business partner. By this marriage there are two 
daughters and a son. 

Thomas W. Newton came to the place in 1822, and re- 
mained until 1829, when he went to Shelby county, Ken- 
tucky, but returned about 1834, and lived there until his 
death, in 1853. His residence for a part of the time was on 
the opposite side of the river, where Argenta is. He was 
born at Alexandria, Virginia, January 18th, 1804, and came 
to the Post of Arkansas in 18 18. He rode the mail from the 
Post to Little Rock from that time till 1822. He early 
^secured the friendship of Robert Crittenden, and read law in 
his office and lived at his house. He was Deputy Clerk and 
Recorder, March 6th, 1822; was Deputy Postmaster under 
Henry W. Conway in 1823, and was appointed Postmaster 
August 23d, 1823, succeeding Mr. Conway the same year. 
Although being only 19 years of age, he was elected Secre- 
tary of the Legislative Council of the Territorial Legislature, 
and was again elected in 1825 and 1827. In 1828 he was 
Postmaster, but in 1829, on his removal to Kentucky, vacated 
the office, and was succeeded by Dr. John T. Fulton. After 
his return from Kentucky, he was Cashier of the Real Estate 



768 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Bank- was United States Marshal in 1841, and Member of 
Congress in 1847, to fill the unexpired term of Archibald 
Yell, who resigned, to go to the Mexican War. Mr. Newton 
was a Whig, and was one of the leaders of his party. He 
was the only Whig who ever sat in Congress from the State. 
He died in New York City, September 2 2d, 1853, and is 
buried in Mount Holly Cemetery, Little Rock. 

He was twice married. On the 14th of May, 1829, he 
married Miss Mary K. Allen, of Shelbyville, Kentucky, 
daughter of Colonel John Allen of that place. Of this 
marriage the children attaining majority were, General 
Robert C. Newton, Major Thomas W. Newton, and Mrs. 
Richard H. Johnson. His second marriage was to Amelia 
Cordell, of Missouri, who survives him. 

General Robert Crittenden Newton was born in Little 
Rock, June 2d, 1840. At the age of thirteen he went to the 
Western Military Institute at Tennessee, and after remain- 
ing there a year returned home, and was placed under private 
tutors. He was Deputy Clerk of the Circuit Court, and also 
studied law at the same time. In i860 he was admitted to 
the Bar by Chief Justice E. H. English, and began practice 
as a member of the firm of Pope & Newton. The war 
arising shortly after, he entered the Confederate Army, was 
Adjutant-General on the staff of General T. C. Hindman, 
and commanded a Regiment of Cavalry in the Trans-Missis- 
sippi Department. After the close of the war he formed a 
law partnership with Major George A. Gallagher, which con- 
tinued until the death of Major Gallagher, in 1878. In 1874 
General Newton was appointed by Governor Elisha Baxter, 
Major-General of Militia, and as such he commanded the 
State forces in the Brooks and Baxter war. He died at Little 
Rock, June 5th, 1887, in the 48th year of his age. On the 
24th of August, 1865, he married Miss Cassandra Reider, 
daughter of Jacob Reider. By this marriage there are two 
children : a daughter, Mrs. Frank Gibb, and a son, Robert 
Crittenden Newton. 



BIOGBAPHWAL SKETCHES, ETC. 769 

Major Thomas Willoughby Newton, son of Hon. Thomas 
W. and Mary K. Newton, was born near Little Rock, on 
Friday, March 31st, 1843. He was educated under private 
tutors to 1859, at that date became a student of St. John's 
College to 1 86 1, when the advent of the war closed that 
Institution. He was one of the expedition that captured Fort 
Smith, in 1861. He entered the Confederate service as 
Lieutenant in the "Toombs' Rifles" in 1861, was promoted 
to Captain of the same, known as Company "A," of the 
Third Confederate Regiment, Colonel John S. Marmaduke, 
commanding, in Hindman's Brigade and Hardee's Division. 
He served east of the Mississippi river, through the campaigns 
with Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and Braxton Bragg, 
until after the Kentucky campaign of 1862, when he was 
promoted to Major in the Adjutant-General's Department, 
and assigned to duty as Assistant-Adjutant and Inspector- 
General on the staff of General Marmaduke in the Trans- 
Mississippi Department, and served till the end of the war, 
with this cavalry command, surrendering at Shreveport, 
Louisiana, in May, 1865. He was Deputy Clerk and Re- 
corder of Pulaski county during part of 1866, 1867 and 1868 ; 
Secretary of the Constitutional Convention of 1874; Secretary 
of the State Senate in 1874 and 1875 ? Clerk of the House of 
Representatives in 1877, 1883 and 1885 ; Circuit Clerk and 
Recorder of Pulaski county for July, 1877 to October, 1882, 
and Postmaster at Little Rock from February 1st, 1886; the 
two last being offices which were filled by his father, Hon. 
Thomas W. Newton in his time. On the 25th of November, 
1869, at Little Rock, he was married to Miss Amanda 
Reider, daughter of Jacob and Ann Reider. 

William Cummins was a resident of 1824, practicing law. 
At one time he was a partner of Absolom Fowler, and at 
another, of Albert Pike. He was a Member of the Legislat- 
ure of 1835, an d of the Constitutional Convention of 1836. 

49 



770 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

He was born near Louisville, Kentucky, June nth, 1800, the 
eldest of a family of twelve. He was a brother of Mrs. Dr. 
Adams, of Little Rock; of Mrs. W. P. Ratcliffe, and of 
Ebenezer Cummins, a lawyer of high standing, eighteen 
years the junior of William. On the 18th of January, 1831, 
William Cummins married Miss Francine Notrebe, daughter 
of Frederick Notrebe, an early resident of the Post of 
Arkansas from 18 16. One child was born of this marriage, a 
daughter, who became Mrs. E. C. Morton. William Cum- 
mins died in 1843, and is buried in Mount Holly Cemetery. 
His brother, Ebenezer Cummins, died in 1857. 

Nicholas Peay emigrated from Shelbyville, Kentucky, and 
setttled in Little Rock in the summer of 1825. He purchased 
two keel-boats at Louisville, on which he shipped his famity, 
household goods, provisions, two wagons and horses, and 
floated down the Ohio to the Mississippi, then down the 
latter to Montgomery's Point, on the mouth of the Arkansas 
river, and then poled and cordelled the boats to Arkansas 
Post, where he was forced by the low stage of water in the 
Arkansas river, there not being enough to admit of the boats 
being taken farther, to take the route overland through the 
prairie to Little Rock, which place he reached September 
18th, 1825, having been nearly sixty da}-s making the trip. 
There were only two settlements on the road: one in the 
prairie, and one about eighteen miles from Little Rock, being 
the residence of Samson Gray. Mr. Peay and family were 
entertained by Major Isaac Watkins, until the boats containing 
his household goods reached Little Rock, which was in the 
latter part of October. There were only nine families living 
in Little Rock at that time, and the population, all told, was 
not exceeding 150 persons. Major Peay rented a two-story 
frame building on Main street, at the north end of the 
Metropolitan Block, with some one-story frame buildings, 
and kept a hotel. In 1827 he bought six lots on Scott and 
Markham streets, where he kept a hotel, being associated 



BIOGBAFHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 771 

with Mr. John English, as Peay & English. This hotel was 
burned down, and in 1840 and 1841 a three-story brick hotel, 
called the Anthony House, which became known far and 
wide as the chief hotel in its day, was erected on the spot. 
It stood until 1876, when it was destroyed by fire. 

Major Peay died in 1842, and his wife in 1846, leaving five 
children: Gordon Neill, John C, William Nicholas, 
Juliette and Sophonie Peay. 

Gordon N. Peay married Miss Susan Crease, daughter of 
John H. and Jane P. Crease. There were born of this marriage 
two sons, Gordon and Nicholas Peay ; and four daughters, 
Mrs. Pat Morrison, Mrs. W. B. Worthen, Mrs. A. Bohl- 
inger, and Miss Cara Peay. He was a most careful, accurate 
and competent man of "business. He was Clerk of the Pulaski 
Circuit Court for twelve years, and of the Pulaski Chancery 
Court a great number of years ; and was Receiver of assets of 
the Real Estate Bank from 1854 to 1868, and was for many 
years Master in Chancery. 

John C. Peay married Miss Maggie Reyburn. Of this 
marriage were two sons and two daughters. In 1846 he 
went to the Mexican War as a Lieutenant, in Captain 
Albert Pike's company of cavalry. In 1852 to 1856 he was 
Sheriff of Pulaski county, and in 1859 had a wharf-boat at 
Napoleon with Will Warren Johnson. 

William Nicholas Peay is at present a Justice of the Peace 
of Pulaski county. He is a widower, with one unmarried 
daughter. 

Absolom Fowler became a resident of the place in 1825; 
coming at the time Major Nicholas Peay came. He engaged 
in the practice of law. He „was an able lawyer, and was 
among those who were at the head of the Bar of that day. 
He, with William Cummins, represented Pulaski county in 
the Legislature of 1835, an ^ m * ne Constitutional Convention 
of 1836. He was a candidate for Governor in 1836, but was 
defeated by James S. Conway. In 1840 he built, according 



772 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

to plans of his own, the large brick house on east Sixth street, 
now occupied as a family residence by Major John D. 
Adams. He was a married man, but had no children. 

Noah H. Badgett came to Little Rock from Columbia, 
Tennessee, in 1825 or 1826, and became a clerk in the store 
of John McLain. He married a step-daughter of McLain's, 
and became a partner in the store, under the name of Mc- 
Lain & Badgett, under which name the business was 
conducted for a number of years. He was born in 1808, and 
died August 9th, 1879. His wife died in the same year, 
only a short while before him, to wit : April 30th, 1879. He 
left three sons and two daughters. The sons were Otho O., 
O. K.,and L. G. Badgett; andthedaughters are Mrs. Dr. R. 
B. King, of Ft. Smith, and Miss Fannie Badgett. Otho O. 
Badgett died at Bald Knob, Arkansas, September 13th, 1889. 

Jesse B. Badgett, a brother to Noah H., resided at Little 
Rock for a time, but moved to Mound City, in what is now 
Marion county, where he has an only daughter now living. 

William B. Badgett resided in Little Rock, and was Circuit 
Clerk from 1832 to 1835. At tnat ^ ate ne enlisted in the 
Texas army, in the revolution against Mexico, and was never 
heard of afterwards. 

Robert A. Calloway, Charles Fischer and Richard Fletcher 
came in 1825. Fletcher moved higher up, and established a 
toll-bridge at Point Remove, in Conwaj' county. 

Major Elias Rector was a resident of Little Rock from 1825 
to 1837, when he moved to Fort Smith, where he died about 
1879. 

Mrs. Salina Brownfield King came to Little Rock with her 
father, Theron Brownfield, in ,1826. She was born in Illi- 
nois in 1 81 6, and was married to King in 1842. By 

this marriage there were three children, of whom only one, 
Mrs. Cullen G. Cribbs, now survives. On coming to Little 
Rock, her father built a home for his family at Cumberland 
and Fourth streets, and here Mrs. King resided until the time 
of her death, June 18th, 1889, a period of 63 years, 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 773 

Peter T. Crutchfield moved to Arkansas in 1827, and 
settled at Little Rock. He was born in Bath county, Vir- 
ginia, August 1 8th, 1803. In 1834 he married, in Little 
Rock, Miss Elizabeth Field, daughter of William Field. From 
1833 to 1840 he was Receiver of Public Moneys at Little 
Rock, was a Member of the Legislature in 1831, 1842 and 
1846. He was Paymaster in the army in Mexico from 1847 
to the establishment of peace ; was again Receiver of Public 
Moneys at Little Rock from 1854, until his death, which 
occurred January 12th, 1861. He had one daughter, who 
was Mrs. N. B. Burrow. 

Jacob Reider came to Little Rock May 18th, 1828, and 
conducted merchandising. About 1830 he built a one-story 
house, in which he kept a store, at the corner of Main and 
Markham streets, where the German Bank now is. In 1833 
he married Ann McHenry, daughter of Archibald McHenry, 
of Pulaski county. Upon their marriage Mr. McHenry gave 
Mrs. Reider a two-story frame house on Louisiana street, 
near the corner of Second, built by Joseph Thornhill at some 
prior date, which still stands. Mrs. Reider lived in this 
house from that time until April, 1887, a period of fifty-five 
vears, when she moved to a residence on Lincoln avenue, 
purchased from William B. Wait, where she now lives. 

About the year 1828 or 1829, the five George brothers 
came from Germany, and settled at Little Rock. Their 
names were, Alexander, Loui, William, Martin and Henry 
George. Martin died not very long after his arrival, but the 
other four lived to advanced ages, and became prosperous 
and well-to-do citizens. William and Loui George were 
merchants, doing a good business. Alexander George was 
for a number of years before the war the lessee of the 
Arkansas State Penitentiary. His residence was a large 
brick house in the eastern part of the city 7 , opposite the Little 
Rock Oil Mill, and now used as the Charity Hospital called 
the Little Rock Infirmary. Descendants of these brothers 



774 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



are : Mrs. John Dudley Adams and Mrs. John R. Wherry, 
daughters of Alexander George ; Henry George, merchant, 
of the firm of George & Fletcher, and Loui George, sons of 
Loui ; and Martin George, son of Henry. 

In 1832 William F. Pope, a nephew of Governor John 
Pope, settled in Little Rock, and is still a resident. He 
was Postmaster in 1859. His family consists of two sons, 
Dunbar H. Pope and Bertrand Pope, both residents of the 
place. He was born April 30th, 1814, in Bullock county, 
Ken tuck)\ 

Captain Reese Pritchard first came to Little Rock in 1832, 
engaged on the steamboat Little Rock. He ran the river 
until 1884 or 1885, when being disabled from breaking his 
leg by a fall on the ice, he was obliged to give up the busi- 
ness. He made his home there permanently about 1875, an ^ 
has resided there ever since. 

Judge Benjamin Johnson moved to Little Rock in 1833. 
He was born in Scott county, Ken tuck).', January 22d, 1784, 
son of Robert Johnson. He grew to manhood in Kentucky, 
and was Judge of the Lexington Circuit. On the 23d of Jan- 
uary, 1820, he was appointed by President Monroe, Judge of 
the Superior Court of Arkansas Territory, then recently 
formed, and in that year he emigrated to Arkansas, taking up 
his residence on a farm on the Arkansas river, a few miles 
below Little Rock. He lived there until 1833, when he 
moved to town, and in 1834 purchased Robert Crittenden's 
residence, on Seventh street, between Scott and Cumberland, 
which he occupied as a family residence. He remained on 
the Bench, by four successive appointments, until 1836, when 
the Territory became a State, and was then appointed United 
States District Judge, which position he held until his death. 
The appointments under which he held were : first, by Presi- 
dent Monroe, January 23d, 1820; second, by President 
Monroe, December 17th, 1824; third, by President John 
Quincy Adams, January 2d, 1829; fourth, by President 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 775 

• 

Jackson, and fifth, by Jackson, District Judge, June, 1836. 
He died at his home October 2d, 1849, in the 65th year of 
his age. In September, 181 1, he married Miss Matilda 
Williams, in Kentucky. By this marriage there were two 
daughters and six sons. Three of the sons were residents of 
Little Rock, to wit: Colonel Robert W. Johnson, Richard 
H. and James B. Johnson. 

Hon. Robert W. Johnson, the eldest son of Judge Benja- 
min Johnson, was born in Scott county, Kentucky, July 22d, 
1 8 14, and came to Arkansas when his father emigrated to the 
Territory in 1820. He was educated at the Indian Acad- 
emy, near Frankfort, Kentucky, in charge of his uncle, 
Richard M. Johnson, and at St. Joseph's College, in Bards- 
town, Kentuck} 7 , where he graduated in Jul) 7 , 1833. He 
then went to the Law School of Yale College, where he 
graduated in 1835, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. 
Returning to Little Rock he formed a law partnership with 
Samuel H. Hempstead, the firm being Hempstead & John- 
son, and continued until 1847. In 1840 he was appointed by 
Governor Yell Prosecuting Attorney, and while in this office 
the office of Attorne3 7 -General was created by the Legislature, 
and its duties were devolved upon him ex-officio. He re- 
signed in 1842. In 1846 to 1848 and 1850 he was elected to 
Congress. In 1853 he was appointed by Governor Conway 
to fill the unexpired term of Hon. Solon Borland as United 
States Senator, and was elected by the Legislature of 1854 
for the full term of six years. At the expiration of his term, 
in 1861, the county was in the throes of a revolution. Upon 
the secession of the State he was elected to the Provisional 
Congress of the Confederate States, and upon the organiza- 
tion of the regular government was elected Senator, and 
served as such to the close of the war. In 1868 he moved to 
Washington City, and formed a law partnership with Albert 
Pike, which lasted until 1876. In April, 1878, he returned 
to Little Rock, and resumed the practice of law. He died at 



776 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

• 

his residence in Little Rock, July 26th, 1879, aged 65 years. 
He was twice married. On the 10th of March, 1839, at 
Louisville, Kentucky, he married Miss Sarah F. Smith, 
daughter of Dr. George W. Smith, of that city. By this 
marriage there were six children, of whom three now survive, 
two sons, Colonel Ben. S. Johnson and Francis John- 
son, and a daughter, Sallie Frances, who is Mrs. J. 
Cabell Breckinridge. Mrs. Robert W. Johnson died August 
13th, 1862. On September 23d, 1863, he married Miss 
Laura Smith, a sister of his deceased wife, who survives him. 

Benjamin S. Johnson, son of Robert W. Johnson, is a 
prominent lawyer of Little Rock, a member of the firm of 
Dodge & Johnson. On the 19th of December, 1878, he 
married Miss Lina Vandegrift, of Delaware. By this mar- 
riage there is one son, James Johnson. 

Francis Johnson, the second living son of Robert W. 
Johnson, is a lawyer of Little Rock. He was born in Little 
Rock in 1847, and was raised in that place. He was edu- 
cated at Chapel Hill College, North Carolina, and at Yale 
College. In 1873 he married, at Little Rock, Miss May Cur- 
ran, daughter of James S. and Sophie (Fulton) Curran. By 
this marriage there are three children, two daughters and a 
son, Robert Johnson. 

Richard H. Johnson, son of Judge Benjamin Johnson, 
was born in Little Rock, February 22d, 1826. On February 
2 2d, 1855, on the twenty-ninth anniversary of his birth, he 
was married to Anna Newton, a daughter of Thomas W. 
Newton. The surviving children by this marriage, in the 
order of their birth, are: Allen Newton, Junius James, 
Sidney Jordan, John Adams and Anna. Colonel Johnson 
was Private Secretary to Governor Elias Conway during the 
eight years that gentleman was Governor of Arkansas, and 
was the founder of the "True Democrat," a newspaper that 
made a very strong and able fight for Democracy in the latter 
part of the fifties. In i860 he was the nominee of one wing 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 777 

of the Democratic party for Governor, but was defeated by 
Hon. H. M. Rector, who ran as an independent Democratic 
candidate. In the spring of 1878 he became the editor of 
''The Gazette," holding the position until January, 1881, 
when he resigned to become the Private Secretary of Governor 
T. J. Churchill. Colonel Johnson died in Little Rock, Sat- 
urday, September 7th, 1889, in the sixty-fourth year of his 
age. Mrs. Anna Johnson, his wife, died during the year 
previous. . 

Judge Daniel Ringo became a resident of Little Rock in 
1833, forming a law partnership with Colonel Chester Ashley 
at that date. He was born in Kentucky about the year 1800, 
and came to Arkansas in 1820, stopping at Little Rock for a 
time, but locating permanently in Arkadelphia, Clark county. 
He was Clerk of the county from 1825 to 1830, when he 
moved to Washington, and entered into a law partnership 
with George Conway, and afterwards with Judge Edward 
Cross. In 1833 he came to Little, Rock. In 1836 he was 
elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court till 1844. In 
1849, upon the death of Judge Benjamin Johnson, he was 
appointed by President Taylor United States District Judge, 
which position he held until 1861. After the war he prac- 
ticed law. He died at Little Rock, September 3d, 1873. 
Of his family of five children, only one — a daughter, Lillie 
Ringo — is now living. 

Sterling H. Tucker came to Little Rock in the autumn of 
1833, and opened a drug store. He was then with the firm 
of R. C. Byrd & Co., and next engaged in merchandising 
for himself. He became a prominent banker, well known 
throughout the State. He was born in Franklin county, 
North Carolina, and with his father came to Memphis in 
1828. He was twice married. His family consists of six 
daughters, and a son, Sterling W. Tucker, General Passenger 
Agent of the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad. 




GENERAL ALBERT PIKE. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 779 

Governor Elias Nelson Conway became a citizen of the 
place in 1833, and still resides there. A fuller account of 
him will be found in the mention of his administration, in 
Chapter XV. 

Albert Pike moved to Little Rock from Fort Smith in 1833. 
He was born at Boston, Massachusetts, December 29th, 
1809. At the age of sixteen he entered Harvard College, 
and shortly afterwards became a teacher. In the spring of 
1831 he went west, and went on an expedition to Mexico, 
but turned back from it, and after walking 500 miles on foot, 
reached Fort Smith, and began teaching. In January, 1835, 
he purchased the "Advocate" newspaper of Charles P. Ber- 
trand, and became its Editor. While editing the paper, he 
also devoted himself to the study of law with such assiduity 
that he readily mastered it, and eventually became a great 
law}^er. He was Reporter of the Supreme Court in the years 
1836 to 1845. -^ s P ract ice at times embraced cases of great 
magnitude, especially for Indian claimants. During the 
Mexican War he served with distinction as a volunteer. At 
the breaking out of the Civil War, he organized a command of 
Cherokee Indians, and fought with them at the battle of Pea 
Ridge, and in other engagements. In 1864 he was a Judge 
of the Supreme Court. His home was in Little Rock until 
after the war, when about 1866 or 1867 he moved to 
Memphis, where he edited the "Memphis Appeal" in 1867 
and 1868. After this, about 1868 or 1869, he moved to 
Washington City, where he has since resided. He formed a 
law partnership there with Robert W. Johnson, the firm 
being Pike & Johnson, which continued until 1882, when 
Colonel Johnson returned to Arkansas. 

General Pike has given much of his attention to matters of 
Freemasonry, and is the highest in that Order in the entire 
world. He became a member of the Order in Little Rock, 
in 1850. He will, perhaps, be best remembered by his poet- 
ical productions, of which he has published a number, and 



780 HI ST OB Y OF ARKANSAS. 

some of which have attained a wide celebrity. For instance, 
"Hymn to the Gods," 1831, republished in Blackwood's 
Magazine" in 1839, with high commendation; "Ever)' 
Year," and "The Fine Arkansas Gentleman," having for its 
subject Major Elias Rector, of Fort Smith. In 1834 he mar- 
ried Mary Ann Hamilton, of Arkansas Post. There were 
born of this marriage five sons and two daughters, of whom 
two sons, Luther Hamilton Pike and Yvon Pike, and one 
daughter, Lillian Pike, are now living. Mrs. Pike died a 
number of years ago, about the year 1868 or 1870. In 1840 
he built the large brick house on Rock street, between Seventh 
and Eighth, now the residence of Captain John G. Fletcher. 

Lorenzo and W. R. Gibson located at Little Rock in 1833, 
and engaged in merchandising; Lorenzo Gibson afterwards 
practiced medicine, and was a prominent physician of his 
time. His name is represented in those of his three sons, 
James Gibson, a 'druggist, Frank Gibson, and Dr. L. C. 
Gibson. His daughter was Mrs. Charles C. Farrelly, but 
who has now been dead a number of years. 

William B. Wait came to Little Rock from the Post of 
Arkansas in 1834, and went into merchandising with Edward 
Dunn, as Wait & Dunn. Mr. Dunn died in 1836, and Mr. 
Wait returned to the Post, and went into business there with 
Charles Notrebe, son of Frederick Notrebe, with whom he 
had been engaged as clerk in his first residence at the Post. 
Charles Notrebe dying, Mr. Wait returned to Little Rock in 
1843, and has lived there ever since. From 1843 to 1854 he 
was engaged actively in merchandising, but at that date was 
burned out, and afterwards, up to 1861, engaged in collection 
and exchange business. Since 1861, and after the war, he 
was engaged in many business enterprises ; was Vice-Presi- 
dent of the Merchants' National Bank, and a large property 
owner. He was born in Groton, Connecticut, January 10th, 
1808, and came to Arkansas in 1830. He was twice married. 
On the nth of December, 1838, in Little Rock, he married 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 78 1 

Miss Martha Lavinia Reardon. By this marriage there were 
four children, only one of whom is now living, to wit: Prof. 
Charles Edmond Wait. Mrs. Wait died December 31st, 
1863. On the 20th of May, 1867, he married Mrs. Fannie 
Esten Tyler, widow of Lieutenant Wm. H. Tyler, of the 
United States Army. By this marriage there was one child, 
a son, Robert E. Wait. 

Henry M. Rector, who was Governor in 1861 and 1862, 
became a resident of Little Rock in 1835. ^ fuller notice of 
him will be found at the mention of his administration, 
Chapter XVI. 

Dr. W. W. Adams settled at Little Rock in 1835, and 
lived thereuntil his death, in 1883, at the age of seventy-five 
years. He was born at Leverett, Massachusetts, in 1808. 

Rev. William P. Ratcliffe, of the Methodist Church, came 
to Arkansas in 1835, and was stationed in Little Rock in 
1836. He was in Helena from 1845 to I $49> an< ^ m 
Little Rock again in 1850 and 185,1. In 185 1 he moved to 
Camden, and remained there until his death, in 1868. His 
name is represented in that of his son, Hon. William C. 
Ratcliffe. 

Samuel H. Hempstead came to Little Rock in 1836, from 
St. Louis, and began the practice of law. He was born in 
New London, Connecticut, November 26th, 1814, son of 
Joseph and Celinda (Hutchinson) Hempstead. At an early 
age he moved with his father to St. Louis, where he grew to 
manhood, and studied law in the office of Edward Bates. 
He was Clerk of the House of Representatives of the Arkan- 
sas Legislature of 1836 and 1838, and Adjutant-General of 
the State Militia, under Govenor Yell. He formed a law 
partnership with Robert W. Johnson, as Hempstead & 
Johnson. Pie was Prosecuting Attorney in 1842, and United 
States District Attorney in 1856. In that year he published 
a volume of Reports of the United States Court of Arkansas, 
called Hempstead's Reports ; the first reports of that court, 




-AMUEL H. HEMPSTEAD. 

Solicitor-General, 1859, 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 783 

and only one ever issued confined exclusively to Arkansas. 
He was Solicitor-General of the State, 1858, and as such 
made a valuable compilation of Swamp Land Laws, which is 
still a standard work with courts and officers. He was 
several times Special Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of 
the State, and as such prepared and rendered the decision of 
the court in the case of Kelly'' s Heirs against McGuire, in 
which the law of descents and distributions is fully and 
exhaustively stated. Others of his legal achievements worthy 
of note are his defense of the Cloyes'' Heirs case ; and his 
defense of the State's interest in suits in which the Real 
Estate Bank matters were involved. From 1841 to 1853 his 
residence was on lower Markham street, next west of where 
Wing's foundry now is, and from 1853 was at the place now 
occupied by the Forest Grove School. On the 10th of 
August, 1 841, at Little Rock, he married Miss Elizabeth R. 
Beall, formerly of Bardstown, Kentucky. Of this marriage 
there were born seven sons and one daughter, of whom three 
sons are now living, Beall Hempstead, St. Louis ; Fay and 
Roy Hempstead, Little Rock. He died in Little Rock, 
June 25th, 1862, aged forty-eight years. 

George Brodie was also a citizen of that date, 1836. He 
came from Scotland in 1833, to Boston, where he remained 
three years, and then came to Little Rock, 1836, and at first 
settled near the place, but afterwards lived in the town, where 
he resided until 1855 or 1856, when he moved to Jefferson 
county, and engaged largely in planting; living near Plum 
Bayou, where he died in 1879. The members of his family 
were three sons, of whom two, James^Kirkwood Brodie, and 
George A. Brodie^. resident of Portland, Oregon, are living ; 
and a daughter, Abbie K. Brodie, who is Mrs. Dickinson. 
The third son, P. Renton Brodie, died some 3'ears ago. 

Major C. B. Moore was born in Little Rock, March 31st, 
1836, son of the Rev. J. W. Moore, a Presbyterian Minister, 
who came from Pennsylvania, and established the first church 



7 84 HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

of that denomination in Little Rock and the Territory at an 
early date. Major Moore graduated at Princeton College, 
New Jersey, in 1857. Returning home he began reading 
law in the office of Judge John T. Jones, of Helena, and was 
admitted to the Bar in 1858, and commenced the practice of 
law in his native city. On the breaking out of the war he 
entered the Confederate Army, and served to the close of the 
war. After the war he resumed the practice of law in Little 
Rock, becoming associated with John Wassell, as the firm of 
Wassell & Moore, which continued till the death of Mr. 
Wassell. In 1880 Major Moore was elected Attorney- 
General of Arkansas, and again in 1882 to 1884. In 1868 
he married, at Little Rock, Miss Lou B. Green, daugh- 
ter of Rev. Joshua F. Green, an eminent Presbyterian Minis- 
ter of Little Rock, from 1847 to 1854. 

Judge John J. Clendennin came to Little Rock in 1836, 
and was made Private Secretary to Governor James S. Con- 
way. He was born at Harrisburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1813. 
In 1840, 1844, 1854, 1858 and 1874 he was elected Circuit 
Judge. From 1849 to 1854 he was Attorne3< T -General of the 
State, and in 1866 was elected Associate Justice of the 
Supreme Court, but was ousted therefrom by General C. H. 
Smith, Military Commander of the Sub-District of Arkansas, 
under the Re-construction Acts. He died at Little Rock, 
July 4th, 1876. The only member of his family now living 
is his daughter, Mrs. W. A. Royston. 

David Bender came to Little Rock from Pittsburg, Decem- 
ber 14th, 1839, and engaged in merchandising, and is still a 
resident of the city. 

D. J. Baldwin located in Little Rock in 1838. He was 
born at Orange, New Jersey, January 17th, 1818. On mov- 
ing to Little Rock, he entered the law office of Ashley & 
Watkins; he was admitted to the Bar in 1842, and became 
the partner of General Albert Pike. About 1850 he moved 
to Galveston, Texas, and afterwards became United States 
District-Attorney for the Eastern District of Texas, 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 785 

In 1839 the Vance Brothers, James and William, located in 
Little Rock, coming from New York, and built a two-story 
frame house at the corner of Main and Third streets, which 
stood until 1880, and was at that date occupied by Otto Menke 
as a furniture store. The house was pulled down shortly 
after that date to make way for the brick building which 
now occupies the spot. In 1846 both William and James 
Vance moved to San Antonio, Texas, where William died 
about 1873 or 1874, an< ^ James died in 1878. 

John P. Karns became a citizen of Little Rock in 1837. 
He was born May 4th, 181 5, either in Virginia or while his 
parents were en-route moving to Ohio, in which State he 
was raised. In 1839 ne built the house corner of Rector 
avenue and Fourth streets, in which he now lives, and has 
occupied it since 1848. From 1861 to 1869 he was Sexton of 
Mount Holly Cemetery. On the 10th of December, 1847, 
he married Miss Araminta Butler. The children born of 
this marriage now living are three daughters: Mrs. Joe H. 
Ward, Mrs. Louis Muller and Miss Lillie Karns, and a son, 
Fed B. W. Karns. 

William Gilchrist came to Little Rock about 1837. In 
1840 he built the frame house on Scott street, between Eighth 
and Ninth, east side, now occupied by William H. Field, 
and lived there until the date of his death, September 5th, 
1843. 

Henry Giiffith settled at the place in 1839, and in the same 
year built a frame house on Main street, between Fifth and 
Sixth streets, west side, just north of the Clock building, which 
he occupied as a family residence. The house was built in 
the edge of a corn field, which embraced a large sweep of 
space to the west. Henry Griffith was born in 181 7, and 
died April 13th, 1868, aged 51 years. 

Jacob Brack settled in Little Rock in 1839. His name is 
represented by two sons, Gottlieb and Otto Brack, and a 

18 



786 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

daughter, Miss Mollie E. Brack. The eldest son, Frederick, 
was killed at the battle of Chickamauga. Gottlieb Brack was 
born in Little Rock, June 26th, 1844. On the 28th of May, 
1874, he married Miss Lavinia Dolive, daughter of Robert 
Dolive. Otto Brack was born in Little Rock, October 20th, 
1846, and in March, 1874, married Miss Lucy Beauchamp. 

James M. Curran settled in Little Rock in 1840, and began 
reading law with Colonel Chester Ashley and Judge George 
C. Watkins. He was born at Batesville, Arkansas, Decem- 
ber 10th, 182 1, son of Thomas Curran, who was a merchant 
and early settler of the Post of Arkansas. Being left an or- 
phan at an early age, he was taken and reared by his uncle and 
aunt, Judge and Mrs. Townsend Dickinson — Judge Dickinson 
having married a sister of Mr. Curran's mother. In 1844 
he became a law partner of Judge Watkins, the firm being 
Watkins & Curran, which continued until 1848, when Judge 
Watkins became Attorne3*-General of the State. Mr. Cur- 
ran then became associated with Major George A. Gallagher, 
as Curran & Gallagher, which continued till his death, which 
occurred in 1854. In June, 1849, he married Miss Sophia 
Fulton, daughter of Governor William S. Fulton. By this 
marriage there are three children now living, to-wit : Wil- 
liam S. Curran, a lawyer, residing at Richmond, Little River 
county; May, who is Mrs. Francis Johnson, and Alice, who 
is Mrs. Frederick Elias Conway. 

In 1840 Samuel M. Weaver moved to Little Rock, from 
McLean's Bottom, Crawford county, where he had previously 
resided since 1828, and lived here until his death, April 21st, 
1864. The members of his family surviving him are his 
widow, Mrs. M. E. Weaver; his sons, George V. Weaver 
and Samuel M. Weaver, and a daughter Mar}^ Mrs. Ben. 
Field. 

In 1841 Luke E. Barber became a citizen of the place, 
and lived here the remainder of his life. He was born in St, 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 787 

Mary's county, Maryland, September 6th, 1806. On reach- 
ing manhood he studied law in the office of Judge Key of 
that State, and upon being admitted to the Bar, practiced law 
there until 1836, when he came to Arkansas, and settled in 
Jefferson county, and engaged in planting. He was a Mem- 
ber of the Legislature from that county in 1838. In 1841 he 
moved to Little Rock, and in 1845 was appointed Clerk of 
the Supreme Court, which position he held from that time 
until his death, with the exception of a period from 1868 to 
1874. He was Reporter of the Decisions of the Supreme 
Court from 1854 to 1868. In 1867 he was President of the 
St. John's College. In 1832 he married, in Maryland, Jane 
P. Causine, who still survives him. He was a devout mem- 
ber of the Episcopal Church, and for upwards of 40 years 
consecutively was a member of the vestry and senior warden 
of the parish. He was prominent in the Masonic Order, and 
was Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of the State for 12 
years, from 1869 to 1881. He died June 13th, 1886, aged 
80 years. 

Hon. Pleasant Jordan located in Little Rock in the win- 
ter of 1842 to 1843. He was born in Henderson county, 
North Carolina, August 17th, 1812. After attending school 
in South Carolina, he taught school in that State until he had 
accumulated sufficient means to sustain himself while reading 
law in the office of Hon. Simpson Bobo, in Spartanburg, 
South Carolina. He remained so en^a^ed until the winter 
of 1842, when he came to Little Rock, and entered the law 
office of Colonel Absolom Fowler as a student. In 1843 he 
was admitted to the Bar, and opened an office for the practice. 
In 1 861 he was elected Prosecuting- Attorney of the Fifth 
Circuit, which made him ex-officio Attorney-General of the 
State. He died at Little Rock, May 27th, 1863. In 1851 
he married Miss Sallie E. Howell, daughter of Hon. Seth 
Howell, of Johnson county. He left surviving him two sons, 
Howell and Lee Jordan, and a daughter, Mrs. B. C. Brown. 



788 HIS TO BY OF Alt KANSAS. 

Ferdinand A. Sarasin first came to Little Rock, July 2d, 
1842, arriving there direct from Frankfort on the Main, 
Germany. In a short while he went to Saline count}?, to live 
at a place then owned by Mr. Sandherr, but now owned by 
Attorney-General Garland, and called ''Hominy Hill." He 
was engaged in farming at this place at the time of the break- 
ing out of the Mexican War, and enlisted from there. As he 
was ploughing in the field Benjamin F. Owens, a neighbor, 
passing by, on his way from Lawson's Mill informed him 
that volunteers were wanted for. the war with Mexico, and 
a company was being formed in Little Rock for the pur- 
pose. He resolved at once to enlist, and taking his best 
horse from the range, came to town the next day and enlisted 
in Captain Borland's Company, the ninth man to be enrolled 
therein. He took part, with Yell's Regiment, in the battle of 
Buena Vista. After the regiment was mustered out he re- 
enlisted in Captain Gaston Meares' Company, and remained 
until the end of the war. After the close of the war he 
moved into Pulaski county, north of the river. In 1852 he 
moved to Little Rock, as book-keeper for Alex. George, 
lessee of the penitentiary, and has since resided here. In 
1858 and 1859 he was a merchant with Frederick Kramer, 
as Sarasin & Kramer, and for several years recently has 
filled the office of Justice of the Peace of Big Rock township. 

Dr. Roderick L. Dodge became a citizen of Little Rock in 
1842. He was born in Hartland, Vermont, September 7th, 
1808, and grew to manhood there. He graduated from 
Dartmouth College in 1834, an ^ subsequently at the Phila- 
delphia Medical College. In 1835 he went as a Missionary 
to Western Indians, and from there came to Little Rock, 
where he engaged in the drug business, which he conducted 
for man}? years. He was twice married. First to Miss 
Emeline Bradshaw, and after her death to Miss Eliza Brad- 
shaw. By the first marriage there were two children : Mrs. 
Sample, who died some two years ago, and Dr. S. D. Dodge. 



BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 789 

By the second marriage there were eight children. Those 
now living are George E. Dodge, Mrs. W. G.Whipple, Mrs. 
Fred. Staff, Mrs. D. L. Gray, Mrs. Charles E. Kidder and 
Mrs. B. W. Green. 

■' Silas F. Field came to Little Rock, March 10th, 1843, and 

' has resided there since. For a number of years he was in 

mercantile business with the late Samuel F. Dolle}/, under the 

firm name of Field & Dolley. He was born in Pulaski, 

Giles count}', Tennessee, September 23d, 1832. 

Solon Borland became a citizen of Little Rock in 1843. 
He was born in Suffolk, Virginia, in 1809, the son of Dr. 
Thomas Borland, a Scotch physician, who* came to America 
in 1796. Colonel Borland came to Arkansas in 1842, and 
lived first in Hot Springs and afterwards in Princeton, then 
moved to Little Rock. In 1846 he raised a company in 
Little Rock and Pulaski county for the Mexican War, and 
enlisted in Yell's Regiment. In 1848 he was elected United 
States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of A. H. Sevier, 
resigned, and was afterwards elected to the full term. He 
resigned to become Minister to South America. On the 
breaking out of the war he enlisted at once. Being much 
exposed in the service, his health was broken down, and in the 
latter part of 1863 he went to or near Houston, Texas, to 
recuperate. He died there January 1st, 1864, at the house 
of William Lubbock. He was thrice married. Firstini.850, 
at Suffolk, Virginia, to Mrs. Huldah Wright. By this mar- 
riage there were two sons, Thomas and Harold. His second 
wife was a Mrs. Hunt, of Tennessee, who lived only a few 
months after the marriage. In 1845, at Little Rock, he 
married Miss Mary J. Melbourne. There were born of this 
marriage a son and two daughters. The son, George Godwin 
Borland, served in Woodruff's Battery in the Indian Terri- 
tory, in the war, where, becoming ill, he was discharged 
as unable to do duty, and on endeavoring to reach his 
family, died on the way at Clarksville, Texas, June 24th, 



790 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

1862. The members of Senator Borland's family now living 
in Arkansas are two: Harold Borland, a resident of Clarks- 
ville, and Mrs. O. C. Gray, of Fayetteville. 

In 1843 John E. Knight located at the place. He was 
born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, September 20th, 1816. 
From 1846 to 1850 he was Editor of "The Arkansas Demo- 
crat," with William E. Woodruff, Sr. He is a well-read 
lawyer, and is specially expert in the compilation of books. 
From 1865 to about 1872 or 1873 he was in the law office 
of Watkins & Rose, and assisted in the preparation of Rose's 
Digest. He also assisted in the preparation of Gantt's Digest 
of 1874. In 1843 he married, in New York City, Miss 
Hannah Donnel. Of this marriage there was born a daugh- 
ter, Mrs. James S. Pollock. 

Dr. Milus Killian came to Little Rock to live in 1843, and 
engaged in the practice of medicine. His former residence, 
which still stands just outside of the eastern part of the city, 
is one of the old landmarks of the place. It is a two-story 
brick house, but now in the last stages of dilapidation and 
decay. He was born in the year 1803, and died March 14th, 
1868, aged 65 years. 

Judge Thomas Johnson became a resident of Little Rock 
in 1844, being at that date elected Chief Justice of the Su- 
preme Court, and resided there or in the vicinity until his 
death. He was born in Saulsbury, Maryland, December 
29th, 1809, and came to Arkansas in 1834, settling at Bates- 
ville, of which district he was elected Circuit Judge in 1840, 
and served to 1844, when he was elected Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court, and served for eight years. In September, 
1856, he was elected Attorney-General of the State, serving 
till 1858. After that date he engaged in farming in the 
neighborhood of Little Rock, where he died March 25th, 
1878, aged 69 3*ears. He was twice married. His first wife 
was a Miss Crease. There are five sons surviving him, 
to-wit: Benjamin J., Jack and Thomas P., twin brothers, 



BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 79 1 

Peyton and Carter Johnson, all of whom are grown men, and 
residents of Little Rock or the vicinity. 

In 1844 Dr. A. W. Webb came from Columbia, Chicot 
county, where he had been a practicing physician from about 
the year 1834 or 1835, and located in Little Rock. He be- 
came a prominent and leading physician. He and his son, 
Mott Webb, a promising youth about 18 years of age, were 
foully murdered on a night of September, 1866. He was a 
widower, and lived with his son, keeping house. On a morn- 
ing about the middle of that month, the servant going to the 
bedroom, discovered that both the doctor and the boy had 
been murdered while they slept, by blows from an axe. The 
deed had been secretly committed, and a night chosen for it 
which was stormy and tempestuous, in which no one would 
probably be abroad, the better to effect the robbery which 
was evidently designed to follow the murder. No clue to the 
perpetrators of the deed was ever obtained. The event created 
intense excitement, and a number of arrests were made, and 
trials of suspected persons or their accomplices up to the years 
1869 and 1870, but the guilty parties were never ascertained 
so as to be brought to justice. 

George A. Worthen settled in Little Rock in 1844. He 
was born at Winchester, Kentucky, June 28th, 1816, and 
died January 30th, 1864. His widow is still a resident of the 
city. The other members of his family now living are : R. 
W. Worthen, ex-Sheriff of Pulaski county, and W. B. 
Worthen, a leading banker. 

William S. Davis came to Little Rock, November 17th, 
1845, and has lived here ever since. He was born in Hun- 
tington, Huntington count)-, Penns}dvania, April 19th, 1828. 
In 1845 he moved to St. Louis, Missouri, but after being 
there a short time came to Arkansas. He is now at the head 
of the largest system of Livery and Transfer business in the 
Southwest. Of his family are a son, Otto Davis, and two 
daughters. 



792 BISTORT OF ARKANSAS. 

W. Jasper Blackburn came to Little Rock in 1845. ^ e 
was born on the Fouche de Mau, in Randolph county, July 
24th, 1820. In 1S39 he went to Batesville, where he worked 
as a printer until 1844, at which date he moved to Conway 
county. Here he lived a year, and came to Little Rock in 
1845, where he lived two 3 T ears, or until 1847. At this date 
he moved to Fort Smith, where he lived about a 3'ear. In 
the fall of that year he moved to Minden, Louisiana. After- 
wards to Homer, in the same parish, but which was not 
founded when he went to Minden, and is now in a different 
parish. Here he edited a paper called "Homer's Iliad," and 
was elected a Member of Congress. In December, 1879, 
shortly before Christmas, he returned to Little Rock, and in 
January, 1880, began the publication of a paper, the "Little 
Rock Republican," which he still edits. For a time the 
name of it was changed to the "Free South," but the name 
"Republican" was resumed again. 

Robert W. Worthen was born in Little Rock, November 
10th, 1847, eldest son of George A. Worthen. From 1874 
to 1880, and from 1882 to 1884 he was County Clerk, and 
from 1884 to 1888 was Sheriff of the county. He mar- 
ried Miss Nellie Stoddard, daughter of John Stoddard, a 
banker, of Little Rock. 

Rev. Joshua F. Green came to Little Rock, November 
13th, 1847. He was for many years Pastor of the Presbyte- 
rian Church, and died August nth, 1854. His widow, Mrs. 
Green, is still a resident of the city. His family consists at 
this date of a son, William F. Green, a resident of Dallas, 
Texas; and two daughters, Mrs. C. B. Moore, and Miss 
Green. John Green, his son, a lawyer of promise, who was 
born near Paris, Kentucky, February 5th, 1847, died at Little 
Rock, May 9th, 1875. 

Fay Hempstead, the writer of this history, was born in 
Little Rock, November 24th, 1847, the fourth son of Samuel 
H. and Elizabeth R. Hempstead. He was under private 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 793 

tutors to 1859, at which date he became a student at St. John's 
College, and remained until that institution was closed by the 
war. From 1866 to 1868 he was a student at the University 
of Virginia, a part of the time in the Department of Law. 
He began the practice in 1868, and from 1869 to 1872 was a 
member of a partnership with George A. Gallagher and 
Robert C. Newton. In 1874 he was appointed Register of 
Bankruptcy, by Chief Justice Waite, on the nomination of 
Judge H. C. Caldwell. In 1881 he became Grand Secretary 
of the Masonic Fraternity of the State. In 1878 he published, 
from the press of J. B-. Lippincott &Co., a volume of poems. 
On the 13th of September, 187 1, at Charlottesville, Virginia, 
he married Miss Gertrude Blair O'Neale, daughter of Dr. 
John L. and Carolina B. O'Neale. By this marriage there 
are seven children, four sons and three daughters. 

Major John D. Adams became a resident of Little Rock 
in 1847. He was born in Johnson count}', Arkansas, in 1829, 
son of Hon. Samuel Adams, who was President of the 
Senate, and became Governor upon the resignation of Gov- 
ernor Yell, in 1844. On the breaking out of the Mexican 
War, in 1846, Major Adams, although then not 18 years old, 
enlisted as a private soldier in Captain George W. Patrick's 
Compan}/ "C," of Yell's Regiment of Cavalry, and was 
made Orderly-Sergeant of the Company. He took part in 
.the battle of Buena Vista, and in the engagement was struck 
on the arm by a spent ball, but sufficient to make a severe 
wound. From 1847 to 1850 he was Private Secretary to 
Governor Thomas H. Drew. In 1852 he began turning his 
attention to matters of steainboating and river navigation, in 
which he is still interested, but not as extensively as formerly ; 
his concerns being more in extensive planting. On the 2d 
day of Ma}-, 1848, in Christ Church, Little Rock, he was 
married to Miss Catharine Yeiser, daughter of Dr. Daniel 
Yeiser, of Danville, Kentucky. By this marriage there are 
two sons, Samuel Adams and Dean Adams, who are grown 
men, citizens of Little Rock. 



794 HIS TO BY OF ARKANSAS. 

In 1848 Peter Hanger located in Little Rock, and is still a 
resident of the place. He came to Arkansas in 1834, and 
lived in Chicot county until 1838. He was Representative of 
the county in the Legislature of 1837. In 1838 he moved to 
Van Buren, where he lived until 1848, at which date he 
moved to Little Rock. In early times he was largely en- 
gaged in carrying the mails by stage lines through the State. 
He was born March 29th, 1807. On the 29th of March, 
1888, he celebrated his 81st birthday, by a large gathering of 
his descendants, children and grandchildren. His children are 
Fredrick Hanger and Mrs. William C. Ratcliffe. 

James A. Henry came to Little Rock April 12th, 1849, 
and engaged in merchandising. For many years he was a 
clerk in the Anthony House and the Capital Hotel, and was 
widely known throughout the State. He was born in Chester, 
Massachusetts, July 9th, 181 7, and has lived here ever since 
he came to Arkansas. 

Robert Brodie came from Edinburgh, Scotland, to New 
York, in 1846, and remained there three 3 r ears, and in 1849 
located at Little Rock. He opened an iron foundry, and later 
kept a hardware store. His sons, James and John Brodie, 
came at the same time. His daughter was Mrs. F. W. 
Hezekiah. 

Marmaduke Osborn settled in Little Rock in 1849, and 
clerked first for Mr. Parker and then for Major John D.Adams. 
He soon went into business with Joseph Newton, brother of 
the first Thomas W. Newton, and afterwards was in busi- 
ness for himself at the corner of Markham and Commerce 
streets, where Charles F. Penzel's store now is. In 1864 he 
went to Louisville, Kentucky, but returned to Little Rock in 
1871, and died there October 19th, 1882, aged 67 years. He 
was born in South Carolina, February 10th, 1815. When 
he came to Little Rock he was a widower. On the 31st of 
March, 1856, he married Mrs. Anna Perdue, of Kentucky, 
who survives him. 



BIOGUAPIIICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 795 

Richard Bragg came to Little Rock, February 9th, 1849, 
from Philadelphia, being fifteen days of continuous traveling 
in making the journey. He was on his way to California, 
but making the acquaintance of Albert Pike, William 
Cummins and others, was induced to settle here, and has 
since remained, becoming an extensive property owner. He 
was born in New York City, December 29th, 1825, and is 
the father of a family consisting of four sons and two daugh- 
ters. 

Dr. William A. Cantrell settled at Little Rock in 1852, 
where he has since resided, and is engaged in the practice of 
his profession. He was born at Nashville, Tennessee, Jan- 
uary 22d, 1827. In 1846, 1847 and 1848 he attended the 
University of Louisville, Kentucky, and received his degree 
of Doctor of Medicine from that institution in 1848. In the 
fall of that year he went to New Orleans, Louisiana, to 
practice medicine. In the fall of 1849 he went to his father's 
plantation in Jefferson county, and remained there until 1852, 
when he came to Little Rock. On the 13th of February, 
1852, he married, at Little Rock, Miss Ellen M. Harrell. 
By this marriage there are seven children, five daughters and 
two sons. The daughters are : Mrs. J. L. Bay, Mrs. Deca- 
tur Axtell, Mrs. P. H. Goodwin, Mrs. Lucius J. Polk, and 
Miss Bessie Cantrell. The sons are: Deaderick H. and 
.William A. Cantrell. 

George A. Gallagher came to Little Rock to live in 1853. 
He was born in Alabama in 1826, and was educated at 
Spring Hill College, near Mobile. He became very proficient 
in the French language, and after his graduation, in 1846, 
was employed as Translator of French in the Custom House 
in Mobile. He served here some months, and from there 
was transferred to New Orleans, where he served in the same 
position. In 1847 he was a student of law at Harvard Col- 
lege, having for his preceptors Story and Greenleaf. In 
1848 he settled at Camden, and in 1849 formed a law partner- 



796 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

ship with E. A. Warren there. In 1853 he came to Little 
Rock, and formed a law partnership with James M. Curran, 
which continued until the death of Mr. Curran, in 1854. In 
1855 he formed a law partnership with Judge George C. 
Watkins, which continued until terminated by the war. He 
went into the Confederate Army at the commencement of 
hostilities, and was afterwards Major on the staff of General 
Theophilas H. Holmes. At the battle of Helena he received 
a wound in the face which shattered his jaw. Although badly 
hurt, he would not leave, but continued riding around the 
field in the discharge of his duties. After the war he formed 
a law partnership with Robert C. Newton, which continued 
until his death, which occurred September 25th, 1878. In 
1849 ne married Miss Margaret Thorn, at Camden, Arkan- 
sas. She died about 1859. There were born of this mar- 
riage a son, James, who was accidentally killed by the run- 
ning away of a horse he was riding, about the year 1876; 
and a daughter, Octavia, who died in Washington City, 
April 6th, 1888, while on a visit to friends. She was buried 
in Mount Holly Cemetery by the side of her father. 

Colonel Samuel W. Williams located in Little Rock in 
1854, and engaged in the practice of law. He was born near 
Howell's Ferry, York District, South Carolina, on Broad 
river, August 23d, 1828. In 1842 his father moved to Wash- 
ington, Arkansas, and in 1843 came to Little Rock, in charge 
of the Presb) 7 terian Church ; moved then to Prairie county in 
1845, near Brownsville. Colonel Williams studied law, and 
practiced there until 1854, since which time he has lived in 
Little Rock. At Little Rock, January 18th, 1855, he mar- 
ried Miss Mary J. Marshall, daughter of Gilbert Marshall, of 
Scott county. She died 1886. His family, b}- this marriage, 
consists of a son, Hon. Ed. C. Williams, present State Sena- 
tor for the district in which the county is situated; and four 
daughters, Mrs. Stone, wife of Lieutenant W. A. Stone, of 
the United States Army, Mrs. Ed. LeSueur, and Misses 



BIOQBAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 797 

Dora and Bessie Williams. In July, 1888, Colonel Williams 
married Miss Francis, daughter of Hon. W. M. Francis, of 
the town of Mumford, New York. 

William R. Miller moved to Little Rock in 1854 upon 
being made Auditor, and lived here until 1868, when he re- 
turned to Batesville. Again he came back as Auditor in 
1874, and returned again to Batesville. Then back to Little 
Rock in 1886, where he died November, 1887. A fuller 
account of him will be found at the mention of his adminis- 
tration, in Chapter XXIX. 

Augustus H. Garland located in Little Rock in 1856, and 
lived here until 1884, when, upon becoming Attorney-General 
of the United 'States, he took up his residence in Washington 
City, but has a farm in Arkansas, called "Hominy Hill," 
which he visits from time to time and maintains. A fuller 
notice of him will be found in the account of his administra- 
tion, in Chapter XXIX. 

John G. Fletcher came to Little' Rock to live in 1856, com- 
ing from Saline county, w T here he was born on his father's 
farm, near Benton. He became Deputy-Sheriff under Col- 
onel Ben. F. Danley, which position he held until 1861, 
when he went into the war, enlisting in Company "A," Sixth 
Arkansas Regiment, of the Confederate Army. He was 
wounded at the battle of Murfreesboro. After the close of 
the war he began merchandising with Peter Hotze, which 
firm is still in existence in the cotton business. In 1877 he 
married Miss Adolphine Krause. He was Mayor of Little 
Rock six years, and Sheriff of Pulaski county two years — 1882 
to 1884. He was a prominent candidate for Governor in 
1884, and was again a candidate in 1888, with Governor 
Hughes, E. W. Rector, J. P. Eagle and W. M. Fishback as 
opposing candidates. 

Frederick Kramer became a citizen of Little Rock in 1857. 
He was born at Halle, Prussia, December 22d, 1829, and 
came to America in 1848, landing at Boston. He was first 



798 HIS TOBY OF ABE AN 8 AS. 

at Little Rock, in 1852, in the United States Arm}^ but shortly 
afterwards went to the Indian Territory on duty. After his 
term of service was over, he took up his residence here, and 
began merchandising with F. A. Sarasin, as Sarasin & 
Kramer, and has remained here since. He was Mayor of the 
city from 1873 to 1875, anc ^ f rom : 88i to 1887? and has been 
a Member of the School Board, and, generally, President of 
the Board for twenty-two years, from 1868 to date. In 1857 he 
married Miss Aclaline Reichardt, daughter of a planter, resid- 
ing about six miles from Little Rock. His children are : 
three sons, Charles J., Frederick and Henry, and two daugh- 
ters, Mrs. T. J. Darragh and Miss Emma Kramer. 

Leo Pollock came to Little Rock from Philadelphia, March 
31st, 1857, and became a merchant, and is now conducting a 
large furniture establishment. Abe Pollock, his brother, also 
came at the same time, and began merchandising, and is now 
a leading shoe merchant. 

B. Murray came to Little Rock, February 19th, 1857, and 
has since resided here. He was born near Dublin, Ireland, 
in the year 18 18, came to America in 1849, and landed at 
Boston. He worked as a painter and grainer at Lowell, 
Massachusetts, and New York City. From there he went to 
New Orleans, but could find no employment there. He 
went next to Louisville, Kentucky, and was doing well there, 
until the Know-nothing riots of 1855 taking place deprived 
him of employment, and he came to Arkansas to join a 
brother of his, who was at work at the plantation of Colonel 
James B. Johnson, on the Arkansas river. On arriving at 
the place, Mr. Murray found it so inundated by the overflow 
of the river, that he was obliged to desist from attempting to 
land there, and came on to Little Rock instead. Here he 
soon found employment, his first work being at painting and 
graining on the old Johnson place, Peter Hanger and others 
giving him employment, and from that time he has remained 
a citizen of the place. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ETC., 799 

George A. Hughes came to Little Rock from Philadelphia 
in 1858, and engaged in drug business. He conducted that 
business for twenty years, up to 1886, at the corner of Main 
and Second streets, a part of the time as a member of the firm 
of Kinnear & Hughes ; at another time of the firm of Hughes 
& Naulty, and at other times in business alone. He died 
April 22d, 1888. He was twice married. For ten years he 
was a School Director and Member of the School Board. 

In February, 1859, Dr. John Kirkwood became a resident 
of the city, and remained such until his death, in 1885. He 
came to Arkansas from Pennsylvania about 1843, and settled 
at Columbia, in Chicot county. From there he moved first 
to Powhatan, Lawrence county, where he resided a while; 
then at Jacksonport, Jackson county, up to 1859, when he 
came to Little Rock. His name is represented by three sons : 
John B. Kirkwood and Thomas C. Kirkwood, residents of 
Little Rock, and George Freeman Kirkwood, of St. Louis. 

Dr. E. D. Ayres became a resident of the place November 
19th, 1859, and has since been engaged in the practice of 
medicine, as a homeopathic plrysician. He was State Treas- 
urer from April 18th, 1864, to October 15th, 1866. 

Judge T. D. W. Yonley located in Little Rock in 1859, 
and began the practice of law. When the war broke out, he 
being a Union man, went North, but returned to Little Rock 
after its capture by the Federal forces on the 10th day of 
September, 1863, and he began the publication of a paper 
called the "Unconditional Union," but which lasted not a 
great while. In 1864 he was one of the Delegates from 
Pulaski county to the Constitutional Convention, and aided 
in framing that instrument. At the election held under this 
Constitution, he was made Chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court, but did not hold the office long, preferring the active 
practice of his profession. Upon the establishment of the 
Constitution of 1868, Judge Yonley was made Chancellor of 
the Pulaski Chancery Court, a State office, which he resigned 



800 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

in 1872, to make the race for Attorney-General on the ticket 
with Elisha Baxter, as the Republican nominee for Governor, 
He served as Attorney-General until the Constitution of 1874 
was established, when he was succeeded by General Simon 
P. Hughes. Judge Yonley then resumed the practice of law, 
and in 1878 moved to Denver, Colorado, where he gained 
distinction as one of the brightest members of that Bar. His 
residence while in Little Rock was at the northwest corner of 
Scott and Eighth streets, a house built by Dr. H. N. Case, 
and occupied since Judge Yon^-'s time, and at present, by 
the family of the late B. C. Brown. 

Shortly before coming to Little Rock, Judge Yonley 
married, in New York, Miss Margaret LeSuer, a gifted lady, 
who became a fine elocutionist, a thorough Shakesperean 
student, and a prominent leader in societ}\ There were two 
sons born of this marriage : Harvey and Francis, of whom 
Harvey, the only one now living, is engaged in merchandis- 
ing in Denver. Mrs. Yonley died in Denver, November 
23d, 1887, shortly after having paid a visit to Little Rock. 
Judge Yonley died at Eureka Springs, Arkansas, June 1st, 
1888, whither he had gone to recuperate his health. His 
remains were conveyed to Denver, and buried beside those of 
his wife. 

In December, 1859, Rev. Thomas R. Welch became a cit- 
izen of the place, in charge of the Presbyterian Church, and 
remained in charge thereof until 1882 or 1883. He was born 
in Jessamine county, Kentucky, September 15th, 1825. He 
came to Arkansas, and settled at Helena, May 10th, 185 1. 
He was appointed United States Consul to Ontario by Pres- 
ident Cleveland, and died at Hamilton, Ontario, March 25th, 
1886. His remains were brought to Little Rock, and interred 
in Mount Holly Cemetery. 

J. L. Palmer was born at Saratoga Springs, New York, in 
181 7, and came west when a young man. He lived in Chi- 
cago for a time, and afterwards in Mississippi. Business in- 



BIOGBAPHIGAL SKETCHES, ETC. 8oi 

terests led to his coming to Little Rock, and taking an inter- 
est in the Anthony House Hotel in 1859, and he has lived here 
since that date. His family consists of his wife, and a daugh- 
ter, who is Mrs. Walter O. Caldwell, now a resident of Fort 
Smith. Mr. Palmer is prominently connected with the temp- 
erance cause, and with the Humane Society. In 1888 he 
was nominated as a candidate for Vice-President of the 
United States by the Prohibition party at their National Con- 
vention. 

Judge U. M. Rose became a citizen of Little Rock in i860, 
and has since resided there. He was born in Marion county, 
Kentucky, March 5th, 1834, and was left an orphan at an 
early age. He read law in the office of R. A. Roundtree, in 
Lebanon, Kentuck}?, and afterwards attended the Transylva- 
nia Law School, at Lexington, Kentucky, graduating in 1853. 
Shortly after this he married and moved to Arkansas, settling 
at Batesville, where he practiced law until i860, when he was 
appointed by Governor E. N. Conway, Chancellor, to succeed 
Judge H. F. Fairchild, at which date he moved to Little 
Rock. After the war he formed a law partnership with 
Judge George C. Watkins, as Watkins & Rose, which con- 
tinued until the death of Judge Watkins, in December, 1872. 
After this he practiced alone, until his son, George B. Rose, 
being admitted to the Bar, was associated with him in the 
practice, as U. M. & G. B. Rose. Judge Rose has not 
sought political honors, but has adhered to the practice of his 
profession, in which he stands at the head in Arkansas. 

He is an accomplished scholar, speaking fluently several 
languages; of great literary attainments, an incessant reader- 
both in his profession,- and in general works. He possesses a 
large fund of information, obtained not only from reading 
and stud}', but by extensive travel in both Europe and 
America. In oratory he is gifted to an unusual degree. His 
public addresses are universally finished and eloquent utter- 

51 



802 EI S TOBY OF ABEANSAS. 

ances. Instances in which this has been particularly shown 
are addresses delivered by him at the Annual Celebration of 
the Eclectic Society, 1880; at the Decoration of Soldiers' 
graves, in 1882 ; at the Commencement Exercises of the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, 1884, and at the Memorial 
Exercises, on the death of Jefferson Davis, held in the hall of 
the House of Representatives, December nth, 1889, by 
many regarded as his greatest oration. His speeches before 
juries are models of forensic eloquence. One of the most 
noted of these was in defense of the Committee of Four- 
teen Citizens of Hot Springs, in the suit of Moses Harris 
against them for damages, in the United States Court, 
at Little Rock. One of his most lasting achievements was 
the preparation of a Digest of the first twenty-three volumes 
of Reports of the Supreme Court of Arkansas, called "Rose's 
Digest." He also served as Examiner in the preparation of 
"Mansfield's Digest," issued in 1885. Judge and Mrs. Rose 
have nine children, five sons and four daughters. Three sons 
are law} T ers : John M. and George B. Rose, at Little Rock, 
and William G. Rose, at Galveston. 

Judge Joseph W. Martin became a citizen of Little Rock 
in i860, having come at that date from Des Arc, Prairie 
county, to enter into a law partnership with Colonel Sam. 
W. Williams. He was born in Clinton, Green county, Ala- 
bama, June 6th, 1836. In the year 1850 his father, Rev. 
James Martin, a Presbyterian Minister, moved to Arkansas 
and settled in Prairie county. In 1853 Joseph W. Martin 
went to Princeton College, New Jersey, where he graduated 
in 1855. He then returned to his father's place in Prairie 
count}/, and began the study of law, after which he went to 
Tennessee, where he taught school, and continued the reading 
of law until July 1st, 1857, when he was admitted to the Bar. 
Returning to Arkansas, he was licensed to practice, by Judge 
John J. Clendennin, at the September term of the Conway 
Circuit Court. Pie settled at Des Arc, and practiced there 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ETC., 803 

until i860. At that date Colonel Sam. W. Williams having 
lost his brother and law partner, W. L. D. Williams, offered 
Judge Martin a partnership, which was accepted, and he 
thereupon became a citizen of Little Rock, and has resided 
there ever since. At the commencement of the war he en- 
listed in Colonel Lyons' Regiment, the Sixth Arkansas In- 
fantry, and became Captain of Company "K," having been 
in the battles of Shiloh, Perry ville, Murfreesboro and Chick- 
amauga, in which latter battle he was wounded. Returning 
to Little Rock, July 4th, 1865, he found that Colonel Solomon 
F. Clark was engaged in the law practice with Colonel Wil- 
liams, his former law partner, but he was admitted a member 
of the firm, it being Clark, Williams & Martin. This firm 
continued till 1868. In 1872 he formed a partnership in law 
practice with Judge Freeman W. Compton, which continued 
until 1876. At that date he was elected Judge of the Sixth 
Circuit, to serve the unexpired term of Judge John J. Clen- 
dennin, and was re-elected in 1878 for a term of four years. 
He was succeeded in 1882 by Judge F. T. Vaughan, but in 
1886 was again re-elected, for a term of four years, ending 
1890, and which position he now fills. In 1874 he was 
Prosecuting Attorney, and served till 1876. 

On the 8th of Ma)', 1866, in Little Rock, he married Miss 
Emma C. Beebe, daughter of Roswell Beebe, First President of 
the Cairo & Fulton Railroad. 

Ralph L. Goodrich became a citizen of Little Rock in 
i860. He was born in Owego, New York, in the year 
1840. Leaving New York he went first to Florida, then to 
South Carolina, and then came to Arkansas. In 1866 he 
was Deputy Clerk of the United States Court, under Charles 
P. Redmond, and afterwards under Frank E. Wright, and 
upon the death of Wright, in 1873, was appointed Clerk of 
both the Circuit and District Courts of the United States for 
the Eastern District of Arkansas, which position he still holds. 
Being a man of scholarly attainments, he has devoted a great 



804 HI 8 TOBY OF ABE AN 8 AS. 

deal of attention for some years to the study of the Sanskrit 
language, and has published a number of translations of the 
"Veda" in that language. Some of these came to the atten- 
tion of Professor C. R. Lauman, Professor of Sanskrit in 
Harvard University, who was so well satisfied with their thor- 
oughness and accuracy, that he nominated Mr. Goodrich to 
be a member of the American Philological Society; the Ori- 
ental Society of America ; and the Pali-Text Society of 
England; and, in 1881, Mr. Goodrich was elected a member 
of these societies. 

Hon. W. L. Terry came to Pulaski county in 1861. He 
was born near Wadesboro, Anson county, North Carolina, 
September 27th, 1850. His parents moved to Mississippi in 
1859, and to Pulaski county, Arkansas, in 1861. He was 
educated at Bingham's Military Institute in North Carolina, 
and at Trinity College, in the same State, where he graduated 
in 1872. He read law in the office of Dodge & Johnson, and 
was admitted to the Bar in 1873, forming a partnership with 
his uncle, Colonel Francis A. Terry, as Terry & Terry. He 
was elected to the State Senate in 1878, and was City Attor- 
ney of Little Rock from 1879 to 1885, and again in 1888. 

He married in Columbia county Miss Dixon ; daughter of 
David W. Dixon, who for twenty-four years was Clerk of 
that county. 

Dr. John B. Bond came to Little Rock with Price's army 
in 1 86 1. He was first a practicing physician, but afterwards 
became a druggist, in which business he is now engaged. 
He has been Coroner of Pulaski county since 1884. In July, 
1863, he married Miss Julia Sterling, of Little Rock. By 
this marriage there have been born a number of children, oj 
whom two sons, Dr. Sterling and John Bond are grown men, 
the former a druggist. 

Judge Liberty Bartlett came to Arkansas in 18^9, and set- 
tled at Camden, but moved to Little Rock in September, 
1862, and has since resided there. He was born at Prescott, 



BIOGBAPHIGAL SKETCHES, ETC. . 805 

Massachusetts, April 8th, 1807, and was Judge of the Circuit 
Court from 1864 to 1868. The members of his family are 
two daughters, Mrs. C. M. Barnes and Miss Eliza Bartlett, 
both residents of Fort Smith. His son was killed in the Con- 
federate Army, at the Battle of Shiloh. 

Judge Henry C. Caldwell came to Little Rock, September 
10th, 1863, a Colonel in the Federal Cavalry Command of 
General J. W. Davidson, which took part in the capture of 
the city on that day. In June, 1864, he was appointed, by 
President Lincoln, District Judge of the United States Court 
for the Eastern District of Arkansas, which position he filled 
with signal ability for nearly twenty-six 3 7 ears, until the latter 
part of February, 1890, when he was appointed Circuit Judge 
for the Eighth Circuit, comprising the States of Arkansas, 
Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, 
Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado. He qualified and entered 
on the discharge of his duties March 13th, 1890. He was 
born in Marshall county, West .Virginia, September 4th, 
1832. In 1836 his parents moved to Van Buren county, 
Iowa, where he grew up, and was educated in the common 
and private schools of that county. In 1849 he began read- 
ing law in the office of Wright & Knapp, eminent lawyers of 
Keosauqua. In 1852 he was admitted to the Bar, and soon 
afterwards became a junior member in the firm of his pre- 
ceptors. In 1856 he was elected Prosecuting Attorney of his 
district, and in 1858 was elected to the Legislature, serving 
two terms. On the breaking out of the war he enlisted in 
the Third Iowa Cavalry, and became, successively, Major, 
Lieutenant-Colonel, and Colonel, of that command. In 1854 
he married Miss Harriet Benton, a niece of Judge Wright. 
By this marriage there are three children : two daughters, 
Mrs. George W. Martin and Miss Cornie ; and a son, Van 
Caldwell, named for his grandfather. 

Judge Charles P. Redmond came to Little Rock in 1863 
with the Federal Army, in the Quartermaster's Department. 



806 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

On the opening of the Federal Court, in 1864, he was ap- 
pointed United States District Attorney, and afterwards Clerk 
of the Court, which position he held until 1872, when he re- 
signed, and was succeeded by Frank E. Wright. He next 
became Judge of the Criminal Court of Pulaski county, from 
January nth, 1873, until October, 1874', when the office 
was abolished on the adoption of the Constitution at that date. 
He then began the practice of law, having been educated in 
that profession, being a graduate of the class of 1859 or i860 
of the Law School, of the University of Virginia, and con- 
tinued engaged therein until the time of his death. During 
this time, also, he was Master in Chancery in a number of 
large and important cases in foreclosure suits against railroads, 
etc. About 1869 he married Miss Mary P. Frost, a daughter 
of Valentine Frost, of Locust Valley, Long Island, New 
York. At this place he died September 19th, 1888, in the 
55th year of his age. He was born September 24th, 1832. 

George H. Stratman first came to Little Rock in December, 
1855, from Cassel, Germany, where he was born April 26th, 
1826. He moved to Benton, Saline county, and lived there 
eight years; returned to Little Rock in 1863, and has lived 
there since, and is now a prosperous shoe merchant. His 
family consists of a son, George, and a daughter, Mrs. Jacob 
Niemeyer. 

Colonel Solomon F. Clark became a citizen of Little Rock, in 
May, 1864, and has resided there ever since, engaged in the 
practice of the law, in which he is prominent. He was born at 
Groton, Connecticut, February 13th, 1819, but when only 
three years of age went to Varney, his father having moved 
there. The family moved several times, and finally returned 
to Groton in 1838, where he went to Groton Academy and 
taught school in the winters. In 1843 he became Professor 
of Mathematics in Cortland Academy, New York, and served 
for one year, then moved west and studied law ; was admitted 
to the Bar in Indianapolis in 1847, came to Arkansas in 



BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 807 

1847, and settled at Fort Smith, and lived there until 1861, 
when he went to Ottumwa, Iowa, and remained until May, 

1864, when he took up his residence in Little Rock. In May 

1865, he formed a law partnership with Colonel Sam. W. 
Williams, as Clark & Williams, which continued until 1886. 
On the 5th of August, 185 1, he married Miss Virginia' A. 
Dillard, daughter of Major John Dillard, of Fort Smith. By 
this marriage there are five children — -three sons, William, E. 
Otey and Walter Lee Clark ; and two daughters, Mrs. Will 
Ward and Miss Bettie Clark. 

In 1865, Judge Samuel L. Griffith became a resident of the 
place. He was born at Harford county, Maryland, February 
5th, 181 7, and came to Arkansas in 1838, and settled at Van- 
Buren ; lived there, merchandising, until 1845 ; moved in that 
year to Fort Smith, and lived there until 1865, when he came 
to Little Rock to live. He was Judge of the City Court from 
188 1 to 1887, and is now engaged in real estate business. 

Rollin Edgerton came to Little Rock in January, 1865. 
He was appointed Receiver of Public Monies by President 
Grant, April 5th, 1870, and Postmaster by President Arthur, 
January 1st, 1882, which he held until 1885, and was again 
appointed in 1889. He was born in Rutland county, Ver- 
mont, October 27th, 1840. On the 1st of January, 1866, 
at Tremont, Ohio, he married Miss Emma A. Downs. 
Their children are two sons, Charles R. Edgerton and Mor- 
gan B. Edgerton. For a number of years R. A. Edgerton 
has been a School Director and Member of the Little Rock 
School Board. 

Charles E. Cunningham came to Little Rock from Mis- 
souri, April 1 2th, 1865, and engaged in the lumber and mill- 
ing business. He is a native of Maryland. His family con- 
sists of three sons and three daughters. In 1888 he was 
nominated for Vice-President of the United States by the 
Union Labor party at their National Convention. 

W. W. Wilshire became a citizen of Little Rock shortly 



808 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

after the close of the war. He was born in Shawneetown, 
Illinois, September 8th, 1830. In 1852 he went to California 
in the gold fever excitement which pervaded the country at 
that time, but returned a few years later, and began merchan- 
dising at Port Byron, Illinois. While thus engaged he 
studied law, and was admitted to practice at the age of 29 
years. In 1862 he organized a company of volunteers and 
entered the United States volunteer service as Major of the 
One hundred and twenty-sixth Illinois Regiment. In that ca- 
pacity he served through the war, doing duty in the Army of 
the Tennesee. He was present at the fall of Vicksburg, 
whence he was moved with his troops into Arkansas, and was 
in command of his regiment at the capture of Little Rock. He 
settled there after the surrender, and resumed the practice of 
law with Judge English as his associate. He was made So- 
licitor-General of the State in 1865 and 1868; at the expiration 
of his term was appointed Chief Justice of the State Supreme 
Court, which office he resigned after serving three years. He 
was a Member of Congress from the Third Congressional Dis- 
trict, in 1873 and 1874, and 1875 to 1877. He died at 
Washington city, August 19th, 1888, aged 58 years. In 1848 
he married Miss Catherine Reynolds. By this marriage 
there are a son and three daughters. 

Mason W. Benjamin settled in Little Rock about 1865, or 
shortly after the conclusion of the war. He was born at 
Coldbrook, New York, May 3d, 1837. In 1857, when 
twenty years old, he went to Illinois, and taught school until he 
could enter the legal profession. He read law under Brown- 
ing & Bushnell, at Quincy, Illinois, and was admitted to the 
Bar in i860. At the commencement of the war he went to 
Kansas, and joined the Fifth Kansas Cavalry, in which he 
served during the war. He was a member of the Legisla- 
ture of 1868, and was Solicitor-General in 1868 to 1869. 
On the 29th of September, 1869, he married Miss Sue E. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 809 

Riddell, of Kentucky. He died in Little Rock, November 
28th, 1888; aged 51 years. 

Judge Freeman W. Compton was born in Orange count)-, 
North Carolina, January 15th, 1824. He read law at the 
Law School of Judge Richmond M. Pearson, at Maxville, 
North Carolina, and in 1844 settled at Greenville, Tennessee, 
where he was admitted to the Bar, and practiced law till 1849, 
when he moved to Arkansas, and settled at Princeton, Dallas 
county. He remained there practicing law till 1852, when 
he moved to Camden. In 1858 he was elected Associate 
Justice of the Supreme Court, and in 1866 was elected 
thereto for the full term, but was ousted in 1868 by the Re- 
construction measures, since which time he has been engaged 
in the practice of his profession in Little Rock. He is a 
widower. His family consists of three daughters, Mrs. Par- 
sons, Mrs. Fuller and an unmarried daughter, and one son, 
Hon. William A. Compton, Member of the Legislature from 
Pulaski county, in the session of 1887, and who is associated 
with his father in the practice of law. 

Colonel William G. Whipple became a resident of Little 
Rock in 1868. He was born in Hartford county, Connecti- 
cut, August 4th, 1834, and was educated at the Wesleyan 
Academy, at Wilbraham, Massachusetts, graduating in 1852, 
and also at the Wesleyan University, at Middletown, Connecti- 
cut, graduating in 1857. Jn 1858 he graduated at the Albany 
Law School, and began the practice of law in Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin, in 1859. He continued the practice there until 
September, 1868, when he came to Arkansas, and settled at 
Little Rock. In 1869 ne was appointed United States Dis- 
trict Attorney for the Eastern District of Arkansas, and 
served therein four years. In 1887 he was elected Mayor of 
Little Rock, which position he now holds. He married Miss 
Mary Dodge, daughter of Dr. Roderick L. Dodge, of Little 
Rock. By this marriage there is one son, Durand Whipple. 

Henry Lewis Fletcher, usually called by his middle name, 



8lO HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Lewis Fletcher, moved to Little Rock, in 1868, from his 
plantation below the city, lived there until 1882, when he 
went again to live at the plantation, and returned to the city to 
reside in 1887. He was born September 15th, 1833, in 
Saline county, and is named after his father, who bore the 
same name in full. He left that county in the fall of 1855, 
after the death of his father there, and settled in Pulaski 
county, six miles southeast of Little Rock, where he lived 
until his removal to the city. On the 30th of August, 1855, 
he married Miss Sue Brealin, of Pulaski county. Eight 
children were born of this marriage, of whom three are liv- 
ing, to-wit : two sons, Frank Martin, a merchant, member of 
the firm of George & Fletcher, and John Thomas, a college 
student, and a daughter, Miss Maiy Fletcher. 

Thomas Fletcher moved to Little Rock in the latter part 
of the year 1869. He was born in what is now Randolph 
county, April 8th, 1819. In 1825 his father moved to Saline 
county, and lived there until his death in 1855. Thomas 
Fletcher married Miss Lucinda Beavers, September 4th, 1841, 
and in 1842 moved to the Little Maumelle, fifteen miles west 
of Little Rock, where he engaged in farming. Here he resided 
until his removal to Little Rock, in 1869. He was Sheriff of 
the county from 1858 to 1862, and from 1866 to 1868. Was 
a Member of the Legislature from the county in 1862, with 
William Q. Pennington. In the latter part of 1885 he was 
appointed United States Marshal for the Eastern District of 
Arkansas. Of this marriage ten children were born, of whom 
three are living, to-wit: Henry Lewis, a planter • Richard, 
a cotton merchant, and John Fletcher, a lawyer. 

In March, 1870, Right Rev. Hemy Niles Pierce, Bishop of 
the Episcopal Church, became a resident of the place. He was 
born at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, October 19th, 1820. He 
was consecrated Bishop of the Diocese, January 25th, 1870, 
and came to Little Rock, from Mobile, Alabama. On the 
18th of April, 1855, he married, at Matagorda, Texas, Miss 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ETC., 8ll 

Nannie H. Shepparcl. His family now consists of a son, Rev. 
A. Wallace Pierce, and two daughters, Mrs. G. A. Lyman 
and Mrs. William C. Stevens. 

Hon. Sterling R. Cockrill, came to Little Rock in October, 
1870, and has since resided there. He was born in Nash- 
ville, Tennessee, September 26th, 1847. He was receiving 
an education in Nashvillewhen thewar began, after which he at- 
tended the Military School at Marietta, Georgia. At the age of 
sixteen he volunteered in the Confederate Army, and was made 
a Sergeant of Artillery in Johnston's Army in the latter da}*s of 
thewar. After the war he attended Washington College, at 
Lexington, Virginia, and after graduation there attended the 
Law Department of the Cumberland University at Lebanon, 
Tennessee. He graduated from this institution in 1870, and 
in October of that year took up his residence in Little Rock 
and began the practice of law. He shortly afterwards became 
associated in the practice with Hon. A. H. Garland, as Gar- 
land & Cockrill, which continued till Colonel Garland became 
Governor, in 1874. ^ n I 884? on the death of Chief Justice 
E. H. English, he was nominated for the position by the 
State Democratic Convention, called together for the pur- 
pose of making a nomination to fill the vacancy, and was 
elected at the election following. He was re-elected in Sep- 
tember, 1888, for a second term. In May, 1872, at Little 
Rock, he married Miss Mary Ashley Freeman, grand- 
daughter of Colonel Chester Ashley, and of Rt. Rev. Geo. 
W. Freeman, first Missionary Bishop of the Episcopal Church 
in Arkansas. By this marriage there are five children, four 
sons and a daughter. 

James M. Loughborough became a citizen of Little Rock 
in 1871, coming from St. Louis, Missouri, as General Land 
Agent of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Rail- 
way Compan}-. He was born in Shelbyville, Kentucky, in 
the year 1834, son of General John and Jean Loughborough 
who was Miss Jean Moore, of Louisville, Kentucky. His 



8 1 2 BIS TOR Y OF ARKANSAS. 

father was for many years Surveyor-General of Illinois and 
Missouri, and had a brother, Preston Loughborough, who was 
a distinguished lawyer. 

Colonel Loughborough was State Senator for the Tenth 
District in the Legislature of 1874 to 1876. He was a financier 
of ability, and was the author of the measure for retiring the 
outstanding indebtedness of the State by the issue of thirty 
year bonds, which took their name from him, and are known 
as Loughborough bonds. He died in Little Rock, July 31st, 
1876. In 1859, in St. Louis, he married Miss Mary Webster, 
of that city. By this marriage there are four children now liv- 
ing, two daughters and two sons. The daughters are Misses 
Jean M. W. and Pansy, and the sons James Fairfax and St. 
James Loughborough. 

Mrs. Loughborough was a lady of extraordinary literary 
culture, and was an authoress of merit. After the death of 
Colonel Loughborough she edited and published a monthly 
periodical, called the " Southern Ladies Journal," which was 
conducted with ability. She wrote and published a story of 
the war entitled " My Cave Life in Vicksburg," which met 
with success, and also issued other works. She was a daugh- 
ter of Dr. A. W. and Julia Webster, who was Miss Julia 
Strong, daughter of William Strong, United States District 
Judge of Florida. Dr. Webster married Miss Strong in 
New York City, and it was there that Mrs. Loughborough 
was born, August 25th, 1837. Her father afterwards moved 
to and resided at St. Louis. She died in Little Rock, August 
26th, 1887. 

George Leftridge Basham became a resident of Little 
Rock, in 1871. He was born near Clarksville, Johnson 
county, Arkansas, March 24th, 1848, son of Oliver and Martha 
B. Basham, who was Martha B. Patrick. He received his 
education in the schools of Johnson county, and after the war 
attended the St. Johns College, at Little Rock, one term. He 
lived in Johnson county until 1871, when he came to Little 



BIOGBAFHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 813 

Rock. In 1863, in the sixteenth year of his age, he enlisted 
in the Confederate Army, and was in Cabel's Brigade of 
Cavalry, but after the conclusion of Prices raid into Missouri, 
in which he took part, his command was dismounted, and 
placed in General John Selden Roane's Brigade, in which he 
served until the surrender, at which he was mustered out of 
service at Marshall, Texas, in May, 1865. He at one time 
taught school. He read law in the office of Gallagher & 
Newton, and was admitted to the Bar, November 13th, 1873, 
and has since been engaged in the practice of his profession 
mainly in Little Rock. On the 1st of October, 1879, he 
married Miss Julia Parma Beall. Of this marriage there have 
been three children — two daughters; Pearl Reed, born July 
22d, 1880, died November 7th, 1886, and Martha Parma, born 
December 3d, 1882, died August 10th, 1887 ; and a son, New- 
berry Leftridge, born July 27th, 1887. 

Edward W. Gibb settled in Little Rock in 1871, coming 
from Chicago, having passed through the disaster of the great 
fire, and on locating engaged in dealing in lumber, in which 
he is still largely interested. He was born in Vermont. His 
family consists of a son, Frank W. Gibb, a civil and mining 
engineer. 

Colonel Logan H. Roots became a citizen of Little Rock 
in 1872, and the same year became President of the Mer- 
chants National Bank, now the First National. He was born 
in Perry county, Illinois, March, 26th, i8./}.i,son of Prof. B. 
G. Roots. In 1858, at seventeen years of age, he entered the 
State Normal Institute, and graduated in 1862. He en- 
listed as an officer in the Eighty-first Illinois Regiment, and 
in 1864 was appointed Chief Depot Commissary under 
General Sherman. He came to Arkansas in the last 
year of the war, and went to cotton planting. In 1867 
he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First 
District. In 1868 he was elected to Congress, and again 
for the term from 1869 to 1871. He was then appointed 



8 14 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

United States Marshal for the Western District of Arkan- 
sas, at Fort Smith. He then came to Little Rock, as stated, 
and has since been engaged in matters of banking, and in 
public and other financial enterprises. On the 9th of 
August, 1 87 1, he married Miss Emily M. Blakeslee, daughter 
of Lyman C. Blakeslee, of western New York. By this 
marriage there are three daughters : Fannie, Miriam and Lois 
Roots. 

Judge Wilbur F. Hill settled in Little Rock in 1873, and 
began the practice of law, forming a partnership with John S. 
Duffie. He was born near Clarksville, Red River count}', 
Texas, March 15th, 1844, son of Bernard Hill, of Virginia. 
At eighteen years of age, he entered the Confederate Army, 
and served through the entire war, being wounded at 
the battle of Mansfield, Louisiana. At the restoration 
of peace he was a student of McKenzie College, Texas, 
and afterwards attended the Cumberland University, at Leb- 
anon, Tennessee, where he graduated in 1872. He came 
to Arkansas the next year and located at Little Rock. In 
1884, and again in 1886 and 1888, he was elected Pro- 
bate and County Judge. Under his administration a fine 
jail-house has been built, and the finest court-house in 
Arkansas, costing $80,000. Numerous heavy judgments 
against the county have been paid, and more roads and 
bridges built in the countv than were ever known before. 
He married Miss Willett, of Little Rock, there being by this 
marriage several children. 

Eben W. Kimball came to Little Rock to live, January 
31st, 1874, and entered upon the practice of law, in which he 
has been eminently successful, and he now stands among the 
foremost lawyers at the Bar. He was born in New Hamp- 
shire, but grew up in Salem, Massachusetts. He was edu- 
cated at Harvard College, and afterwards studied law in 
Salem, and practiced there for several 3-ears. He moved to 
Indiana, and lived there for a time, and then moved to Arkan- 



BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 815 

sas. He has been twice married. Of the first marriage are 
a son, Horace Kimball, and a daughter, Mrs. George B. 
Rose. Of the second marriage there are several children of 
tender years. 

Colonel Thomas Essex became a citizen of Little Rock in 
1875, and on the 1st of January, 1876, assumed charge of 
the Land Department of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & 
Southern Railway, which he still holds. He was born in St. 
Louis, Missouri, December 15th, 1837. At the age of fif- 
teen he was sent to school at Arcadia, and in 1854, at the 
age of sixteen, he entered McKendree College, Lebanon, 
Illinois, and there graduated in 1858. He then read law in 
St. Louis, under Thomas C. Johnson, and then took a course 
of law in the Cincinnati Law School, from which he graduated 
in 1861. He practiced law first in St. Louis, and afterwards 
at Ironton, Mo., until 1872, when he was appointed Land 
Commissioner of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern 
Railway, in Missouri. In that same year Jarnes M. Lough- 
borough was placed in charge o( a similar office, at Little 
Rock, and on his resigning in 1875, Thomas- Allen, Presi- 
dent of the road, appointed Colonel Essex to succeed him. 
From 1868 to 1874 Colonel Essex was a Member of the 
State Senate of Missouri, for the counties of Iron, Madison, 
Wayne, Butler, Reynolds, Shannon, Carter, Ripley and 
Oregon. On the 28th of June, 1866, he married, at Lebanon, 
Illinois, Miss Adeline V. Hypes, daughter of Benjamin 
Hypes, a native of Virginia. By this marriage there is one 
daughter, Miss Carrie Lee Essex. 

In the fall of 1876 Colonel James Mitchell became a resi- 
dent of Little Rock as Editor of the "Gazette," which posi- 
tion he filled until 1868, and at that date, in connection with 
W. D. Blocher, purchased the "Arkansas Democrat," which 
he now edits. He was born at Cane Hill, Arkansas, May 
8th, 1832, and received a good common school education at 
Cane Hill and Fort Smith, one of his preceptors being Wil- 



Si 6 HIS TOBY OF ABE AN 8 AS. 

Ham Quesenbiny, a noted man in Arkansas. In 1850 he 
began teaching school and taught till 1856, when he went to 
Kansas, engaged in surveying, as Deputy United States Sur- 
veyor for Kansas and Nebraska. In 1858 he returned to 
Arkansas and again taught school, near Evansville, Washing- 
ton county. He was a Member of the Legislature of i860 to 
1861. Served through the war in the Confederate Army, 
and after the close of the war again engaged in teaching, 
near Bonham, Texas. In 1866 he returned to Arkansas, and 
taught a school near Farmington, Washington county. He 
was then in 1868 elected to a professorship in Cane Hill Col- 
lege, and taught there six years, at which time (1874) he was 
elected Professor in the Arkansas Industrial University, which 
position he filled until 1876, when he accepted the position of 
Editor of the "Gazette." In the editorship and management of 
the Democrat he was associated first with George Russ 
Brown and lately with James C. Bettis as business manager. 
On the 31st of January, i860, he married, near Evansville, 
Arkansas, Miss Lizzie Latta. By this marriage there are six 
children, three daughters and three sons. 

Hon. George William Caruth became a citizen of Little 
Rock in 1877. He was born in Scottsville, Kentucky, 
March 7th, 1842, son of H. C. and Mary M. Caruth. He 
was admitted to the Bar in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1863, 
and practiced law thereuntil 1877, in the fall of which year 
he came to Arkansas, locating at Little Rock, where he is 
now engaged in the practice of law. As an orator he is of 
uncommon eloquence and power. He has taken a prominent 
part in politics, and in 1876 was Democratic elector on the 
Hancock and English ticket. On the nth of October, 1866, 
he was married, in Louisville, Kentucky, to Miss Harriet 
Key Pirtle, daughter of Hon. Henry Pirtle, for many years 
Chancellor at Louisville. By this marriage there is one 
child, a daughter, Miss Hattie Pirtle Caruth. 



BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 817 

In 1877 Opie P. Read became a citizen of Little Rock and 
remained such until 1887, with the exception of a short inter- 
val, and at the latter date took up his abode in Chicago. Dur- 
ing the time of his residence in this city he made his fame 
and reputation as a humorist, and he is now universally ac- 
cepted as one of the foremost humorous writers of America. 
He was born in Nashville, Tennessee, December 22d, 1852, 
the youngest of ten children. His parents removed to Galla- 
tin, Tennessee, where his mother now. resides. They lived 
at Gallatin until the close of the war, at which time his father 
purchased a plantation. Read did not take kindly to a plant- 
er's life, and at an early age he started forth to experience the 
ups and downs of a wanderer. In 1873 he worked for the 
Franklin (Kentucky) " Patriot." He attended the Neophogen 
College and paid his tuition by setting type for the iC College 
Magazine." Afterwards he continued his nomadic life for 
several years, writing sketches to pay his expenses. He wan- 
dered into Arkansas, and stopped a while at Carlisle, Prairie 
county. After a brief sojourn here he came to Little Rock, 
in 1877, and engaged as Reporter or Local Editor of the 
"Gazette." Here his humorous sketches soon began to at- 
tract attention, and give him fame. After a while he went 
to Cleveland, Ohio, to fill an editorial position with the 
"Leader" of that city. He held this place for about six 
■months, when, becoming dissatisfied, he returnend to Little 
Rock, where, in connection with Philo D. Benham, his brother- 
in-law, he, in 1882, launched the "Arkansaw Traveler" on the 
newspaper world. His writings in this paper added greatly 
to his fame, and, a success from the first, it soon took rank as 
one of the first and best papers in its line. In 1887 Messrs. 
Read & Benham moved their paper to Chicago, where it is 
now published. 

Judge Burrill B. Battle was a resident of Washington from 
1869 to 1880. He was born in Hinds county, Mississippi, 



818 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

July 24th, 1838/son of Judge Joseph J. Battle, of Raleigh, 
North Carolina. In 1844 the father came to Arkansas, and 
settled in Lafayette count}-, where B. B. Battle grew up, 
completing his education at the Arkansas College, at Fayette- 
ville, in 1856. He then attended the law department of the 
Cumberland University, at Lebanon, Tennessee, where he 
graduated in 1858. He began the practice of his profession at 
Louisville, Lafayette county. At the breaking out of the war 
he entered the Confederate Army as a private in artillery, 
serving under Generals Cheatham and Cleburne, during the 
entire war. On the restoration of peace, he resumed the prac- 
tice of law at Louisville, but in 1869 moved to Washington. 
In 1 87 1 he was elected to the Legislature from Hempstead 
county. In 1880 he moved to Little Rock, and formed a law 
partnership with Judge Freeman W. Compton, which contin- 
ued till 1885, when Judge Battle was elected Associate Justice 
of the Supreme Court, to fill the unexpired term of Judge 
John R. Eakin. He was re-elected in 1886, and now fills the 
position. 

Hon. Abner W. Files was a resident of Hamburg from 
1850 to 1882, when he moved to the capital to enter upon 
the duties of the office of Auditor, to which he had been elected, 
and has since remained a resident of Little Rock. He was 
born in Tuscaloosa county, Alabama, November 26th, 1829, 
son of Oliver and Nancy Files. He came to Arkansas in 
December, 1848, and lived at first at Fountain Hill, Ashley 
county, in 1849 and 1850. Upon the founding of Ham- 
burg, he moved there, as stated, and lived there till 1882, since 
which date he has resided at the capital, where he is now 
engaged in the practice of law and the real estate and brok- 
rage business. He was Clerk of the Circuit Court of Ashley 
county from 1848 to 1868, but was turned out by a military 
order from General Ord. He was a Member of the Legisla- 
ture of 1874 at the extraordinary session, and elected again in 
1880, serving 1880 and 1881. He was elected Auditor of 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ETC. 8 1 9 

State in 1882, and again in 1884, serving to January, 1887. 
He served in the Ordnance Department of the Confederate 
Army under Colonel Sandford C. Faulkner, and under Major 
S. F. Arnett, Quartermaster in the Clothing Department of 
the Trans-Mississippi Department, located at Hamburg. On 
the 13th of June, 1854, in Drew county, he was married to 
Miss Sarah T. C. Crook, daughter of Hon. Wiley D. Crook. 
Of this marriage there are five children now living, four 
daughters and a son, to-wit : Mrs. J. L. Hawkins, Mrs. J. 
W. Clingman, Sallie Ruth, Harry N. and Ethel R. Files. 

William Pe} 7 ton Campbell was a resident of Augusta for 
28 years, from 1858 to October, 1886. He was born in 
Muhlenberg county, Kentucky, August 23d, 1838, son of Alex- 
ander and Sallie W. Campbell, who was Sallie W. Kin- 
cheloe. He was educated in the schools which the county 
afforded, working on a farm and attending school at intervals 
until 17 years of age, when he entered a country store as clerk 
and general assistant, at a salary of $75 per annum and board. 
He came to Arkansas in March, 1857, and located at Powha- 
tan, Lawrence county, where he resided for a year, and then 
moved to Augusta in 1858, where he lived until 1882, when 
being elected Commissioner of State Lands, he lived at the 
capital in the discharge of his duties until 1884, when he re- 
turned to Augusta. Being appointed Clerk of the Supreme 
Court, in June, 1886, he removed to Little Rock, where he 
now resides. Upon locating in Arkansas, he was engaged in 
the drug business as clerk, until the fall of i860, when he com- 
menced the study of law in the office of Colonel James H. 
Patterson, now of Boone county, Arkansas, but the early oc- 
currence of the war prevented the completion of his studies in 
this profession, and after the war was over, being like the 
people of the South, impoverished by its results, he was obliged 
to abandon the intention of becoming a lawyer, and engaged 
in such pursuits as would produce immediate pecuniary re- 
sults. On the breaking out of the war he entered the Con- 



82 O HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

federate Army in April, 1861, as Second Lieutenant, in Com- 
pany "D," the Augusta Guards, in the First Mounted Rifles, 
commanded by Colonel T. J. Churchill, General D. H. 
Re}'nolds becoming the Brigade Commander, and General 
E. A. Walthall the Division Commander. He was in the 
battlesof Oak Hill, Missouri; Elkhorn, Arkansas; Farmington, 
Tennessee; Richmond, Kentucky, and Murfreesboro, Tennes- 
see. In this latter battle he was wounded, losing his leg, and 
was made a prisoner. He was imprisoned at Fort Delaware, 
Maryland, but was exchanged in 1863, and rejoined the army 
in the field February, 1864, and took part in all the engage- 
ments in the Sherman-Johnston campaign of 1864, from 
Dalton to Atlanta. He was promoted from Second to First 
Lieutenant, then to Captain, and, after the battle of Murfrees- 
boro, to Major. In 1866 he was elected Clerk of Woodruff 
county, but was removed under the Re-construction proceedings 
of 1868; was re-elected in 1874, 1876, 1878 and 1880. He 
was elected Commissioner of State Lands in 1882, and served 
until March, 1884, when he resigned. He was appointed Clerk 
of the Supreme Court in June, 1886, which position he now 
fills. On the 23d clay of October, 1863, at Augusta, he mar- 
ried Miss Virginia C. Davies. By this marriage there are 
nine children : five sons and four daughters. 



COUNTY HISTORIES 

— :AND: 

Biographical Sketches 

THE COUNTIES BEING ARRANGED IN 
THE ORDER OF THEIR FORMATION. 



ARKANSAS COUNTY. 



Arkansas County was formed by the Legislature of Missouri 
Territor}', December 31st, 1813, with an area embracing two- 
thirds of the present State of Arkansas. It was the eighth 
county out of nine established in Missouri, and is the oldest 
county now remaining of those which were formed while we 
were a part of Missouri Territory. It extended from the 
boundary line of the county of New Madrid on the north, to 
the 33d parallel of latitude, or northern boundary line of the 
State of Louisiana, on the south ; east to the main channel of 
the Mississippi river ; west to the boundary line of the Osage 
purchase, the line due south from Fort Clark, thence to the 
main source of the Ouachita or Washita river, and from there 
to the Louisiana line. The seat of justice was directed to be 
"at the Village of Arkansaw." This is the name that the 
Post of Arkansas was known by on the early official records, 
and it was at that date the only town or village, or commence- 
ment of one, in the entire district. The village called Ar- 
kansas by name, did not arise until later, to-wit : in the year 
1820. In that year William O. Allen laid out a town ad- 
joining the Post, called "Arkansas,'' which was designed to 
be the county seat of Arkansas county, and Robert Critten- 
den and Elijah Morton donated to the county one square in 
the town, on condition that the Legislature would establish 
thereon the permanent seat of justice for the county. In 
1825 Hewes Scull, Louis Bogy, Robert McKay, Harold 
Stillwell and Isaac McLane, were appointed to select a site in 
the village for the public buildings, and Hewes Scull, James 
Maxwell and Benjamin L. Haller, were appointed to receive 
donations and subscriptions. 

823 



824 SISTOMY OF ARKANSAS. 

Concerning the origin of Arkansas Post, M. Dumont, 
in his "Historical Memoirs of Louisiana," translated into 
French's Historical Collections, part V says: "This Post 
is properly only a continuation of the establishment formed by 
the French around the house which Joutel and his compan- 
ions reached in the month of July, 1687, and where, before 
arriving, they perceived a cross planted, which consoled them 
in their pains and hardships. From that time to the present, 
the nation has always remained in possession of that territory, 
and when M. Le Blanc sent men to take possession of the 
grant made him on the Yazoux river,* a hundred and forty 
leagues from the capital, the little garrison kept till then by 
the compan}''f at that place retired to the Arcangas Post, then 
commanded by the Sieur de laBoulaye. There is no fort in the 
place, only four or five palisade houses, a little guard house, 
and a cabin which serves as a store house. This French 
Post was established as a stopping place for those going from 
the capital to the Illinois." 

The place is shown as a Post on general maps of the 
English, French and Spanish possessions of 1745. It is shown 
on the old French map of 1700, so often referred to herein, 
and on Joutel's maps of LaSalle's expedition, published 
about 1695, tnere is a French fort shown corresponding in 
location to the present town. 

There is a tradition among the citizens of Arkansas Post 
and vicinity that the town there was settled in 1764, soon af- 
ter it first passed out of French possession. The county rec- 
ords run back to the year 1760. 

In St. Andrew's Cathedral, at Little Rock, in charge of Rt. 
Rev. Edward Fitzgerald, there are records of baptisms, mar- 
riages and burials of date 1772 and subsequent dates, and the 
frequent occurrence of French names indicate that the inhabi- 
tants were of that nationality, thus ante-dating the Spanish 
occupation. The priest officiating in 1772 and years of about 

(*) Which was in the year 1719. 
(t) The Company of the West. 



ARKANSAS COUNTY. 825 

that date, was Father Gige, and of 1796, Father Janvier. Of 
date July 9th, 1786, is the record of the baptism of Francis 
Varsier, who died in Jefferson county, January 8th, 1836, and 
the baptism of Francis Vaugine, of date 1793. 

There are also records of interments of those dates, at 
which, in the absence of any priest, Captain Don Joseph Val- 
liere officiated. The name of Don Joseph Valliere has come 
down to our times on account of a large grant of lands in 
Arkansas made to him by the Baron de Carondelet, which 
his heirs sued for unsuccessfully, ending in 1848. 

The families of William Winter, Elisha Winter and Joseph 
Stillwell settled there, as we have seen, in 1798, occupying 
the grant of lands made to them at that place by the Baron 
de Carondelet in 1797. 

The first protestant sermon preached in Arkansas was de- 
livered there in 181 1, by Rev. John P. Carnahan, of the 
Cumberland Presbyterian Church. A memorial window to 
him, reciting this fact, is in the -Cumberland Presbyterian 
Church of Dr. S. H. Buchanan, at Little Rock. 

A post office was established there July 1st, 181 7, under 
the name of Arkansas, Missouri Territory, and Eli J. Lewis 
was appointed Postmaster. It bore this name until after 
18 19, when the name was Arkansas, Arkansas Territory, and 
continued under this name on the department records, until 
December 27th, 1831, when the name of the post office was 
changed to Arkansas Post, Arkansas Territory. 

Hewes Scull was an early resident of Arkansas county. He 
was a native of Philadelphia, where he was born about 1783. 
He emigrated to the county and settled at the Post of Arkan- 
sas about the year 1802, while the country belonged to 
France. He filled several important offices in the county 
while it was a part of Missouri Territory, and on the estab- 
lishment of the Territory of Arkansas he was the first sheriff 
of the county, serving two terms, from 18 19 to 1823, and 
from 1830 to 1833 was Clerk of the Circuit Court. He was 



826 HIS TOE Y OF ARKANSAS. 

also a merchant of the Post. He died there May 28th, 1833, 
aged 50 years. 

Another early resident was Frederick Notrebe. He came 
to the Post as early as 18 16, and engaged in merchandising 
there, and also, in 1828 or 1829, had a branch store at Little 
Rock. In 1830, December 28th, William B. Wait became 
a citizen of the place, clerking for Mr. Notrebe, and re- 
mained until 1834, when he went to Little Rock, but returned 
to the Post and went into business with Charles Notrebe, son 
of Frederick, under the name of Wait & Notrebe. Charles 
Notrebe died in 1841, and Mr. Wait moved from the Post to 
Little Rock again, in September, 1843, where he has since 
resided. 

Stokeley H. Coulter, J. B. Burk and John O'Regan, tail- 
ors ; William A. Luckie & Co., tanners; Rufus P. Spaul- 
ding, S. Dinsmore, Jason Chamberlain, Henry Cassady, 
James H. Lucas and Perly Wallis, lawyers ; Thomas Terrell, 
land agent; and Farrelly & Curran, merchants, from Pitts- 
burgh, were citizens of the Post in the year 1819, as also 
were A. P. Spencer, Captain William O. Allen, Richmond 
Peeler, Charles Roberts, Manuel Roderique, John Jordoias, 
<r^"'Jacques Gocio, Stephen Vasseau, Nathaniel Vasseau, Pierre 
Mitchell, William Craig, Attica Nodall, H. Armstrong, 
Thomas Stephens, John and David Maxwell, A. B. K. Thet- 
ford, Elijah Morton, James Hamilton and Benjamin L. Hal- 
ler, either of that year, or about that date. 

James Scull had a cotton gin and grist mill there in 1819. 
William Montgomery, Lewis & Thomas, Horace P. Hyde 
were merchants there at that date. 

William Douglas Simms, of Alexandria, Virginia, was ap- 
pointed to be Register of the Land Office there in 1820, and 
Henry W. Conway, Receiver of Public Moneys at the same 
place. Col. Conway had been an officer in the United 
States Army, but resigned and settled at the Post. Charles 



ARKANSAS COUNTY. 827 

Brearly was appointed Judge of the Court of Common 
Pleas of Arkansas county, residing at the Post in 1820. 

Mr. Farrelly, of the firm of Farrelly & Curran, was Ter- 
ence Farrelly, who afterwards became a prominent man in 
the affairs of the county, being a member of the Legislature 
from the county for twelve years; first County Judge of the 
county, and holding other prominent positions. Mr. Curran, 
of the firm, was Thomas Curran, the father of James M. 
Curran, a distinguished lawyer, who died in 1854. Thomas 
Curran moved to Independence county, where James Curran 
was born in 182 1. 

The town of Arkansas Post was incorporated, October 
26th, 1836. Arkansas county is situated between the Arkan- 
sas and White rivers, southeast from the center of the State. 
White river is its eastern boundary line, and the Arkansas its 
western. Its present area is about 900 square miles, and its 
population about 10,000, of which about 3,500 are colored. 
The surface of the county is generally level, with considerable 
prairie land, producing quantities of native grasses well 
adapted to cattle raising. Fruit, grains and grasses, with 
cotton, are largely grown. There are about twenty churches, 
and forty-five school districts. The Texas & St. Louis Rail- 
way runs diagonally through the county. The county is well 
watered, and well timbered. The towns of the county are 
Dewitt, the' county seat, St. Charles, Arkansas Post, Stutgart, 
Goldman and Mount Adams. 

The population of the county, in the census of 1880, was 
8,038, of whom 4,969 were white persons, and 3,069 were 
colored. The population in various years has been as fol- 
lows: In 1810, it was 1,062; in 1820, 1,260; in 1830, 
1,426; in 1840, 1,346; in 1850, 3,245; in i860, 8,884; m 
1870, 8,238, and in 1880, 8,038. Up to 1855 ^ ie c °unty 
seat of the county was at the Post, but in that year it was 
moved to Dewitt, where it has since remained. 

One of the early settlers of the Post of Arkansas was Ter- 
ence Farrelly. He was born in County Cavan, Ireland, in 



828 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

1792; when young he emigrated to America and settled at 
Meadville, Pennsylvania, afterwards lived in Pittsburg. He 
came to Arkansas in 181 8, and settled near the Post, where 
he lived for the rest of his life. He conducted merchandising 
at the Post in 181 9 with Thomas Curran, as the firm of 
Farrelly & Curran. He was a member of the Legislature 
from Arkansas county for twelve years, to-wit : 1823 to 1825, 
when he was Speaker of the House, and from 1827 to 1835, 
and was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1836. 
He died at his home in Arkansas county in 1865, aged 73 
years. He married Mrs. Mary Moseley. By this marriage 
there were eight children, of whom two are now living, to-wit : 
a son, Charles C. Farrelly, and a daughter, Mrs. E. J. E. 
Langtree, both of whom are residents of Little Rock. 

James H. Lucas was County Judge from 1833 to 1835. 
He afterwards moved to St. Louis, and became one of the 
wealthiest and most enterprising, as well as most liberal and 
generous men of that city. He is spoken of by Bernard 
Kernan, who was his confidential clerk in St. Louis for 
twelve years, as follows: "Mr. Lucas was a very unique 
and interesting character. He was a classically-educated gen- 
tleman, of fine mind and extensive attainments. He had been 
a successful lawyer, was well read, had traveled much, and, 
as a conversationalist, was without an equal. He loved to 
talk about old Arkansas times, where he spent his young 
da}'s, and won many laurels at the bar and on the stump. I 
have listened to him spellbound for hours, as he dilated with 
some friend over the good old days. 

"Mr. Lucas was a remarkable man every way. He be- 
longed to an historic, noble and talented family. He was of 
strong, broad physique, of massive head, bold and leonine 
countenance. He had magnificent, big, black lustrous eyes, 
and on the cheekbones underneath each was a tuft of black 
hair which remained so until his death. When those eyes 
were leveled on you, you felt you were being looked through 



ABKANSAS COUNTY. 



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830 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

and through. I never learned to be quite at ease in Mr. 
Lucas' presence, and must have often appeared very awk- 
ward when I most desired to cut a good figure. However 
this may be, I had no occasion to complain of lack of success. 
Mr. Lucas was the most generous of men. The first and 
last salary I ever earned was received from him. He paid 
me $400 per year to start with, and $5,000 per year to finish 
with. I merely cite this to show his generosity, which in this 
case far exceeded my merits." 

Sylvanus Phillips was the first Representative of the county 
in the Senate, and W. B. R. Homer and William O. Allen 
in the House of Representatives, of the Legislature of 1820; 
and Bushrod W. Lee represented it in the Constitutional 
Convention of 1836. The first Circuit Judge was James 
Woodson Bates, in 1819, and next Major S. B. Archer, a 
former officer of the United States Army, who, in 1820, was 
appointed Judge of the First Circuit, composed of the coun- 
ties of Arkansas and Lawrence. 

Dewitt, the county seat, is in the interior of the county, 
near the center, and near the La Grue river. It dates from 

l8 54-55- 

On the 19th of February, 1853, under an order of the 

County Court, Leroy Montgomery, John A. Moorman and 

Charles W. Belknap were elected Commissioners to select 

a site, locate and lay off a town, as the seat of justice of the 

county. In July of that year they furnished W. H. Halli- 

Burton the description of the present site of the town of 

Dewitt, with means to purchase the same, it being at that 

time vacant land. The town was laid off, and lots sold in 

1854. A temporary court house and clerk's office were 

built in 1855, and in September of that year the records were 

removed from Arkansas Post to the place. In October, 1855 

the first court was held, being the County Court. At that 

time there were four or five families living there. Among 

whom were Dr. Henry K. Stephon, John G. Quartermoues, 



ABEANSAS COUNTY. 83 I 

the present Clerk, John Bringle and Henry Russell. The 
town was incorporated December 7th, 1875. 

There are two churches — Baptist and Methodist. A weekly 
newspaper, called the "Sentinel" is published there by J. P. 
Poynter. There are two hotels in the place. 

Among the leading citizens of the place are Hon. W. H. 
HalliBurton, Colonel Robert H. Crockett, grandson of the 
celebrated David Crockett, the hero of the Alamo ; James A. 
Gibson, E. L. Johnson, Robert P. Holt, U. R. Quatermouse, 
and John F. Park, lawyers; Drs. W. A. Gilson and B. R. 
Maxwell, physicians, and J. H. Hammett, dentist; J. P. 
Poynter and W. C. Freeman, editors; J. H. Merritt, John 
R. Maxwell, Thomas W. O'Bannon, Mrs. M. Myrick and 
Mrs. M. Brem, merchants; F. H. Hutchinson and J. E, 
Walker, druggists; J. G. Lyman, Postmaster. 

Hon. William Henry HalliBurton became a resident of 
Arkansas county in 1845. He was born in Stewart county, 
Tennessee, November 4th, 1816, son of Thomas and Lucinda 
HalliBurton, who was Lucinda Herndon. He came to 
Arkansas in February, 1845, anc ^ lived at Arkansas Post, 
from April 14th, 1845, to May, 1857 ; at Dewitt, from May, 
1857, to August, i860; at Little Rock, from August, i860, to 
May, 1862; in Old River township, from May, 1862, to 
August, 1866, at which date he became a resident of Dewitt, 
where he now resides, engaged in practicing law. He was 
admitted to the bar in 1852, and practiced in the counties of 
Arkansas, Desha, Lincoln and Jefferson, in the Federal 
Court at Little Rock, and the Supreme Court of the 
State. He was Clerk of the Circuit Court of Arkansas 
count}/, from December, 1850, to November 1852, and Rep- 
resentative of Arkansas county, in the Legislature of 1885 
and 1887. He has been married three times. On the 27th of 
September, 1838, in Benton count}", Tennessee, he was mar- 
ried to Miss E. C. Alton ; on the 4th of November, 1849, in 
Arkansas county, he married Miss Hannah Jacobs, and on 



832 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

the 9th of December, 1867, at Nashville, Tennessee, he 
married Mrs. M. S. Patrick, whose maiden name was M. S. 
Belknap. His children now living are one son, John Halli 
Burton, and four daughters, to-wit: Gulnare Garrison, Jennie 
B. Rasner, Kate H. Green and Lucinda Halli Burton. 

Colonel Robert Hamilton Crockett became a resident of 
Dewitt in 1882. He was born at Paris, Henry county, Ten- 
nesee, February 15th, 1832, son of John W. and Martha T. 
Crockett, and grandson of the famous David Crockett, the 
hero of the Alamo, in the Texas Revolution. He was edu- 
cated at the Kentucky Military Institute and admitted to the 
bar in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1853. He came to Arkansas 
in 1855, and settled near Crockett's Bluff, on the White river, 
in Arkansas county, where he lived until 1882, when he 
moved to Dewitt, where he now resides, engaged in the prac- 
tice of law. He was State Senator from 1884 to 1888. 
On the breaking out of the war he enlisted in the Confederate 
Army, being Captain of Company "H," of the First Ar- 
kansas Infantry; James F. Fagan, Colonel; and was Colonel 
of the Eighteenth Arkansas Infantry when the war closed. 
He has been twice married. In 1852, at Memphis, Tennes- 
see, he was married to Miss Sallie F. Lewis. In 1855, at 
Memphis, he was married to Miss Mary B. Lewis, a sister of 
his first wife. He has two children now living, a daughter, 
to-wit: Mrs. W. M. Price, of Mount Adams, Arkansas, and 
a son, John Wesley Crockett. 



•LAWRENCE COUNTY. 



Lawrence County was formed by the Legislature of Mis- 
souri Territory, January 15th, 1815, out of territory taken from 
New Madrid county, the second county formed of those now 
composing the State. It received its name from Captain 
James Lawrence, that naval hero of the war of 181 2, who 
commanded the "Chesapeake" in her engagement with the 
"Shannon," June 1st, 1813, and whose last words as he was 
being borne below, mortally wounded, were: "Don't give 
up the ship." The town of Davidsonville, which was 
founded in 1815, became the county seat, and was the local 
place of the Land Office of the Lawrence Land District 
until 1828, when the office was moved to Batesville. In 1829 
the county seat was moved from Davidsonville and was es- 
tablished at a place called Jackson, from which place it was 
moved to Smithville, about 1832, and from there to Clover 
Bend in 1868, and to Powhatan in 1869, where it now is. 

A post-office was established at Davidsonville, June 28th, 
181 7, and Adam Ritchey was appointed Postmaster. This 
was the first post-office established in Arkansas. The next 
one was established at Arkansas Post four days later. 

One of the early settlers of Lawrence county was Richard 
Searcy, who emigrated from Tennessee and settled there in 
181 7. His name afterwards became prominent in the an- 
nals of the State. He died at Batesville, December 25th, 
1832, aged ^6 years. 

In 1819 Colonel Hartwell Boswell was appointed by the 
President, Register of the Land Office of the Lawrence 
Land District, with office at Davidsonville ; and John Trim- 

833 



834 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



ble, of Kentucky, was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys 
at the same place. 

William Thompson, Samuel Gibson, John Wells, John 
Bridges, Fielding Stubblefield, William Jarrett and John 
Rodney were early settlers of the county. They were ap- 
pointed October 20th, 1828, as Commissioners to locate the 
court-house and jail of the county. 

Joseph Hardin, J. M. Kuykendall, James Campbell, H. 
R. Hynson, D. W. Lowe, H. Sanford, John Rodney, T. 

I 




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mi 




CATHOLIC CHURCH, IMBODEN. 



McCarroll, R. Richardson, Postmaster at Davidsonville in 
1827; J. M. Cooper, William Jones, William Humphreys, 
J. S. Ficklin, C. Stubblefield and David Orr were all early 
residents of the county, from 1820 to 1840. 

Eli Thornburgh, an early settler of the county, was Post- 
master of the town of Smithville for twenty years, was Mayor 
of the town four years, and Justice of the Peace for four years. 



LAWBENCE COUNTY. 



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836 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

The present area of Lawrence county is about six hundred 
square miles, and the soil is generally of a good fair charac- 
ter; good timber abounds, and the agricultural lands pro- 
duce fine grains and grasses, as well as the usual staples. 
Black river, which is navigable at all seasons of the year, flows 
through the county, and Cache river, which forms its eastern 
boundary, is serviceable for rafting and flatboating, but is not 
navigable. Fourteen steam mills, saw and grist, are in opera- 
tion in the county. Two railroads intersect the county, the 
St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern, and the Kansas City, 
Springfield & Memphis, which cross each other at Hoxie. 
There are churches in all the principal towns and neighbor- 
hoods. A woolen mill at Powhatan manufactures good 
woolen cloth and yarn. 

The towns of Lawrence county are Powhatan, Walnut 
Ridge, Minturn, Alicia, Clover Bend, Portia, Black Rock, 
Smithville, Imboden and Ravenden. Opposition, Straw- 
berry and Sedgwick are also small settlements with from fifty 
to seventy-five inhabitants, and Hoxie is a railroad station of 
importance. 

Powhatan, the county seat, is an interior town, not on any 
railroad. It was founded about the year 1820. Its present 
population is about three hundred. It contains two churches, 
frame buildings both. A Methodist Church, Rev. E. W. 
Arnold, Pastor; and a Presbyterian Church, having no Pastor 
at this time. There are two hotels in the place. The 
Rogers House, kept by Mrs. No}-es, and the Morrison House, 
kept by Mrs. N. E. Morrison. There are two daily mails to the 
place by way of Black Rock, a station on the Memphis & 
Kansas City Railroad. The corner stone of the new brick 
court-house was laid May 10th, 1888. 

Hon. Milton D. Baber became a resident of Powhatan 
in the year 1858, engaging in the practice of law, which pro- 
fession he now follows. He was born at Rumse}?, Kentucky, 
February 3d, 1837, son of Charles and Lucy Baber. He 



LAWBENCE COUNTY. 837 

graduated in the Law Department of the University of Louis- 
ville, at the session of 1857 and 1858, and in 1858 came to 
Arkansas, locating at Powhatan. Fie lived there until 1868, 
when he moved to Pocahontas, Randolph county, where he 
resided until 1879, when he moved back to Powhatan, where 
he now resides. He was a Member of the State Convention 
of 1861, from Lawence county, and was Prosecuting Attorney 
of the Third Judical Circuit from 1866, until removed by the 
Re-construction measures. On the breaking out of the war 
he entered the Confederate Army, in the Seventh Arkansas 
Regiment, as a Captain, the Regiment being commanded by 
Colonel R. G. Shaver, in Hardee's Division. After May, 
1862, he served in the Trans-Mississippi Department, in 
Colonel Shaver's Regiment, the Second Regiment Com- 
manded by him, and in 1864, was Colonel of a Cavahy 
Regiment, serving as such to the end of the war. He was 
twice married. In 1861 he married Victoria Watkins, and 
in 1879 man "' e d Mrs. M. J. Sloan. By this last marriage 
there is one child living, a daughter, the wife of F. C. Sloan. 
Walnut Ridge is an incorporated town on the St. Louis, 
Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, in Campbell township, 
Lawrence county, 120 miles from Little Rock, eleven miles 
east of Powhatan. It was settled in 1873, and now contains 
three churches — one Presbyterian and two Methodist. The 
" Telephone," a weekry paper, is published there. There are 
a number of stores, general and special, and it has daily mail, 
telegraph and express communication. 

Hon. George Thornburgh, son of Eli Thornburgh, was born 
in Havana, Mason county, Illinois, January 25th, 1847. ^ n 
1855 his father settled with his family in Smithville, 
Lawrence county. Here George Thornburgh grew up. 
After the war he taught school in Lawrence county, and 
studied law in the office of Colonel M. D. Baber, of Pow- 
hatan. He attended the Lebanon Law School in 1868, and 
was admitted to the Bar in that year by Judge Elisha Baxter, 



838 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

afterwards Governor. He became Deputy Circuit Clerk, and 
served for two years. In June, 1873, he moved to Powhatan, 
and began the practice of law, forming a partnership with his 
former preceptor, Colonel Baber, the firm being Baber & 
Thornburgh. The partnership continued till 1886, when he 
moved to Walnut Ridge, and began editing the Walnut Ridge 
"Telephone," and in 1887 also edited the "Masonic Trowel," 
the only Masonic paper published in the State. These he 
continued until November, 1889, when he sold out his inter- 
est in the "Telephone," and moved to Little Rock, becoming 
connected with the business department of the, " Southern 
Methodist," and editing the " Trowel" there. 

He was a Member of the Legislature of 1870, 1873 and 
1880, was elected Speaker of the House at this last named 
session, and was again a Representative in the session of 1885. 
On the 30th of September, 1868, he married Miss Mar- 
garet C. Self, daughter of Dr. J. M. Self, a Methodist Minis- 
ter. By this marriage there were five children, of whom two 
are now living : Misses Margaret Elizabeth and Georgia 
Edna Thornburgh. 

Charles Coffin became a citizen of Lawrence county in 
1869. He was born at Rogersville, Hawkins county, Ten- 
nessee, April 23d, 1842, son of Charles H. and Eliza Coffin, 
who was Eliza Park. In 1842 the father moved to Knoxville, 
where Charles Coffin grew up, living there until 1865, when 
he moved to Memphis, and lived there until 1869, when he 
came to Arkansas. He was educated at Knoxville and 
Princeton, New Jersey, but before completing his collegiate 
course the war arose, and he enlisted in the Confederate Arm} 7 
as aprivateinCompany "I." of the Second Tennessee Cavalry ? 
and served till the close of the war. He conducted mer- 
chandising in Memphis, from March, 1867 to July, 1869, and 
at Clover Bend, Lawrence county, from July, 1869 to 1881. 
In 1874 ne was a Member of the Legislature from Randolph 
county, where he then resided, and in 1878 and 1880 he was 



LAWRENCE COUNTY. 839 

Prosecuting Attorney of the Third Circuit. In 1873 
he taught school, edited a weekly newspaper, called the 
"Observer," at Pocahontas, Randolph county, studied law, 
and was admitted to the Bar in 1874, anc ^ located at Walnut 
Ridge. In 1876 he was editor of the Little Rock " Gazette," 
but in 1877 resumed the practice of law, in which he is now 
engaged. In 1888 he took an active part in the Presidential 
Canvass, speaking at many places in the interest of the 
Democratic nominees. 



PULASKI COUNTY. 



Pulaski County, the third county created in what is now 
the State, to count them in the order in which they are men- 
tioned in the laws, was formed by Act of the Legislature of 
Missouri Territory, December 15th, 1818. In the same Act, 
but in subsequent sections, the counties of Clark and Hemp- 
stead were also created. It derives its name from Count 
Pulaski, the Polish patriot, who aided the Americans in the 
War of the Revolution. It embraced all the Country from the 
mouth of Little Red river to the Arkansas river, at Plum 
Bayou, thence up the Arkansas river, and with the Cherokee 
lines, to a point north from Little Red river, thence down the 
Little Red to the beginning. Subsequently about half of the 
Quapaw purchase was added to it. 

As there was no town in it, at the time of its creation, to 
designate as the seat of justice, courts were directed to be held 
at the house of Samuel McHenry. On the 18th day of De- 
cember, 1818, Frederick Bates, Secretary and Acting Gover- 
nor of Missouri Territor} 7 , appointed Edmund Hogan, a for- 
mer officer of the United States Arm} 7 , a Justice of the Peace 
"for the several townships of Pulaski county," and on the 
25th of December of the same year appointed Samuel Mc- 
Henry, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and Lemuel 



840 HISTORY OF ABKANSAS. 

Currin, Sheriff; and these were the first persons to hold these 
offices in the county. 

Robert C. Oden practiced law in these courts in 1818 and 

1819, the first lawyer to settle in the county. On the 28th of 
June, 1820, the county seat of the county was established by 
the Legislature at a place called the Cadron, where a settlement 
had been commenced in 1818, but in 1821, after the seat of 
the Territorial Government was located at Little Rock, the 
county seat was moved there also, where it has since remained. 
In 1820, a post office was established at the Cadron, and 
Thomas H. Tindall was appointed Postmaster. In April, 

1820, a post office was established at Crystal Hill in the county, 
northwest, and Edmund Hogan was appointed Postmaster. 

Two early settlers of Pulaski county were Jacob Peyeatt and 
Samson Gray. Peyeatt settled in it while it was a part of 
Missouri Territory, and was the first Coroner. Both names 
are preserved in the names of townships of the county. Gray 
was from North Carolina. He died November 9th, 1834. 

Archibald McHenry was an early resident of 1819 or 
1820, living some ten miles southwest of Little Rock. He 
died in 1839. Hutson Martin was a resident of 1819, living 
on the north side of the river. David Rorer, a German, settled 
on the same side in 1827, practicing law and keeping a ferry. 
Gustavus Klingelhoeffer came about the same date, and set- 
tled north of town, but moved higher up, and when Perry 
county was established, his farm fell in its limits. He had 
been a soldier in the Prussian army against the First Napoleon. 
He died about 1879, aged 90 years. Charles Fenton Mercer 
Robinson, born in Virginia in 181 7, settled in the county in 
1828, and is still a resident. Still earlier than any of these, 
were the Lefaves, Francis Lefave having settled in the country 
as early, probably, as 1807. Mr. Leon Lefave, brother of 
Francis, is still living, at an advanced age of near 90 years, 
having lived about 80 years in the county. 



PULASKI COUNTY. 



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842 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

The county did not build any separate court-house until 
1888, seventy years after its creation. A log house, built in 
182 1, was used for the purpose, but by 183 2 'this had become 
so dilapidated that it had to be abandoned, and the county 
rented a brick house, where the city hall in Little Rock now 
stands, one of a brick row standing there ; and in 1840 moved 
into the east wing of the State-house. By William Russell's 
Bill of Assurances of 182 1, the west half of the block in Little 
Rock, on which the post office building now stands, was con- 
veyed to the county on condition that they should build a 
court-house thereon within ten years from that date. In 1827, 
October 27th, Samson Gray, Joseph Henderson and Arch- 
ibald McHenry were appointed Commissioners to build a 
court-house on the place, but none was ever built there, and 
so the donation was forfeited. When the State-house was be- 
ing built, the State having no need for the east wing of the 
building, the county authorities, in 1840, were permitted to use 
it for court-house and office purposes. They occupied it contin- 
uously without objection from that date until 1882, forty-two 
years, when the Legislature passed a Bill requiring the county 
to vacate. As the county officials were a little slow to do so, the 
State brought an action of ejectment to dispossess them. 
The county interposed equitable defenses, and the case was 
moved into the Pulaski Chancery Court. There the Chancellor 
decreed for the ouster of the county, and she appealed from this 
decision to the Supreme Court, but that court, in November, 
1883, affirmed the decision of the Chancery Court, and the 
county was obliged to vacate the building. For some time 
courts and offices were held in rented houses until 1888, when 
Judge W. F. Hill, County 7 Judge, erected a splendid court- 
house, built of native Fourche Mountain granite, at a cost 
of $80,000.00. It is one of the handsomest structures of the 
kind in the southwest, and is a pride and credit to the county. 

When the town of Little Lock was laid out, William Rus- 
sell, by his Bill of Assurances, also designated two lots, 3 and 



PULASKI COUNTY. 



843 



4, of block 103, which he conveyed to the county of Pulaski in 
trust, the condition of which was that the county would, within 




PULASKI COUNTY COURT HOUSE, LITTLE ROCK. 

two years, build a jail on the lots, and occupy for such purpose 
exclusively. In 1823, October 30th, Henry Armstrong, 



844 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Archibald McHenry and Edmund Hogan were appointed 
Commissioners to superintend the repairing of "the public jail, 
and to build a comfortable dwelling house on the public lot 
adjoining the jail for the residence of the public Jailer." A 
jail of pine logs was built on the lots, which were then far out 
to the west of the town. This jail was used until 1836, when 
it was burned, and a brick jail was erected on the spot in its 
place in 1837 and 1838, built by Thomas Thorn, under a 
contract with Governor Pope. 

In 1839 Ashley and Beebe obtained their patents to the 
lands on which Little Rock is located, whereby the previous 
locations under Russell fell through. Roswell Beebe, how- 
ever, to whom this particular property belonged, did not press 
the county for settlement or disposession, so it remained in her 
possession up to the 9th of September, 1885, when, on account 
of the crowded condition of the city around the location of the 
jail, rendering it a nuisance and a detriment to the neighbor- 
hood, the county sold the grounds, and bought grounds just 
west of the State-house, on the bank of the river, where Judge 
Hill erected a handsome and commodious jail structure during 
that year and the spring of 1886, at a cost of $20,000.00 for the 
house and grounds. 

Pulaski county is a central county, its present area is about 
1,200 square miles, it possesses fine agricultural lands, and 
also abounds in minerals — lead, with traces of silver, is found at 
the Kellogg lead mines in the eastern part, and manganese in 
large quantities in the western part. Iron deposits are also 
found to the southwest. It possesses fine slate beds, and near 
Little Rock has large granite quarries, producing an excellent 
specimen of blue granite, which is largely used in building 
and for street paving. 

Besides Little Rock, other towns of importance in the 
county are Argenta, Wrightsville, Jacksonville and Alexander. 
At Argenta are located the work shops of the St. Louis, Iron 
Mountain & Southern Railway, the Memphis & Little 



846 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Rock, and Arkansas Valley Roads. It has a number of costly 
and creditable buildings and several churches, among which the 
Methodist Church is a large and handsome brick structure, 
built in 1887 and 1888. In 1888 a handsome public school 
building was erected, at a cost of $5,000. It contains a large 
cotton seed oil mill and ice factory, and has a street railway. 
It is connected with Little Rock by two bridges. In 1890, 
after a vote on the subject, it was declared annexed to Little 
Rock. 

The place was originally called by the name of De Cantillon, 
having been laid out by an officer of the United States Army, 
stationed at Little Rock about the year 1846, but did not re- 
ceive sufficient settlement to become a town, until the Mem- 
phis & Little Rock Railroad reached the place in i860. After 
1886 it began to grow somewhat, and the lower part of the place, 
where the railroad depot was, grew into a small town, which 
was named Huntersville. About 1870 both names, DeCan- 
tillon and Huntersville, were dropped, and the town, which 
was then growing considerably, took the name of Argenta for 
all the various additions. 

When the upper bridge across the Arkansas river was built 
in 1871 to 1873, the point at the terminus of the bridge on the 
other side, where the work shops are located above the town 
of Argenta, received the name of Baring Cross, from the Bar- 
ing Brothers, Bankers, of London, who were interested in the 
railroad, which name it still retains. 

The town of Alexander was founded in 1878. Jacob Ash and 
W. N. Slack were the first to settle there and the first per- 
sons to build a house there, which was in that year. It was 
incorporated as a town December 2d, 1887, and a plot of 
the town was riled December 15th, having then from 200 to 
250 inhabitans. It is on the line of the St. Louis, Iron Moun- 
tain & Southern Railway. 

Jacksonville is on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & South- 
ern Railroad, 14 miles from Little Rock, has telegraph, daily 
mail and express facilities. 






HI 

111 



ss^ ^"^Ko^ir^w" 















EI 8 TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

Wrightsville, in Campbell township, 12 miles southeast of 
Little Rock, on the Little Rock, Mississippi River & Texas 
Railwa)-, contains a population of 250. It was settled in 
1880; has telegraph and express offices, and daily mail. 
The immense lumber mills of William Farrell are located 
here. 

In 1846, December 21st, permission was given by the Legis- 
lature to the citizens of Big Rock township to build "a levy or 
dam across the left-hand fork of Bayou LeFourche." The 
dam was constructed during the following year, and forms the 
the main road over the bayou to points beyond. One of the 
principal objects attained by its construction was to prevent 
the waters of the Arkansas river from flowing up the ba} T ou 
and inundating the lands on either side in high water. 



CLARK COUNTY. 



Clark County, the fourth county formed, was created De- 
cember 15th, 1818, by the Act of the Missouri Legislature, 
which has been mentioned. It was formed out of territory 
taken from Arkansas count} 7 , and was named after William 
Clark, who at that time was Governor of Missouri Territory ; 
though the Act of the Legislature was approved by Frederick 
Bates as Acting Governor. It embraced the country west of 
Pulaski, north to the north fork of the Saline river, south 
along the Little Missouri and the "Ouachitas" river to the 
boundarv line of the Quapaw Reservation. Courts were di- 
rected by the Act to be held at the house of Jacob Barkman. 
The county seat was established at what was called Clark Court- 
House, two miles from Barkman's; then was located at a 
place called Biscoeville, October 20th, 1825, but was moved 
from there to the house of Adam Stroud in 1827. An en- 
deavor was next made to secure its location at a place called 



850 HIS TO BY OF ARKANSAS. 

Crittenden, but without success. In 1830 it was located at 
Greenville, now called Hollywood, and here it remained 
until 1842, when it was established at Arkadelphia, where it 
has since remained. On its establishment at Greenville, 
Jacob Stroope, James Sloan and John Rose were appointed 
Commissioners, October 24th, 1831, and directed to sell lots in 
the town. In 18 19 a postoffice was established at 'Clark Court 
House, and Jacob Barkman was appointed Postmaster. 

Daniel Ringo, afterwards Chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court, and United States District Judge, was a citizen of 
Clark count) 7 in 1825. He was Postmaster at Clark Court 
House, and resigning, was succeeded by Moses Collins. 

In 1827 John Calloway, Wenthrop Coldbreath and Archi- 
bald Hudcllestone, were appointed Commissioners to erect 
the public buildings, at the time when it was proposed to locate 
the count)' seat where Adam Stroud lived, and Jacob Wells, 
Lee Petit and William Stroope were appointed to receive 
donations and subscriptions for the purpose. 

Samuel Calhoun Roane was an early resident of the county ; 
he represented it in the Council of the Legislature in 182 1, 
was President of the Council that year and 1823, was United 
States Attorney from 1824 to 1830. 

Among the early residents* of Clark county were Adam 
Blakely, Sr., Isaac Cates, Sam Parker and Abner Hignite, 
who settled at or near the present town site of Arkadelphia, 
which was then called Blakeleytown, after Adam Blakely. 
Near by there was a numerous French family, of the name of 
LeBoeuf. In 181 1 John Hemphill, with his family and 
Mary Dixon, his mother-in-law, came from the west border 
of South Carolina, to settle in Arkansas, striking the Mis- 
sissippi river at Bayou Sara, in Louisiana. Here he purchased 
a large keelboat, and made the journey by the rivers to Blake- 
leytown, or Arkadelphia. On the way, at Trinity, they were 

(*) Information obtained from a series of publications in the Southern Standard during 1888 
and 1889, written by Maj. J. W. Callaway, over the signature Brent. 



HISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 



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852 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

joined by John and Jacob Barkman. John Hemphill es- 
tablished the salt works about the year 181 5, and died about 
the year 1820 or 1821. Mary Dixon, the mother of Nancy 
Hemphill, purchased, in 1820, the first tract of land sold by 
the Government in Arkansas Territory. It was 320 acres, 
eight miles southwest of Arkadelphia, near the Bozeman farm. 
She established the first Methodist Church in Clark count}-. 
She died in 18435 at the age of ninety-one years. At the age 
of ninety she was accustomed to ride on horseback to Arka- 
delphia and back the same day, the round trip being twenty- 
four miles. 

The following named families were among the settlers of 
Clark county of 181 7 and 1818 : the Logans, John Callawa} T , 
William Arnett, Lee Petit, William Bennett, Huddleston, 
Brittons, from Missouri; the Crows, McLaughlins, Wells, 
Southerman, Colbath, Wingfield, from different places; 
George, Jacob and William Stroop and Adam Stroud from 
Louisiana. "John Callaway's family consisted^ of wife, nee 
Nancy Ousley, his sons, Jonathan O., John, S. T., Peter, 
Thomas, and Nathaniel. His other sons, William A. and 
James M. were born in Arkansas, his daughters Mary (Mrs. 
Arnett,) Amy, Elizabeth, Nancy and Charity. John Calla- 
way settled on a place six miles from Arkadelphia, and lived 
there until his death, about 1830, the same place where Wm. 
A. Trigg lived for many years. 

Captain John Wilson, President of the First Constitutional 
Convention, settled in Clark county about 1825. He lived at 
McNeill's Bluff, near Arkadelphia, and built a grist mill on 
the creek near his residence. Since that time the stream 
has been called Mill creek. 

James Sloan, the Hardins, Judge William Jones and Scott 
McKinney, came to Clark county somewhere about 1825 from 
Lawrence county, Arkansas. 

The following came in 1835 or 1836, Nat K. Jones, Lewis 
Randolph, Simeon Buckner, Benjamin Dickinson, Michael 



854 



HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Bozeman, Francis J. Browning, Joseph Browning, David 
Browning, William Browning, Wiley Rogers, Sr., his sons, G. 
W. Rogers, Dr. J. K. Rogers and Wile}/ Rogers, Jr., and his 
son-in-law, Gray S. Manning. It was this group of new 
settlers that in the main gave the first considerable impulse in 
Clark county to the production of cotton. 




METHODIST-EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH, ARKADELPHIA. 



Lewis Randolph was one of the favorites of Andrew Jackson. 
When Secretary William S. Fulton was, in 1835, appointed 
Governor of the Territory, Lewis Randolph was appointed 
Secretar}/ of the Territory to fill the vacancy caused by Ful- 
ton's promotion. When the Territory was organized as a 
State, and the office of Secretary lapsed, Lewis Randolph, then 



CLABK COUNTY. 



85s 



a young married man, went to Clark county, and cleared up 
and cultivated a large farm on the Terre Noir, a few miles 
above where the stream empties into the Little Missouri river. 
Within less than two years he died, and is buried on the 
Terre Noir. His widow, who was Betty Martin, of the 
White House, a woman of uncommon beauty, afterwards mar- 
ried Andrew Jackson Donelson, adopted son of Andrew Jack- 
son, and who was a candidate for Vice-President on the ticket 
with Millard Fillmore, in 1856. 

The present area of Clark county is about 900 square miles. 
It is situated in the southwestern portion of the State, in the 
valley of the Ouachita river, and along the line of the St. Louis, 
Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, which runs through the 
county from northeast to southwest, and with a branch at 
Gurdon, leading to Camden, in the neighboring county of 
Ouachita. It is well timbered, and with a number of saw and 
grist mills in operation. The Ouachita, Caddo, Terre Noir 
and Little Missouri rivers traverse the county, of which the 
Ouachita is navigable. The county contains indications of 
coal and minerals, but they are undeveloped. 

There are forty-eight public schools, and in Arkadelphia a 
flourishing high school is kept. There are over forty churches 
in the county, of Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Chris- 
tian denominations, with colored Methodists and Baptists. 

The towns of the county are Arkadelphia, Okalona, Gur- 
don, Hollywood, Amity and Bierne. 

The city of Arkadelphia was founded in 1839 by A. G. 
Johnston and M. Moore. Mr. Johnston gave the name to 
the town. It became the county seat in the year 1842, the 
same having been moved from Greenville. The first County 
Court was held at. Arkadelphia, January 9th, 1843. Judge 
J. H. Field was Circuit Judge at the time ; Anderson Tupper, 
Prosecuting Attorney; and J. S. Ward, Circuit and County 
Clerk; Joshua D. Stewart, County Judge, W. S. Smith, 
Sheriff, James Sloan, County Treasurer. 



8 S 6 



HIS TOlt Y OP ARKANSAS. 



The first dry goods and grocery store in the town was 
owned by John S. T. Callaway, the second by Truxton 
Lowell, the third by Barkman & Salvage, and the fourth by 
Barkman & Newberry. Harris Flanagin, Governor in 
1862 to 1864, was the first lawyer in 1839, and Doctors 
McCollum, E. P. Kirby and J. H. Peake were the earliest 




BAPTIST CHURCH, ARKADELPHIA. 

physicians there in the same year. The first newspaper was 
the Sentinel, edited by J. L. Pignes, and the next one 
was called the Arkansaw Traveler, edited by S. M. Scott. 

The court-house, a substantial building of brick, was 
erected in 1843 by J. H. O'Baugh. The city was incorpor- 



CLARK COUNTY. 857 

ated January 6th, 1857. At the present time there is a pop- 
ulation of about 3,500. There are about 30 business houses. 

There are many elegant residences in the city. Of churches 
there are three handsome structures, the Presbyterian, Meth- 
odist and Baptist, and among the colored people, three neat 
houses of worship. Educational facilities are good. The 
Ouachita College, maintained by the Baptist denomination, 
is located there, and occupies a beautiful site near the Ouach- 
ita river. There is also a prominent school of the Methodists 
at the place. The Arkaclelphia Lumber Company does a 
large business there, and a cotton factory is about being put 
in operation. The city is in general enjoying a high degree 
of prosperity and advancement. 

Judge Henry Boiling Stuart became a resident of Arkaclel- 
phia in 1848, and resided there continuously afterwards. He 
was born near Athens, Clark count)-, Georgia, on the 26th day 
of February, 1826, son of Robert and Priscilla Stuart, who was 
Priscilla Green. When a child his parents moved to Wal- 
ton county, Georgia, where he resided until 1848, when, 
at 22 years of age, he came to Arkansas, and located at 
Arkaclelphia. He studied law, and was admitted to the 
Bar in 1849, and was thereafter actively engaged in the 
practice of that profession, except when occupying the 
Bench. He was a Representative of Clark county in 
1858. In 1862 he was elected Circuit Judge, and served 
as such to 1865. In 1878, and again in 1882, he was 
elected to the position. In 1876 he was a candidate for the 
Democratic nomination to Congress, from the Third District, 
and by a split in the convention both he and Colonel Jordan 
E. Cravens were placed in nomination by the two divisions of 
the convention, and though making a spirited canvass before 
the people, he was defeated. 

In 1850 he was married in Clark county, Arkansas, to Miss 
Julia A. Hart, daughter of William A. and Nancy Hart, 
who was Nancy Peeples. The family was previously of Wal- 



CLARK COUNTY. 



859 



ton county, Georgia, but had moved to Clark county, Arkan- 
sas, in 1847. Five children were born of this marriage: 
Robert A., John N., Hubbard T., Laura, who is Mrs. Bark- 
man, the wife of James Barkman, of Malvern, Hot Spring 
county, and Hortense E., who is Mrs. Young, wife of H. B. 
Young. All except Mrs. Barkman living at Arkadelphia. 
He died at Arkadelphia, March 19th, 1890. 

Judge Rufus D. Hearn became a citizen of Arkadelphia 
in 1859. He was born in Sumner county, Tennessee, March 
20th, 1842, son of William F. and Ellen Hearn. He is the 
only survivor of his family. He came to Arkansas in October, 
1859, locating at Arkadelphia, where he has since lived, en- 
gaged in the practice of law, except at such times as he was 
on the Bench. He was elected a Justice of the Peace in 1867 ; 
appointed County Examiner in 1874; elected Prosecuting 
Attorney for the Eighth Circuit in 1878, 1880 and 1882, and 
was elected Judge of the Circuit Court in 1886, which position 
he now holds. He was in the Confederate Arirry, a member 
of Roberts' Battery, better known as Wiggins' Battery, serving 
most of the time in Wheeler's and Forrest's Cavalry. He 
was twice made prisoner, and made his escape each time. 
On the 1st of September, 1875, at Arkadelphia, he was mar- 
ried to Miss Bettie E. Hearn. By this marriage there are 
two children. 



HEMPSTEAD COUNTY. 



Hempstead County, the fifth county formed, was created by 
Act of the Legislature of Missouri Territory, of date Decem- 
ber 15th, 1818. It was formed out of territory taken from 
Arkansas county, and was named after Edward Hempstead, 
first Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territoiy • the first 
Delegate, in fact, from west of the Mississippi river. It ex- 



86o 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



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HEMPSTEAD COUNTY. 86 1 

tended from the mouth of the Little Missouri river, where it 
empties into the "Ouachitas" river; up the Little Missouri to 
its head; west to the Indian boundary line; thence to the 
"Great Red river," and south to the Louisiana line. Court 
was directed to be held at the house of John English. A post 
office was established in the county in 1819, under the 
name of Hempstead Court-house, and John English was ap- 
pointed Postmaster. 

The following items as to the county are taken from an article 
by Judge Daniel T. Witter, in the "Washington Telegraph." 

"Hempstead county was created by an Act of the Legisla- 
ture of the Territory of Missouri in 1818, and was named in 
honor of Edward Hempstead, Esq., the first Delegate in Con- 
gress from that Territory, and the first member of that body 
from the western bank of the Mississippi river. Three counties 
were created by the same Act, to-wit : Pulaski, Clark and 
Hempstead. Hempstead was the first organized under the 
laws of the Territory of Missouri, the Governor of that Terri- 
tory appointing the Judges of the court therein, providing 
for Clerk, Sheriff and Justices of the Peace, &c. 

The first court of record held in Hempstead was at the 
house of John English (the temporary seat of justice of the 
county) in the spring of 1819, by three citizen Judges, viz: 
William Woodward, John English and Charles Wheaton; 
J. M. Stuart, Clerk, and A. S. Walker, Sheriff; it was styled 
a Court of Common Pleas, with a restricted jurisdiction in 
criminal and civil matters. 

The first session of the Legislature of the Territory of Ar- 
kansas was held at the Post of Arkansas in the winter of 1820, 
and Hempstead county was represented therein by David 
Clark, Esq., in the Council, and Rev. William Stevenson and 
John English, Esq., in the House. 

The first Circuit Court in Hempstead was held at the tem- 
porary seat of justice in the spring of 1820, by Neal McLean 
Esq., Judge; James M. Stuart, Clerk, and Colonel A. S. 
Walker, Sheriff. 



862 EI 8 TOBY OF ABE AN S AS. 

The first minister of the gospel in Hempstead was Rev. 
William Stevenson, of the Methodist Church, who settled here 
in 1818, a very worthy and beloved christian gentleman, an 
honor to his vocation. 

The first resident physician was Dr. N. D. Smith, who 
settled here in 1819. 

The first cotton gin in Hempstead was built in 1819, by 
Ben. Clark, Sr., at the old Paup place. 

The first saw and grist mill was built in 1830, by John 
Johnson, on Mine creek, now known as Justus' Mill. 

The first steamboat built in Arkansas was at the Saline 
landing, in Hempstead county, in the fall of 1822, by John 
Johnson. She was named "Enterprise," and intended for 
and engaged in the Ouachita river trade. 

The first homicide in Hempstead was the killing of Lit- 
trell, by Bray, in Long Prarie, in 1821. Bray was tried and 
acquitted in the Superior Court at Little Rock, by Judges 
Scott, Selden and Johnson. 

The first attorney at law in Hempstead was A. M. Oakley, 
Esq., in 1822. 

The first separate County and Probate Court was held in 
1830, by Hon. James Moss, Judge. 

The first United States Land Office was opened at Wash- 
ington, November, 1832; Sam. M. Rutherford, Register, and 
Daniel T. Witter, Receiver. 

The first newspaper in the State, south of Little Rock, was 
the "Washington Telegraph," established in 1840, by W. H. 
Etter, Esq. 

The first capital punishment was the execution of Scaggs, 
for murder, in 1844. Hempstead county has been, from its 
first settlement, justly distinguished for the morality, intelli- 
gence and enterprise of its citizens." 

The present area of the county is about 1,000 square miles. 
The lands are generally extremely rich, portions known as 
"the black lands" are unsurpassed in this respect. In the 



HEMPSTEAD COUNTY. 863 

hills and high lands of the count)-, as well as in bottom lands, 
are to be found deposits of sea shells in large quantities, and 
bones of antedeluvians have been found. Both John R. 
Eakin and John R. Gratiot, of Washington, possessed speci- 
mens of vertebrae of a zeuglodon, ancient whale, or other wa- 
ter-inhabitant, evidently of immense size, found in the hills 
near the town, at a short distance below the surface of the 
earth, but with enormous trees growing above it. The soil 
of the county seems particularly conducive to the growth of 
trees, which often attain very great size. The principal 
products are cotton and corn. The county is well watered 
by the several forks of the Ozan creek ; the Little Missouri, 
Red, Saline, and Little rivers. It is intersected by three rail- 
roads : the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern, which runs 
through the county from east to west; a road to Hope, in the 
county fourteen miles distant in one direction, and a road to 
Nashville, in the adjacent county of Howard, in the other. 

There are several mineral springs of excellent medicinal 
properties in the county. 

The towns are : Washington, the county seat, Hope, Ful- 
ton, Columbus, Ozan, Wallaceburg, Guernsey and Bingen. 

Washington is one of the old towns of the State. It was 
laid out in 1824, and became the county seat in that 3"ear. 
It is built in the hills, in a soil which has a remarkable depth 
of sand for a hill situation, but which affords unusual growth 
to vegetation. Trees growing in the town are of very great 
size. A growth of Catalpa trees exists, the seeds of which 
were brought to the town and planted generally, about the 
3'ear 1843, which have now attained an extraordinary size in 
height and girth. Magnolia trees, of about the same age, 
possess a height of from 60 to 70 feet. The town is of con- 
siderable thrift and business importance, especially since the 
establishment of railroads reaching to Hope and Nashville, 
which were built about the years 1878 and 1883, respectively. 
When the building of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & South- 



864 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

ern Railway was in progress in 1867 to 1873, an effort was 
made to secure the passing of the road through Washington, 
but the effort did not prove successful, and the road passed 
through the county fourteen miles away, where the town of 
Hope sprang up. Washington possesses a number of valu- 
able buildings, including a substantial court-house. 

James Moss, Samuel B. Davis, Elijah Stewart, Daniel T. 
Witter, Allen M. Oakley, Benjamin Clark, Simon T. San- 
ders and Edward Cross, were citizens of the place at an early 
date. Samuel B. Davis was born in 1766, before the Revo- 
lution ; died December 5th, 1834, one °f the oldest settlers of 
the county. J. W. Judkins was a lawyer there in 1828, and 
Allen M. Oakley was Postmaster the same year. William 
P. Hickman kept a tavern there in 1830, at which a great 
dinner was given to Governor Pope on the occasion of an 
official visit. Dr. Benjamin P. Jett came to Arkansas in 
1829, and shortly afterwards settled at Washington, where 
he raised a large family. He was born in Culpepper county, 
Virginia, October 25th, 1808, and died in Washington, De- 
cember 27th, 1855. Grandison D. Royston settled there in 
1833. The town was incorporated October 8th, 1836. The 
first number of the "Washington Telegraph" was issued at 
the place February 19th, 1840. 

The town of Washington has always been noted for the 
degree of talent and refinement, and the amount of culture 
which it has exhibited among its citizens. It has given to 
public positions and to professional life generally, a number of 
distinguished persons, who have been from time to time its 
citizens; such as William Trimble and Edward Cross, Judges 
of the Territorial Superior Court; Daniel Ringo, Chief Jus- 
tice, and United States District Judge ; Edward Cross, John 
R. Eakin and Burrill B. Battle, Judges of the Supreme 
Court; James K. Jones, United States Senator; Augustus 
H. Garland, Attorney-General of the United States, and Gov- 
ernor of Arkansas; Dan W. Jones, Attorney-General of the 



HEMPSTEAD COUNTY. 



865 



State; Bernard F. Hempstead, Register, and Daniel T. 
Witter, Receiver of the Land Office; judge A. B. Williams, 
Circuit Judge; Thomas H. Simms, Collector of United 
States Revenue ; Orville Jennings, an orator of unusual, elo- 
quence; Grandison D. Royston; Wyatt C. Thomas, an editor 
and writer of brilliance ; and in real estate matters, W. W. 
Andrews. 

From the year 1863, when Little Rock was captured by the 
Federal forces, under General Steele,. Washington was the 
seat of the Confederate Government of the State, and a session 
of the Legislature was held there September 22d to October 
2d, 1864. 

Judge Edward Cross settled in Washington in 1826. He 
was born near Roclgersville, East Tennessee, November 
nth, 1798, and when six months old his father, Robert Cross, 
moved to Cumberland county, Kentucky, where Edward 
Cross grew up and was educated. , At 21 years of age he 
began the study of law, and after studying two or three years 
was admitted to the Bar. In 1822, at 24 } T ears of age, he 
began the practice of law at Monroe, in Overton county, 
Tennessee. After practicing there about four}-ears he moved 
to Arkansas, in November, 1826, and settled in Washington, 
where he formed a law partnership with Daniel Ringo, which 
continued until 1832. In that year, 1832, he was appointed by 
President Jackson, Judge of the Superior Court, with Judges 
Benjamin Johnson, Thomas P. Eskridge, and James Wood- 
son Bates. From 1836 to 1838 he was Surveyor-General of 
Public Lands, and in 1838 to 1844 Member of Congress. In 
1845 ne was J u d& e of the Supreme Court of the State. He 
took an active part in forming and forwarding the Cairo & 
Fulton, now the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Rail- 
road Company, the greatest railroad institution in the State, 
and from 1855 to 1862 was President of the company. His 
residence in Hempstead county was called Marlbrook, and 

55 



866 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

was in the interior a short distance from Washington. He 
died at his home April 6th, 1887, in the 89th year of his age. 
On the 2d of August, 1831, at Little Rock, he married Miss 
Louisa Frances Elliott, of Old Mines, Washington county, 
Missouri, sister to the wife of Senator Chester Ashley. By 
this marriage there were eight children, of whom only one sur- 
vives, Dr. Edward Cross, of San Antonio, Texas. 

Judge Daniel T. Witter settled in Washington in September, 
1820, and lived there continuously until his death, in 1886. 
He was born in New London county, Connecticut, August 27th, 
1795. Came west in 1819, stopping six months at St. Louis, 
Missouri. Stopped six months in Little Rock in 1820, and 
was appointed agent to sell town lots there, there being no 
houses, but one or two pole huts. In September, 1820, he 
moved to Hempstead county. In 1825 he represented 
Hempstead county in the Territorial Legislative Council, and 
again in 1827, being President of the Council. He was then 
appointed Sheriff of the county by Governor Izard, serving 
four years. In 1831 he was again a Member of the Legisla- 
ture. In 1832 he was appointed, by President Jackson, Re- 
ceiver of Public Moneys, at Washington, and held the office 
till 1849. From 1845 to T ^5^ ne was County Judge. From 
1837 to 1870 he was an active farmer. After 1870 he was 
obliged to give up active pursuits, having lost a leg by an ac- 
cident. He died in Washington in 1886, aged 91 years. On 
the 24th of December, 1844, in Hempstead county, he mar- 
ried Miss Louisa J. Johnson, daughter of James Johnson, of 
Virginia. By this marriage there was one child, Sallie H., 
who married Dr. William P. Hart, of Washington. 

Judge Abner Bryson Williams became a resident of Wash- 
ington in 1830, and has resided there continuously since 
that time, with the exception of five years, from 1851 to 1856, 
during which he lived at Murfreesboro, Pike county. He was 
born in Burksville, Cumberland county, Kentucky, April 
9th, 1828, son of John W. and Catharine Williams, who 



HEMPSTEAD COUNTY. 867 

was Catharine Bryson. In 1830 he came to Arkansas with 
his father, who settled at Washington. He was principally ed- 
ucated at Wirt College, located in Sumner county, Tennessee, 
a private institution, and now defunct. He graduated from 
there in June, 1847. He studied law in the office of Judge 
John P. Field, in 1849, at Washington, was licensed to prac- 
tice by Judge John Quillin, Judge of the Sixth Circuit, and 
in the Supreme Court by Judge E. H. English, in Novem- 
ber, 1854, and since that time has followed the practice of the 
profession. In 1869 and 1870 he became associated with Judge 
B. B. Battle in the practice of law, the firm being Williams & 
Battle. In i860 he was Judge of the County and Probate Court 
of Hempstead county ; was twice Judge of the Circuit Court, 
and in 1884 succeeding Judge C. E. Mitchell, who had re- 
signed the Ninth Circuit; was twice elected to the State Sen- 
ate from his district — the first time in 1862, and again in 
1866. He sat in the first session of the Legislature after the 
war, but was legislated out of office by the Re-construction 
Acts of Congress. On the breaking out of the war he entered 
the Fourth Arkansas Infantry, and was elected Lieutenant- 
Colonel, but was unable to serve from ill health. He was 
appointed by President Cleveland a Member of the Utah 
Commission, succeeding James R. Pettigrew. On the 27th 
of November, 1850, he was married, in Washington, to Ann 
B. Caruth of that place, who died June 25th, 1883. The 
children of this marriage were six : four sons and two daugh- 
ters. 

General Grandison D. Royston settled in Washington in 
1833, and lived there continuously until within a few years 
past, when he has made his home in Little Rock in the fam- 
ily of his son, William A. Ro}'ston. He was born in Carter 
county, Tennessee, December 9th, 1809, and came to Ar- 
kansas in 1832, settling first at Fayetteville, April 1st, 1832. 
After a residence there of about eight months he moved to 
Washington, and located there. In 1833 he was elected 



BE MP STEAD COUNTY. 869 

Prosecuting Attorney of the Third Judicial Circuit, under 
Judge Edward Cross, which he held to 1835. In 1836 he 
was a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention, which framed 
the Constitution under which the State was admitted into the 
Union, and in the same year was Member of the Legislature 
from Hempstead county. In 1837, at the second session of the 
Assembly, he was elected Speaker to succeed John Wilson, 
who was expelled from the House and the speakership, for the 
killing of J. J. Anthony, Member from Randolph county. 

Under President Tyler he was appointed United States 
District Attorney of Arkansas, which he held until 1842. In 
1858 he was elected to the State Senate from his district. In 
1861 he was elected a Member of the Confederate Congress, 
and served two years. In 1874 he was a Member of the 
Constitutional Convention, and was made President thereof. 

At Little Rock, in Ma}-, 1835, he married Miss Mary Clarissa 
Bates, daughter of Hon. William Bates, a Member of the 
General Assembly of Missouri at the time of his death. She 
was related to the Elliotts of Washington county 7 , Missouri, 
one of whom was the wife of Senator Chester Ashley. By 
this marriage there were three children : two sons, Charles E., 
and William A. Royston, and a daughter, Mrs. Edward Jett. 

General Royston died at Washington, Arkansas, August 
14th, 1889, in the 80th year of his age. 

Colonel John Rene Gratiot became a resident of Hempstead 
county in 1848. He was born at St. Louis, Missouri, Jan- 
uary 5th, 182 1, son of John P. B. and Adele B. Gratiot. He 
was at the United States Military Academy at West Point, 
New York- was a Lieutenant of Artillery in the Mexican 
War. He came to Arkansas in June, 1848, and has lived in 
Washington or in its vicinity ever since, being a surveyor and 
land agent. He was admitted to the Bar by Judge C. C. 
Scott, of the Supreme Court, in November, 1848, but never 
practiced lav/. He was Justice of the Peace of Hempstead 
county in 1850 and 1851, and County Surveyor for six or 



870 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

seven terms, up to 1880. On the breaking out of the war he 
entered the State service as Captain of the Hempstead Rifles, 
in the Third Regiment of Arkansas State Troops, in General 
N. B. Pearce's Brigade, and on the organization of the regi- 
ment was made Colonel. The Rifles was the first company 
that went out from the county. He took part in the battle of 
Oak Hills, August 10th, 1861. On the nth of January, 
1849, at Washington, he was married to Miss Amanda B. 
Wheat. Of this marriage there are two children, a son and 
daughter. 

Colonel Dan W. Jones was born in Bowie county, Texas, 
December 15th, 1839. At an early age, his father, Dr. 
Isaac N. Jones, moved to Arkansas. He was educated at 
Washington, at the academy of Benjamin J. Borden. On 
the 1st of January, i860, he commenced to read law with 
Hon. John R. Eakin, but when the war came he enlisted at 
once in Gratiot's Regiment, and took part in the battle of Oak 
Hills. After the regiment was mustered out he re-enlisted in 
the Twentieth Arkansas Infantry, and eventually became 
Colonel of the regiment. He was desperately wounded at the 
battle of Corinth, and was made prisoner at the capitulation 
of Vicksburg. At the close of the war he began the practice 
of law at Washington, and continued therein until January, 
1885, when, having been elected Attorney-General of the 
State, he took up his residence at the capital. He was re- 
elected Attorney-General in 1886, for a new term. From 
1874 to 1876 he was Prosecuting Attorney for the Ninth 
Circuit. 

On the 9th of February, 1864, he married, in Hamburg, 
Arkansas, Miss Maggie R. Hadley, a daughter of Major 
James Hadley, a native of North Carolina. By this marriage 
Colonel and Mrs. Jones have five children, three sons and 
two daughters. 

Thomas Hamilton Simms was a resident of Wash- 
ington from 1856 to 1885. He was born near Culpepper 



HEMPSTEAD COUNTY. 87 I 

Court-house, in Culpepper county, Virginia, February 1st, 
1838, son of Albert Gallatin and Salome Baptist Shnms. 
He received an ordinary English education under the 
tuition of his father before reaching the age of fifteen, at 
which date he was thrown on his own resources, and has 
since depended upon himself alone. He came to Arkansas in 
1855, reaching Fulton, February 6th. He lived in Fulton 
until February 17th, 1856, when he moved to Washington, 
and lived there till June 25th, 1885, when, being appointed 
by President Cleveland Collector of Internal Revenue, he 
moved to Little Rock. He was Justice of the Peace in 
i860; Assessor and Collector of Taxes 1861 to 1863; State 
Land Agent at Washington, 1867 and 1868; Clerk of the 
Circuit Court from October 30th, 1874, to October 30th, 
1880; Special Master in Chancery in the case of The State 
of Arkansas vs. T. J. Churchill, in 1884, and Collector of 
Internal Revenue from June 25th, 1885. On the breaking 
out of the war he enlisted in the Hempstead Rifles, in Col- 
onel John R. Gratiot's Regiment, of Pearce's Brigade of 
Arkansas State Troops, and was badly wounded at the 
battle of Oak Hills, August 10th, 1861. He was then in 
Company "B" of the Twentieth Arkansas, Dockery's Bri- 
gade, and afterwards in Fagan's Division of Cavalry. He 
has been twice married. On the 4th of March, 1858, near 
Washington, he was married to Miss Lucie R. Moss, daugh- 
ter of Captain William Moss, a pioneer of 1818; and again, 
in Washington, on May 14th, 1879, to Mollie F. Walker, 
daughter of the late Judge John Field, of Washington. His 
children are nine in number. 

John R. Eakin edited the Washington Telegra-ph there 
in i860 to 1865. As a polished writer and man of literary 
culture, as well as a genial gentleman and agreeable con- 
versationalist and companion, his equal was rarely to be 
found. He died September 3d, 1S85, while on a visit to 
relatives at Marshall, Missouri. His remains were brought 



872 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

first to Little Rock, where they lay in state in the Supreme 
Court room, and were then taken to Washington and buried 
there. There was scarcely a resident of the town who was 
not present at his burial. His death followed only about 
three months after that of his wife, who was Elizabeth J. 
Erwin, of Buford county, Tennessee, an extremely gifted 
lady, and who was as much beloved in her sphere as he 
was in his. He was born at Shelbyville, Tennessee, Feb- 
ruary 14th, 1822, and at the time of his death was in the 
64th year of his age. He settled in Washington in 1857, 
and lived there up to 1874, when he was elected Chancel- 
lor of the Pulaski Chancery Court, a State office. In 1878 
he was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 
which office he held at the time of his death. The public 
prints of the time justly said of him: "A genial gentle- 
man ; a ripe scholar ; a ready writer, and a just judge ; his 
loss will long be felt." His family consisted of four sons 
and three daughters. 

Professor Ernest Wiedeman became a resident of Wash- 
ington in 1864. He was born in Potsdam, Prussia, Decem- 
ber 23d, 1823 ; came to America in 1850, and to Little 
Rock in 1859, where he lived until he took up his residence 
in Washington. He died December 21st, 1889, leaving a 
son and two daughters. 

Senator James Kimbrough Jones became a resident of 
Washington in 1867. He was born in Marshall county, Mis- 
sissippi, September 29th, 1839, son °^ Nathaniel K. and 
Caroline J. Jones. His education was mostly obtained under 
private tutors. He came to Arkansas in 1848 with his 
father, settling in a portion of Dallas county, now embraced 
in Clark county. He lived here until i860, when he moved 
to Arkadelphia. On the breaking out of the war he entered 
the Confederate Army as a private in Company "A," in the 
Third Arkansas Cavalry, and was in Hardee's command 
in service in northeast Arkansas and southeast Missouri in 



HEMPSTEAD COUNTY. 873 

1861. Later he was in Pettes' Battalion of Cabel's Bri- 
gade, which battalion afterwards became a part of Colonel 
Robert C. Newton's Regiment, and in which he served 
to the close of the war. In 1867 he moved to Washing- 
ton and lived on a farm, and at the same time studied 
law, being admitted to practice in 1873. Fie was elected to 
the State Senate in 1873, again in 1874, anc ^ m I ^77 was 
President of the Senate. In 1888 he was elected to Con- 
gress from the Second District, for the term, from t88i to 1883, 
and again elected in 1882, for the term from 1883 to 1885, 
and a third time in 1884, for the term from 1885 to 1887. 
In March, 1885, he was elected United States Senator, for 
the term from 1885 to 1891. He was twice married. In 
January, 1863, he married Miss Sue Rust Eaton, and after her 
death married, in 1866, Miss Sue Somervell, daughter of 
Willis Somervell, who was an early settler of Calhoun 
county. His children are five in number, three daughters 
and two sons. 

A matter of interest concerning the town of Washington in 
early times is to the effect that the knife which afterward be- 
came famous under the name of the Bowie Knife, was origin- 
ally made in that town by a man named James Black. The 
account of its origin is given as follows : Jarnes Bowie, a small 
man, light and quick in movement, came from Maryland to 
Natchez, Mississipi, and thereabouts, and from there ranged 
through Southern Arkansas and contiguous parts of Louisi- 
ana and Texas. In the course of his movements he became 
involved in a personal difficulty, in which he was challenged 
to fight a duel. The conditions of the contest were that the 
combatants should tie their left hands together over a log be- 
tween them, and v/ith the right hand to cut with a large 
knife until death, or until one was satisfied. Bowie had no 
knife to suit him, and there was no place nearer than old 
Washington at which he could get one. Pie went there, but 
could find none to suit him. He then found Black, who had 



874 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS '. 

come there from Philadelphia as a blacksmith and silver- 
smith a short time previously, and was an expert workman. 
Bowie gave him the size and pattern of the knife he wanted, 
cut from stiff paper. Black made the knife as directed, and 
Bowie used it in the duel, killing his antagonist with it. The 
pattern of the blade was peculiar, and all similar knives came 
to be called "Bowie Knives." In the course of time almost 
all large knives came to be so called without their really being 
anything like the original from which the}' are named. 

Hope is the most important town in the county, being a 
thriving business place on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & 
Southern Railroad, fourteen miles from Washington. It 
dates its existence from about the year 1873, at the building 
of the railroad through the county. It contains two banks, 
two hotels, six churches, two newspapers, and a number of 
excellent stores. 

Hon. Charles Augustine Bridewell became a citizen of 
Hope in 1875. ^ e was born at Port Gibson, Claiborne 
county, Mississippi, August 14th, 1838, son of Owens and 
Elizabeth Bridewell. He attended Oakland College, Missis- 
sippi, graduating in 1858, and attended the Law Depart- 
ment of the University of Mississippi at Oxford, in i860. In 
the same year he came to Arkansas in the month of June, 
settling at Helena. Was admitted to the bar at that place in 
i860. In 1861 he was for a short time at Hampton, Cal- 
houn county. The war arising, he enlisted in the Confed- 
erate Army from there, as First Lieutenant in Company 
"B," of the Sixth Arkansas; was then Captain of Company 
"F" therein, and then Adjutant. He was Quartermaster 
of the Seventh Arkansas, Brigade Quartermaster of Govan's 
Brigade, and also of Cleburne's Division, and Inspector of 
Field Transportation under General Joe Johnston, at the 
time of his surrender in North Carolina, in 1865. On the 
1st of January, 1867, he landed at Camden, where he taught 
school, then at Magnolia, from Februar}?, 1872, and at Hope 



HEMPSTEAD COUNTY. 875 

from December, 1875, being fifteen years engaged therein, 
resuming the practice of law at Hope, in 188 1. In 1881 he 
was Mayor of Hope, and was in the Legislature of 1885. 
He was twice married. In June, 1865, he married Miss 
May F. Folsom. By this marriage there are two children, 
Charles Percy, a theological student at Hamden Sydney Col- 
lege, Virginia, and Robert Owens, a student now at Arkan- 
sas College, Batesville. In December, 1876, he was married 
at Hope, Arkansas, to Miss Jane A. Foster. By this mar- 



riage there are three children, 



-o 



MILLER COUNTY. 



Miller County, formed out of the territory of Hempstead 
county, April 1st, 1820, was the sixth county to be formed in 
the Territory, and was named after Governor James Miller. 
The temporary seat of justice was fixed "at the house of 
John Hall, in the Gilliland settlement." In its -earlier stages 
the county did not greatly progress, owing to the fact that the 
division line between it and Texas or Mexico had not then 
been determined, and people were uncertain whether, if they 
settled in it, their homes would, on a survey of the line, fall 
inside of Mexico or of the Territory. Consequently, immigra- 
tion was but scanty and restricted. But few courts even were 
held, and the growth of the county was greatly retarded. In 
point of fact, when the survey and locating the line was 
made, a large part of the county did actually fall in the 
limits of Texas. The county was abolished altogether in 
1836, but was revived and reformed December 22d, 1874, 
embracing in its present limits most of the territory of the 
original county. In 1828 the Clerk's office of the county 
was destroyed by fire, involving the loss of all the county 
records, a disaster which has occasioned much inconvenience 
and confusion to the inhabitants, and those concerned in 
legal matters. 



876 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

In 1829, November 2 1st, Charles Burkem, James J. Ward 
and Charles Collum were appointed Commissioners to locate 
the county seat. 

In the Congressional election of 1829 there were only 26 
votes cast in Miller county, and in that of 1833 there were 
161. In 1830 the population of the county was 358, 
being 303 whites and 55 colored. In 183 1 the population 
was 368, an increase of ten in a year. John Clark, G. C. 
Wetmore, J. H. Fowler, B. English, J. F. Colville, C. 
Wright, G. F. Lawton, Joseph Mitchell, R. M. Hopkins 
and George Collum were early residents from 1821 to 1836. 

In structure the county is level, and the soil of good char- 
acter. Cotton and corn are the principal products, of which 
heavy crops are usually raised. The area of the county 
is over 600 square miles, embracing in its extent about 
390,000 acres. 

Miller county is a southwest county, lying along the State 
line. The county seat is Texarkana. The State line goes 
through the town, dividing it, so that one part is in Arkansas 
and the other in Texas. It is really two towns, having each 
a separate Mayor and city government, and called Texarkana, 
Arkansas, and Texarkana, Texas. The postoffice is on the 
Arkansas side. The town is a thriving and bus) 7 place, 
which has grown up rapidly, and has a number of hand- 
some and valuable buildings, both residence and business 
buildings. The Marquand Hotel, at the depot, a large and 
well kept hotel, was destro}-ed by fire. The town has suffered 
greatly by fires, and has in reality been built the second time, 
or oftener, in the business portions, but there is a great deal 
of wealth in the place, and each time of building has served 
to improve it over its former condition. 

The city is one of great thrift and importance. It has four 
banks — The First National, The Texarkana National, The 
Inter-State and the Texarkana Savings Banks. It has a 
Board of Trade, of which J. Dutschman, of Texarkana, 



MILLER COUNTY. 



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MILLEB COUNTY. 879 

It was incorporated as a city August ioth, 1880. It has a 
number of enterprises in its midst, growing out of its rail- 
road facilities. A tile-pipe manufactory located there makes 
an excellent article of pipe and of pottery generally. The 
Texarkana Ice Company is located there, incorporated De- 
cember nth, 1885, and the Texarkana Land and Live 
Stock Company, incorporated March 13th, 1886. By an Act 
of Congress of 1886, a session of the United States District 
Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas is held there. It 
is a place of great importance in railroad affairs. The St. 
Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad there passes out 
of the State into Texas, and being the terminus of their line 
in this State, is made the centre of much of their company 
government, and it is the initial or connecting point in other 
railroad enterprises. 

Hon. Lawrence Alexander Byrne became a resident of 
Texarkana in 1878. He was born at Lewisville, Lafayette 
county, Arkansas, July 12th, 1852, son of Alexander and 
Frances Byrne. He lived in Lafa} 7 ette county, at Lewisville, 
until June, 1878, when he moved to Texarkana. In No- 
vember,, 1884, he was elected Circuit Judge of the Ninth 
Circuit, to 1886, and at that date was elected State Senator of 
the Twenty-first Senatorial District. On the 9th of October, 
1888, he was married at Clinton, Mississippi, to Miss Lulie 
R. Hamilton, daughter of Dr. S. W. Hamilton, of that place. 

Paul Jones became a resident of Texarkana in 1878, en- 
gaging in the practice of law. He was born on a plantation 
in Phillips county, son of Hon. John T. and Caroline 
Jones, who was Miss Caroline McEwen. His father was a 
native of Essex county, Virginia, and his mother of Nash- 
ville, Tennessee. He graduated at the University of the 
South, at Sewanee, in 1877. He was an Elector on the 
Democratic ticket for President, in 1888, for Cleveland and 
Thurman. On the 25th of July, 1883, he was married to 
Miss Callula Flye, of San Antonio, Texas. By this marriage 
there is a son, Paul Jones, Jr. 



MILLER COUNTY. 88 I 

Oscar D. Scott became a resident of Texarkana in 1875. 
He was born at Townshend, Windham county, Vermont. 
Graduated at Middleburg College, Vermont, receiving the 
degree of bachelor of arts in 1868. Was admitted to the 
Bar in St. Albans, Vermont, in 1869. Came to Arkansas in 
1870, locating at Magnolia, Columbia county. He lived 
there until 1873, when he moved to Lewisville, Lafayette 
county, and lived there until 1875, when he moved to Texar- 
kana. He served in the Federal Army during the war, in 
the Seventeenth Vermont Infantry Volunteers. In 1875, at 
Wallingford, Vermont, he was married to Miss Cornelia F. 
Hulett. By this marriage there are four children, two sons 
and two daughters. 

Judge Charles Elmore Mitchell became a resident of Tex- 
arkana in 1885. He was born at Washington, Hempstead 
county, Arkansas, February 12th, 1846, son of Senator 
Charles Burton and Sallie Ann Mitchell. He entered the 
Western Military Institute, at Nashville, in 1859, and St. 
John's College in i860. While attending this institu- 
tion the, war began, and he -enlisted in May, 1861, in the 
Hempstead Rifles, the first company from that county, in Gra- 
tiot's Third Arkansas Regiment, of General N. B. Pearce's 
Brigade of State troops; afterwards was in the Twentieth Ar- 
kansas Infantry, in Rust's Brigade. He was Collector of 
Revenue for Hempstead county for 1872, Member of the State 
Senate for 1879 and 1881, and twice elected Judge of the 
Ninth Judicial Circuit, in 1882 and 1886. He has been twice 
married. In May, 1868, at Washington, he was married to 
Miss Eudora Jones, and on the 20th of September, 187 1, to 
Miss Laura E. Ferguson. He has four children, two sons 
and two daughters. 

56 



PHILLIPS COUNTY. 



Phillips County, formed May ist, 1820, the 7th county 
created, was taken from the limits of Arkansas county, and 
was named after Sylvanus Phillips, an early resident of that 
count)?, representing it in the Legislature of 1820. The Act 
creating it directed that the seat of justice should be the town 
of Monticello. In 1830 the county seat was established at 
Helena, where it has since remained. 

The principal towns are Helena, Marvell, Trenton, Poplar 
Grove and Barton. 

The county is an eastern county, lying along the Mississippi 
river. Its soil is fertile, producing all manner of grain crops, 
fruits, and cotton, the usual staple, in abundance. It is tra- 
versed by two railroads : the Arkansas Midland, from Helena 
to Clarendon, in Monroe county, and the Iron Mountain 
Railroad, from Helena to St. Louis, intersecting the Memphis 
and Little Rock Railway, at Forrest City, in St. Francis county. 
The area of the county is about 659 square miles. 

The City of Helena, dates its existence from as early as the 
year 1829. On the 21st of November of that year, by an Act 
of the Legislature, Hampton Montgomery, James H. 
McKenzie and Joseph Robins were appointed Commissioners 
to superintend the building of a court-house for the county of 
Phillips, and were directed to assemble together at the town of 
Helena, on or before the first day of January, 1830, and lay off 
a site for the court-house on the public square of the town. 
George W. Fenebee was Postmaster at that date. The town 
was established at a place where there had been a large cotton 
field, with gin house and necessary plantation buildings erected. 
By 1835 *t had grown but little. At that date it is described 
as having three mercantile establishments, one of which was 

882 



PHILLIPS COUNTY. 



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884 HIS TOBY OF ABE AN S AS. 

J. H. McKenzie's; two taverns; the Arkansas Hotel, and 
several trading boats. Dr. George W. McElrath, William 
Dobson, William F. Breckenridge, J. C. Buster, H. F. 
Mooney, John W. Beloit, I. C. P. Tolleson, Samuel S. 
Smith, H. L. Biscoe and Dr. Charles E. Nash, were residents 
of that date. Edwin T. Clark and Austin Kendrick were 
among the earliest residents. 

In 1833 the first newspaper, called the "Helena Herald," 
was established at the place. John Steele, who came from 
St. Louis, was its editor, but in a short while he moved to 
Little Rock, and Samuel S. Smith succeeded him as editor. 
Mr. Smith died September 21st, 1835. 

On the first of February, 1836, William T. Yeomans, who 
had been in the "Gazette" with William E. Woodruff, com- 
menced the publication of the Constitutional yournal there. 

By the Legislature of 1836, Henry L. Biscoe, John Sand- 
ford, James Martin, Peter Edwards, Ferdinand S. Horner, 
William F. Moore and Boyd Bailey were appointed Com- 
missioners to build a court-house and jail in Helena. 

The city of Helena contains a population of about 5,000 
persons. It has Baptist, Catholic, Episcopalian, Presby- 
terian and Methodist churches ; four schools; a Catholic con- 
vent school ; two cotton seed oil mills ; lumber mills; cotton 
gins and compress ; planing mills ; a foundry and machine 
shops ; a splendid opera house, capable of seating 800 per- 
sons; a number of hotels ; banks ; gas works; an efficient and 
well equipped fire department ; is lighted by gas ; has a tele- 
phone exchange; electric light, and street railways; tele- 
graph and express offices ; numerous daily mails, and is in 
every way a thriving, prosperous place. The city contains 
a number of handsome and -attractive business buildings of 
brick, and many elegant private residences built with elegance 
and taste. 

Hon. William K. Sebastian was a resident of Helena from 
1835 or 1836 till 1861. He was born in Hickman county, 



PHILLIPS COUNTY. 885 

Tennessee, about 181 2, and moved to Arkansas in 183,5, 
settling first in Monroe county, but shortly afterwards moving 
to Helena. In 1840 he was elected Circuit Judge of the 
Helena Circuit, which position he filled till 1843, when he 
was appointed by Governor Yell Associate Justice of the 
Supreme Court. In 1846 he was elected to the State Senate, 
and on the organization of the Body was elected President of 
the Senate. In 1848 he was appointed by Governor Drew, 
United States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of Senator 
Chester Ashley, deceased. In November of that 3'ear he was 
elected by the Legislature for the full term, and was again 
elected in 1853 and 1859, his term ending March 4th, 1865. 
He was one of the two Southern Senators who did not resign 
their seats in the Senate ; Andrew Johnson being the other. 
He was expelled from the Senate on suspicion of sympathy^ 
with the South, but in 1878, which, however, was after his 
death, the resolution of expulsion was rescinded. He died in 
Memphis in the latter part of thewar. In 1838 he married 
Miss Amelia Dunn, of Phillips county, who died during the 
war. 

Judge Thomas B. Hanley, a distinguished citizen of Arkan- 
sas, was for many years a resident of Helena. He was 
Circuit Judge of the First Circuit about the 3'ear 1846, and 
was Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in 1858. He 
was Representative of Phillips county in the Legislature of 
1842 and 1843, in the House, and in the Senate at the session 
of 1852, 1853, 1854 and 1855, and was a Delegate in the 
State Convention of 1861. He was again a Representative 
in the Legislature of 1879, in the House, which was his last 
public service. He was a prominent and leading law)-er in 
the eastern part of the State. He died in Helena about the 
year 1881. 

General James C. Tappan settled in Helena in 1848, and 
has since resided there. He was born in Williamson county, 
Tennessee, about 1826. He graduated at Yale College, and 



— 



886 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

then read law under Judge George S. Yerger, in Vicksburg, 
Mississippi. He was admitted to the Bar in 1848, and the 
same 3'ear settled in Helena. In 1851 he was elected to the 
Legislature from Phillips county, and from* 1852 to i860 
was Receiver of the United States Land Office at Helena. 
On the breaking out of the war he entered the Confederate 
Army as Colonel of the Thirteenth Arkansas Infantry, and 
was afterwards promoted to Brigadier-General in the Trans- 
Mississippi Department, where he served till the close of the 
war. After the war he resumed the practice of law in 
Helena, becoming associated with Major J. J. Horner, the 
firm being Tappan & Horner as at present. He married a 
daughter of Judge Samuel Anderson, of Tennessee, and 
niece of the late Governor Aaron V. Brown. 

Judge Leonard Henderson Mangum became a resident of 
Helena in 1857. He was born at Hillsboro, North Carolina, 
May 26th, 1837, son of Prestley H. and Rebecca H. Man- 
gum, who was Rebecca H. Southerland. He was educated 
at Wake Forest College, of North Carolina, and Princeton, 
New Jersey, graduating in 1857. He came to Arkansas in 
December of that year, and located at Helena. He was 
admitted to the Bar in 1858, and practiced law in Helena from 
that date until 1885, when he accepted the position of Chief 
of Division in the Treasury Department at Washington, D. 
C, under the administration of President Cleveland. On 
the breaking out of the war, he volunteered in the Yell 
Rifles, from Helena, earl}* in 1861, in the First Arkansas Reg- 
iment of State troops, commanded by Col. Patrick R. 
Cleburne, a regiment which subsequently became numbered 
the Fifteenth Regiment in the Confederate States Service. He 
remained in this regiment until after the battle of Shiloh, in 
which engagement he was wounded in seven places. Being 
unable from these wounds to perform active field service, he 
accepted a position on general Cleburne's staff and served till 
the end of the war in the Armv of Tennessee. In 1866, he 



PHILLIPS COUNTY. 887 

was commissioned by Governor Isaac Murphy Special Judge 
of the Fourth Judicial Circuit; in 1867 was elected Probate and 
County Judge for Phillips county ; was Delegate to the 
National Democratic Convention at St. Louis in 1876, and 
was a Member of the Committee on Platform ; and has at all 
times taken an active interest in politics. He has been twice 
married. On the 24th day of December, 1867, he was mar- 
ried at Helena to Miss Anna Scanlan, grand-daughter of 
Judge Shelby of Mississippi. She died December 16th, 1872, 
and on the 14th of January 1879, at Helena, he married 
Mrs. Fannie Metger, whose maiden name was Fannie 
Clement. By the first marriage there is a son, Wilie Person 
Mangum, named after his uncle, Hon. Wilie P. Mangum, 
ex-Senator from North Carolina. 

General Patrick Ronayne Cleburne became a citizen of 
Helena about 185 1. He was born ten miles west of Cork, 
Ireland, March 17th, 1828. He came to America in 1849, 
and located in Cincinnati, with a druggist named Salter. On 
moving to Helena, he engaged as a prescription clerk in the 
drug store of Grant & Nash. In a few years he bought out 
the interest of Dr. Nash, and the firm became Grant & Cle- 
burne. After a while he gave up the drug business for the 
study of law, and read law in the office of Judge T. B. Han- 
ley. He was admitted to the Bar in 1856, and formed a 
partnership with Mark W. Alexander, as Alexander & Cle- 
burn, and later with J. W. Scaife and L. H. Mangum, as 
Cleburne, Scaife & Mangum. He was a successful lawyer, 
and had acquired a good practice by the time of the breaking 
out of the war. He enlisted immediately as a private in the 
ranks of the Yell Rifles, but eventually rose to the rank of 
Major-General. His military history, which is one of extra- 
ordinary brilliancy, has been already given. From his 
exploits he was called "the lion hearted." He was killed at 
the battle of Franklin, November 30th, 1864, and his remains 
were brought to Helena in 1869 by the Ladies' Memorial 



HI 8 TOBY OF AR KANSAS. 

Association. They are interred in the Confederate cemetery, 
back of the city, where a plain tablet marks their resting place. 

Hon. Greenfield Quarles became a resident of Phillips 
county in 185 1. He was born in Christian county 7 , Kentucky, 
April 1st, 1847, son of John N. and Penelope T. Quarles, 
who was Penelope T. Branson. He came to Arkansas in 
December, 185 1; graduated at the Virginia Military Insti- 
tute at Lexington, Virginia, July 4th, 1870. Was admitted 
to the Bar in 1871, and is now engaged in the practice of that 
profession. He was elected a member of the Lower House of 
the General Assembly of Arkansas in September, 1878 and 
in 1880; was elected Prosecuting Attorney for the First Judi- 
cial District in September, 1884, for two years. On Septem- 
ber 10th, 1872, at Helena, Arkansas, he was married 
to Ida C. Gist. By this marriage there is a daughter, 
Lucile Quarles. He joined the Confederate Army in 1864, 
and was attached to the staff of Brigadier-General William 
A. Quarles, of Walthall's Division of Stewart's Corps. He 
was wounded at the battle of Franklin, Tennessee, November 
30, 1864; was captured and held a prisoner at Camp Doug- 
las, Illinois; was liberated at the mouth of Red river, in 
Mississippi, in May, 1865. 

General Thomas C. Hindman was a resident of Helena 
from 1854 to 1868. He was one of the most noted and 
prominent men of his time in the State. His full name was 
Thomas Carmichael Hindman, being named for his father, 
who was a gallant officer in the Mexican War, of the grade 
of Colonel. 

General Hindman was born on Turkey creek, Knox county, 
Tennessee, January 28th, 1828, son of Thomas C. and 
Sallie Hindman, who was Sallie Holt. When the Mexican 
War broke out he was at a classical college at Lawrenceburg, 
New Jersey. He immediately left school, and with his brother, 
Robert Hindman, made his way to Mexico, and enlisted in 
the army. Although only 17 years of age, he was made a 



PHILLIPS COUNTY. 889 

Lieutenant in the company commanded by Captain Am. Jack- 
son, in the Second Mississippi Regiment, commanded by Col- 
onel Charles Clark. This promotion was accorded to him for 
conspicuous gallantly on the battle field. 

After the close of the Mexican War he returned to Ripley, 
Mississippi, where his parents then resided, and lived there 
until 1854 — during this time he studied law and was admitted 
to practice. On the 4th of July, 1854, he moved from Ripley, 
Mississippi, and located at Helena, forming a law partnership 
with Major John C. Palmer. Engaging in the practice of law, 
he soon entered politics. He was a born leader of men, and 
was one of the foremost orators of his day. He was twice 
elected to Congress from the First District, being elected in 
1858, he served from 1850^0 1861. He was elected a second 
time in i860, for a term of from 1861 to 1863, but resigned 
his seat, and returning home, entered at once the Confederate 
service. He was a Delegate from Arkansas to the Charleston 
Convention of i860. In the great race for Governor, in that 
year, between Rector and Johnson, he was an .earnest sup- 
porter of Rector, and by a canvass of extraordinary brilliancy 
and ability, made by him in Rector's behalf, did much to se- 
cure his election. 

On the breaking out of the war, he aided in raising a regi- 
ment, the Second Arkansas Infantry, of which he was made 
Colonel. He was promoted first to Brigadier and afterwards 
to Major-General. He was assigned to the command of the 
Trans-Mississippi Department in the summer of 1862, and 
organized an army there, and commanded therein until 1863, 
when he was transferred east of the Mississippi, and served 
during the remainder of the war there, having an important 
command, and rendering able service in Johnston's campaign 
from Dalton to Atlanta, and afterwards under Hood. He 
served with the utmost gallantry and distinction at the battles 
of Shiloh and Chickamauga. In the former battle he was 
disabled, his horse being killed, falling upon him, fracturing 



890 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

his thigh. At the close of the war he resumed the practice of 
law at Helena, and again became an active participant in the 
politics of the day, though not a candidate for office. He 
was foully murdered while sitting at his fireside, at his home 
in Helena, on the night of September 27th, 1868, particulars 
of which have been given. 

In 1856, at Helena, General Hindman was married to Miss 
Mary Watkins Biscoe, daughter of Colonel Henry L. Biscoe, 
of Helena. By this marriage there are three children : two 
sons, Biscoe and Thomas C, and a daughter, Blanche 
Hindman. 

Judge Peter Oscar Thweatt became a resident of Helena 
in 1866. He was born in Williamson county, Tennessee, 
October 10th, 1834, son of Harwood D. and Elizabeth E. 
Thweatt. He was educated in the "Old Field" schools of 
Tennessee and Mississippi, except two years at Harpeth 
Academy, at Franklin, Tennessee. Having received a clas- 
sical education, he taught school and read law. He came to 
Arkansas, February 14th, 1859, and settled at Clarendon, 
Monroe county, where he lived until 1866, when he moved 
to Helena. He was admitted to the Bar in March, i860, 
and has been in active practice of the profession since the 
close of the war, and for more than 20 years in Helena. He 
was Judge of the County and Probate Court in Monroe 
county in 1862 and 1863 ; Deputy Secretary of State, 1864 
and 1865 ; and Prosecuting Attorney for the First Circuit, 
1866 to 1868. In the Civil War of 1861 he joined 
Churchill's Regiment at Fort Smith after it was organized, 
and served as a private until disabled at the Battle of Oak 
Hill, August 10th, 1861, receiving a severe compound frac- 
ture of the left leg, just above the ankle joint, from which he 
has never entirely recovered. On the 23d of February, 1873, 
at Helena, he married Miss Mary Hornor, daughter of Judge 
John S. Hornor. By this marriage there are three children, 
two daughters and a son. 



PHILLIPS COUNTY. 89 1 

Judge Marshall L. Stephenson became a citizen of Helena 
in 187 1. He was born at Granville, Illinois, March 29th, 
1838, son of R. H. and Elizabeth Stephenson. He was 
educated at Granville Academy, in Illinois ; commenced the 
study of law in the office of Messrs. Stuart, Edwards & 
Brown, at Springfield, Illinois. On the breaking out of the 
war he entered the Federal Army at Springfield, Illinois, as 
Captain of Company "L," of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry Vol- 
unteers ; was promoted to the rank of Major of that regiment 
November 25th, i86r, and served with the regiment, chiefly 
in Missouri, until 1863; took part in the battle of Prairie 
Grove. On the 1st of September, 1863, he was detached by 
General Schofield to recruit the Second Arkansas Infantry 
white troops, and raised and commanded that regiment from 
1864 to the close of the war. On this regiment being organ- 
ized, it was assigned to the Third Brigade, Second Division, 
of the Seventh Army Corps, commanded by Major-General 
Fred. Steele. With this regiment he took part in the battle 
of Jenkins' Ferry, April 30th, 1864, where he was severely 
wounded. At the close of the war he settled in Fort Smith ; 
attended a law school at Cincinnati ; was admitted to the Bar 
in Arkansas, at Little Rock, in April, 1866. In 1867 he 
removed to Huntsville, Madison county; in 1871 to Helena. 
He was elected Senator to represent the Third Senatorial 
District of Arkansas ; was appointed Judge of the Fourth 
Judicial Circuit, July 23d, 1868 ; served until his removal to 
Helena in 1871 ; was then appointed Judge of the First 
Judicial Circuit, and served until 1872, when he was elected 
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, serving till 1874, 
resigning in May of that year, since which time he has been 
engaged in the practice at Helena. On the 27th of Novem- 
ber, 1872, at Battle Creek, Michigan, he was married to 
Miss Louise Magown, youngest daughter of the late Edward 
Magown, of Michigan. 



CRAWFORD COUNTY. 



Crawford County, formed October 18th, 1820, was the 
eighth county formed. It was taken from the limits of 
Pulaski county, and was named after Hon. William H. 
Crawford, Secretary of War in 181 5, and of the Treasury in 
181 7. The seat of justice was directed by the Act to be at the 
town of Fort Smith. The county seat was located at William 
Whitson's, but this not proving satisfactor}'', it was located at 
Crawford Court-house, eighteen miles below Van Buren. 
In 1836, however, it was located at Van Buren, where it has 
since remained. 

Crawford Court-house is now a small town, a few miles 
below Webb City in Franklin county. Richard C. S. Brown, 
a prominent lawyer, legislator and judge, was a resident of 
Crawford Court-house in 1 830. He was a Member of the Leg- 
islature in 1830 and 1831, and was Judge of the Circuit Court 
of the Seventh Circuit, in 1840. Gilbert Marshall was 
Postmaster there in 1829, and James Wilson, Sheriff of the 
county, a resident. George C. Pickett was Postmaster there 
in 1827, and Gilbert Marshall was Postmaster at Short Moun- 
tain in 1827. 

McLean's Bottom was a portion of the county noted for its 
fertility. Samuel M. Weaver, who was born in Kentucky, 
October 16th, 1803, moved to Arkansas in 1828, and settled 
at the place. In 1832 H. B. Rose moved from Louisiana, 
and settled there, and founded the town of Roseville, which 
was named after him. It is now in what is Logan county. 
In 1836 Mr. Weaver married M. E. Rose, a daughter of H. 
B. Rose, and moved to Little Rock in 1840. 

892 



CBAWFOBD COUNTY. 



893 



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894 II IS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Crawford is a northwestern county, lying north of, and on 
the Arkansas river, its western boundary line being the Cherokee 
Indian line. Its present area is about 600 square miles and 
its population about 18,000, of whom some 1,200 are colored. 
The St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad runs through the 
county from north to south, and on the southern border runs 
the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad, now a part of the 
Arkansas Valley route. These two roads intersect each other 
at Van Buren. A large part of the county is mountainous, 
but a portion is alluvial soil, being rich bottom lands. The 
county produces fruits and grains in abundance with the usual 
products, cotton and corn. It is particularly fitted for the 
growth of grapes, which is conducted with success. The 
county contains mineral indications, but its resources in this 
respect are as yet undeveloped. There are eighty-six organ- 
ized school districts in the county, with 100 schools, in which 
school is kept from three to ten months in the year. There 
are numerous mineral springs of value in the county. Churches 
exist in all the prominent places and neighborhoods of all the 
different denominations. 

The towns of the county are : Van Buren, the county 
seat, Alma, Cedarville ; while Mountainburg, Cove City, 
Uniontown, Frisco, Ready, Chester and Lancaster are 
smaller places. In March, 183 1, a postoffice was established 
in Crawford county, at Phillips' landing, on the river, about 
five miles below Fort Smith, and called Van Buren. Thomas 
Phillips was appointed Postmaster. This was the commence- 
ment of what has now grown to be the tov/n of Van Buren. In 
October, 1835, ^ r - PhiHip s > a s proprietor, had a public sale 
of lots in the town, and commencing with 1833, established a 
"patent Ferry" at the place. D. Mahan was an attorney 
there in 1832, and Randolph and Keithley were merchants 
there in 1833. An effort was made, in 1832, to start a town 
one mile below, on the same side of the river, to be called 
Columbus, and Edward Cunningham opened a store there, 



CRAWFORD COUNTY. 



895 



doing a commission and forwarding business. In 1835 a ^ so 
a further effort was made to revive the place under the name 
of Columbia, but without success. 

Van Buren now has a population of about 3,000. It con- 
tains six churches : Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, Presby- 
terian, Christian and Catholic, two schools, and a commercial 
college ; an opera house, seating 600 • two banks, the Crawford 
County Bank, and Citizens' Bank. It has grist, lumber and 
flouring mills, three weekly newspapers : the Argus, the Press 
and the Graphic • has telegraphic, telephone and express 
companies, and several hotels. The place is quite a railroad 
center. A fine bridge crosses the Arkansas river. There is a 
large and commodious court-house of brick, and the place con- 
tains a number of valuable public buildings for business uses, 
besides many handsome and tasty private residences, brick and 
frame. 

Judge Jesse Turner, Judge of the Supreme Court in 1878, 
became early a resident of Van Buren. When he landed 
there, in 1831, there was nothing but one store and one 
grocery. He first took up his residence at Crawford Court- 
house, on the south side of the Arkansas river, eighteen miles 
southeast from Van Buren, but when the county seat of the 
county was moved to Van Buren, in 1836, he moved to that 
place, where he still resides. He was born in Orange county, 
North Carolina, October 3d, 1805. In 1838 he was a 
Member of the Legislature. In 1851 he was United States 
Attorney for the Western District of Arkansas. He was a 
Member of the Convention of 1861, was strongly apposed to 
secession, but at the second session of the Convention, seeing 
that the war had already begun, and that the State of Arkan- 
sas must either stand with and for the South, or stand against 
her, voted for it. In 1866 he was elected to the State Senate, 
and again in 1874. In 1878 he was appointed to the Supreme 
Bench by Governor Miller, to serve the unexpired term of 
Judge David Walker. He has been twice married, first in 



896 • HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1842, to Miss Violet P. Drennen, 
daughter of David Drennen, and niece of John Drennen, one 
of the original proprietors of Van Buren. She died in 1843, 
In 1855, June 21st, he married, at Pittsburg, Miss Rebecca A. 
Allen, who was born at Warwickshire, England, daughter of 
Edward Allen, a contractor and builder of Pittsburg. By this 
marriage there is one son, Jesse Turner, Jr., a law}'er of Van 
Buren, in business with his father, as Turner & Turner, 
attorneys. 

Judge Turner is like a long link uniting us to the historic 
past. In his early life he was the friend and associate of Crit- 
tenden, Ashley, Sevier, Cummins, Pike, Judge Benjamin 
Johnson, Andrew Scott, James Woodson Bates and other 
distinguished men of the earlier times of the State, and was a 
follower and great admirer of Henry Clay. 

John Drennen, John Henry, George C. Pickett, J. S. 
Scott, David Thompson, John Gregg, David McClellan, 
John Shannon, John W. Duval and Andrew Morton were 
early settlers of the town. 

William Walker was a prominent lawyer at Van Buren 
from 1842 to 1867, when he came to Little Rock and resided 
there for a few years, but moved from thence to Fort Smith 
about 1870, where he still resides. 

One of the earliest residents of Van Buren was Colonel John 
Drennen. He was born in the town of Elizabeth, Alle- 
gheny county, Penns} T lvania, February 12th, 1800, the son 
of Thomas and Isabella Drennen, who was Isabella Moore. 
When but a youth he moved to Missouri, and soon afterwards 
went to Nashville, Tennessee, where he entered into mercantile 
pursuits in conjunction with David Thompson, Esq. In 1830 
he came to Arkansas, and settled at Columbus, one mile below 
the present site of VanBuren, where he continued to carry on 
merchandising. In 1836, with David Thompson, he pur- 
chased the site of the present town of VanBuren and laid it off 
into a town, and continued to reside there until the time of his 



898 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

death, which occurred at Indianapolis, Indiana, September 
27th, 1855. He was at the time on a journey to Jefferson 
county, Virginia, to join his family, who were passing the sum- 
mer there ; when on the route he was stricken with yellow fever, 
and was unable to proceed further than Indianapolis, where 
he died. He was twice married. On the 26th of March, 
1 82 1, at Potosi, Missouri, he was married to Mrs. Emily 
Dederick Stuart. By this marriage he had three daughters, 
Caroline L., Marguerite H. and Johanna Drennen. Of these 
Caroline L., who is the widow of the late Charles G. Scott, 
is the only survivor. He was married the second time on the 
28th of March, 1848, to Miss Kate Humphre} 7 s, of Jefferson 
county, Virginia. By this marriage he had three sons, Charles 
H., Harry C. and William M. Drennen. Of these Charles 
H. Drennen, a resident of VanBuren, is the only survivor. 

One of the well known and much esteemed citizens of 
VanBuren was Charles G. Scott. He was born at George- 
town Cross Roads, now Galena, Kent county, Maryland, 
August 16th, 1819. He came to Arkansas in March, 1836, 
and located in Crawford county. He lived at VanBuren, 
engaged in merchandising from 1836 to March, 1863, when 
he moved to Little Rock, where he continued as a merchant, 
doing a large business. He lived at Little Rock until Janu- 
ary, 1878, when he returned to VanBuren, where he con- 
tinued to reside until his death, which occurred January 13th, 
1882, at the age of sixty-four years. He was a man of pleas- 
ant address and noble characteristics, and was widely known 
for his generous hospitality. For many years he was Presi- 
dent of the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad. On the 14th 
of January, 1845, ^ e was marr i e d, at VanBuren, to Miss Caro- 
line L. Drennen, daughter of John and Emily Drennen, who 
survives him. By this marriage there are four children now 
living, two daughters and two sons : Mrs. James Lawson, of 
Little Rock, Miss Fannie Scott, Phillip Drennen Scott, 
and James Stuart Scott,, residing at VanBuren, 



900 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



Dr. James A. Dibrell became a citizen of VanBuren in 
1839, and has continued in the practice of his profession there 
to this date, a period of 49 years, with the exception of four 
years during the war in which he lived at Little Rock. He 
was born in Nashville, Tennessee, August 15th, 181 7, and 
was educated at the University of Nashville, but graduated in 
medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, in the spring of 
1839, an d at once began practicing medicine in VanBuren. 
He has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Ann 
Eliza Prior, daughter of Colonel Nicholas Prior, of Nashville. 
Of this marriage there were live children, two daughters and 
three sons. The daughters were Angela Medora, who be- 
came Mrs. Dr. E. R. Duval, of Fort Smith, and Ann Eliza, 
who became Mrs. George Sparks, of Fort Smith. Of the 
sons, the one now living is Dr. James A. Dibrell, a distin- 
guished physician of Little Rock. The first Mrs. Dibrell 
died at VanBuren, March 10th, 1854. In March, 1855, he 
married Miss Jane Emily Prior, a sister of the first wife. By 
this marriage there were four children, two sons and two 
daughters. Of the sons by this marriage Dr. Edwin C. 
Dibrell is a physician of Little Rock, practicing with his 
brother, Dr. J. A. Dibrell. 

Benton Jackson Brown became a resident of VanBuren in 
1858. He was born in Dickson county, Tennessee, Febru- 
ary 19th, 1836, son and fourteenth child of John B. and 
Sarah Brown, who was Sarah Houston. His parents moved 
from Tennessee in the latter part of 1836, and settled in 
Johnson county. He lived here till 1858, when he moved to 
VanBuren, where he now resides, engaged in the practice of 
law, banking and planting. He worked on a farm and 
attended the "Old Field" schools until twenty years of age, 
then attended Cane Hill College, Arkansas, and taught 
school to pay expenses. He commenced the study of law in 
the office of General S. H. Hempstead, at Little Rock, in 
1858, and completed his studies under Walker & Green at 



CB AW FORD COUNTY. 



90I 



VanBuren. He was admitted to the Bar in i860, and has 
been engaged in the practice ever since at VanBuren. He 
did a heavy criminal practice until 1873, when he gave it up. 
His practice was one of the largest in the State. In politics 
he has always been a Democrat. He was Prosecuting Attor- 
ney in 1862, State Senator in 1872 and 1874, Circuit Judge 
in 1874, and Elector on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket of 
1876. In 1861 he was appointed Quartermaster in the Con- 
federate Army, with the rank of Captain, and served as 
Depot Quartermaster during the entire war, principally at 
Dardanelle and Lewisville. In 1861 he served in Northwest 
Arkansas and Missouri. He is President of the Citizens' 
Bank of VanBuren, which was organized by him in 1876. 
This, with three plantations, oc'cupies most of his time. In 
i860, at VanBuren, Arkansas, he was married to Miss Martha 
C. Rothrock. By this marriage there are three children : 
two daughters, Mrs. T. C. Finney, residing at Birmingham, 
Alabama, and Miss Eula Kate; and a son, Harold Brown. 



INDEPENDENCE COUNTY. 



Independence County, the ninth county formed, was created 
October 23d, 1820, out of territory taken from Lawrence 
county. The seat of justice was directed to be at the house 
of Charles Kelley, on White river. Kelley was the first 
Sheriff. He settled in what afterwards became the county in 
1810, and died in Batesville, June 3d, 1834. In 182 1 Bates- 
ville became the county seat, and has since remained such. 

The county is a northeast county on White river, and in 
the White River Valley. Its area is about 645 square miles. 
A considerable part of the county is hilly and mountainous, 
and in these minerals are exhibited. The general face of the 
county in the bottoms is level and the soil is very rich. The 
portion of the county known as the "Oil Trough Bottom" is 



902 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



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J. ^ 



INDEPENDENCE C UNTY. 



9°3 



particularly noticeable in this respect. This singular name is 
said to have been given to the locality from the fact that in 
early times an old hunter was accustomed to deposit there the 
bears' oil which he obtained in hunting, in a hollow trough, 
for safe keeping. Charles Kelley opened a store there and 




INDEPENDENCE COUNTY COURT-HOUSE, BATESVILLE. 



erected a cotton gin in 1829. The products of the county 
are all manner of grain, fruits, grasses, and the usual 
staples, cottton and corn. The first steamboat to visit the 
county was in 183 1, when Captain Philip Penn}/wit made 
a trip to Batesville, January 3d, of that year, with the 




METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. SOUTH, BATESVILLE. 



INDEPENDENCE COUNTY. 



9°5 



steamer "Waverly," and found the river good for boating, 
and business fair. He also explored Black river and found 
it good for boating.. Following his lead the "Laurel," a 
small boat commanded by Captain Smith, began to run reg- 
ularly on the river, and had made three trips by the last of 
March of that year, and in the next year, the "Bob Handy" 
also made trips regularly on White and Black rivers. 

There are fine stone quarries in the county, a short distance 
from Batesville, where a splendid brown sand-stone is obtained 
in great quantities, admirably suited for building. Much of 
the building done in Batesville is with this stone, which dresses 
well and presents a handsome appearance. The county is 
traversed by a railroad from Newport to Batesville, called the 
White river branch, being a division of the St. Louis, Iron 
Mountain & Southern Railway. 

White river is navigable as far as Batesville in boating sea- 
sons for even large boats. The waters of the river are clear 
and transparent, and above Batesville flowing through hills 
and high lands on either side, affords much picturesque and 
beautiful scener} 7 . 

Batesville was established about 182 1, and was located on 
lands donated by Robert and Jesse Bean, and through con- 
veyances from Richard Searcy, Joseph Hardin, Charles Kelley 
and Thomas Curran. It was named after James Woodson 
Bates, first Delegate in Congress from Arkansas Territory, 
and Judge of the Superior Court. A post office was estab- 
lished there October 15, 1822, and Nathan Cook was ap- 
pointed Postmaster. William R. Miller was born there 
November 23d, 1823, and lived there until he became Auditor 
in 1854, and at intervals afterwards. John Redmon lived 
there in 1824; was Clerk in 1826, Receiver of Public Moneys 
in 1828. He died August 25th, 1832. Charles H. Pelham, 
who assisted in surveying the southern boundary of the State, 
was a citizen of the year 1825. Colonel Hartwell Boswell was 
Postmaster in 1827. Charles Fenton Mercer Noland was a 



INDEPENDENCE COUNTY. 



907 



resident from about 1829 to 1840. In 1830 Batesville is de- 
scribed as being a thriving, busy little village with three stores, 
three brick buildings and a court-house, "which would do 
credit to any part of the Union." This court-house was 
abandoned after some years and another one built higher up 
the side of the hill, on which the town is built. It was men- 




PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, BATESVILLE. 



tioned, as a credit to the county, that the jail, an appendage 
of the court-house, had not at that date been tenanted by a 
single occupant in five years' time. 

Richard Searcy was a citizen of Batesville from its founding 
until his death, December 25th, 1832. He came to Arkansas 



908 HISTORY OF ABKANSAS. 

from Tennessee, in 1817, and settled in Lawrence county, 
and, although only 21 years of age, was appointed Clerk of 
the County. He was of the age of 36 years at his death. 

Aaron W. Lyons had a flourishing school there in 1835, 
which became the Batesville Academy in 1836. A fine Aca- 
demy, of which William Byers was President, was destroyed 
by fire in 1855. 

The town was incorporated December 20th, 1848. Dr. 
W. M. Lawrence became a citizen of the place in that year, 
and still resides there, a prominent physician. Governor 
Elisha Baxter and Judge James W. Butler settled there in 
1853. Judge U. M. Rose was a citizen of the place from 1853 
to i860, when, being made Chancellor, he removed to the 
capital. 

James Rutherford settled in Batesville in 1849, coming from 
Rutherfordton, Rutherford county, North Carolina, a town 
and county named after his family. He was born in that town 
July 7, 1825. 

John Miller, the father of Governor William R. Miller, 
settled in the county in 1818 and lived at Batesville from its 
founding until his death, August, 1885. He was about 97 
years old when he died. 

The town is well situated upon a high hill, with a gentle 
slope to the river, and is in the midst of attractive mountain 
sceneiy. Its altitude is thought to add to its salubrity and to 
make it a place of extraordinary healthfulness. Longevity 
among the citizens is quite common. Batesville has six 
churches: M. E. South, Baptist, Presbyterian, Episcopal, and 
two churches for colored persons ; has three schools, a college, 
the Arkansas College, I. J. Long, Principal, a foundry, wagon 
factory, lumber mills ; an opera house, for seating 350, an 
efficient fire department, private bank and two weekly news- 
papers, the Batesville Guard, W. Y. Tolison, editor, and 
the North Arkansas Pilot) has many stores, general and 
special, and is in every way well equipped as a flourishing 
place. 



910 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Judge Hulburt F. Fairchild was a resident of Batesville 
from 1845 to 1855. He was born in New Lisbon, New 
York, December 25th, 1817. From 1835 to 1837 he was a 
student of Williams College, Massachusetts. In 1838 he 
moved to Louisville, Kentucky, and there read law in the 
office of Pirtle & Sneed. Fie was admitted to the Bar in 
1 84 1, and in December of that year located in Pocahontas, 
Randolph count} 7 . He practiced law there until 1844 when, 
he moved to Batesville. In Januar} 7 , 1855, upon the estab- 
lishment of the Pulaski Chancery Court, Governor Elias 
Conway at once tendered him the appointment of Chancellor. 
He accepted the position, and discharged its duties until i860, 
when he was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. 
He served in this capacity until 1864, when he resigned his 
commission and moved to St. Louis, but being debarred from 
practicing law there by the severities of the Drake Constitu- 
tion, he made a tour of European travel in 1865. Returning, 
he took up his residence in Memphis. In January, 1866, he 
left Memphis for a business trip to his old home at Batesville, 
but being taken ill on the journey died at Jacksonport, Feb- 
ruary 3d, 1866, aged 49 years. 

Judge W. C. Bevens settled in Batesville in 1846. He 
was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1806. In youth 
he made preparations for reading law, but abandoned it for 
other pursuits. After unsuccessful ventures, he removed to 
Texas in 1837, where he taught school and took up the stud)' 
of law. He was admitted to the Bar in 1843, but leaving 
Texas in 1846, came to Arkansas and settled at Batesville. 
Soon afterwards he was appointed Financial Receiver, and 
afterwards attorney of the Batesville Branch of the Real 
Estate Bank. In 1853 he became a member of the State 
Legislature, and in 1856 Circuit Judge, serving two years. 
He died at Little Rock, September 28th, 1865. 

Dr. William M. Lawrence located in Batesville in 1848, 
and has practiced medicine there ever since, now a period of 



912 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

40 years. He was born in 1828, and commenced reading 
medicine in 1845 at Fulton, Missouri. Fie next attended the 
Medical Department of the University of Missouri, under 
Dr. Joseph N. McDowell, where he graduated in 1847. In 
the war he became Assistant-Surgeon in Churchill's Cavalry 
Regiment, the First Arkansas Mounted Rifles, and served in 
it and in other medical capacities until the close of the war, 
when he resumed the practice of medicine in Batesville. On 
the 13th of September, 1848, he married Miss Sophia A. 
Hynson, daughter of Henry H} ; nson of Batesville. By this 
marriage there are three sons : Laclede M., William Berkeley 
and Kent E. Lawrence, all grown men and citizens of Bates- 
ville. Dr. William B. Lawrence is also a physician, prac- 
ticing with his father. 

o 



CHICOT COUNTY. 



Chicot County, the tenth county formed, was established 
October 25th, 1823, out of territory taken from i\rkansas 
count}'. Its name comes from Point Chicot, a point on the 
Mississippi, known from early times. As we frequently see 
the remains of Indian words existing in our present names, 
though often in changed form, it is not improbable that the 
name Chicot is the remains of the ancient name Chisca, 
which we have seen was the name of an Indian village found 
by De Soto, on the eastern bank of the Mississippi, and near 
which he crossed the river. By the Act establishing the 
county, John Weir, Thomas James, Ennis Bogy, Joseph 
Boone and Abner Johnson were appointed Commissioners to 
locate the seat of justice. 

The Commissioners selected the town of Villemont, on the 
Mississippi river at Point Chicot, for the county seat, and 
some considerable improvements were made there. John C. 
Jones built a large hotel and a residence there, at a cost of 



CHICOT COUNTY. 



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III STORY OF ARKANSAS. 



about $5 ,000.00. There proved, however, to be some indefin- 
iteness to the title, it being located on the grant made by the 
Baron de Carondelet to Don Carlos de Villemont, Spanish 
Commandant at the Post from 1795, from whom the town 
was named, and no patent had been secured for it. 

Accordingly, about 1840, the county seat was moved to the 
town of Columbia. After remaining here a number of jears 
it was moved to Lake Village, where it has since remained. 

Dr. A. W. Webb was a practicing physician at Columbia, 
in 1835 to 1840, but removed from there to Little Rock in 
1844. 

J. Van Matre was a lawyer there, of the year 1829 to 1830. 

D. L. F. Roysdon, Hedgeman Triplett, Peter Hanger, 
William H. Gaines, of Gaines Landing, on the Mississippi 
river, afterwards a resident of Hot Springs, and for so long a 
time contestant for the property there representing the Beld- 
ing or Gaines Claim, were all early residents of the county and 
Members of the Legislature. 

Chicot county is situated in the extreme southeastern 
corner of the State, bounded east by the Mississippi river, 
which lies along its entire eastern point, south by the Louis- 
iana line; west, by Ashley and Drew counties; north, by 
Desha count} 7 . Its present area is about 820 square miles, or 
528,800 acres. The population is about 12,000, of which 
about 9,000 are colored. Its surface is level, and is in some 
places subject to overflow; but is largely protected by levees. 
The soil is of extraordinary fertility, and the production of 
cotton, the chief staple of the county, is very great. It is 
conveniently near to Arkansas city, in the adjacent county of 
Desha, which being the river terminus of the Arkansas Valley 
route is a point where a large amount of shipping is done, and* 
where there are commodious warehouses for storage. The 
Little Rock, Mississippi River & Texas or Valley route runs 
through the upper part of the county, affording easy means 
of reaching markets. There are twenty public schools in the 
county. 



916 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

There is a tract of land embracing several hundred acres, 
called Belle Point Island, which is a part of Chicot county, 
although lying east of the main channel of the Mississippi 
river The land was originally on the west bank of the Mis- 
sissippi river, which there ran in a loop, known as "American 
bend." At the neck or narrow part of the loop, it was but a 
short distance across, and thinking to preserve the land in the 
bend from overflow a ditch was cut through this neck of land. 
The current of the river running directly against the bank, 
where the ditch began, poured through the canal cutting it and 
widening it until it became the main channel of the river, 
thus leaving: the island to the east. In the establishment of 
the constitution of 1874, "Belle Point" Island was expressly 
declared to be within the limits of the State of Arkansas, 
though in other instances the eastern boundary line of the 
State is declared to be the middle of the main channel of the 
river. 

Hon. Anthony H. Davies was a resident of Chicot county 
for 26 years, from about 1836 to 1862. He was born at 
Derby, Connecticut, in the year 1798, son of Joseph and Ruth 
Davis, who was Ruth Harpin. In youth, after his 12th 
year, he had little opportunity for an education obtained at 
schools, as in 1810, at the age of 12 he left home, and, depend- 
ing on his own resources, supported himself ever afterwards. 
But by means of persistent study and home application, he 
became a finely educated man. He came to Arkansas in 
1829 or 1830, and settled in Pulaski county, where he lived 
until 1834 or 1835, when he moved to Chicot county, where 
he engaged in planting and merchandising. He was Mem- 
ber of the Legislature of 1836, County Judge in 1850 to 1852, 
and was President of the Real Estate Bank, after John 
Wilson. He was an ardent whig in politics, and was a 
member of the Convention of 1840, which nominated William 
Henry Harrison for President. His descendants preserve, as 
a memento of those times, a walking cane presented to him 



CHICOT COUNTY. 



917 



while at the Convention, the knots on the stick being made 
to spell the name of the nominee. He was twice married. 
About 1830 he married a Miss Aldrich, and after her death 
married in Chicot count}*, in 1846, Miss Mildred P. Gaines. 
Four of his descendants, sons, are now living, to-wit : 
Harpin, Walter, Joseph and Robert Geddes Davis. He 
died at Lake Hall Plantation, Chicot county, Arkansas, in 
the year 1862, at the age of 64 years. 

Sandford C. Faulkner was an early resident of Chicot 
county, of from 1836 to 1844. At this latter date he moved 
to the capital, where he died August 4th, 1874. A son, 
Sandford C. Jr., is the only member of his family now living. 
Col. Faulkner is widely known as the author of "The Arkan- 
saw Traveller," a humorous composition which he was 
accustomed to recite, accompanying his recitation with play- 
ing the tune on a violin. The composition represented a 
primitive state of life among the backwoodsmen, which the 
author is said to have encountered in travelling at an early 
day. 

General Daniel H. Reynolds settled in Chicot county in 
1858. He was born near Centerburg, in Knox county, 
Ohio, on December 14, 1832. He attended school at the 
Ohio Wesleyan University*, in Delaware, Ohio. Went from 
Ohio to Louisa county, Iowa, in 1854, and thence to Somer- 
ville, in Fayette county, Tennessee, in 1S57. He taught 
school in Ohio, and read law in Iowa and in Hardeman 
county, Tennessee, and read law in the office of Hon. John 
W. Harris, in Somerville, and was admitted to the Bar there 
on May 13, 1858. He removed from Tennessee to Arkansas 
in Ma)*, 1858, and was admitted to the Bar in Arkansas on 
June 8, 1858, and on June 15, 1858, located for the practice 
of law at Lake Village, where he has since resided, and en- 
gaged in the practice, except during the time he was absent in 
the army and returning from it, i. e. from May 25, 1861, to 
June 15, 1865. On the breaking out of the war, he raised a 



gi 8 HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

company of cavalry and at once enlisted. By the end of 
the war he had risen to be a Brigadier-General. He was 
wounded at the Battle of Bentonville, March 19th, 1865, 
losing his leg. At the close of the war he resumed the prac- 
tice of law in Chicot, and is now at the head of the Bar in 
that county. On the 24th of November, 1868, he married, 
in Chicot county, Miss Martha Wallace, daughter of Jeremiah 
Wallace, of Scotch descent. By this marriage there were 
four children : three daughters and a son. 



CONWAY COUNTY. 



Conway County, the nth county formed in the territory, 
was created October 20th, 1825, out of territory taken from 
Pulaski county, and was named after Henry Wharton Con- 
way, the Delegate in Congress. An election was directed to 
be held under the superintendence of James Lemmons and 
Thomas White, to elect Commissioners to locate the county 
seat, and until a place should be selected, the seat of justice 
was directed to be at the Caclron. The location of the county 
seat was the subject of many changes, and it was not perma- 
nently located until 1831. In 1827 Elisha Welborn and Wil- 
liam G. Saffold were appointed Commissioners to locate it, 
and an effort was made to have it at a place called Marion. 
In 1828 a second set of Commissioners were appointed for the 
purpose, consisting of Thomas White, Lewis Jones, Rodney 
Earheart, Peter Kuykendall and Daniel McElmurry. In 
the year 1830 it was located at a place called Harrisburg, but 
in the Legislature of 183 1 a Bill was passed to locate it at a 
point on the river on lands donated by Nimrod Menefee, and 
be called Lewisburg. The county seat remained at Lewis- 
burg until 1853, when it was moved to Springfield. It 
remained here until 1873, when by Act of the Legislature, 
approved April 16th, it was moved back to Lewisburg, where 
it remained until November, 1883, when it was moved to 
Morrillton, where it now is. 



CONWAY COUNTY. 



919 






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920 EISTOBT OF ARKANSAS. 

Frederick Fletcher, a resident of the county of the years 
1829 and 1830, established a toll bridge at Point Remove. 
In the latter year Thomas Mathers, Joseph Simmons and 
Kirkbride Potts were residents of Lewisburg. 

The county is centrally located, about fifty miles northwest 
of the capital, its southern border lying along the Arkansas 
river. It has some mountainous regions, but possesses alluvial 
soils lying along the river and its tributaries, the Point 
Remove, Cypress, Cadron and Petit Jean creeks. There 
are indications of coal and iron in the county, but they are 
undeveloped. 

At Morrillton and Springfield there are excellent high 
schools. At Marienthal, a Roman Catholic settlement in 
the county, a convent school is also maintained. There are a 
number of saw mills in operation in the county and one glass 
factory. 

Fruits, grains and grasses are largely produced, special 
attention being given to the growth of grapes, which succeed 
well. The Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad runs through 
the southern portion of the county, and a steady emigration 
is coming into it, particularly along the line of the road. 

Morrillton, the county seat, dates from 1875. When the 
Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad was being built a depot 
was established at its site and was called Morrillton, after E. 
J. and George H. Morrill, who owned the land. It was just 
three miles from Lewisburg, and by reason of its railroad 
facilities grew rapidly. It has six churches, bank, opera 
house, three weekly newspapers, has telegraph, telephone 
and express offices, several hotels and a number of stores. 
Many of the buildings are of brick and are neat and tasty in 
appearance. It has in all respects the appearance of a thriv- 
ing, active place. 



CRITTENDEN COUNTY. 



Crittenden County, the twelfth county in number, to be 
formed, was created October 22c!, 1825, and was named for 
Robert Crittenden. It was formed out of territory taken from 
Phillips county. An election was directed to be held at the 
houses of Samuel Deloach, John H. Fooy, Benjamin Barne} 7 , 
William Lamb and George C. Barfield, for Commissioners, 
to locate the county seat. Barfield, Arthur C. Welch and 
Isaac Burgettwere chosen. They located it at a place called 
Greenock, where it remained until January 25, 1837, when 
it was established at Marion, where it now is. 

The county is an extreme eastern count}-, and lies along the 
Mississippi river, immediately opposite the city of Memphis. 
The Mississippi river is its eastern boundary and skirts the 
whole of its eastern extent. It is penetrated by the Memphis 
& Little Rock Railroad, which has there its terminus at Hope- 
field. The Memphis & Kansas City Railroad terminates at 
the same point. The means of communication between these 
two railroads and the city of Memphis is at present by means 
of a ferry or transfer boat. In 1888 a Bill passed Congress 
whereby national aid was extended to the building of a bridge 
across the Mississippi at this point. 

About the year 1832 two towns were laid out in Crittenden 
county, opposite Memphis, called Pedraza, after the then 
President of the Mexican Republic, and Popeville, after Gov- 
ernor John Pope, which immediately entered upon a sharp 
rivalry with each other, but neither of them have survived to 
come down to our da}*. 

The surface of the county is level, there are no mountains. 
A large portion of the county is swampy and is often over- 
flowed by the Mississippi river, which, in freshets, gets to be 

921 



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HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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9 2 3 



forty miles wide at this point. The soil is altogether alluvial, 
and such of it as is reduced to cultivation is extremely fertile 
and produces abundant crops of cotton and corn. 

The town of Marion was founded January 25, 1837, by 
Marion Tolbert, and was made the county seat of the county 
at that date. It lies on the west bank of Lake Grande, and 
contains at present a population of about i;oo persons. It has 
five churches, two school-houses, three abstract offices, one 
hotel, three boarding houses, two liver)/ stables and two gro- 
ceries. There are four doctors, three lawyers, five ministers 
and seven merchants in the town. The newspaper published 
there is called "The Headlight." 

One of the prominent men of Crittenden county is Hon. 
Asa Hodges. He was born in Lawrence county, Alabama, 
January 23, 1823, son of Hon. William Hodges, who repre- 
sented his county in the General Assembly of the State in 
1828 and 1829. He was early thrown on his own resources, 
but went to work and soon completed his education at La 
Grange College, then an institution of high standing under 
the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Tennessee 
and Alabama. 

He studied law in the office of Hon. Leroy Pope Walker, 
of Florence, one of the most able and successful law} - ers in 
North Alabama. Mr. Hodges was admitted to the bar in 
1848, and shortly afterwards formed a partnership with 
Thomas M. Peters, Esq., now Chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court of Alabama. This partnership was continued down 
to the beginning of the late civil war, and was attended with 
a high degree of professional success. 

Mr. Hodges was married April 17th, 1853, to Miss Caro- 
line Chick, of a highly cultivated, influential and wealthy 
family in South Carolina. Some time previous to the war he 
purchased and settled a large and valuable plantation in Crit- 
tenden county, Arkansas, which he still owns. After settling 
in Arkansas he was made Judge of Probate in the county of 



924 HIS TOBY OF AB KANSAS. 

Crittenden, an office which he filled with credit to himself and 
acceptability to his fellow-citizens, until he was transferred to 
a seat in the State Constitutional Convention, as a Delegate 
under the Reconstruction Acts of 1867. He was elected to 
the General Assembly in 1868, and in 1870 was elected to the 
State Senate for a term of four years. 

While holding the latter office Mr. Hodges was elected a 
Representative from Arkansas to the Forty-third Congress, as 
a Republican. At first an ardent Clay Whig, and always a 
thorough Union man, he more recently became an earnest 
and active Republican. He is a clear-headed financier, a 
good lawyer, and a successful planter. He was representa- 
tive of Crittenden county in the Legislature of 1885 to 1887, 
and again in that of 1889. 

o 

IZARD COUNTY. 



Izard County, the thirteenth county created, was formed 
October 27, 1825, out of territory taken from Independence 
county, and was named after Governor George Izard. The 
seat of justice was directed to be at the house of Jacob Wolf, 
until a county seat should be definitely fixed upon. An 
election for Commissioners, for the purpose, was held, at which 
John Dearmon and James Jeffrey were chosen . They selected 
the town of Liberty. The county seat remained here until 
1835 or I ^3^' when it was established at Mt. Olive. It re- 
mained here until 1846, when it was established at Mt. 
Vernon, w r here it remained until May 10, 1875, when it was 
moved to Melbourne, where it now is. 

When created, the county was very sparsely settled. Emi- 
gration began gradually to come to it, and in 1830 fifty fami- 
lies settled in it. Its population that ) 7 ear was 1,266. After 
steamboating began on White river, as high as Batesville, 
which was in 1831, it continued to receive accession by immi- 
gration, and the number of inhabitants steadily increased. In 



IZARD COUNTY. 



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926 HIS TOBY OF AM K ANSA S. 

1830 Libert}', the county seat, consisted of one store, a black- 
smith-shop and a tavern. Livingston and Wolf had a saw 
and grist mill in operation in this year, the only one in the 
county. 

Izard county is situated in the northern part of the State, 
not far below the Missouri line. Its northern boundary is the 
county of Fulton, which extends north to the Missouri line. A 
portion of the county is mountainous, but along the river and 
tributary streams, has alluvial lands of great fertility. It is 
a well timbered count}', with excellent growths of pine, oak 
and hickory. Cotton and corn are the principal products, but 
all kinds of farm and garden crops are capable of production 
and are likewise grown. 

Melbourne, the county seat, dates its origin from the year 
1875. In that year it was laid off as a town by James A. 
Claiborne, and the county seat was located there in the month 
of May. Its population is about 300. A newspaper is pub- 
lished there called "The Izard County Register." It contains 
three churches : a Methodist, Presbyterian and Baptist church, 
all frame buildings. There are no brick buildings in the town 
at this date. 

On the morning of Thursday, April nth, 1889, the Court- 
house was destroyed by rire, and with it all the records and the 
public documents, from the formation of Izard county, were 
consumed. 

Judge Richard H. Powell has been a resident of the county 
since 1861. He was born in Sussex county, Virginia, 
eighteen miles from Petersburg, April 18th, 1827, son of 
Captain Thomas Powell. His father moved to Bedford 
county, Tennessee. Here R. H. Powell grew up, working 
on a farm until twenty-one years of age, when he taught school 
and studied law. In 1855 he was a student of the Cumber- 
land Law School, and on graduating there was admitted to the 
Bar the same year. He settled at Lewisburg, Tennessee, and 
practiced there until i860. In i860 he moved to Batesville, 



IZABD COUNTY. 



927 



and entered into a law partnership with Elisha Baxter. The 
next year, however, he moved to Izard count)', and settled on 
a farm. In 1862 he was a Member of the Legislature, but 
afterwards entered the Confederate Army and served till the 
close of the war, being made a prisoner in 1863 in Freeman's 
Battalion. In 1866 he became Circuit Judge of the Seventh 
Judicial Circuit, but was ousted in 1868. In 1878 he was 
elected Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit, which position 
he now holds. His duties require him to hold court forty- 
two weeks of every year. He has been married three times. 
In Bedford county, Tennessee, June 19th, 1849, he married 
Miss Jane Taylor Temple, who died in July, 1870. By 
this marriage there were nine chiclren, of whom three died 
in infancy. In Izard count)/, May 15th, 1873, he married 
Mrs. Harriet T. Herbert, who died in 1876. On the 16th 
of May, 1878, he married Mrs. Susannah E. Davidson, nee 
Gardner, daughter of Joseph Gardner, of North Carolina. 

Michael Shelby Kennard was a resident of LaCrosse from 
1868 to 1871, and again became such in 1876. He was born 
in Sumter county, Alabama, February 12th, 1833, son of 
George W., native of Tennessee, and Eliza Kennard, native 
of Georgia. He graduated at the University of Alabama in 
1852, and bears the degree of master of arts of that Institu- 
tion. In the winter of 1852, he began teaching school in 
West Feliciana Parish ; taught in public and private schools in 
Natchez, Mississippi, one year, and in the meantime studied 
law. Fie came to Arkansas in July, 1854, settling at Bates- 
ville. Fie lived at Batesville till 1868, when he moved to 
LaCrosse, where he established a school. In 1871 he moved 
to Warren, Bradley county, and lived there until 1876, but at 
that date returned to LaCrosse to live. He was admitted to 
the Bar in Batesville in 1856, but havingbeen induced to take 
editorial charge of The Independent Balance, a news- 
paper started by Judge Byers, at Batesville in 1857, he 
bought the paper in 1858, and devoted himself earnestly to 



928 



HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS 



the work of building up a first-class newspaper, giving up 
law, to which he has not since given any attention. The 
Balance was continued until January, 1862, and was one of 
the most prominent papers in the State. In 1859 he was 
Mayor of Batesvill'e. In i860, with Captain Christopher 
Columbus Danley, editor of the Gazette, and James B. Keats, 
of Little Rock, he was a Delegate to the Baltimore Conven- 
tion, which nominated John Bell, and Edward Everett for 
President and Vice-President. He was a member of the State 
Convention of 1861. In the civil war he joined Sweet's 
Texas Regiment, in 1862, being made Adjutant of the 
regiment, he was captured with that regiment at Arkansas 
Post in January, 1863, and was held a prisoner for some 
months. Afterwards he served as Adjutant in McCoy's 
Brigade, raised in 1864. At the close of the war, having 
spent several years in teaching, he decided to devote the rest 
of his life to the work of that profession. Accordingly, since 
August, 1865, he has been constantly engaged in teaching, 
having spent in the school-room, since that time, an average 
of eleven months out of every twelve. While in Bradley 
county he was County Superintendent of Schools in 1874. 
In September, 1852, at Saundersville, near Gallatin, Tennes- 
see, he married Miss Mary A. G. Saunders. By this mar- 
riage there are eight children. In 1889 he moved to 
Smithville, Lawrence county, becoming the head of an 
educational institution there. 



-o- 



LOVELEY COUNTY. 



Loveley County, the fourteenth county created, was formed 
October 13th, 1827, out of portions of Crawford county and a 
portion of lands lying beyond the southwest corner of Mis- 
souri, not previously assigned to any county. It was named 
after Peter Loveley, who had acted as agent in treating with 



LOVELEY COUNTY. 



929 



some Osage Indians who lived on the land, by which he 
induced them to move. Hence the acqusition was called 
"The Loveley Purchase." These lands were embraced in 
the Act of Congress of 1824, by which an addition was made 
to the western boundary of the Territor}*, but were lost in the 
Cherokee treaty of 1828, and the most of the county being 
cut off by this treaty, it was abolished altogether on the for- 
mation of Washington count} 7 , October 17th, 1828. 



-0- 



ST. FRANCIS COUNTY. 



St. Francis County, the fifteenth county formed, was 
created out of Phillips county, October 13th, 1827, by an 
Act to divide the county of Phillips, and was named from the 
St. Francis river running through its territory. By a subse- 
quent Act of October 22d, 1827, the seat of justice was di- 
rected to be at the house of William Strong, and an elec- 
tion was ordered to be held at the houses of John Lynch, in 
Union township; William Strong, in Johnson township, and 
Daniel Mitchell, in Mitchell township, to elect three Com- 
missioners to locate the permanent county seat. Edward 
Oliver, Samuel Fillingim and John Carothers were chosen 
such Commissioners, and Charles Shaver and Archibald Mc- 
Daniel were added in October, 1828. 

The Commissioners selected the town of Franklin as the 
county seat, and it was laid out as a town, and a public sale of 
lots was made by the Commissioners on the first Monday in 
May, 1829. Franklin remained the county seat for some 
time, when it was located at Madison. It remained here 
until at an election held June 30th, 1874, it was voted to re- 
move the county seat to Forrest city, where it has since re- 
mained. 

St. Francis county is an eastern county, situated in the St. 
Francis River Valley. Its eastern boundary line is only six 
59 



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HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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ST. FBANCIS COUNTY. 93 1 

miles from the Mississippi river, at one point ; its entire eastern 
boundary being the county of Crittenden, which lies along 
the river. Its present area is about 620 square miles, em- 
bracing about 397,000 acres, and its population about 12,000, 
of whom about one third are colored people. 

The country is generally level, and the soil rich and of an 
alluvial character. The products of the county are all that 
the latitude produces, but more especially cotton and corn. 
Timber is excellent and of all varieties, and the facilities for 
reaching the markets are good. Two railroads penetrate the 
county, intersecting each other at Forrest City. The Mem- 
phis & Little Rock Railroad traverses the county from east to 
west, and the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad 
runs through it from north to south, the two roads crossing at 
right angles. The St. Francis and L'Anguille rivers run 
parallel to each other in a southerly direction, and both are 
navigable. About two and a half miles east of Forrest City 
is an immense marble bed covering about 320 acres of land 
from 8 to 20 feet deep, and producing a fine article. 

Forrest City, the county seat, is on the Memphis & Little 
Rock Railroad, at its intersection with the St. Louis, Iron 
Mountain & Southern Railway. It contains a population of 
about 1,500; has four churches, Baptist, Methodist, Presby- 
terian and Catholic; two schools, a public library, a bank, 
the Bank of Eastern Arkansas; several hotels, a planing 
mill, a number of brick store houses and handsome stores, and 
two weekly newspapers, the "Forrest City Times" and the 
"Advocate." There are several hotels, of which the Avery 
Hotel, at the depot is a handsome brick structure. 

Hon. Poindexter Dunn, of Forrest City, was born in Wake 
county, North Carolina, November 3d, 1834; removed with 
his father to Limestone county, Alabama, in 1836; received 
his primary education in the schools there ; was four years in 
Jackson College at Columbia, Tennessee, where he graduated 
in 1854; removed to Saint Francis county, Arkansas, in 



932 HISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

March, 1856; engaged in cotton growing until 1861 ; was 
elected as a Democrat to the Lower House of the Arkansas 
Legislature in 1858; served in the Confederate Army during 
the war ; commenced the practice of law in 1867; was on 
the Democratic electoral ticket for Arkansas in 1872 and 
1876; and was elected to the Forty-sixth Congress as a 
Democrat, receiving 8,863 votes', without opposition. 

Hon. Paul M. Cobbs was born in Somerville, Tennessee, 
December 15th, 1838, son of John and Elizabeth W. Cobbs. 
He was educated at Somerville, and came to Arkansas in 
September, 1857, engaging in farming in White and St. 
Francis counties. He was a resident of Forrest City up to 
1884, when he became Commissioner of State Lands. On 
the breaking out of the war he entered the Fifth Arkansas 
Infantry, of General Hardee's original brigade in the Army 
of Tennessee, and served therein for the first part of the 
year. For the remainder of the time he was in the Trans- 
Mississippi Department, in the Fifth Trans-Mississippi 
Infantry, of General Dandridge McRae's Brigade, and served 
therein until the surrender. He was twice married. On the 
13th of November, i860, in St. Francis county, Arkansas, 
he was married to Miss Mary E. Oliver, and on the 20th of 
April, 1875, to Miss Julia E. Lombard. He died while on a 
visit at Forrest City, February nth, 1890. 

LAFAYETTE COUNTY. 



Lafayette County, the sixteenth county formed, was created 
October 18th, 1827, out of territory taken from Hempstead 
county, and was called after the Marquis of that name. 
The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house 
of Joshua Morrison, and by a subsequent Act of the 25th of 
October, an election was directed to be held at the houses of 
Collin Aldrich, of Lost Prairie, south of Red river, and Joshua 



LAFAYETTE COUNTY. 



933 



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HIS TOE Y OF ARKANSAS. 



Morrison, north of the river, to select Commissioners for the 
purpose of fixing the permanent seat. The Commissioners 
chosen located it at Chickaninny Prairie, where it remained 
until 1 841, when it was located at Lewisville, where it 
now is. 

Benjamin R. Milam, who became famous in the Texas 
Revolution, lived at Lost Prairie in the county. He led the 
assaulting column at the Battle of San Antonio, and was killed 
in entering the town. Dr. Benjamin P. Jett was an early resi- 
dent at the same place. He was Postmaster in 1834. 
James S. Conwa}/ was a resident of the county from 1823 to 
1834, living on a farm on Red river. 

In 1829 there were only three post offices in the county, 
Lost Prairie, Conway and Lafayette Court-house. 

La} T fayette is a southwestern county, touching the State line 
of Louisiana on its southern boundary, and separated from 
Texas by the county of Miller. Red river borders it on the 
west the whole length of the county. Its area is about 500 
square miles. 

The soil is principally alluvial and very rich, producing large 
crops of cotton and corn, the principal staples. All other 
farm products likewise are grown. The timber products of 
the county are abundant, and comprise all varieties of woods 
indigenous to the latitude. The St. Louis, Arkansas & 
Texas Railway passes through the upper part of the county. 

The town of Lewisville dates its existence from the year 
1841. At that date a donation of lands was made by Dr. J. 
W. Wilson for the location of a town, and it was surveyed as 
such byD. A Sullivan. Besides Dr. Wilson, other residents 
of that date were Thomas Brooks, Henry Lema}', Richard 
Sullivan, D. A. Sullivan, B. Strickland, Judge L. B. Fort, 
Maj. Morehead Wright, Col. Garland and Judge John 
Steel. 

The court-house there was built in 1841 or 1842. 

Within the last year or two a distinct town called Galveston 



LAFAYETTE COUNTY. 



935 



has sprung up at the railroad depot about half a mile from 
the limits of the old town of Lewisville. 

Major Ambrose Hundley Sevier became a resident of Lew- 
isville in 1880, engaging in mercantile business and farming. 
Prior to that date, from birth, his place of residence was Little 
Rock. He was born November 1st, 1842, in Washington 
City, District of Columbia, son of Senator Ambrose H. and 
Juliet E. Sevier, who was Juliet E. Johnson, daughter of 
Judge Benjamin Johnson. He was born in Washington 
while his father was there in attendance upon the session of 
Congress in the discharge of his duties as Senator. Major 
Sevier was educated at Georgetown College, D. C. ; also 
attended the Georgia Military Institute one year. On the 
breaking out of the civil war he entered the Confederate Arm)- ; 
was badly wounded at the Battle of Oak Hills, August 10th, 
1 86 1 ; was made prisoner at Arkansas Pest in January, 1863. 
At the close of the war he was Major and Adjutant-General 
of Churchill's Division, having served four years. In 1878, 
1879 and 1880 he owned and published the Arkansas 
Gazette, at Little Rock. At the last named date he became 
a resident of Lewisville, and has been Special Probate Judge 
of Lafayette county since 1884. On the 5th of October, 
1871, at Little Rock, he married Miss Imogene Wright, 
daughter of Morehead Wright and grand-daughter of ex-Sen- 
ator Willliam S. Fulton. By this marriage there are four chil- 
dren, three daughters and a son : Maud, Ambrose Hundley, 
Amelie and Juliet Sevier. 

o 

SEVIER COUNTY. 



Sevier County, the 17th county formed, was created October 
17, 1828, from territor3 T taken from the counties of Hempstead 
and Miller. It was named after Ambrose H. Sevier, the 
Delegate in Congress. The temporary seat of justice was 
directed to be at the house of Joseph English. By a second 
Act of October 22c!, 1828, James Halman, George T. Boring, 



936 



III 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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SEVIER COUNTY. 937 

Joseph Lacld, David Clark and Levi Davis were appointed 
Commissioners, to locate the county seat permanently. They 
located it in 1829 at Paraclifta. In 1871 it was moved to 
Lockesburg, where it now is. 

Sevier county is in the southwestern part of the State, 
bounded west by the line of the Indian Territory, south by 
Little river, on the east by Howard county and on the north 
by Polk county. Its area is about 597 square miles and its 
population about 10,000, of which about 2,000 are colored. 
In general the county is level in surface, but has some moun- 
tainous districts and hill lands. In the mountain ranges are 
evidences of valuable minerals, of which lead, copper and 
silver have been obtained, and antimony and manganese is 
found in quantities. All have been mined to a limited ex- 
tent and upon assays pronounced pure in quality and of satis- 
factory yield. The oldest of these is known as the Bellah 
mine. Specimens of this mine, assayed in Liverpool, yielded 
148 ounces of §ilver to the ton, nearly three fourths being lead 
yield. Other mines in the region have yielded nearly one-half 
lead and 15 ounces of silver to the ton. Valuable rooting slate 
is also found here. 

The county is watered by a number of streams. Little 
river on the south, the Saline river in the east and the Cossitot 
river and the Rolling Forks of Little River through the center 
and west; but it has as yet no railroad. 

Of timber, pine is the chief kind, though other varieties are 
likewise found. The timber product of the county is as yet 
practically untouched, owing to the difficulties of shipment to 
distant markets, which must be done through Little River and 
its tributaries. 

Lockesburg, the county seat, was founded in 187 1, and is 
named after M. W. Locke. It has a population of about 500, 
three churches, a district school, a weekly newspaper, the 
Tocsin, and daily mail. 

Judge T. G. T. Steel was for many years a resident of the 
county. He died in Lockesburg January 22d, 1889, in the 
73rd year of his age. 



938 SIS TOE Y OF ABE ANSA S. 

It is related by Judge Witter, that the town Paraclifta was 
named after a Comanche Chief, whom one of the Commis- 
sioners had met on a journey through the plains. 

o 

WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



Washington County, the eighteenth county formed, was 
created October 17th, 1828. It was made to take the place of 
Loveley county. By a subsequent Act of October 20th, Lewis 
Evans, Larkin Newton, Samuel Vaughan, John Woody and 
Israel Mars were appointed Commissioners to locate the 
county seat. The Commissioners in that year fixed upon the 
present town of Fayetteville. After the location had been 
made, the county seat established, and various improvements 
incident to its being a county seat had been made, the public 
survey of the lands of the territory was made, and it was dis- 
covered that the town had been located on a part of section 
sixteen of the township. Congress had previously reserved, 
each section numbered sixteen to be leased or sold for the 
benefit of schools. In this dilemma Congress passed a reliev- 
ing Act in March, 1834, whereby one section out of any 
unoccupied and unimproved lands in the township was set 
apart for school uses in lieu of the sixteenth section, on which 
Fayetteville proved to be located, and the Commissioners 
were directed to sell the lots and blocks embracing the 
town, and with the proceeds erect a court-house and jail 
for the use of the count}?. 

Washington county is an extreme Northwestern county, 
bounded west by the Cherokee line of the Indian country, 
and separated from the Missouri line on the north by the 
county of Benton. Its general character of country is hilly 
and mountainous, with about one-third of the county level 
and of rich alluvial soil. Its area is about 890 square miles. 

The products of the county are all varieties of grains and 
grasses, and all the general products of the latitude. In the 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



939 



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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



matter of fruit growing it stands first and best. It is the 
home of the Shannon apple, a pippin of excellence widely 
known. Its fruit products excel perhaps any other locality 
in the State. Grape growing is prosecuted with success, and 
small fruit growing is abundant. 

Fayetteville, the county seat, was founded in the year 1828. 
The first settlement at the place was made in that year by 
James McGarrah, who built a cabin on the hill where the city 
now is, and lived there with his family, in which were 
his two sons, William and John McGarrah. The latter was 
Representative of Washington county in the Legislature of 
1838 and 1840. William McGarrah kept a store at the 
place at an early date. In 1829 a postoffice was established 
there, and Brasil Newton was appointed postmaster. The 
name it then bore was Washington Court-house, but in 
October of that } T ear the name was changed to Fayetteville by 
order of Postmaster-General Barry. 

Seabron G. Sneed was a lawyer in Fayettville in 1829. 
Onesimus Evans, Abraham Whinnery, Judge David Walker, 
William T. Larremore, Ludovic Brodie, William McKnight 
Ball, Dr. G. W. Gray, Willis S. Wallace, James McKisick, 
Matthew Leeper, Williamson S. Oldham, B. H. Smithson, 
John Billingsley and Robert McAmy were early residents of 
the place. 

The first Masonic lodge in Arkansas to receive a charter 
was Washington Lodge No. 1, of Fayetteville, chartered in 

1837- 

Hon. James D. Walker, of Fayetteville, was born in Logan 
county, Kentuck}^ December 13th, 1830 ; removed in 1847 
to Arkansas ; received his education at the private schools in 
Kentucky and at Ozark Institute, Arkansas; studied law, and 
was admitted to the practice in 1S50 at Fayetteville, Arkan- 
sas ; in the late war he espoused the Southern cause, and was 
Colonel of a regiment; after the war he resumed the practice 
of his profession ; was Solicitor-General of the State of Arkan- 













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HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



sas, which office he resigned and continued the practice of his 
profession at Fayetteville ; was chosen a Presidential Elector 
for the State at large in 1876, and voted for Tilden and Hen- 
dricks; was elected to the United States Senate as a Demo- 
crat to succeed Stephen W. Dorsey, Republican, and took 
his seat March 18th, 1879. His term of service expired 
March 3d, 1885. 

Hon. T. M. Gunter began the practice of law in Fayette- 
ville in 1853. He was born in Middle Tennessee, September 
18th, 1826; graduated at Irving College in 1850; was Col- 
olonel of a regiment of Arkansas Volunteers in the v/ar ; was 
Prosecuting Attorney in 1866, and Member of Congress 
1875 to 1883. 

One of the prominent objects of Fayetteville is the Arkansas 
Industrial University, a State institution, established by the 
State and assisted by the National Government. The build- 
ing is a handsome and imposing one of stone and brick, 
having all modern improvements and adornments, a credit to 
the city and the State. It is in a flourishing condition, and 
excellently conducted by an able faculty. 

Judge David Walker was born in Kentucky, in what was 
then Christian county, but is now Todd count}?, February 
19th, 1806, son of Jacob Wythe Walker. He grew up in 
Kentucky, studied law, and was admitted to the Bar in 
Scottsville, Kentucky, in 1829, and practiced law there until 
1830, when he moved to Arkansas, reaching Little Rock 
October 10th, 1830. Shortly after this he settled at Fayette- 
ville, which ever afterwards was his home. From 1833 to 
1835 he was Prosecuting Attorney, and was a Member of the 
Constitutional Convention of 1836. In 1840 he was elected 
to the State Senate and served four years. In 1848, and 
again in 1874, he was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme 
Court, and, in 1866, was elected Chief Justice thereof, but was 
ousted by the Reconstruction Measures of 1868. In 1861 he 
was President of the Convention which passed the Ordinance of 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 943 

Secession, being at first a Union man, but voting for secession 
when the war had actually begun and the State of Arkansas 
was asked to lend her aid in the subjugation of the South. 
He served as Associate Justice from 1874 to 1878, when he 
resigned and retired to private life. He died September 30th, 
1879, aged 73 years. 

Judge Lafayette Gregg became a resident of Washington 
county in 1835, anc ^ °^ Fayetteville in 1849, and has resided 
there continuously since. He was born near Moulton, Law- 
rence county', Alabama, February 6th, 1825, son of Henry 
and Mary Gregg, who was Mary Murrill, a native of Vir- 
ginia, but who grew up in East Tennessee. In October, 
1835, ne came to Arkansas with his parents, they settling in 
Washington county. In December, 1849, he located in Fay- 
etteville. He received education in the country schools of 
Washington county and at Ozark Academy ; studied law in 
the office of W. D. Reagan, in Washington ; was admitted to 
the Bar, and entered upon the practice there, in which he has 
been continuously engaged, with the exception of the time he 
was on the Bench, enjoying a good practice ; and also now 
conducting a finely improved farm of 400 acres, and being- 
engaged in banking, as President of the Bank of Fayetteville. 
He was a Member of the House of Representatives of the 
Session of 1854 and 1855 ; served as Prosecuting Attorney of 
the Fourth Circuit from 1856 to 1861, Chancellor of the Pu- 
laski Chancery Court 1867 to 1868, and Associate Justice of the 
Supreme Court 1868 to 1874. During the Civil War he com- 
manded the Fourth Arkansas Federal Cavalry. On the 22d 
day of December, 1852, near Fayetteville, he was married to 
Miss Mary A. Shreve, then lately from Kentucky. By this 
marriage there are four children — three sons and a daughter. 

Judge James Middleton Pitman is a native of Washington 
county, Arkansas. He was born near Prairie Grove, May rst, 
1838, and received his education in the country schools and at 
Ozark Institute in Washington county. He lived in the country 



944 



HIS TO BY OF ABE AN S AS. 



until 1855, when he came to Fayetteville to live; lived 
there until 1858, when he moved to Carrollton, Carroll 
county, where he lived from 1858 to 1861, and from 1866 to 
the summer of 1867. At this latter date he returned to Fay- 
eteville, where he has since resided. He began reading law 
in 18^5, and was admitted to the Bar in April, 1858. He 
practiced law at Fayetteville and Carrollton until 1874, when 
he was elected Judge of trie-Fourth Judicial Circuit. He was 
re-elected in 1882 and in 1886, and now. fills the position. 
In 1 87 1 he was a Member of the Legislature from Washing- 
ton county. On the breaking out of the Civil War of 1861 
he entered the Confederate Army as a Captain in Colonel J. 
D. Walker's Regiment Fourth Arkansas State Troops. After 
the disbandment of this regiment he was Lieutenant-Colo- 
nel of the Sixteenth Arkansas Infantry under Colonel David 
Provence, in Little's Brigade, under General Price ; then in 
General W. N. R. Beall's Brigade under General Gardner, 
at the siege of Port Hudson. He was made a prisoner at the 
capitulation of this place, July 9th, 1863, and was impris- 
oned at Johnson's Island, Point Lookout and Fort Delaware, 
until July 24th, 1865. On the 16th of October, 1866, he was 
married in Carroll county, Arkansas, to Miss Margaret Peel. 
Of this marriage there are three children — two sons, Herbert 
N. and Robert, and a daughter, Jennie M. 

James Hayden VanHoose became a resident of Fayette- 
ville in 1850. He was born January 8th, 1830, near Paints- 
ville, Johnson county, Kentucky, son of John and Lydia 
VanHoose, who were natives of North Carolina, but who 
died in Washington county. He came to Arkansas with his 
parents June 1st, 1839, they settling on the Middle Fork of 
White River, in Washington county. He received schooling 
in the "old-field" schools of the county, taught in- log houses 
with dirt floors and split puncheons for desks and seats. He 
worked for his father until 21 years of age; then went to 
Ozark Institute, near Fayetteville, for 15 months, working to 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



945 



pay his board. He then went into the store of James Sutton as 
clerk, and sold goods for him for four years. Next he went 
into the mercantile business with William Mcllroy, and con- 
tinued selling goods until 1881, when he entered into insur- 
ance business, which he now follows. In 1856 he was 
appointed Notary Public by Governor Elias N. Conway, and 
has continued in the office since that date. He was Mayor 
of Fayetteville from April, 1880, to April, 1881, and in 
April, 1888, was elected again for two years. He has been 
twice married. On the 9th of August, 1855, in St. Paul's 
Episcopal church in Fayetteville, he was married to Miss 
Melinda Ann Mcllroy, and after her death he was married in 
the same church June 13th, 1869, to Miss Martha W. Skelton. 
There are no children now living of these marriages. He, * 

however, raised an orphan girl, Mary W. Eaton, who is now 
the wife of Samuel Jarman, of Burton, Phillips count} 7 , and 
is now educating another, Minnie Brooks. Taking an active 
part in Masonr} 7 , he has been highly honored by that Frater- 
nity, having been Grand Master, Grand High Priest and 
Grand Commander. He joined that order in 1853, and has 
never changed his membership in 35 years. He was born 
and raised a Methodist, but out of respect to the memory of 
his first wife, who was an Episcopalian, became a member 
of the Episcopal church in 1868, being confirmed by Bishop 
'Henry C. Lay. He was an ardent Henry Clay Whig 
in politics, and reverenced Albert Pike, Absolom Fowler, 
Frederick W. Trapnell, Robert Crittenden, David Walker 
and other Whig leaders in Arkansas, but since the demise of 
that party has been a Democrat and acted fully with that 
party. 

60 



POPE COUNTY. 



Pope County, the nineteenth county formed, was created out 
of territory taken from Crawford county, by an Act of Novem- 
ber 2d, 1829, and was named after Governor John Pope, the 
then incumbent. The temporary seat of justice was directed 
to be at the house of John Bollinger, but an election for Com- 
missioners was directed by the Act to be held to locate the 
county seat permanently. The -place selected for the purpose 
was Scotia, the residence place of Judge Andrew Scott, 
which was the next house to Bollinger's in the neighborhood 
settlement, and was made the county seat in 1830. A post- 
office was established there in June, 1830, and Twitty Pace 
was appointed Postmaster. Upon the formation of Johnson 
county in 1833, which took off a portion of Pope, the county 
seat of Pope county was established at Dwight — usually 
called Old Dwight, the name of a mission station for the Cher- 
okee Indians, established in 1820 by Rev. Cephas Washburn, 
and who labored there for more than 20 years. The name 
Dwight was given it in honor of Rev. Timothy Dwight, 
President of Yale College. The county seat was next estab- 
lished at Norristown in 1834, and from there was moved to 
Dover in 184 1. R was located at Dover by Benjamin Lang- 
ford, Webster Jamison and James Burton. It remained 
there until March 19th, 1887, when by a vote of the people it 
was moved to Russellville, where it now is. 

Judge x\ndrew Scott was also an early resident. He set- 
tled there in 1828 on a farm, which he named Scotia, which 
became the county seat. The land was purchased from an 
Indian named Mackey, and afterwards purchased from the 
United States. Besides having been a Judge of the Superior 
Court, as we have seen, he was the first County Judge, 1829 

946 



POPE COUNTY. 



947 



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948 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

to 1830, and its first Representative in the House, in the 
Legislature of 1831. He was born in Virginia, August 6th, 
1788, and went with his father and his brother, John Scott, 
Delegate in Congress from Missouri in 181 7, to Ste. Genevieve, 
Missouri, in 1808. In 1819 he moved from Ste. Genevieve 
to the Post of Arkansas, and, on the 8th of Jul} 7 , assisted in 
organizing the Territorial Government. In 1821 when the 
Territorial Government was moved to Little Rock, he, being 
one of the Judges, moved there also, and lived there until 
1829. He died March 13th, 185 1, aged 63 years. 

When Judge Andrew Scott went to Scotia in 1828, his 
son, John R. Homer Scott, then a boy 15 years old, came 
with him, and is still a resident of the place. He was born in 
Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, October 16th, 1813 ; went with his 
father first to the Post of Arkansas in 1819, and then to Lit- 
tle Rock in 182 1, and to Scotia in 1828, where he has since 
lived. He represented the county in the Constitutional Con- 
vention of 1874, and was County Treasurer 1836 to 1838, 
and Clerk 1842 to 1848. He studied lw under his father 
when a young man, but never practiced. In 1836 he com- 
manded a company of U. S. cavalry in the Florida War, 
and in 1861 he raised a company of cavalry, which was 
transferred to the Confederate Army. Subsequently he com- 
manded a squadron of four companies of cavalry in that 
Arm) 7 , doing duty in Missouri and Arkansas, and with it took 
part in the battles of Elk Horn and Farmington. On the 1 ith 
of December, 1834, he married Miss Nancy Evans Jamison in 
Johnson county. She was a daughter of George Jamison, 
and was born in Potosi, Missouri. She died October 13th, 
1878. By this marriage there were three children, of whom 
two are now living, to-wit : Dr. Andrew H. Scott, a promi- 
nent physician of Little Rock, named after his grandfather, 
and Leonora Augusta, who is Mrs. H. Clabe Howell. 

Another distinguished citizen of Pope county was C. P. 
Washburn, an artist, son of Reverend Cephas A. Washburn. 



pope county, 949 

C. P. Washburn was an artist of excellence, and painted the 
picture of the Arkansaw Traveler, which obtained for him a 
national reputation. It is the picture, copies of which are 
usually seen with each representation of that subject. He 
worked on the painting for some time, but finally completed 
it about the year i860, and upon being exhibited it attracted 
universal attention and favorable notice. 

Pope county is in a northwest direction from the center of 
the State. It is north of the Arkansas river, which is its 
southern boundary for the distance of thirty miles. Its area 
is about 750 square miles, comprising about 500,000 acres of 
land. In surface the county is considerably broken, about 
one-third being hilly and mountainous, and the remainder 
level and of alluvial soil. 

Russellville, the county seat, was first settled in 1848, and 
became the county seat in 1877. It contains a population of 
about 1,500; has five churches, Presbyterian, Baptist, Chris- 
tian and two Methodist churches, a fine public school, a 
weekly newspaper, the Democrat, B. F. Jobe, Editor; has 
telegraph and express offices, daily mail, many handsome 
and thrifty stores, and all that constitutes a thriving town. 

o 

UNION COUNTY. 



Union County, the twentieth county established, was 
created out of portions of the counties of Hempstead and 
Clark, November 2d, 1829. The temporary seat of justice 
was directed to be at the house of John Nunn, but Commis- 
sioners were by a separate Act provided for to be elected by 
the votes of the county, and the Commissioners were required 
to meet at the house of John Nunn in September, 1830, and 
select a place for the county seat. Accordingly, the Commis- 
sioners assembled at the time appointed, and fixed on the 
point known throughout the county as Ecore a Fabre, or 



95° 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



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UNION COUNTY. 951 

"Fabry's Bluff," after one Fabre, a Frenchman, who had 
settled there at a very early date. This place afterwards 
grew to be the town which is now called Camden, and by a 
subsequent division of the county, on the establishment of 
Ouachita county, in 1842, that town fell in the limits of 
Ouachita county, and the town of El Dorado became the 
county seat of Union county. The Legislature of 1836 
moved the county seat to the house of Jeremiah Smith, but 
the one of 1837 moved it back to Ecore a Fabr6. 

Union county is an extreme southward county, its south- 
ern boundary being the Louisiana line. On the northeast 
the Ouachita river flows and forms its partial northern bound- 
ary. Its area is about 1,080 square miles. The general face 
of the county is level and with fertile lands. All the usual 
products are grown. The cotton crop is large, and the yield 
per acre is probably above the average. Fruits are grown to 
a considerable extent ; among grapes a principal variety being 
the Scuppernong. 

El Dorado, the county seat, was founded and laid off into 
town lots in 1844, upon land owned by Matthew Rainey. 
Among the settlers of that date was John Cornish, who was 
for eighteen years continuously sheriff of the county from 1832 
to 1850; R. M. Hardy, a brilliant lawyer, who settled at 
Champagnolle when that place was the county seat, but 
moved to El Dorado when the county seat was established 
there ; William Davis, known as "Buck" Davis, a lawyer, 
farmer and well-to-do gentleman ; Reverend William S. 
Lacy, a Presbyterian minister from Virginia, an educated 
and accomplished gentleman, with all the courtesy and hos- 
pitality of the men of the old school, and much beloved. He 
lived to the advanced age of 83 years, and died in El Dorado 
in 1884, retaining in a wonderful degree his faculties to 
the last. There were also his son, William Lacy a lawyer; 
Hugh D. Mason, Shelton Watson and John Quillin, the last 
two being afterwards Circuit Judges, Quillin in 1849, and 



95 : 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



Watson in 1858; Dr. "Bailey" Burton, who died at Helena 
soon after the war, and Dr. William G. Wright, who died at 
Pine Bluff a few years ago. 

The town was incoporated at the July term, 1845, °f tne 
County Court, Judge Jarvis Langford, father of Hon. Wil- 
liam C. Langford, Circuit Judge, being Presiding Justice. 

There are three churches in the town — Presbyterian, Metho- 
dist and Baptist, all comfortable frame structures. There are 
two newspapers published there. 

Colonel John Crowell Wright became a resident of Union 
county in 1843. He was born at Talbotton, Talbot county, 
Georgia, March 14th, 1835, son of Major Edward W. and 
Martha W. Wright, who was Martha W. Crowell, daughter 
of Captain Henry Crowell, of Georgia. He came to Arkan- 
sas with his parents in February, 1843, landing at Champag- 
nolle, Union county. His father settled five miles east of 
Mount Holly in February, 1843, and there Colonel Wright 
lived until 1859, when he married and lived one mile nearer 
Mount Holly. In i860 he bought a farm, and settled eight 
miles north of El Dorado, and for twenty years he has lived in 
or near El Dorado, engaged in farming. On the breaking out 
of the war he entered the Confederate Army, and was Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel of the Fifteenth Arkansas Infantry. He was 
made prisoner at the surrender of Fort Donelson in the spring 
of 1862, but escaped from prison and came west of the Missis- 
sippi, being assigned to duty by General Hindman as Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel of A. S. Morgan's regiment of infant^, in 
which he served till December, 1863. He was then elected 
Colonel of a cavahy regiment, called Wright's Cavahy, under 
General James F. Fagan, and served therein to the close of 
the war. In January, 1874, he was appointed by Governor 
Baxter Circuit Clerk of Union county ; was elected to the 
same position in September, 1874; was elected to the Legis- 
lature in 1878; was elected Circuit Clerk in September, 
1880, and served three terms to 1886. In 1859 he was mar. 



UNION COUNTY. 953 

ried in El Dorado to Miss Mary A. Newton, a daughter of 
John Newton, an original settler from Alabama, and a rela- 
tive of Robert Crittenden Newton. Of this marriage there 
are four children living, to-wit : Mrs. Nellie Spiker, wife of 
George A. Spiker, of Baton Rouge, Robert Newton, Edward 
W. and Pattie Wright. 

Hon. William C. Langford became a resident of El Dorado 
in 1867, He was born in Dallas county, Alabama, Septem- 
ber 3d, 1826, son of Jarvis and Mary Langford; received 
a common school education ; came to Arkansas, January 30th, 
i§4i, and settled at Champagnolle, where he lived 263'ears, 
or until 1867, at which date he moved to El Dorado, and has 
since resided there, a period of 21 years, being engaged in the 
practice of law. He was admitted to the Bar in El Dorado, 
April 21st, 1861. He was Judge of the County Court two 
years from i860; Prosecuting Attorney of the Thirteenth 
Judicial District 1873 to 1874, an< ^' Member of the Legislat- 
ure for the sessions of 1883 and 1885. He was a Captain of 
Company "F," of the Nineteenth Arkansas Regiment, in the 
Confederate Army, in Rust's Brigade of VanDorn's Division. 
He was twice married. On the 27th of November, 185 1, in 
Union county, Arkansas, he was married to Martha L. 
Witherington, and on the nth of March, 1866, in Union 
county, to Martha A. Chandler. His children are four in 
number. 



HOT SPRING COUNTY. 



Hot Spring County, the twenty-first county created, was 
formed November 2d, 1829, out of territory taken from Clark 
county. It took its name from the celebrated hot springs, 
which were originally within its limits, but which fell in the 
limits of Garland county upon its establishment in 1873. 
The seat of justice was directed to be at the house of Alex- 



954 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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HOT SPUING COUNTY. 



955 



ander Rogers. John Wills, Thomas Holman and Christian 
Fenter were appointed Commissioners to locate the county 
seat. In 1830 it was located at Hot Springs, where it 
remained until about 1844, when it was moved to Rockport. 
It remained here until September, 1878, when by a vote of 
the people it was moved to Malvern, where it now is. 

The county is in the central portion of the State, south- 
west of the center. It lies in the Ouachita river valley, 
which river runs through the county. A considerable portion 
of it is hilly and mountainous, but there are some alluvial 
districts in its limits. The usual products of the latitude are 
raised and the growing of fruits is practiced to a considerable 
extent, especially by German emigrants, of whom a large col- 
ony is located near Malvern. The timber growth of the 
county is good, and includes considerable yellow pine, white 
oak and other timber trees. A number of saw mills are in 
operation through the county, generally following the line of 
the railroad, and collected at Malvern, its principal town. 

Malvern, the county seat, is a bustling active place. It is 
the point of shipment of a vast quantity of freight and large 
numbers of passengers going to the springs in the neighboring 
county of Garland. It was laid out as a town in 1876, after 
the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad had been 
built to the point, and after Colonel Joe Reynolds, commonly 
called "Diamond Joe," had projected the Hot Springs rail- 
road to intersect there, which was in 1875. ^he town was 
settled in 1873, and its present population is about 1,500. It 
contains five churches : Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and 
two churches for colored people; has a public school, a vol- 
unteer fire department, several grist mills and cotton gins, a 
number of stores, two weekly newspaper, the Arkansas 
Meteor and the Arkansas State Journal; has all conven- 
iences of telegraph and express offices, and several mails per 
day. The town was incorporated July 5th, 1883. The Bratt 
Lumber Company, Ouachita Falls Lumber Company, and 



95 6 



HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 



Southwestern Lumber Manufacturers' Association are ac- 
tive lumber enterprises. 



-o- 



MONROE COUNTY. 



Monroe County, the twenty-second county formed, was 
created out of territory taken from the counties of Phillips and 
Arkansas by Act of November 2d, 1829, and was named 
after President James Monroe. The temporary seat of justice 
was directed to be at the residence of the late Thomas Maddox, 
but a subsequent Act of November 21st provided for an elec- 
tion to be held in January, 1830 to select Commisioners for 
the purpose of permanently locating the county seat. The 
Commissioners chosen at this election selected a place called 
Lawrenceville, on the lands of Joseph Jacobs, as the place of 
the county seat, and it remained there until 1856. In the 
forepart of that year the question of the location of the 
county seat was submitted to the people, and by their vote 
they selected Clarendon, on White river. The order for the 
removal of the records was made in October, 1857, and the 
county seat has since remained there. 

In surface the county is level and of alluvial soil, with a 
small amount of prairie land in the southwestern corner. 
The same prairie extends into the adjacent county of Arkansas. 
The county is bounded on the southwest by White river, 
navigable for large steamboats at all seasons of the year, and 
the Cache river, which empties into White river at Clarendon, 
is navigable for small boats in the winter season. The county- 
is well traversed by railroads. The Memphis & Little Rock 
railroad passes through the upper part, the Texas & St. Louis 
runs diagonally through it from northeast to southwest, 
crossing White river by a bridge at Clarendon; the Arkansas 
Midland road runs from Clarendon to Helena; the Batesville& 
Brinkley Railroad to Batesville, in Independence county, and 
the Brinkley & Helena Railroad is in process of construction. 

I 



MONBOE COUNTY. 



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958 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

The agricultural products of the county are all that are usually 
grown, but cotton is the leading staple, of which the growth 
is great. The soil is rich and fertile, and produces all crops 
well. The timber of the county is excellent and there are a 
number of saw mills in operation for the manfacture of lumber, 
shingles, etc. One of the principal of these is Black's mill, 
at Brinkley, which is supplied with logs by means of his own 
private railroad running into adjacent timber districts. 

There are 38 school districts in the county, and churches in 
all the principal neighborhoods. 

The towns of the county are Clarendon, the county seat, 
with a population of about 700; Brinkley, 1,400; Holly 
Grove, Indian Bay and Cotton Plant, about 200 each. 
Clarendon and Brinkley are the chief railroad centers, and 
have from two to four roads intersecting there. 

Clarendon, the county seat, is on the western extremity of the 
county on White river. During the war the town was burned 
by the Federal Army, but since the war it has been rebuilt, 
and with the completion of through lines of railroad has grown 
considerably. The court-house is a substantial building of 
brick, with sufficient accommodations for the public offices of 
the county. It has four churches, two schools for white and 
colored persons, a weekly Democratic paper, called the Mon- 
roe County Sun' it has telegraph and express offices, and 
receives daily mails. 

Hon. Lecil Bobo was one of the prominent citizens of 
Clarendon. He was Representative of the county in the 
Legislature of 1873 and 1877 in the House, and in the 
Senate in 1880. He was born in Manchester, Coffee county, 
Tennessee, November 9th, 1846. He studied law there, and 
was admitted to the Bar in Clarendon in May, 1872, and 
continued the practice with success from that time. 

In 1876, October 25th, he married Miss Maggie Kerr, 
daughter of Captain B. F. Kerr, of Clarendon. 

Hon, W. S. Dunlop, Auditor from 1887, was a prominent 



MONBOE COUNTY. 



959 



resident of Monroe county. He was born in York district, 
South Carolina, September 25th, 1833. He was elected 
Clerk of Monroe county, Arkansas, in 1874, and held the 
position twelve years. On the death of Hon. William R. 
Miller, in November, 1887, he was appointed Auditor, and 
was re-elected to the position in 1888. 

Governor Simon P. Hughes and Judge W. W. Smith were 
prominent lawyers at Clarendon, partners, as Hughes & 
Smith, from 1867 to 1874. 

Major Parker C. Ewan was born near Millville, New 
Jersey, August 27th, 1837. His parents, John and Sylphia 
Ewan, emigrated to Cincinnati, Ohio, in the same year and 
settled near that place. In the year 1840 they removed to 
Clermont count)', Ohio, and bought a farm near Bantam. He 
was educated in the public schools of that neighborhood and the 
high school of Bantam, up to the winter of 1852, when he was 
sent to school at the Academy at -Massillon, Stark county, 
Ohio. He came to Arkansas in 1855; lived in Crittenden 
and Phillips counties up to the fall of 1857, when he located 
in Monroe county, and taught a country school during the 
year 1858 and part of 1859. In 1861 he left the school-room 
to join the Confederate Army as a private, in Company "E," 
of the First Arkansas Regiment (afterwards Fifteenth), under 
Colonel (afterwards General) Pat Cleburne. At the re-organ- 
ization of his regiment, after the battle of Shiloh, he was 
elected Captain of his company. He remained in the army 
until the close if the war, and was paroled at Macon, 
Georgia. He was wounded at Shiloh and at Richmond, 
Kentucky, and afterwards at the battle of Murfreesboro, Ten- 
nessee. He was married on the 23d of October, 1865, to 
Miss M. R. Royston, daughter of Colonel R. C. Royston, 
of Ripley, Mississippi, by whom he had one child, a daugh- 
ter, who is Mrs. William N. Johnson. He married the last 
time, September 21st, 1874, a Miss Julia C. Connor, 
daughter of Professor F. A. Connor, of Cokesbury, South 



960 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

Carolina, by whom he has one child, a son, Parker Connor 
Ewan. Captain Ewan was elected Clerk of the Circuit 
Court of Monroe county in August, 1866, and served as 
Clerk for two years. He was admitted to the Bar in 1868, 
and has been actively engaged in the practice of his profession 
since that date. He has never sought political preferment, 
although an active worker for the Democratic party. He has 
been a Delegate to every State Convention since 1874, and 
was Secretary of the Convention in 1880. 

Brinkle}', in the northern part of tke county, contains Bap- 
tist, Catholic and Methodist churches, cotton seed oil mill, 
machine shop, a large planing and saw mill, a wood turning 
establishment, and a stave and heading factory. It has a 
large and commodious hotel; has telegraph and express offices, 
and daily mail. 

Hon. John Bell Baxter is one of the prominent men of 
Brinkley, having been Mayor of the town a number of 
years. He was born in ,, Wilson county, Tennessee, May 
26th, 1839, tne f our th child of George W. and Rebecca Ann 
(Hooker) Baxter. In 1840 the family moved to Fayette 
count} 7 , Tennessee, and from there his mother, a widow, 
moved to Monroe county, with the family, in December, 
1851, settling on Grand Prairie, and since that date John B. 
Baxter has been a resident of the county. When the war 
began he was studying law at Clarendon, in the office of 
Lucius Featherstone, and enlisted at once in a company 
called the "Arkansaw Toothpicks," which Featherstone raised, 
a part of the Fifth Arkansas Regiment. In December, 1861, 
at Bowling Green, Kentuclsy, he was discharged on account 
of ill health, but, after having recuperated, he enlisted in 
another company, raised by Simon P. Hughes, in the 
Twenty-third Arkansas Regiment, of which company he 
became Captain after Hughes was promoted. He was cap- 
tured at Hatcher's Bridge on the retreat from Corinth in 
1862, and again at Port Hudson in 1863. He remained a 



962 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

prisoner for the remainder of the war, being kept a portion of 
the time under fire at Morris' Island, off Charleston, for retal- 
iation, and "on starvation" at Fort Pulaski, off Savannah. 
After the war he resumed the practice of law, in connection 
with real estate business. He was a Member of the Legislature 
from Monroe county in 1883 to 1885 ; was Sergeant-at-Arms 
both of the House and of the Senate several sessions. On 
the 19th of April, 1866, he was married, near Cotton Plant, 
Arkansas, to Miss Josephine Pickens. 

Major John Coleman Palmer is a resident of Brinkley. 
He was born in Lexington, Kentucky, May 12th, 1823, son 
of James W. and Mary B. Palmer, of Louisville, Kentucky. 
He was educated in private schools in Kentucky, closing his 
scholastic career at Bardstown College on the death of his 
mother in 1837. He clerked in a store in Lexington until 
1843 ; graduated in the law department of Transylvania Uni- 
versity in 1845 ; was admitted to the Bar by the Court of Appeals 
of Kentucky the same year. He came to Arkansas Septem- 
ber 1st, 1845, and located at Helena. He lived there until 
January 1st, i860, when he took up his residence at Palmer, 
a short distance away, where he. lived until November 20th, 
1888, when he became a resident of Brinkley. In 1845, 
shortly after settling in Arkansas, he was admitted to the Bar 
before the Circuit Court of the First Judicial Circuit, Hon. 
John F. Jones presiding. Since that date he has been 
engaged in the practice of the profession, having at different 
times been associated with Hon. Thomas B. Hanley, 
General Thomas C. Hindman, Hon. John W. Stayton, 
Hon. M. T. Sanders, Hon. R. W. Nichols and Cap- 
tain P. C. Ewan. On the breaking out of the Mexican 
War in 1846 he enlisted in Company "K," Captain John 
Preston, Jr., in Colonel Archibald Yell's Regiment, being 
Orderly Sergeant of the company, and serving 12 months 
therein. In the Civil War of 1861 he was Major in the Com- 
issary Department of the Confederate Army, on the staff of 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 963 

General Thomas C. Hindman. On the 29th of January, 
1852, at Helena, Arkansas, he was married to Miss Margaret 
E. Shell. Of this marriage there are six children. 



JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



yefferson County ', the twenty-third county formed, was 
created out of territory taken from Arkansas and Pulaski 
counties, by Act approved November 2d, 1829, and was 
named after President Thomas Jefferson. The temporary- 
seat of justice was directed to be at the house of Joseph 
"Bone" (Bonne), but a subsequent Act directed that at the 
time of electing the Sheriff and Clerk for the county, Commis- 
sioners should be elected to select the permanent seat. The 
Commissioners first selected the town of Pine Bluff for the 
county seat, but in May, 1832, it was moved three miles far- 
ther clown the river, to a place owned by Antoine Bar- 
raque. In August, 1832, an election was held among the 
voters of the county, as to the place of location, and the ma- 
jority was in favor of Pine Bluff, and accordingly it was es- 
tablished there, and has since remained so. 

Joseph Bonne was an early settler. He acted as interpre- 
ter in the making of the Quapaw treaty of 18 18. Francis 
Varsier was also an early settler. He was born in 1756, and 
died in the county January 8th, 1836, aged 80 years. Mrs. 
Drew White, who died in Pine Bluff, January 10th, 1889, was 
an early resident of that place. At the time of her death she 
was in the 84th year of her age. Antoine Barraque lived at 
New Gascony in 1834. He had been an officer under the 
First Napoleon, and was one of the earliest settlers of south- 
eastern Arkansas. 

When the Quapaw treaty of 1825 was made at "Harring- 
ton's," reservation was incorporated in it in favor of a num- 
ber of persons, Half-Breeds, or Indians by descent, of lands 



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gS6 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

lying in Jefferson county, one of which was a tract of 80 acres 
for Saracen, a Half-Breed Quapaw Chief, "to be laid off so 
as to include his improvements where he now resides opposite 
Vaugine's." When his tribe moved Saracen went with them, 
but afterwards was permitted to return and live on his reserva- 
tion. He lived there until he attained the advanced age of 
90 years. His history is more fully set forth in the history of 
the Quapaw tribe, elsewhere given. 

Judge Euclid Johnson was the first Circuit Judge in Jeffer- 
son county. He died in 1846, and is buried in Mount Holly 
cemetery at Little Rock. 

Jefferson is an interior county, southeast of Center, lying 
on both sides of the Arkansas river. Its area is about 800 
square miles. 

The soil is alluvial and of extraordinary fertility. Cotton 
is a crop largely grown, although all other crops are capable 
of production. Grains, fruits and vegetables produce well. 
It is traversed by three railroads, the Little Rock, Mississippi 
River & Texas, or "Arkansas Valley" route, running from 
northwest to southeast, and the St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas 
Railway, crossing from northeast to southwest, the two roads 
intersecting each other at Pine Bluff ; and there is also a branch 
road from Altheimer in the county, on the St. Louis, Arkansas 
& Texas Railway, running thence to Little Rock. The first 
railroad to be built through the county was the Little Rock, 
Mississippi River & Texas, which was built in 1880. In 1885 
the St. Louis & Texas was constructed through it, and in 
1887 an d 1888, the branch from Altheimer to Little Rock. 

The timber growth of Jefferson county is remarkably fine. 
Pine exists in large quantities, and cypress and oak timber 
abounds. A number of saw mills are in operation, and a vast 
quantity of lumber is cut and shipped each year. 

Educational facilities of the county are excellent. The 
public schools are well conducted and there is one academy 
for girls, one for boys, and a public high school in Pine Bluff. 



968 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

The free common schools o"f the county number about 70. 
There are churches in all the principal neighborhoods, repre- 
senting all denominations. 

Pine Bluff is one of the most active business places in 
the State. It is regarded as being a business point of fine 
advantage, being well supplied with shipping facilities b}^rail 
and river, and is in the midst of a fine country, rich and fer- 
tile, as to soil, and which is owned by persons of means. In 
the city itself there is much wealth, and great enterprise on the 
part of the people. 

The first settler at the place where Pine Bluff now is was 
Joseph Bonne, the interpreter in the Quapaw treat}' of 1818. 
He pitched his camp in the pine forest on the bank of the river 
in 18 1 9, and lived there with no neighbor near until about 
1830, when John W. Pullen came from North Carolina with 
his family, and pitched his camp near that of Bonne and bought 
land. After a while other settlers came, among them Dr. 
John T. Pullen, a brother of the former named, who bought 
land. In 1832 the Pullens caused a town to be laid off, sur- 
ve}7ed by John E. Graham, and named it Pine Bluff, and had 
a public sale of lots at the place August 2 2d, 1832. It com- 
prised 45 blocks. John W. Pullen kept a tavern, or "house 
of public entertainment" there in that year, and was Post- 
master. In 1834 a substantial log court-house was built on 
the north side of Pullen street, north of the present "Commer- 
cial" office, a site which is now about midway the Arkansas 
river. In Februar} 7 , 1835, John W. Pullen was succeeded as 
Postmaster by his brother, Dr. John T. Pullen. Among the 
settlers of from that date to 1838 were Creed Taylor, the first 
Sheriff, William Kinkead, his successor in office, John Sel- 
den Roane, Peter German, W. H. Lindsey, S. Dardenne, 
J. J. Hammett, Joseph Fugate, Dorris, Buck, Johnson and 
Wright. In 1838 the town contained four frame houses 
and a dozen or so log huts. In 1839 Thomas Greenfield, 
Nimrod Kay, Robert and John Walker, Ambrose Hudgens 



9^3 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



and James Pike settled at the place. In 1839 the first brick 
structure in the place was erected. It was the second court- 
house, and stood until shortly before the war, when it was 
replaced by the present one. It occupied a site just north of 
the present one. The contractors were Jacob Brump, Anson 
Spalding and W. H. Lindsey. The present court-house was 
built in 1858 by Jacob Brump and George Keeler at a cost of 
$17,000. After the war, and particularly after the building 
of railroads to the city, Pine Bluff increased rapidly in popu- 




PRESBTTERIAN CHURCH, PINE BLUFF. 

lation and assumed an extensive growth until now it numbers 
12,000 inhabitants, and has an area of 1 3-4 miles wide by 
2 1-2 miles long, embracing 2,600 acres of land. There are 
42 additions to the city proper, or old town. It has two lines 
of street cars, water-works, public parks, gas and electric 
light, with which latter the streets of the city are lighted, ice 
factory and many other city features. 

The public school system of the city is excellent, and would 
be a credit to any place. 



972 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



There are four weekly and one daily papers published in 
Pine Bluff: Pine Bluff Commercial, daily and weekly, C. 
G. Newman, editor and proprietor; Pine Bluff Press- Eagle, 
Arthur Murray, editor and proprietor; Pine Bluff Graphic, 
I. W. Adams, editor and proprietor; Pine Bluff Re-publi- 
can, S. P. & Ferd. Havis, editors and proprietors, 




CITY HIGH SCHOOL, PINE BLUFF. 

Banks in the city are the Merchants and Planters and the 
Citizens. 

There are two compresses, Standard Compress Company 
and E. C Howell & Company. 

In 1888 the oil mill near the Valley Route depot, was 
built. It is a large and substantial structure of brick and is 



JEFFEBSON COUNTY. 



973 



well adapted for the purpose. In the same year also a large 
cotton compress, one of the largest anywhere in the Southwest, 
was built, being completed in the latter part of the year. 

Pine Bluff has the following churches : 

For the white race : Main Street Methodist, Sixth Avenue 
Baptist, St. Joseph's Catholic, Trinity Episcopal, First Pres- 
byterian and Jewish Synagogue. 

For the colored race : St. Paul's Baptist, Strangers' Rest, 
Baptist, First Baptist, Barraque Street Baptist, St. John's 




CATHOLIC CHURCH, PINE BLUFF. 



Methodist, South ; St. James Methodist, North ; and Presby- 
terian. 

On the ist day of July, 1888, the Methodist church was 
occupied for the first time, 900 persons being present on the 
occasion. The pastor, Dr. J. F. Carr, delivered an eloquent 
and appropriate sermon. The corner stone of the building 
was laid November 9th, 1887. The church was built at a 
cost of about $16,000, and is a credit and ornament to the 
city. Jacob Thalheimer was the architect. 



974 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



The new Catholic church was dedicated with appropriate 
ceremonies on Sunday, December 23d, 1888, Rev. Father J. 
M. Lucey being the pastor in charge. The building was 
erected by Charles J. Fischer, of Little Rock, and is a com- 
fortable and commodious structure. 

Judge J. W. Bocage settled in Pine Bluff in 1839, engaging 
in the practice of law. He was born in New London, Con- 
necticut, in 18 1 9. In 1843 he was Prosecuting Attorney of 
the District, and was County Judge 1846 to 1848. He is 
now engaged in real estate matters and machinery. At the 
commencement of the war he assisted in raising the Second 
Arkansas Infantry, of which he became Lieutenant-Colonel. 
On the 22d of May, 1840, he married, in Jefferson county, 
Miss Frances L. Lindsay, who was born in Fairfax county, 
Virginia. By this marriage there were thirteen children, of 
whom six are now living. 

John Selden Roane was a citizen of Pine Bluff from 1837 
to 1842, at which date he moved to Van Buren. While a 
resident of the latter place he was elected Governor of Arkan- 
sas. A fuller biographical notice of him will be found at 
Chapter XX., at the mention of his administration. 

Jacob Brump was an early resident of the place, and a 
worthy citizen. He died June 13th, 1862, aged 53 years, 
and is buried in Bellewood Cemetery. 

Judge Samuel Calhoun Roane was a resident of Pine Bluff 
from an early date, probably from shortly after its founding. 
He was born February 27th, 1793. He held many impor- 
tant offices in the Territory and State. ; was United States 
District Attorney, Judge of Circuit Court, President of Legis- 
lative Council, and of the Senate. He died December 8th, 

In 1844 Judge D. W. Carroll settled in Pine Bluff, on his 
coming the second time from Maryland, and lived there till 
1846, and again from 1852 to 1878. He was born in Mary- 
land in 18 16. In 1836 he came to Arkansas, and settled at 



JEFFEBSON COUNTY. 



975 



Little Rock ; returned to Maryland in 1844, but soon after 
came back to Arkansas and settled in Pine Bluff, remaining 
there until 1846, when he came to Little Rock, and served as 
Deputy under William Field, Clerk of the United States 
Court. He read law in 1848 in Little Rock, and in 1850 
was elected to the Legislature with Frederick W. Trapnalh 




SYNAGOGUE, PINE BLUFF. 

In 1852 he was appointed State Land Agent at Pine Bluff, 
when he took up his residence there again and remained until 
1878, when on becoming Chancellor he moved to the Capital, 
where he now resides. Pie was Prosecuting Attorney in 
i860, and County Judge in 1866 to 1868, 



976 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Hon. William Porter Grace became a resident of Pine Bluff 
in 1847, and has resided there continuously ever since. He 
was born in Caldwell county, Kentuck} 7 , November 2 2d, 
1822, son of Preston and Jane Grace, who was Jane Killgore, 
a daughter of Daniel Killgore. His father was a contractor, 
brick maker and brick layer, and he and his five brothers 
were all brought up to the latter occupation. He followed it 
until 1844. When 22 years of age he concluded to try and 
get a better education and read law. In pursuance of this 
plan he attended Cumberland College, at Princeton, Ken- 
tuck) 7 , for one year, then read law for two years in the office 
of Judge Livingston Lindsay, at Princeton, and then came to 
Arkansas, locating at Pine Bluff, April 24th, 1847, engaging 
in the practice of law, which he has since pursued with success 
and distinction. From 1854 to 1856 he was Prosecuting Attor- 
ney of the Second Circuit, composed of the counties of Chicot, 
Desha, Ashley, Bradley, Drew, Arkansas, Jefferson, Dallas, 
Hot Spring and Calhoun. He was a Member of the State 
Convention of 1861 ; was Chairman of the Committee on Ordi- 
nances, and as such assisted in preparing the Ordinance of 
Secession, adopted May 6th, 1861. He entered the State serv- 
ice in the war as Commissaiy-General of General N. B. 
Pearce's Division of State troops, from June to September, 
1861, when the division was disbanded. He took part in 
the battle of Oak Hills, August 10th, 1861, as Volunteer Aide 
to General Pearce. He has been twice married ; first in Pine 
Bluff, in Ma} 7 , 1853, to Miss Harriet Boyd, daughter of George 
W. Boyd. She died December iSth, 1863. On the 2d of 
April, 1868, at Pine Bluff, he married Mrs. Emily V. Hud- 
son, widow of Marion Hudson. Colonel Grace is an able 
and forcible speaker. He has of late been prominently iden- 
tified with the temperance movement in Arkansas. 

In 1852 Colonel Marcus L. Bell became a citizen of Pine 
Bluff, and still resides there. He occupies a place in the front 
rank of his profession, and is one of the leading lawyers of 



JEFFEBSON COUNTY. 



977 



the State. He was born in Wilson county, Tennessee, July 
27th, 1829, son of a Presbyterian minister. In 1845, at the 
age of 16, he entered Cumberland University, at Lebanon, 
Tennessee, but being recalled by the death of his father, ]] n 
not have an opportunity to finish his full course there, i 
before long set out in the struggle of life on his own accou 
In May, 1849, at the age of twenty years, he came to Arka 
sas and settled in Little Rock. In a short while he became 
Private Secretary to Governor John Selden Roane, who had 




BAPTIST CHURCH, PINE BLUFF. 



then recently been elected. During the time of his residence 
in Little Rock he studied law under the direction of Judge E. 
H. English. In 1S52 he was admitted to the Bar, and 
removed to Pine Bluff and began the practice of law, in which 
he rose rapidly. In 1861 he entered the Confederate Army 
as a Captain, and was Adjutant-General on the staff of Gen- 
eral John Selden Roane. This position he held until the 

62 



JEFFEESON COUNTY. 



979 



fall of Little Rock, in 1863, when he was transferred to the 
Indian Department, and was on the staff of General S. 
Mackey. After the close of the war he resumed his practice 
again, in which he attained eminence and success. In 1872 
he was a candidate for Congress in the Second District, 
against O. P. Snyder. There is every reason to believe that 
he was elected by from 1,500 to 2,000 majority, but the cer- 
tificate of election was given to Mr. Snyder. Colonel Bell 
contested the seat before the House of Representatives, ably 
and vigorously, but was unsuccessful in obtaining it. Other 
than this instance he has not been a candidate for political 
honors. He has been twice married. His first wife was Miss 
Juliet Roane, a daughter of Hon. Samuel C. Roane. She 
died November 14th, 1877, without children. On the 2d of 
December, 1878, he married, at Pine Bluff, Mrs. Ellen Lee, 
a daughter of Adam Van der Werker, one of the Knicker- 
bocker families of New York. By. this marriage there are 
two children — Marcus L., Jr., and Robert Davis. 

John M. Clayton became a resident of Pine Bluff shortly 
after the war, and was Sheriff of the count}7for ten successive 
years, from 1876 to 1886. He was Representative in the 
Legislature in 1871, and in the Senate in 1873, a part of the 
time President of the Senate. He was Republican candidate 
for Congress in the Second District in 1888. He was foully 
• murdered at Plummersville, on the 29th of January, 1889, 
by unknown parties. Pie was an affable and courteous gen- 
tleman, and very popular. He was born in Delaware county, 
Pennsylvania, October 13th, 1840, a twin brother of William 
H. H. Clayton, of Fort Smith. Colonel Clayton was a 
widower at the time of his death, leaving a family of six 
children, two daughters and four sons. 

Judge William M. Harrison became a resident of Pine 
Bluff in 1869. He was born in Dorchester county, Mary- 
land, June 1st, 1818. He came to Arkansas in 1840, and 
made his home in Columbia, the countvseatof Chicot county, 



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JEFFERSON COUNTY. 98 1 

and engaged in teaching. While so engaged he read law at 
leisure times, and in 1845 was admitted to the Bar. In 1847 
he moved to Drew county. From 1852 he was State Sena- 
tor four years, and in i860 was a Member of the House of 
Representatives. From 1865 to 1868 he was Circuit Judge, 
and from 1868 to 1872 was Associate Justice of the Supreme 
Court, and again from 1874 to 1882, since which time he 
has been engaged in the practice of law at Pine Bluff. In 
1848 he married Miss Pamelia M. Fairchild. 

Captain James Franklin Ritchie became a citizen of Pine 
Bluff in 1878. He was born in Selma, Alabama, in the year 
1836, son of John Calhoun and Jennie Ritchie, who was Jen- 
nie Campbell. Pie v/as raised and educated in Mississippi; 
studied law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1858. He came 
to Arkansas in that year, and settled in Hampton, Calhoun 
county, where he lived until November, i860. At that time 
he moved to Little Rock. The war coming on shortly after, 
he enlisted from there in the Capital Guards of that place, in 
the Sixth Arkansas Infantry, Colonel Lyons. He was Quar- 
termaster-Sergeant in Hardee's Brigade; then was Second 
Lieutenant in Desha's Battalion, and Captain after consolida- 
tion with the Eighth Arkansas Regiment, in Liddell's Brigade, 
of Cleburne's Division. He was wounded at the battle of 
Murfreesboro, Tennessee, losing his right arm. After this, on 
being discharged in 1863, he settled at Camden, and lived 
there until 1874, when he moved to Hot Springs. He lived 
at Hot Springs until 1878, when he moved to Pine Bluff, and 
is engaged in the real estate and loan agency, also owning a 
farm. In i860 he was elected Land Attorney and State Col- 
lector, and in 1866 was District Attorney in the Camden Dis- 
trict. On the 9th of December, 1863, he married, in Cam- 
den, Miss Maria Ella Powell. By this marriage there are 
three children : two sons and a daughter. 



JACKSON COUNTY. 



yachson County, the twenty-fourth county created, was 
formed November 5th, 1829, out of territory taken from 
Independence county. The temporary seat of justice was 
directed to be at the house of Thomas Wideman. By an Act 
of the succeeding Legislature, October 26th, 1831, it was 
directed that Commissioners be chosen the following January 
to permanently locate the county seat. The town of Litch- 
field was chosen, and remained the county seat until 1839, 
when it was moved to Elizabeth, and remained there until 
1852. In that year it was moved to Augusta, now in Wood- 
ruff county, and in 1854 it was located at Jacksonport, where 
it has since remained. 

When the county was created it was but very sparsely settled. 
For more than a year after its formation it had neither post- 
office, Post-master nor post-road in its limits, the nearest post- 
office being the town of Batesville, forty miles awa) r , in the 
neighboring county of Independence. It had no roads, but 
mere bridle paths to connect scattered settlements. Its popu- 
lation in the census of 1833, the first census taken after its 
formation, was only 333. 

The first court was held at the residence of Thomas Wide- 
man, a few miles east of Litchfield, May 3d, 1830, Thomas 
P. Eskridge, Judge ; John C. Saylors, Clerk. The Clerk 
was "sworn into office" and court adjourned until "Court in 
course." 

On the 5th day of November, 183 1, the court was held 
at the "court-house in the town of Litchfield," Hon. Edward 
Cross, Judge. 

Litchfield was a very small town, and is now a farm. It is 
about two miles east of Newport, where the Augusta road 
and the Batesville & Brinkley Railroad cross Village creek. 

At this term several new names appear on the jury list. 

982 



9 8 4 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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JACKSON COUNTY. 



9^ 



The second session of the court, held at Litchfield, April 
27th, 1835, bears the signature of Archibald Yell, who held 
court up to November, 1836. In 1839 the court was held at 
Elizabeth, a small village on the east bank of White river. 
There is no inhabited house there now, but the ruins of a 
weather-boarded double log house are still to be seen on the 
right-of-wa}' of the Batesville & Brinkley Railroad, 1 1-2 mile 
south of Jacksonport, which is all that is left of the place. In 
May, 1852, the court was held at Augusta, which was and is 




METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH, NEWPORT. 

a considerable town, now the county seat of Woodruff county, 
formed from part of Jackson in 1862. In Ma} 7 , 1854, the 
court was held at Jacksonport, where it has been held ever 
since, and where there is one of the most substantial court- 
houses in the State, with fire-proof vault for records, and all 
the modern improvements; built in 1878. 

Jackson county is situated in the White river valley, north- 
east from the center of the State, having Black river on the 
north, and White river running through it, each navigable 



HIS TOUT OF ARKANSAS. 



for steamboats throughout the year. Its area is about 650 
square miles. 

In surface the count}' is level, but a small portion of it 
hilly. The soil is of alluvial character and generally fertile 
and productive. The usual products are grown, but cotton 
and corn are the chief staples. The timber product of the 
county is excellent, embracing oak, red gum, ash and cypress 
woods. It is well traversed by railroads, the St. Louis, Iron 




EPISCOPAL CHURCH, NEWPORT, 



Mountain & Southern passing through from northeast to 
southwest, and the Batesville & Brinkley from northwest to 
southeast. 

There are sixty-three public schools in the county, kept 
open from three to nine months each year. And there are 
church-houses of every denomination of Christians repre 
sen ted in the county. 



JACKSON COUNTY. 987 

The principal towns of the county are Jacksonport, New- 
port, Auvergne, Swifton, Tuckerman, Elgin and Tupelo. 

Jacksonport, the county seat, was established as a town 
about the year 1840. It was founded by Thomas Tunstall. 
It is situated at the junction of White and Black rivers. It 
was formerly a place of considerable importance, but upon 
the building of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern 
Railroad in 1872, which passed within three miles of it, a sta- 
tion was made called Newport, which from the superior facil- 
ities offered by railroad communication drew away from 
Jacksonport its business and residents, until but little remained 
of the town, while Newport grew into a flourishing city. The 
town of Jacksonport was incorporated as a town December 
17th, 1852, and re-incorporated March 13th, 1867. Its pres- 
ent population is about 600. A substantial brick court-house 
was commenced in 1869 and completed in 1871. 

A newspaper, called the yacksonport Democrat, is pub- 
lished there. 

Hon. Charles Minor was a resident of Jacksonport from 
1866 to 1 88 1. He was born at Charlottesville, Virginia, 
September 27th, 1841, son of Dr„ Charles and Lucy Walker 
Minor. He was educated at the University of Virginia; 
enlisted as a private in the Rockbridge Artillery of Virginia, in 
the Confederate Arm}', in which he served until 1862, when 
he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Engineer Corps, 
serving therein to the end of the war. He came to Arkan- 
sas in October, 1866, locating at Jacksonport; was admitted 
to the Bar in 1868 and practiced there, becoming a leading 
lawyer of that section. He was a member of the Arkansas 
Legislature of 1873 and 1879. He died at the University of 
Virginia, February 27th, 1881, at the house of his uncle, Dr. 
John B. Minor, Professor of Law in that institution, and in 
the same room which he had occupied as a student. On 
the 8th of June, 1.869, ^ e was married, at Jacksonport, to 
Miss Kate Board, who survives him. 



JACKSON COUNTY. 989 

Colonel Lucien C. Ganse, who was a Member of Congress 
from the district from 1875 to 1879, was a citizen of Jackson- 
port, and was a leading lawyer there. 

Newport, on White river, is the most important town in the 
county. It has a population of about 2,500 persons, and is 
a flourishing, growing place. It contains Methodist, Episcopal 
and Baptist churches, among the latter being churches for 
the colored people. It has an opera house to seat 400 per- 
sons, an oil mill, foundries and machine shops, a flouring 
mill, four saw mills, a stave factory, planing mills, and many 
handsome and extensive stores. It has two weekly news- 
papers, the yackson County Herald and the Neivs, It has 
dairy mails, telegraph, telephone and express offices, ice fac- 
tory and water supply. 

Franklin Doswell, a prominent lawyer of Newport, was 
born in Hanover county, Virginia, May 5th, 1830 son of 
Henley C. Doswell, who was a farmer and native of that 
county, born in the same house in which the son was born ; 
died in the same house, having lived therein for 78 years. 
Franklin Doswell was mainly educated by his father, com- 
pleting his education at Washington College, Lexington, Vir- 
ginia, in 1849. Leaving home in 185 1, he went to Lawrence 
county, Alabama, where he taught school and read law. He 
was admitted to the Bar in Moulton, Alabama, in 1855 ; 
moved to Jacksonport, Arkansas, where he arrived April 6th, 
1856. Practiced law there till about 1884 or 1885, when he 
moved to Newport, three miles distant, where he now re- 
sides. In 1874 he was elected to fill a vacancy in the Legis- 
lature, and in the same year a Member of the Constitutional 
Convention. He was never married. 

Lancelot Minor became a resident of Newport in 1881. 
He was born at Charlottesville, Virginia, June 16th, 1847, 
son of Dr. Charles and Lucy Walker Minor. He was 
educated at Brook Hill School, near Charlottesville. Came 
to Arkansas- in December, 1872, locating at Jacksonport. 



JACKSON COUNTY. 



991 



He read law with his brother, Hon. Charles Minor; was 
admitted to the Bar in 1877, and was a partner with his 
brother up to the time of the death of the latter in 1881. In 
the same year he moved to Newport and continued the prac- 
tice, being now associated with Franklin Doswell therein. 
He served in the Confederate Army in the First Virginia Reg- 
iment, Stonewall Brigade, Hardaway's Battalion, Graham's 
Battery. He has been twice married. In October, 1868, at 
Charlottesville, he was married to Miss Emma Walker 
Minor. By this marriage there are two children, Charles L. 
and Louisa Noland. On the 6th of July, 1887, being a 
widower, he was married to Miss Theo Ferguson, of Augus- 
ta, Woodruff county, Arkansas. 

o 

MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. 



Mississippi County, the twenty-fifth county created, was 
formed out of territory taken from Crittenden county Novem- 
ber 1st, 1833, and was named for the great river that it lies 
along. The seat of justice was directed to be at the house of 
Peter G. Reeves until permanently established. In 1836 
Edwin Jones, Frederick Weller, Lasty McLang, John Buck- 
ner and John G. Davis were appointed Commissioners for the 
purpose, and located it at Osceola, where it now is. 

Mississippi county is in the northeast corner of the State, 
and its northeast corner is the extreme eastern part of the 
State. It is bounded on the north by the State of Missouri ; 
on the east by the Mississippi river, and south by Crittenden 
county. Its area is about 900 square miles. 

In surface the county is level. There are no hills or moun- 
tains. It contains in its limits a number of lakes, Big Lake, 
Tyronza lake, Walker's lake, Golden lake, Hudgens and 
Flat lake. The soil is alluvial and of a black, sandy loam, 
of richness and fertility. Cotton and corn are the principal 
and only important crops. 



992 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. 993 

The timber product of the county is most abundant, and 
embraces all kinds; c} T press, ash, oak, cottonwood, walnut, 
hickory and pecan being found in abundance. The county 
has as yet no railroad. 

There are forty free public schools in the county and one 
high school in Osceola, with church-houses in every principal 
point. Of streams, the Little river and Pemiscott ba}7ou are 
navigable for small boats in high water. 

The principal towns of the county are Osceola, Blytheville, 
McGavock, Pecan Point and Barfield. 

Osceola, the county seat, on the Mississippi river, is a place 
of considerable business activity. It has a fine court-house. 

There are three churches, a Baptist and Catholic churches 
of those denominations, and a Union church occupied by the 
Methodists and Presbyterians, for white persons. The col- 
ored people have two Baptist and one Methodist church edi- 
fices. 

The Osceola Times is a newspaper published there, edited 
by Leon Roussau. 

Hon. Hiram M. McVeigh became a resident of Mississippi 
county in 1864. He was born in Fauquier county, Virginia, 
son of Hiram and Mary C. McVeigh. He was admitted to 
the Bar in Hannibal, Missouri, in i860, and the same year 
was local editor, and afterwards editor of the Daily Messen- 
ger, of Hannibal, Missouri. On the breaking out of the war 
he became Assistant Ordinance Officer of Harris' Division of 
Missouri State Guards, but owing to ill health was unable to 
do active service in camp or field. He came to Arkansas in 
1862, and located in Mississippi county in the summer of 
1864. He was admitted to the Bar in Arkansas in 1865, 
and has since been engaged in the practice of law at Osceola. 
He was Prosecuting Attorney of his circuit; was a Member of 
the Legislature of 1873 and 1881 ; one of the Board of Visitors 
of the State University of 1883. He is the author of the law 
creating the State Insane Asylum, the necessity for such an 



MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. 



995 



institution being brought prominently to his notice by the 
case of an unfortunate gentleman in his community who had 
been insane, and for whose treatment or keeping no facilities 
existed. Incited by this instance, and by a general knowl- 
edge of the urgent need for such an institution in the State, 
he introduced and put through the bill creating it. He mar- 
ried Miss Susan H. Fletcher, daugher of Colonel Elliott H. 
Fletcher. By this marriage there are seven children, two 
sons and five daughters, to-wit : Elliott, Jesse, Frances, 
Hiram Bland, Agnes, Rose and Susan McVeigh. 



-o- 



CARROLL COUNTY. 



Carroll County, the twenty-sixth county formed, was cre- 
ated November ist, 1833, out of the territory taken from 
Izard county. It is believed to have been named in honor of 
Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, the last surviving signer of the 
Declaration of Independence, whose death was then fresh in 
the minds of the public. The temporary seat of justice was 
directed to be at the house of William Sneed, Jr., until per- 
manently established. An election for Commissioners and 
other county officers was to be held at this place in Januar} T , 
1834, before William King, William Sneed and Samuel 
Bristo, Judges, and at the house of William Keeth, before 
Stephen Keeth, William Cooke and George Campbell, Sr., 
Judges. 

The Commissioners located the county seat at Carrollton, 
where it remained until 1876, when it was moved to Berry- 
ville, where it now is. 

Carroll county is in the extreme northwestern part of the 
State, bounded on the north by the Missouri line. Its area 
is about 640 square miles. In surface it presents a variety of 
kinds of country, being part mountainous, part hilly, part 
alluvial and part prairie land. Corn and grain is mostly 



99<5 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



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CABBOLL COUNTY. 



997 



grown; little or no cotton. Fruits produce well, and are a 
reliable crop. A railroad runs twenty miles into the county, 
coming from Seligman, Missouri, to Eureka Springs. Good 
quality of red and gray marble is found in the county, and 
lead exists. 

There are eighty free, common schools, one academy 
and one college in the county. There are twenty Baptist, 
fifteen Methodist, three Christian, one Episcopalian, one 
Catholic and two Presbyterian churches. 

The Eureka Springs in the county, which began to attract 
attention for their curative properities about 1879 or 1880, 
have attained great fame for their medicinal virtues, and have 
performed many wonderful cures, and annually attract great 
numbers of visitors. One of the noted features of the place is 
a fine hotel, the Crescent, which was opened in the spring of 
1887. 

Berryville, the county seat, is an. interior town, near the 
center of the county 7 . Its population is about 700. • It con- 
tains a number of business places. There is a brick court 
house in the place, but a plain structure. A newspaper, called 
the "Progress," is published there, by Hailey Brothers. Isaac 
A. Clark is principal of Clark's Academy at the place. 

Hon. Bradley Bunch has been a resident of Carroll county 
since 1838, his present residence being near Berryville. He 
was born in Overton county, Tennesse, December 9th, 18 18, 
son of Nathaniel and Sarah Bunch. He acquired an ordi- 
nary business education. He came to Arkansas in the au- 
tumn of 1838, and settled in Carroll county. He lived there 
until 1842, when, on the creation of Newton county, the 
place of his residence fell in the limits of the new county. 
He resided in Newton county about five years, but in 1847, 
he moved into Carroll county and has since resided there, be- 
ing engaged in farming. In 1848 he was elected Justice of 
the Peace, and served six years, and was four years Associate 
Justice of the County Court. He was elected to the House 



998 EISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

of Representatives from^Carroll county in 1854, again in 1856, 
1858 and i860, and was Speaker of the House at the last 
mentioned session. He served in the extra session of 1862 • 
was elected to the State Senate in the fall of 1862 and served one 
short session at Little Rock, and a called session at Washing- 
ton, Arkansas, in 1864. He was elected to the Legislature 
for the sixth time in 1866, and was again made Speaker;. 
was then disfranchised until 1874, and was elected a Delegate 
to the Constitutional Convention of 1874. He was elected to 
the Senate in the fall of 1874, and was President of the 
Senate ; but at the end of this term retired from public life, 
and has since been engaged in farming; but being appointed 
Probate and County Judge to fill a vacancy, he was unani- 
mously elected for a term of two years at the general election 
of 1886. " 

In 1836, in Tennessee, he was married to Jane Boswell. 
The children of this marriage now living are N. C. Bunch, 
a farmer in Carroll county; T. S. Bunch, a lawyer in Ari- 
zona ; E. C. Bunch, a farmer and teacher in Arizona ; a son, 
L. B. Bunch, and daughter, Laura A., unmarried, living at 
home, and two married daughters living in the county. 

o 



PIKE COUNTY. 



Pike County, the twenty-seventh county created, was 
formed November 1st, 1833, out of territory taken from the 
counties of Hempstead and Clark, and was named after Gen- 
eral Zebulon Montgomery Pike, a distinguished officer of the 
war of 1 81 2. The seat of justice was directed to be at the 
house of Paschal C. Sorrells until permanently located. An 
election was directed to be held for Commissioners to locate it. 
The Commissioners located it, in 1834, at a place called Zeb- 
ulon. The place bore this name until sometime after 1836, 
when it was changed to Murfreesboro. 



PIKE COUNTY. 



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IOOO EISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The county of Pike is an interior southwest county. Its 
area is about 600 square miles. 

Its surface is partly mountainous, but has much alluvial 
soil, rich and fertile. In the mountainous districts minerals 
exist and have been prospected for successfully, but not devel- 
oped. The county is watered by the Little Missouri river, 
which runs through it. It has as yet no railroad. 

The chief products of the county are corn and grain. Cot- 
ton is also raised to some extent. 

There are forty-three free common schools in the county, 
and churches at all the chief points. 

The towns of the county are Murfreesboro, Antoine, Star 
of the West, Huddleston, Brocktown and Royston. 

The town of Murfreesboro was founded in 1834. It is sit- 
uated in a fertile spot on the Little Missouri river, thirteen 
miles from Nashville, in Howard county, which is the nearest 
railroad point. 

In 1837, by Act of the Legislature of December 9th, Fon- 
taine Stone, Robert McDonald, John Hughes, Elijah Kelly 
and Henry Brewer were appointed Commissioners to sell lots 
in the town and with the proceeds to build a court-house and 
jail for the county. 

The present population of the place is about 300 persons. 

A weekly newspaper, called The Sentinel, is published 
there by J. O. A. Bush, County Clerk. 

o 

GREENE COUNTY. 



Greene Comity, the twenty-eighth county created, was 
formed November 5th, 1833, out of territory taken from 
Lawrence county. The temporary seat of justice was 
directed to be at the house of Benjamin Crowley until perma- 
nently established. Commissioners selected for the purpose 
located the county seat at Paris, five miles northeast of the 



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1002 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

present town of Gainesville. In 1847 or 1848 the county 
seat was moved to Gainesville, where it remained until 1884, 
when it was moved to Paragould, where it now is. The 
order for the removal was made by the County Court about 
October 7th, 1884. 

The name of the county is now generally spelled with the 
final e, but in the Act creating the county, as published in the 
volume of Acts, is without the final e. 

Greene county is situated in the northeastern corner of 
the State, bounded on the east by the St. Francis river, which 
alone separates it from Missouri. Its area is about 625 square 
miles. 

Its soil is fertile and embraces a large portion of alluvial 
soil, which produces fine crops of the staple products. Crow- 
ley's ridge, a high back-bone of land, runs through the 
county. 

The timber growth of the county is varied and valuable, and 
the shipping facilities for it are excellent. The St. Francis 
and Cache rivers afford floating facilities to the east and west, 
while the county is traversed through the interior by four rail- 
roads: The St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern; the Hel- 
ena Branch ; the St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas, and the Mem- 
phis & Kansas City 7 roads. 

The towns of the county are Gainesville, Paragould, Till- 
manville, Delaplaine, Maxville, Crowley and Halliday. 

Paragould, the county seat, is on the Texas & St. Louis 
Railway. Its name was manufactured out of the combined 
names of two railroad magnates of the day, J. W. Paramore, 
President of the company which built the road, and Jay 
Gould. It is a thriving place of about 2,000 people. It dates 
from the year 1881, and was located on lands belonging to 
W. S. Pruett and J. J. Lambert & Son. In that year the 
narrow gauge, or "Paramore" road, now known as the 
"Cotton-belt route," and the Helena Branch of the Iron 
Mountain road were built, intersecting at the place, and the 
town was thereupon laid off and began to build up. 



GEEENE COUNTY. IO03 

There are three church-houses in the town. The Metho- 
dists and Baptists each have a neat frame church, and the 
Christian denomination have a good brick church. 

It has three newspapers, the Press, the Lynch--pin, and 
Daily Times. 

Gainesville, the next town of importance in the county, is 
eight miles north of Paragould, and contains a population of 
about 500. It was settled about the year 1840, and has three 
churches, a district school, a weekly, paper — the Greene 
County Events, telegraph and express offices and daily mail. 

Judge L. L. Mack became a resident of Gainesville in 
185 1, He was born in Maury county, Tennessee, December 
18th, 181 7, son of Lemuel D. and Mary Mack, who was 
Mary Taylor. In 1837 ne began reading law with his uncle, 
Robert A. Mack, who died in a few months thereafter, after 
which he continued to read part of the time without a pre- 
ceptor and at others under a great-uncle, Robert Mack, until 
1838, when he was admitted to the Bar, and practiced law at 
Waynesville until 1844. He was Clerk of the County Court 
from 1844 to 1848; then practiced law until December, 
1850, when he came to Arkansas. He stopped first at 
Marion, Crittenden county, then in Poinsett county, but 
in 185 1 made his home in Gainesville, where he has since 
resided. In 1855 he was Prosecuting Attorney, and 
again in 1861 ; Member of the Legislature in i860. In 
1865 he was elected Circuit Judge, but was ousted in 
1868. In 1874 he was re-elected Judge of the Second Cir- 
cuit. On the 1 6th of October, 1844, in Wayne county, Ten- 
nessee, he married Miss Felicia Ann Cypert, sister of Judge 
J.N. Cypert, of White county. By this marriage there were 
eleven children, seven sons and four daughters. 

David Berry Warren has lived in Greene county continu- 
ously since October 1856. He was born in Giles county, 
Tennessee, October 3d, 1827, son of John B. and Rachel 
Warren, who was Rachel Hunt. He came to Arkansas 



1004 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

October 23d, 1856, locating in Greene county, and is now a 
resident of Gainesville, a minister of the gospel and farmer. 
He was licensed to preach as a Southern Methodist in August, 
1856 ; was ordained a Deacon at Dover, Arkansas, Novem- 
ber 3d, 1867, by Bishop Marvin, and Elder at Augusta, 
Arkansas, by Bishop Kavanaugh November 18th, 1877. 
He was Clerk of the Circuit Court of Greene county from 
May, 1873, to October, 1882. On the 4th of March, 1855, 
in Giles county, Tennessee, he was married to Miss Lucy 
Jane Ford. By this marriage there are five children now 
living. Three married, to-wit: Mrs. Alice Newberry, Ezra 
Warren, and Mrs. Ida Walden; and two single, to-wit: 
Miss Minnie Warren and Albert Warren. 

o 



SCOTT COUNTY. 



Scott County, the twenty-ninth county formed, was cre- 
ated November 5th, 1883, out of territory taken from the 
counties of Crawford and Pope, and was named in honor of 
Judge Andrew Scott. The Act creating it provided for an 
election for Commissioners to be held, at which Walter 
Cauthron, Robert Mayes and William Wood were appointed 
Judges, and William W. Fleming, Joseph Tomlinson and 
Robert Cauthron were appointed Commissioners to receive 
subscriptions for the building of the court-house and jail. 
The Commissioners elected located the county seat at 
Cauthron, in April, 1834, where it remained for some time, 
when it was moved to Waldron, where it now is. 

Scott is a western county, bounded west by the Indian 
Territory; area, about 1000 square miles. It contains some 
hilly sections, but has level lands. 

The soil is fertile and produces well all indigenous products. 
In the growth of fruit and vegetables it makes an unusually 
fine display. 



SCOTT COUNTY. 



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1006 EISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The county contains coal of good quality, found in the 
western part,' and minerals in the southern part. Limestone 
is found, and iron ore is plentiful ; and a large petroleum 
yield has recently been discovered. 

Waldron, the county seat, is on the Poteau river, forty-five 
miles south of Fort Smith. It is a substantially built town, 
parti) 7 of brick houses of modern style. It has a population 
of about iooo, and has about thirty business houses. It con- 
tains steam, grist and planing mills, a cotton gin, four 
churches, a district school, two weekly newspapers, the 
Waldron Reporter, M. M. Beaver, editor; and Scott County 
Citizen, P. C. Stone, publisher. 

Hon. A. G. Washburn, Member of the House of Repre- 
sentatives of the session of 1885, 1887, 1889, is one of the 
prominent citizens of the place, engaged in the practice of law, 
as a member of the firm of Washburn & Wallace. 



VANBUREN COUNTY. 



Van Bur en County, the thirtieth county created, was 
formed November nth, 1833, out of territory taken from the 
counties of Conway, Izard and Independence, and was named 
after Martin VanBuren. The temporary seat of justice was 
directed to be at the house of Nobadiah Marsh until the per- 
manent place could be selected. In the following year Com- 
missioners chosen for the purpose located it at Bloomington, 
on the Little Red river, eight miles east of Clinton, where it 
remained until 1844, when it was moved to Clinton. 

Van Buren is an interior county, north of center, lying 
north of Conway and Faulkner, and east of Pope counties. 
Its area is about 700 square miles. 

The general surface of the count) 7 is hilly and mountainous, 
but in the southeastern portion are level lands, and along the 
streams there are bottom lands. The soil is fertile and pro- 
duces well the usual crops. The southeastern part of the 



VANBUBEN COUNTY. 



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1008 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

county is particularly favorable for the growing of grain, and 
fruits produce well anywhere in the county. 

Coal is found in the county and is locally used to a consid- 
erable extent. Many mineral springs exist in the county, 
whose waters are of value, the best known being the White 
and Black Sulphur, and the Price springs. 

There are sixty-one school districts and many churches. 

The towns of the county are Clinton, Liberty Springs, 
Choctaw, Scotland, Oak Flat and Bee Branch. 

Clinton, the county seat, was founded by George Counts in 
the 3/ear 1842. It contains one church house, a frame build- 
ing belonging to the congregation of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, South, at which services are held every first and third 
Sundays, by Rev. Z. M. Lindsey, pastor. The court-house 
is a modest frame structure. 

A newspaper, called the Van Bur en County Democrat, is 
published there by P. C. Bennett and J. W. Allen. 

A male and female acadenry is conducted there by G. B. 
Hodge, principal. 



JOHNSON COUNTY. 



yohnson County, the thirty-first county formed, was cre- 
ated November 16th, 1833, out of territory taken from the 
county of Pope, and was named in honor of Judge Benjamin 
Johnson. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at 
the residence of Elijah B. Alston, but Commissioners were 
directed to be elected in January, for the purpose of locating 
it permanently. It was not, however, located until 1836, at 
which date it was established at Clarksville, where it has 
since remained. 

Johnson county is an interior county, northwest; bounded 
south by the Arkansas river, east by Pope and west by Frank- 
lin counties. Its area is about 700 square miles. 

In surface, the county is mountainous. The Boston and 



JOHNSON COUNTY, 



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IOIO HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Mulberry mountains traverse its northern portion, but along 
streams there is considerable alluvial land of great fertility. 
The usual crops are produced and fruit is extensively raised. 
Apples are a fine and important product. 

There are vast coal beds in the county, which are being 
successfully worked and which supply a large amount of coal 
to points on the railroad. Nothing but native coal is used 
anywhere within reach of these mines. The supply is of sev- 
eral varieties, hard and soft coal, semi-anthracite and semi- 
bituminous. 

Low Gap spring, a chalybeate spring of local reputation, in 
the northern part of the county, is a favorite resort for both 
health and pleasure to residents of the neighborhood. 

The county is traversed from east to west on its southern 
border by the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad, which fol- 
lows the general line of the river, a short distance from it. 

There are seven ty-seven public schools in the county and a 
high school at Clarksville, and churches at all the principal 
points in the county. Methodist, Presbyterian and Baptist 
denominations predominate, though there are other denomi- 
nations represented. 

The principal towns of the county are Clarksville, Knox- 
ville, Cabin Creek, Spadra, Hartman and Coal Hill. 

Clarksville is a thriving little city of about 1,500 people, 101 
miles from the capital, and on the Little Rock & Fort Smith 
Railroad. 

The town contains a Baptist, Methodist and two Presbyte- 
rian churches ; a commodious court-house of brick, as are also 
a number of business buildings ; and four weekly newspapers, 
the Arkansian, the Clarksville Herald, the oldest paper in 
the county, the Western ^Journal, and the Arkansaw Econo- 
mist, Wheel organ. 

The place contains a number of stores, has telegraph and 
express offices and daily mails. 

Judge Felix I. Batson was a prominent man of Johnson 



JOHNSON COUNTY. IOI I 

county, and resided there for a number of years. He was 
Circuit Judge of the Fourth Circuit in 1853, and was accounted 
one of the best Circuit Judges. He was elected Judge of the 
Supreme Court in 1858, and was a Member of the State 
Convention of 1861, and was twice elected a Member of the 
Confederate Congress. He died not very long after the war. 
A prominent citizen of Clarksville is Hon. Jordan E. Cra- 
vens. He was born in Frederickton, Madison county, Mis- 
souri, November 7th, 1830, and in 183 1 his father moved to 
Arkansas, which has since been his home. He studied law 
in Clarksville under Judge Felix I. Batson, of the Supreme 
Court, and was admitted to the Bar in 1854. On the break- 
ing out of the war, in 1861, he enlisted as a private in Captain 
Oliver Basham's Company of Churchill's Regiment of Cav- 
alry, the First Arkansas Mounted Rifles, and at the battle of 
Oak Hill was three times wounded in the engagement. 
He next became Major of the Seventeenth Arkansas, and on 
its consolidation with the Twenty-first Arkansas he became 
Colonel of the Twenty-first, and was captured at Big Black 
river in 1863. After being a prisoner for some time, he was 
exchanged and served the remainder of the war. In i860 he 
was a Member of the Legislature, and of the State Senate in 
1866. In 1876, and again in 1878, and in 1880 to 1882 he was 
a Member of Congress for the Third District. In 1868, June 
nth, Colonel Cravens married, at Clarksville, Miss Emma 
Batson, daughter of Judge Felix I. Batson, and a native of 
that town. By this marriage there are four daughters. 

o 

WHITE COUNTY. 



White County, the thirty-second county created, was 
formed October 23d, 1835, out of territory taken from the 
counties of Pulaski, Independence and Jackson, and received 
its name from the White river, which bounds it on the east. 
The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house 



IOI2 



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WHITE COUNTY, 



IOI3 



of David Crease, near the White Sulphur springs. On the 
23d of November, 1837, John Magness, Michael Owens, and 
Thomas R. VanMeter were appointed by the Legislature 
Commissioners to locate the county seat on lands donated by 
John Howerton, James Walker and John Cook, the town to 
be called Searcy, which since has remained the county seat. 

White is an interior county, northeastward ; White river is 
its eastern boundary. Its area is about 1020 square miles. 

The soil is good, and produces well all the ordinary crops. 
Fruits also produce well. The county is well watered by 
White river and Little Red river, which runs through its 
center. 

The county has a number of mineral springs, affording 
places of resort for health and pleasure, the chief of which 
are the White Sulphur springs, at the town of Searcy; the 
Armstrong chalybeate springs, a short distance from them, 
and Griffin springs. 

The St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern railroad runs 
through the county from northeast to southwest, and at Ken- 
sett a short line of railway, of three miles, reaches the town 
of Searcy. 

The towns of the county are Searcy, Beebe, Judsonia, 
Bradford, Russell, Bald Knob, Kensett, West Point, El Paso 
and Centre Hill. 

Searcy, the county seat, is an active town of about 2,000 
people. It dates its existence from the year 1837. It is a 
favorite place of summer resort for the use of the excellent 
sulphur waters which are to be had, the Hotel Bennett, the 
Gill House and other good hotels furnishing accommodations 
to guests. -The town is built surrounding a court-house square. 
The court-house is a commanding brick building, with a tall 
tower surmounted by a large clock. It was built about 1870. 
There are many substantial brick buildings in the town, and a 
number of churches. Of these the Presbyterian church is a 
large and handsome brick building, and comfortably fitted 



1014 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



inside.* Other churches are, Methodist, Baptist and Presby- 
terian. There are excellent schools, a flourishing female acad- 
emy, the Searcy College, the Galloway Female College, a 
bank, two steam grist mills, a cotton gin, planing mill, a fruit 
and vegetable canning factory, and three weekly newspapers, 
the White County Record, Arkansas Beacon, and the White 




WHITE COUNTY COURT-HOUSE, SEARCY. 

County Wheel; has telegraph and express offices and daily 
mails. The town is not on any line of general railroad, but 
reaches the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad by 
a railroad to Kensett, a distance of about three miles. 

General Dandridge McRae became a resident of Searcy on 
his arrival in the State in December, 1849, and has continu- 



WHITE COUNTY. 



IOI5 



ously resided there since. He was born in Baldwin county, 
Alabama, October 10th, 1829. He graduated at the State Uni- 
versity of South Carolina in 1849 ; was admitted to the Bar in 
Arkansas in 1854. On the breaking out of the war he raised 
a battalion and then a regiment, and was subsequently made 




GALLOWAY FEMALE COLLEGE, SEARCY. 

a Brigadier-General. On the 10th of January, 1855, in 
DeSoto county, Mississippi, he married Miss Angie Lewis. 
Of this marriage there are two children now living, to-wit : 
Mrs. Annie Neeiy, wife of R. P. Neely, and Mrs. Minnie 
Rives, wife of Hon. J. F. Rives, Jr., all of Searcy. 



IOl6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

General John C. McCauley became a citizen of Searcy in 
1854. He was born in Orange count)', North Carolina, Feb- 
ruary 24th, 1834, son °f J ames an d Mary A. McCauley, 
who are now residents of West Point, White county. He 
received an academic education, under Professor James 
Holmes, at Mount Carmel Academy, in Tipton county, Ten- 
nessee ; came to Searcy December 25th, 185 1, and has resided 
there continuously since. He went into the mercantile busi- 
ness in Searcy in 1852 as salesman for Carter & McCauley, 
and has followed mercantile business since except being Post- 
master. On the breaking out of the war he entered the 
Seventh Arkansas Infantry as senior Captain and served 
during the entire war. On the 13th day of November, 1855, 
General McCauley was married, to Miss Eliza J. Hall, of 
Tipton county, Tennessee. By this marriage there are four 
children now living, to-wit : Mrs. Aurora F. Faucett, residing 
at Searcy; Charles E., Emmett J. and James T. McCauley. 

Judge Jesse Newton Cypert became a resident of White 
county in 185 1. He was born in Wayne county, Tennessee, 
December 5th, 1823, son of Jesse Cypert. His mother was 
a Worthen. The Cyperts were of German descent, and the 
Worthens of Welch. He had opportunities for only little 
schooling, being engaged in working on his father's farm. 
After he was twenty-one 3 T ears of age he attended school one 
session of rive months. He came to Arkansas in May, 1850, 
and located at Marion, Crittenden county, but moved to Searcy 
in February, 1851, and now resides there, engaged in the 
practice of law, his son, Eugene Cypert, being associated with 
him in the practice. He was a Member of the State Convention 
of 1861, and of the Constitutional Conventions of 1868 and 
1874. He was Judge of the First Judicial Circuit from Octo- 
ber 30th, 1874, to October 30th, 1882. He entered the Con- 
federate Army in 1 861, as a private soldier in the Fifth 
Arkansas Battalion, Colonel Frank W. Desha commanding; 
was elected Captain of Company "A," and was then Major. 



WHITE COUNTY. 



IOI7 



He was on post duty at Pocahontas, Arkansas, until Feb- 
ruary, 1862; was then transferred east of the Mississippi river 
in General Withers' Brigade and Bragg's Corps ; and was 
discharged on account of ill health in May, 1862. On the 
6th of February, 1855, he was married, in White county, to 
Sarah H. Crow, daughter of Joshua B. Crow, a farmer. By 
this marriage there are two children, a daughter and a son, 
to-wit: Mrs. Florence E. Watkins, wife of William M.Wat- 
kins, a merchant of Searcy, and Eugene Cypert, engaged 
with his father in the practice of law at Searcy. 

Judge B. D. Turner was a resident of Searcy for 24 years, 
from 1855 to l ^ >> 19' He was born in North Carolina, Jan- 
uaiy 26th, 1824. In 1829 his parents moved to Haywood 
county in West Tennessee. He completed his education at 
Granville College, Ohio. He then taught school for several 
years in Brownsville, Tennessee, and read law at leisure 
times. He was admitted to the Bar in West Tennessee in 
1853, and practiced at Brownsville for two years. He then 
moved to Seany, in 1855, where he continued the practice of 
law, with success and distinction, until 1879, when he was 
appointed Reporter of the Decisions of the Supreme Court, 
at which time he moved to Little Rock. He held this posi- 
tion until his death, which occurred in Little Rock, October 
6th, 1887, in the 63d year of his age. Surviving him are his 
widow; a son, William J., and three daughters, Mrs. John 
M. Moore and Misses Sue and Bettie Turner, all of whom 
are residents of Little Rock. 

Judge William Richard Coody became a resident of Searcy 
in 1858. He was born in Henderson county, Tennessee, 
October 29th, 1830, son of Edward and Nellie Coocly, who 
was Nellie Roiner, of the North Carolina family of Roiners. 
He was admitted to the Bar in Tennessee in 18^3, but did 
not begin to practice until he had settled in Arkansas. Since 
that date he has actively conducted the practice, and now also 
carries on a farm. He was Prosecuting Attorney from 



IOl8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

1865 to 1868, when he was "re-constructed" out of office; 
was a Member of the Legislature for 1879 and 1881. He 
advocated the Fishback Amendment in White county in 
1879, and in 1881 made the canvass for Democracy against 
the Greenback ticket. He has been Special Judge at various 
times. He was* in the Confederate Army for four years. 
He then went to Texas, and returned with his family in the 
fall of 1865, and resumed the practice of law. On the 16th 
of November, 1853, he was married to Miss Nellie Ann Roy, 
of Fayette county, Tennessee. By this marriage there are 
six children now living, three sons and three daughters. 

Colonel Jacob Frolich became a citizen of Searcy in 1866. 
He was born in Oberndorf, Bavaria, November 15th, 1837. 
In 1846 his father, with his family, came to America, and 
located at New Orleans, but after a brief sojourn there went 
to Vincennes, and next to Evansville, Indiana, and in 1869 
moved to Searcy. Colonel Frolich struck out for himself at 
the age of 14 years, learning the printer's trade. He worked 
at this business through a series of years, and in many places. 
After the conclusion of the war, in which he served with gal- 
lantry from the beginning of it to the end, he worked at 
printing in Memphis, in the Appeal office, until 1866, when 
he established the White County Record in Searcy, and be- 
came its editor.- The paper at once became the leading 
Democratic journal of the county. In 1879, he was elected 
Secretary of State, and served as such ably and efficiently for 
three terms, or until 1885. Under the administration of 
President Cleveland, he was in Washington City, in one of 
the Government Departments, but after the conclusion of 
that administration he returned to Arkansas and became 
business manager of the Gazette. On the 2d of September, 
1869, he married in Clarksville, Tennessee, Miss Mollie 
Gaines Finley. By this marriage there are three children, a 
daughter, Pearl, and two sons, Finley and Herman Frolich. 
He died at Little Rock April 25th, 1890. 



RANDOLPH COUNTY. 



Randolph County, the thirty-third county created, was 
formed October 29th, 1835, out of territory taken from Law- 
rence county, and was named, as is stated in the Act creating 
it, "in honor of the late John Randolph, of Roanoke." The 
temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house of 
James G. Russell, and an election for Commissioners was 
directed to be held to locate it permanently. The Commis- 
sioners chosen established the county seat at a place called 
Bettis Bluff, and a town was laid off there, named Pocahontas, 
in February, 1836. This place has since remained and is 
now the county seat of the county. 

One of the earliest settlers in what afterwards became the 
county, was Henry Lewis Fletcher, of Stewart county, Ten- 
nessee, who, in the fall of 181 5, before even the establishment 
of the territory, located with his family on the Fourche de Mau, 
a small tributary of Black river. During his residence there 
several children were born, one of whom was Thomas 
Fletcher, United States Marshal of the Eastern District of 
Arkansas, in 1888. The family lived there until the year 1825, 
when they moved to what was then Pulaski county, but 
which is now Saline county, and settled six miles northwest 
from where the town of Benton now is, where other children 
were born, who have since become well-known men in the 
State. 

At this place, Fourche de Mau, also was born W. Jasper 
Blackburn, July 24th, 1820. Mr. Blackburn lived succes- 
sively at Batesville, Little Rock, Conway county, Fort Smith, 
in Arkansas, and then moved to Louisiana, in which State he 
was elected to Congress. He returned to Arkansas again in 

1019 



1020 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 






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1022 



HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 



1879, and is now editing a paper, The Republican, at Little 
Rock. 

Randolph is a northeast county, north of Lawrence, and 
bounded north by the Missouri line. Its area is about 700 
square miles, and the population about 14,000, of which not 




RANDOLPH COUNTY COURT-HOUSE, POCAHONTAS. 



exceeding 1,000 are colored. In the census of 1880 the pop- 
ulation was 11,724, being 11,097 whites and 627 colored per- 
sons. 

In surface, the county is hilly and broken in the western 
part, but level in the eastern portion, with fine rich alluvial 



. 



1024 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



soil. The county in general produces well all the crops of 
the latitude, and is particularly well adapted for the growing 
of fruit. 

Of streams, Black river, Current, Fourche, Eleven Points, 
and Spring rivers, all small streams, water the county. 

The Kansas City, Springfield & Memphis Railroad runs 
along a portion of the southwest border, and the St. Louis, 
Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad touches the county in one 
single place only, to-wit : at O'Kean, a place in the extreme 
southeast corner. 

There are excellent mineral springs in the county, of which 
Ravenden and Warm Springs are the most noted. 

There are seventy-five school districts, where school is kept 
open from three to ten months in each year ; fifteen post-offices, 
and about 800 farms. The school enumeration of 1888 was 
4,993; enrolled 1,392. There are forty church-houses, of 
Baptist, Methodist, Catholic and Christian denominations. 

The towns of the county are Pocahontas, Ravenden, Warm 
Springs, Walnut Hill and O'Kean. 

Pocahontas, the county seat, is a place of about 700 people, 
situated on Black river. It was founded in February, 1836. 
It contains a spacious brick court-house ; three hotels : the 
Imboden Hotel, kept by L. E. Imboden ; the Biggers' Hotel, 
kept by B. F. Biggers, and the St. Charles Hotel, kept by 
Mrs. N. G. Jones ; and two newspapers : the Randolph Her- 
ald and the Free Press. Of churches, there are a Methodist 
Episcopal, South, a Catholic Convent of Benedictine Sisters, 
and three Methodist churches for colored people. 



SALINE COUNTY. 



Saline County, the thirt} 7 -fourth county created, was 
formed November 2d, 1835, out of territory taken from 
Pulaski county. The temporary seat of justice was directed 
to be "at the Baptist meeting-house near Duncan's." Rezin 
Davis and John S. Lockert were chosen Commissioners to 
locate the county seat permanently, and they located it at 
Benton, where it has since remained. 

Saline is a central county, southwestward, bounded east 
by Pulaski county. Its eastern border line is only about 
twelve miles distant from the capital at the nearest point. Its 
area is about 760 square miles. The western portion is hilly 
and mountainous ; the eastern and southern portions level. 
There is some alluvial soil, and all the bottom land is rich 
and fertile. Abundant crops of the usual products are grown, 
and fruits produce well. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain and 
Southern Railroad passes through the county from northeast 
to southwest, and the Little Rock, Mississippi River & 
Texas Railroad touches it at its extreme southeast corner at 
Woodson station. The Saline river runs through the county, 
and with its tributaries serves to water the county, and afford 
rafting facilities in high water, but are not navigable. 

In minerals, gold, silver, iron, zinc and lead have been 
found, but are undeveloped. The "Rabbit Foot" mine, near 
Benton, yields satisfactorily nickel, cobalt and iron at a short 
distance from the surface. There are sixty free common 
schools kept open an average of five months in the year. 
There are a number of churches in the county. The princi- 
pal towns are Benton, with a population of 1,000 j Bryant 
and Woodson, about 100 each. 

102c; 
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1026 



HIS TOBY OF AllKANSAS. 



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SALINE COUNTY. 



IO27 



Benton, the county seat, may be said to date its existence 
from the month of May, 1836. At that date a post-office 
was established there, and Green B. Hughes was appointed 
Postmaster. About that date it was laid out as a town, and 
a public sale of lots was had June 10th and nth, 1836, by 
Rezin Davis and John S. Lockert, the Commissioners elected 
for the purpose, at which the aggregate sales amounted to 
$353^5. The highest that any lot brought was $195. A 
substantial brick court-house in the center of the town was 
erected with part of the proceeds, and the town began to build 
up around the square on which it stood. Thomas Pack kept 
a hotel opposite it and near at hand. It was conducted for 
many years under the name of "Pack's Hotel." Judge 
Jabez M. Smith was a resident of the place of the year 1856. 
He was Circuit Judge for a number of years, and held the 
office at the date of his death, April,- 1888, though at that 
time he was not a resident of the county. 

S. H. Whitthorne established a newspaper there, called 
"The Saline Courier," which he still edits. B. B. Beavers, 
who was Secretary of State from 1874 to 1879, lived there a 
number of years. 

Hon. Charles Caldwell became a citizen of Arkansas in 
1827. He was born in Christian county, Kentuck}-, Decem- 
ber 12th, 1782. Came to Arkansas in 1827, and settled near 
Pine Bluff. In 1830 he moved to Little Rock, and began 
the practice of law. He entered politics shortly after this, and 
became, locally, a prominent leader of the Democratic part}*. 
His influence and activity was so great that he became famil- 
iarly known in political life as "Old Charley at the wheel." 
In all his political life he was only defeated for office once, 
and that was by Samuel W. Reyburn. He was a Member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1836, and of the Legisla- 
ture the same year and was Speaker of the House during the 
years 1829, 1831 and 1835. He serve ^ several sessions of 
the Legislature, during the years 1829, 183 1, and 1835, from 



1028 HI 8 TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

Pulaski county — 1837 and 1838 from Saline county, and was 
also Circuit Judge several terms. He was a member of the 
Christian church, under Elder W. W. Stephenson, at Little 
Rock. He was twice married, the last marriage was near 
Hopkinsville, Kentucky, in 1820, to Miss Sarah New. By 
this marriage there is one descendant now living, to wit: 
Rev. James E. Caldwell, a Methodist minister, living at 
Tulip. Charles Caldwell died at his home, near Benton, 
Saline county, November 20th, 1844, at the age of 56 } T ears. 

Green B. Hughes was an early settler of the county. He 
was a native of Iredell county, North Carolina. He came to 
the Hot Springs, Arkansas, in 1818, at the age of eighteen 
years. Subsequently, in 1825, he moved to Clark county, and 
settled at "Old Greenville," the then county site (now Holly- 
wood). He conducted merchandising at the old county site 
until some time in 1828, and then moved to Ecore a Fabr6, 
now Camden, Arkansas. In 1835 he moved to Saline 
county, and was instrumental in having the county site 
located at Benton, where it has since remained. He served 
as Clerk of Saline county from 1836 to 1838, and as County 
Judge, and was in the Lower House of the General Assembly of 
1846. His two sons, George W. Hughes and John L. Hughes, 
became well known men in the State. George W. Hughes 
assisted in making the survey of the Cairo & Fulton Railroad. 
He married a daughter of Alexander Butler, of Tulip, Arkan- 
sas, and for some years has lived at Los Angeles, California. 

John L. Hughes was for many years a resident of Benton, 
but now resides in Little Rock. He was born in Camden, 
Ouachita county, October 2d, 1833, but when he was three 
years old his father moved to Benton. Just after the war he 
began merchandising at Benton. In 1859 he married Miss 
Hattie Cone, daughter of Major Asa Cone, of Calhoun county. 
By this marriage there are three children — a son, George, 
and two daughters. 

Rev. Andrew Hunter, one of the Patriarchs of the Meth- 



SALINE COUNTY. 



1020, 



odist church in Arkansas, was born in County Antrim, in 
the North of Ireland, December 26th, 1814, son of John and 
Rachel Hunter. He emigrated to America prior to 1835, 
and at that date came west to attend college in Missouri. 
Not being pleased with the institution, he came to the Creek 
Nation as a missionary ; came to Arkansas, January 1st, 
1836; was licensed to preach, and was admitted into the 
Arkansas Conference, which was held for the first time at 
Batesville, in 1836, becoming an itinerant preacher of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He lived at Little Rock 
in 1845 and 1846; has lived at Batesville, Tulip, Camden, 
and now resides near Bryant, Saline county. He represented 
the counties of Dallas and Bradley in the State Senate, and 
was President of the Senate in 1867. He was elected United 
State Senator in 1866, but was unable to take the "iron-clad 
oath," hence resigned. In 1844 he was married to Anna 
Maria Jones, of York, Pennsylvania. By this marriage there 
are three children living: William P. Hunter, of Saline 
county, Florence B. Field, wife of William P. Field, Deputy 
Clerk of the United States Court, and Andrew J. Hunter, 
Little Rock. Although Dr. Hunter is now in his seventy-fifth 
year, he is a hale and vigorous man, both physically and men- 
tally active, and looking back over the long record of his min- 
isterial labors, i 'rests, for the happiness of a future life, on 
his Redeemer." 

o 

MARION COUNTY. 



Marion County ', the thirty-fifth county formed, was cre- 
ated November 3d, 1835, out of territory taken from Izard 
county. The petition of the citizens of Izard, praying for 
the establishment of the new county, expressed a wish that 
the name of the county might be Marion, but the Legis- 
lature gave it the name of Searcy county, after Richard 
Searcy, and under this name it existed for a year. At the 



1030 



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MARION COUNTY. I03I 

next session of the Legislature the subject of the choice of the 
name was brought up, and in accordance with the prayer of 
the original petition, the name was, by Act of September 
29th, 1836, changed to Marion, being in honor of General 
Francis Marion. A county called Searcy was subsequently 
created, to-wit : December 13th, 1838, out of portions of 
Marion. The temporary seat of justice of the county was 
directed to be at the house of Thomas Adams. 

Marion is a northern county, bordering on Missouri, the 
State line being its northern boundary. Its area is about 900 
square miles. 

It is watered by White river, which flows across the north- 
ern part of the count)/, and by Clear creek, running through 
the central part. It possesses ores, and in the western part a 
fine variety of marble. 

The ordinary products are grown, corn being the chief . 

The principal towns are Yellville, the county seat, Eros, 
Doddsville, Rosslow, and Sylva. 

Yellville, the county seat, is a place of about 400 people. 
Contains three churches, a district school, grist mills, cotton 
gins, and a weekty newspaper, the Mountain Echo', has a 
daily mail. 

o 

MADISON COUNTY. 



Madison County, the thirty-sixth county created, was 
formed September 30th, 1836, out of territory taken from 
Washington county, and was named after President James 
Madison. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be 
at the house of John Saunders. . On the 22d of July, 1839, 
the county seat was located at Huntsville, where it has since 
remained. 

Madison county is in the northwestern part of the State, 
separated from Missouri by Carroll county, and from the 
Indian Territory by Washington county. Its area is about 



1032 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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MADISON COUNTY. 1033 

838 square miles of generally broken lands, about one-half of 
its area being mountainous or hilly. 

A considerable portion of the county, is alluvial soil, 
on which the usual products are grown. The timber of 
the county is abundant, and of excellent kinds. It is well 
watered by White river, King's river, War Eagle, Richland, 
Lollars, Wharton, Brush and Baldwin creeks, none of which, 
however, are navigable. 

Of minerals, stone coal, lead, iron and specimens of silver 
have been found, but are undeveloped. 

There are one hundred free schools, and, at Huntsville, an 
excellent high school. 

There are a number of church-houses owned by the Baptist, 
Methodist, Cumberland Presbyterian, Christian and other 
denominations. 

The principal towns are Huntsville, the county seat, Mar- 
ble, Wesley, Clifty, Kingston, St. Paul and Hindsville. 

Huntsvile, the county seat, was founded and laid off July 
22d, 1839, by Evan S. Polk, John Saunders, J. L. Trout, J. 

D. Blair, J. C. Long, Joseph McMurray, James Phillips and 
Thomas McCuistain. Its present population is 500 souls. 
It contains two church-houses, the Methodist Episcopal, 
South, a frame building, Rev. J. H. Corley, Minister; and a 
Cumberland Presbyterian, brick structure, Rev. J. C. Long, 
Minister. 

A newspaper is published there, called the Madison County 
Democrat, by J. T. Gage, editor. 

There are three hotels in the town : the Grand Central 
Hotel, George A. Newson, proprietor; the Huntsville Hotel, 

E. Drake, proprietor; and the Polk House, C. K. Polk, pro- 
prietor. 

The town was incorporated November 3d, 1877. 
• James R. Berry is one of the prominent citizens of Hunts- 
ville. He was born near Bellefonte, Jackson county, Ala- 
bama, January 14th, 1830. He came to Madison county in 
1841 ; was Clerk of the county in 1852 ; was Auditor of 




ISAAC MURPHY. 
Eighth Governor of the State. 



MADISON COUNTY. IO35 

State, 1864 to 1866, and in 1868 and 1872 ; was again elected 
to the position, and served to 1874. In 1877 he returned to 
Huntsville to live. On the 18th of November, 1855, he 
married Miss Malilla Murphy, daughter of Governor Isaac 
Murphy. By this marriage there are six children, four 
daughters and two sons. 

Gov. Isaac Murphy, eighth Governor of Arkansas, was a 
resident of Huntsville from 1854 until his death. A fuller 
account of him will be found in the history of his administra- 
tion, chapter XXV. 

o 

BENTON COUNTY. 



Benton County, the thirty-seventh county created, was 
formed by Act of September 30th, 1836, out of territory taken 
from Washington county, and was named after Missouri's 
greatest statesman, Thomas H. Benton. The temporary seat 
of justice was directed to be at the house of George P. Wal- 
lace, who became the first County Judge. In 1837 the 
county seat was located at Bentonville, where it has since 
remained. The first court ever held in the county was held 
at the house of George P. Wallace, about one mile east of the 
present court-house, October 15th, 1837. The place was 
afterwards called Bentonville. 

Benton county is the extreme northwest corner of the 
State, having the Missouri line for its northern boundary line 
and the Indian Territory for its western border. Its area is 
about 900 square miles, and its population about 31,000, with 
a very small proportion of the colored race, they numbering 
not more than 400. 

Its surface presents wooded, mountainous, rolling country 
and open prairie, interspersed with creek bottom lands. 
The growing of grain, corn, wheat, rye, oats and grasses, 
with fruits and tobacco are the chief productions. But little 
cotton is raised. The county is well watered by creeks and 
streams, but none navigable. Some mineral indications are 



1036 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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BENTON COUNTY. IO37 

found in the county. Owing to the altitude at which the 
county is situated above the sea level, it is thought to be 
unusually salubrious. 

There are several mineral springs in the county, of which 
the Benton County White Sulphur spring, situated in the 
northwestern part of the county ; Siloam springs group, south- 
western part of the county ; Crystal springs group, near Ben- 
tonville; and the Electric and Esculapia groups, situated near 
Rogers, are the best known. 

Bentonville, the county seat, is a flourishing little city, with 
a population of about 2,500. It lies near the center of the 
county, and is reached by a branch from Rogers of the St. 
Louis & San Francisco Road, commonly called "The Frisco." 
The town dates its existence from the year 1837. Robert 
Cowan, Robert Weaver and Swaggerty were appointed 
Commissioners to lay off the town. Weaver and Swaggert} T 
dying, their places were filled by David McKissick and Bar- 
nett Forsyth, and these three laid it off into lots in the year 
mentioned. The place contains a number of handsome and 
substantial structures. 

Of churches, the Presbyterian, Cumberland Presbyterian, 
Methodist Episcopal, South, and Baptist are neat brick struc- 
tures, and there are also frame churches of the Christian and 
Methodist, North. 

Three newspapers are published there, the Benton County 
Democrat, the Journal and Bulletin. 

Two banks are in operation, the Benton County Bank and 
People's Bank. 

Judge Alfred B. Greenwood was a prominent citizen of 
Bentonville, having been a resident from 1838. He was 
born in Franklin county, Georgia, July nth, 181 1, and came 
to Arkansas about 1836. He settled in Bentonville in 1838. 
In 1842 and 1844 he represented Benton county in the Legis- 
lature. From 1845 to 18^1 he was Prosecuting Attorney of 
the Benton Circuit, and from 1851 to 1853 was Circuit Judge. 
In 1853, 1855, and 1857 to 1859 he was Member of Congress 



IO38 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

from what was then the First District. After the war he 
engaged in the practice of law at Bentonville. He died in 
Bentonville in October, 1889, aged 78 years, and having been 
51 years a resident of that place. 

Hon. Samuel W. Peel, Member of Congress from the 
Fifth District, is one of the prominent citizens of Bentonville. 
He was born on his father's farm, near Batesville, September 
13th, 1831, son of John W. Peel, an early settler of that 
place, and was educated in the schools of Batesville. On 
the breaking out of the war he enlisted in the Confederate 
Army, and became a Colonel. After the war he studied law 
in the office of his brother-in-law, Judge J. M. Pittman, and 
was admitted to the Bar in 1866. In 1873 he was elected 
Prosecuting Attorney of the Fourth Circuit, and in 1882, 
1884 and 1886 was elected to Congress from the Fifth Dis- 
trict. He married a sister of Senator James H. Berry. 

General N. B. Pearce is a prominent citizen of Benton 
county, residing at Osage Mills. He was born near Prince- 
ton, Caldwell county, Kentucky, July 20th, 1828. In 1846 
he was a cadet at West Point, and entered the Seventh U. 
S. Infantry. Shortly before the war he resigned and went 
to merchandising with his father-in-law, Dr. John Smith, at 
Osage Mills. When the war broke out he was made a Brig- 
adier-General of State troops by the State Convention. His 
brigade took part in the hotly contested battle of Oak Hill, 
August 10th, 1861. After this, upon the transfer of troops to 
the Confederate service, the brigade was disbanded. He 
was then assigned to the Subsistence Department, stationed at 
San Antonio and Austin, Texas, until the close of the war, 
since which time he has been emrao-ed in merchandising and 
farming. On the 25th of Januaiy, 1855, ne was marr i e d, at 
Osage Mills, to Miss Nannie Kate Smith, daughter of Dr. 
John Smith. She died at Whitesboro, Texas, October 3d, 
ii 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 



Franklin County, the thirty-eighth county created, was 
formed by an Act of the Legislature, December 19th, 1837, 
out of territory taken from Crawford county, and was named 
for the printer-philosopher, Benjamin Franklin. The county 
seat was directed to be at Ozark, where it has since remained. 

It is a northwest county, lying on both sides of the Arkan- 
sas river. The river flows through the county from west to 
east, dividing it into two nearly equal parts. Its area is about 
900 square miles. 

It contains mountainous regions in about one-third of the 
county, but the remainder alluvial lands, with a portion 
river and creek bottom lands. The usual staples, grain and 
fruit, are largely grown, but only little cotton. The growth 
of grapes is a matter of attention with the people, and with 
good results. There are mineral springs in the county, and 
mineral indications, also valuable building stone. 

The Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad crosses the county 
from east to west near the center of it, following the line of 
the river and on its banks. 

There are churches of the different denominations, and 
free common schools in all the principal points in the county. 
There are 89 school districts. 

The chief towns are Ozark, Webb City, Altus, Cravens, 
Mulberry and Flowery. 

Ozark, the county seat, is on the banks of the Arkansas 
river, in the midst of a mountainous region. It has a popu- 
lation of about 300 ; has Baptist, Presbyterian and Methodist 
churches, good schools, a substantial court-house, a bank — 
the Arkansas Valley Bank, J. F. Quaile, President ; a canning 
factory, a brick yard, cotton gin, flouring and planing mills, 

1039 



1040 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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FBANELW COUNTY. 



1 04 1 



a sash, door and blind factory, and many stores, with a num- 
ber of brick buildings. It has two weekly papers, the Union 
Labor Banner and the Democrat / has telegraph and- express 
offices, and dairy mails. 

Judge William W. Mansfield is a prominent citizen of 
Ozark. He was born at Scottsville, Kentucky, January 16th, 
1830, son of George W. and Frances N. Mansfield. He 
received a common school education, read law, and was 
admitted to the Bar in Kentucky in 1852. In Februaiy, 
1853, he came to Arkansas, and in the spring of that }?ear 
settled at Ozark, where he has since lived, engaged in the prac- 
tice of his profession. In 1853 or 1854 he was for a short 
time Justice of the Peace; in 1856 was a Representative 
in the Legislature; in 1861 he was a Member of the State 
Convention, and later in the same year was Elector at the 
election of the President of the Confederate States. He was 
a Delegate from Franklin county to the Contitutional Con- 
vention of 1874, and at the first election under that Constitu- 
tion was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit. In 1883 
he was appointed by Governor James H. Berry to digest the 
Statutes of Arkansas, and prepared a digest thereof, published 
in 1884, generally called "Mansfield's Digest." In 1887 he 
was appointed Reporter of the decisions of the Supreme 
Court. In 1859 he was married to Miss Sallie H. Shores, 
daughter of Alfred M. and Elizabeth Shores, of Franklin 
count} r . By this marriage there are six children, to-wit : 
Mary, George A., John H., William W., Jr.; Sallie Ade- 
laide and Asher C. Mansfield. 

o 

POINSETT COUNTY. 



Poinsett County, the thirty-ninth county created, was 
formed February 28th, 1838, out of territory taken from the 
counties of Greene and St. Francis, and was named after the 

66 



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POINSETT COUNTY. 



I043 



new Secretary of War, Joel R. Poinsett, of South Carolina. 
The temporary seat of justice was established at the house of 
William Harris. The county seat was first located at a town 
called Bolivar, and so remained until the winter of 1856 or 
1857, when it was moved to Harrisburg, where it now is. 

Poinsett is an interior county, northeast of center, bounded 
north by Craighead county, east by Mississippi county, south 
by Cross and Crittenden, and west by Jackson counties. Its 
present area is about 756 square miles. 

Its surface is about one-fourth hilly, the remainder level, 
and a portion prairie lands. The usual crops, cotton, corn, 
oats, wheat, fruits and grasses are grown. 

The St. Francis and L'Anguille rivers flow through the 
county and the T}'ronza river touches its southeast corner. 

Three railroads traverse the county: the Kansas City, 
Springfield & Memphis runs through the eastern portion of 
the county, the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern through 
the center, and the St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas Railroad 
through the western portion of the county, all running north 
and south, or nearly so. 

There are sixteen public schools in the county, kept open 
on an average of six months in the year, and a high school at 
Harrisburg. 

There are fourteen church-houses in the county, principally 
of the Methodist and Baptist denominations. 

Harrisburg is near the center of the county, on the St. Louis, 
Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad. It was founded Sep- 
tember 7th, 1856, b}' Captain Ben. Harris, and was named 
after him. Shortly after this date it was made the county 
seat. 

A brick court-house was built there in 1859. 

The place contains two church-houses, both frame buildings, 
a Methodist and a Baptist church. 

A newspaper, called Freeman' 's Ilxfiress, is published 
there. 



DESHA COUNTY. 



Desha County, the fortieth county created, was formed 
December 12th, 1838, out of territory taken from Arkansas 
county, and was named after Captain Ben. Desha. The tem- 
porary seat of justice was directed to be at the house of Wil- 
liam Sexton, on the Arkansas river. Afterwards it was 
located at the town of Napoleon, and so remained until Octo- 
ber 6th, 1874, when it was moved to the town of Watson. 
It remained at Watson until December 6th, 1880, when it 
was moved to Arkansas City, where it now is. 

Desha county is a southeast county, bounded east by the 
Mississippi river, north by Phillips and Arkansas counties, west 
by Lincoln and Drew and south by Chicot. It embraces 550,- 
000 acres of land, all level lands, there being neither hill nor 
mountain country in it. Itis nearly all alluvial soil. The Arkan- 
sas and White rivers empty into the Mississippi in the limits 
of the county. The principal crops are cotton and corn, but 
fruits produce well, and are extensively grown. The timber 
is mainly such as flourishes in bottom lands — cypress, water 
oak and post, oak — but red and white oaks, with all the varie- 
ties of gum woods, are plentiful. 

The Valley Railroad runs through the county in two direc- 
tions, north and south to Arkansas City, and thence westward 
across the county. 

There are thirty-four free common schools, kept open on 
an average of six months in a year, and thirty-four church- 
buildings, principally divided between the Methodists and 
Baptists. The principal towns are Arkansas City, Laconia, 
Watson, Red Fork, and Mouth of White River. 

A former town of importance was Napoleon, situated on 
the south bank of the Arkansas river, at its junction with the 

1044 



DESHA COUNTY. 



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IO46 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Mississippi river. It was settled about. 1833, while it was 
Arkansas count)-, and in its time was of considerable shipping 
importance from wharf boats and store houses kept there, 
but owing to the caving in of the river banks at each season 
of high water, on account of the light friable soil of which 
they are composed, the town has been entirely washed into 
the river and has ceased to exist. The town was located and 
named in 1833 by Stephen VanRansellear Ryan, of the 
firm of Mapes, Ryan & Co., who lived at Montgomery's 
Point, or Mouth of White River, as it later became known. 
In i860 the population of the town was about 800 residents, 
but the transient occupants made it number as high as 5,000 
in a year. Captain Kendig, now a resident of Memphis, had 
a wharf boat there from an early date, and Mr. Roberts also. 
Major John C. Peay, as a member of the firm of Johnson & 
Peay, had a wharf boat there from January, 1857, to August, 
i860. There were two Johnsons of the firm, William Mon- 
roe Johnson, now an engineer at Dallas, Texas, and William 
Warren Johnson, who died in Chicot county, in February, 
1888, and is buried beside his father, Judge Euclid John- 
son, in Little Rock. Gabe Meyer, now a prosperous planter 
of Jefferson count)/, was a citizen of the place. The town 
was the county seat of Desha county up to i860, and a neat, 
substantial frame court-house was built there. The United 
States Government erected at the place a splendid marine 
hospital, a large and commodious brick structure, at a cost of 
$55,000. Wat Cheatham also had a large business house 
of brick. These were the only two brick buildings in the 
place. During a season of high water, the Mississippi river 
made such a deep cut into the banks, that both of these brick 
structures tumbled into the river. Other buildings followed in 
time, until at this date there is nothing whatever left of the 
town. 

Arkansas City, the county seat, is on the Mississippi river, 
in the southeast corner of the county. It was organized as a 



DESHA COUNTY. IO47 

town September 12th, 1873, At that date a petition was 
presented to the County Court, Judge John A. Williams, 
Special Judge, presiding, signed by O. Bowles, John Pryor, 
W. W. Bowles, J. M. Whitehill, Marion W. Lewis, J. H. 
Deraay, and others, praying for its incorporation, which was 
granted. 

Its present population is estimated at 2,000 persons. 

It contains a church of the Methodist Episcopal, South, and 
a Catholic church. 

Of hotels-, it contains the Parker House, the Eureka Hotel, 
Brandus House and the Boston Hotel. 

The Arkansas Cily Journal, a weekly newspaper, is pub- 
lished there by Gates & Thane, editors and proprietors. 

A fine cotton seed oil mill at the place was burned in 1884, 
and has not since been rebuilt. 

The Desha Land and Planting Compan}^ has a large hard- 
wood mill in operation at the place, with a capacity of 
100,000 feet per day, the largest mill of the kind probably in 
the country. 

At the wharf or steamboat landing is an immense ware- 
house and ice-house, owned and run by J. M. Whitehill, and 
another used as a wholesale feed and grain establishment by 
R. W. Smith. 

Colonel Lebbeus A. Pindall became a citizen of Desha 
county in 1866. He was born in Monongalia county, West 
Virginia, January 14th, 1834, son of General Evan S. Pin- 
dall, and brother of Judge X. J. Pindall. His father moved 
to Missouri with the family in 1853, he at the time attending 
Allegheny College, at Meadville, Pennsylvania. He next 
studied law with his uncle, Gustavus Cresap, and in 1856 
and 1857 he was a student of Brokenborough's law school, 
which has since become the law department of the Washing- 
ton & Lee University, at Lexington, Virginia. He was 
admitted to the Bar in 18^7, and began the practice of his 
profession at Paris, Monroe count}', Missouri. On the break- 



I048 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS* 

ing out of the war he entered the Confeclerace Army under 
General Sterling Price, and commanded a battalion, under 
General Parsons, in Missouri and Arkansas. After the war, 
not being permitted to practice law in Missouri, under the 
provisions of the "Draconian Code," as itwas called, Drake's 
State Constitution, which disfranchised all who had taken the 
Southern side, he and his brother, X. J. Pindall, came to 
Arkansas, and settled first at Napoleon. L. A. Pindall after- 
wards moved to Arkansas City and then to Watson. He 
was a Member of the Legislature of 1878 and 1880, and 
was several times Special Judge of the Supreme Court. In 
1868 he married, in Monroe count}*, Missouri, Miss Nora 
Snell, daughter of John A. Snell, of a Kentucky family. By 
this marriage there are two sons, Lebbeus Ashby and Xeno- 
phon Overton. He died at Mexico, Missouri, July 5th, 1885, 
in the 53d year of his age. 

Judge Xenophon J. Pindall, Judge of the Eleventh Judi- 
cial Circuit, has been a citizen of Watson since 1875. He 
was born in Monongalia county, West Virginia, August 
13th, 1835. In 1853 his father, General Evan Shelby Pin- 
dall, moved to Monroe county, Missouri, where X. J. Pin- 
dal studied law. He was admitted to the Bar in Mexico, 
Missouri, in 1858, and practiced law in Missouri till 1861, 
when he joined the Confederate Army, under General Ster- 
ling Price, and served till the close of the war. Not being 
allowed to practice law in Missouri after the war, on account 
of having been in the Confederate Armv, he came to Arkan- 
sas, and settled at Napoleon in 1866, and practiced there 
till the county seat was moved to Watson, in 1875, when he 
moved to Watson and practiced there till 1878, when he 
was elected Circuit Judge, which position he held till 1882. 
In 1872 he was elected to the Legislature, and in 1874 to the 
State Senate. On the 30th of August, 1868, he married, at 
Natchez, Mississippi, Miss S. A. Hootsell, daughter of 
John Hootsell, a planter, below Natchez. By this mar- 
riage there are four children, two sons and two daughters. 



SEARCY COUNTY. 



Searcy County, the forty-first county created, was formed 
December 13th, 1838, out of territory taken from Marion 
county, and was named in honor of Richard Searcy. The 
temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house of 
James Eagan. Commissioners, appointed for the purpose, 
located the county seat at Lebanon, five miles west of Mar- 
shall; but in 1856 it was moved to Marshall, where it has 
since remained. 

Searcy county is an interior county, north or northwest of 
center, about thirty miles below the Missouri line. Its area 
is about 600 square miles. In surface it is somewhat broken, 
but about one-half the lands are level, aod the soil of good 
character. All the usual crops are grown. The county is 
well watered by small streams, such as the Buffalo Fork of 
White river, Richland, Calf and Bear creeks, Red river and 
Big Creek, but as yet has no railroad. Minerals are known 
to exist in the county. Gold, silver, copper and lead have 
been discovered, but not developed, and fine marble and 
.stone are abundant. 

There are sixty-four free, common schools kept open from 
three to six months in the year, and churches in all the prom- 
inent points. 

Marshall, the county seat, was located in 1856, by Jack 
Marshall, Littleton Baker and J. W. Gray, Commissioners, 
and was made the county seat in that year. It was first 
named Burrowville, after N. B. Burrow, but the name was 
afterwards changed to Marshall, in honor of Chief Justice 
Marshall. The present population is about 250. The Baptists 
and Methodists have each an organized congregation, but hav- 

1049 



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SEAB CY COUNTY. 1 5 1 

ing no church, make use of the academ}? building for purposes 
of worship. 

A newspaper is published there, called The Dollar Times, 
by T. E. and Cicero Brown. 

There are three hotels, kept respectively by A. R. Steven- 
son, E. B. Harvy and Captain Redwine. 

A contract was let during 1888 to Wm. McCabe and G. 
B. Greenhaw, to build a court-house, to cost $29,000, two 
stories, and of sufficient dimensions. 

o 

YELL COUNTY. 



Yell County, the forty-second county created, was formed 
December 5th, 1840, out of territory taken from the counties 
of Scott and Pope, and was named after the Governor, Arch- 
ibald Yell. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be 
at the house of William H. Pevy, until otherwise provided. 

Danville is the county seat proper, but separate Circuit, 
Chancery and Probate courts are held at Dardanelle, really 
making two county seats for the county. 

Nebo Springs, situated at Mount Nebo, about six miles 
from Dardanelle, on an elevation of 1,500 feet above the level 
of the sea, is a favorite place and summer resort, and its 
waters are of excellent properties. 

The towns of the county are Dardanelle, Danville, Bluffton, 
Briggsville, Jennings Falls, Centerville, Ola and Chickalah. 

Danville, the county seat, was founded and laid off by John 
Howell, October 12th, 1841, and an addition was made in 
August, 1847. It is not incorporated. The present popula- 
tion is about 300. It contains one church, the Methodist 
Episcopal, South, Rev. Basom Monk, of Belleville, Arkansas, 
Pastor. There is also a colored Methodist and Baptist 
church. There are three hotels in the place, kept respectively 
by J. B. Howell, W. J. Stafford and H. S. Carter. 



I0 5 2 



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YELL COUNTY. 



I053 



Yell county is a central county, northwest of the capital. It 
lies south of the Arkansas river, which forms its northeastern 
boundary. Its present area contains about 186,700 acres, 
and its population is about 16,000, of whom some 1,200 are 
colored. In surface about one-half of the county is hilly and 
mountainous, the remainder contains level and prairie land, 
with some alluvial soil, and in the bottoms is of great rich- 
ness. The staple products — cotton, corn, grain, tobacco and 
fruits — are grown. The county contains coal and minerals. It 
is watered by the Arkansas river, the Petit Jean, Fourche la 
Fave, Delaware, Chickalah, Riley and Dutchess creeks. 
There is as yet no railroad traversing the county, but a branch 
road extends from the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad at 
Russellville, in the adjoining county of Pope, three miles, ter- 
minating on the bank of the river opposite Dardanelle, af- 
fording facilities for travel with that city and the points in the 
county. 

There are ninety-one school districts in the county, with an 
average of one school to the district, kept open from four to 
ten months in the year. 

Dardanelle, the chief town of the county, is situated on the 
south bank of the Arkansas river. It was first settled in 1842, 
and was incorporated July 17th, 1875. ^ con tains Methodist, 
Baptist, Presb} 7 terian (Cumberland and Old school), and 
Episcopal churches; excellent public schools, a large wagon 
and plow factory, water works, an efficient fire department, 
banks, and two weekly newspapers, the Post and the 
Herald\ has telephone, telegraph and express offices, a num- 
ber of good hotels and daily mails. 

Judge William D. Jacoway became a citizen of Dardanelle 
in 185 1. He was born in Coffee county, Tennessee, May 
13th, 1835, son °^ Benjamin J. and Margaret Jacoway. He 
came with his parents from Neshoba county, Mississippi, and 
landed at Dardanelle, February 4th, 1851, where he has since 
continuously lived. He graduated in the law school of Cum- 



io54 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



berland University, at Lebanon, Tennessee, in June, 1857, 
and was admitted to the Bar in Arkansas the same year. He 
was elected Prosecuting Attorney of the Fifth Judicial Circuit 
in 1861, and Judge of the same 1878 to 1882. Being unable 
to do military duty, he took no part in the war, but was in 
sympathy with the South. On the 28th of December, 1858, 
he was married, in Washington county, Arkansas, to Eliza- 
beth Davis Parks. By this marriage there are seven chil- 
dren. 

George L. Kimball became a citizen of Dardanelle in 1856, 
and still resides there, one of the leading men in the place. 
He was born in Concord, New Hampshire, November 2d, 
1828, son of Hon. Samuel A. Kimball, a lawyer by pro- 
fession, in which place he grew up. When in his twentieth 
3?ear he began for himself at printing in Meredith, New 
Hampshire, and then at Bath, Maine, where, in 1855, 
with Charles Cobb, he started the first morning paper in 
that place, the Daily Tribune. In December, 1855, ne 
sold out his interest in the paper and came west, reaching 
Dardanelle, January 6th, 1856. He first clerked in the store 
of his brother, Samuel S. Kimball, of Murdock & Kimball, 
up to 1862. In 1864 he clerked on a steamboat, and in 
1865 began merchandising. In 1866 he took in James K. 
Perry as a partner, and the firm continued till 1.88 1, when 
he sold out to Mr. Perry. On the 10th of March, 1861, he 
married Miss Mary E. Magness, at Dardanelle. She was 
the daughter of George Magness, for several 3-ears County 
Judge of Yell county. By this marriage there were three 
children, two sons and a daughter. 

Judge Thomas Boles, was for several years a resident of 
Dardanelle. He was born in Clarksville, Arkansas, July 
16th, 1837, son °f J°h n Boles, a native of Tennessee, 
who moved to Johnson county about 1834 or 1S35 , and from 
there to Yell county in 1842, where he died February 18th, 
1863. Thomas Boles received but one year's schooling, but 



YELL COUNTY. 



I0 55 



studied of nights when working on his father's farm. When 
21 years old he served as Deputy Sheriff, and afterwards as 
Deputy Clerk. In 1861, being a Union man, he opposed the 
Secession movement, both before the secession of the State, 
and afterwards, and when the Federal forces occupied Little 
Rock, Dardanelle and Fort Smith, in 1863, he raised a com- 
pany of which he was elected Captain, and joined the Third 
Arkansas Federal Cavalry, and was made prisoner at Arka- 
delphia, but being afterwards released, he returned to his com- 
mand at Lewisburg, and served till 1864, when, his health 
failing, he was mustered out of service. In 1865 he was 
elected Circuit Judge of the Fourth District under the Mur- 
phy Government, and in 1868 was elected to Congress, 
and again in 1870 to 1874. After this date he settled at Dar- 
danelle, where he was appointed Receiver of the United 
States Land Office by President Ha}-es. In 1884, he was the 
Republican nominee for Governor, but was defeated 03? Gov- 
ernor Simon P. Hughes. Within a few years last past he 
took up his residence at Fort Smith. He was twice married. 
On the 15th of August, 1866, at Danville, Arkansas, he married 
Miss Julia E. Pound, daughter of Judge Thomas W. Pound. 
She died March 21st, 1872. By this marriage there were 
three children. On the 5th of February, 1874, he married, 
. at Dardenelle, Miss Catharine F. Keith, daugher of Robert 
Keith, of Scotch descent. By this marriage there are two 
children living, a daughter and son. 

William Henry Gee became a resident of Dardanelle in 
1877. He was born at Huntingdon, Carroll count) 7 , Tennes- 
see, December 1 ith, 1836, son of James H. and Anna W. Gee, 
of Huntingdon, but who moved to Greenville, Hunt county, 
Texas, where they died in 1883. He came to Arkansas in 
1868, settling at Augusta; resided there until 1877, when he 
moved to Dardanelle, where he now resides ; is Cashier of 
the Citizens' Bank at that place. He was Mayor of Augusta 
in 1875 a °d J 876; and was Clerk of the Circuit Court of 



io 5 6 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Yell county from 1882 to 1886. He entered the Confederate 
Army ifi the summer of 1861, and served in it till the end of 
the war. In April, 1864, he was married at Vernon, Madison 
county, Mississippi, to Sallie L. Denson. By this marriage 
there are six children, all sons. 

o 

BRADLEY COUNTY. 



Bradley County, the forty-third county created-, was formed 
December 18th, 1840, out of territory take'n from Union 
county, and was named after Captain Hugh Bradley, at 
whose house the temporary seat of justice was located. On 
the 17th of April, 1843, an order was made by the County 
Court locating it at Warren, where it has since remained. 
The first County Court was held at Warren, July 3d, 1843. 
The first Circuit Court was held at Warren, in October, 
1843. 

Bradley is a southern, interior county, separated from 
Louisiana by the counties of Ashley and Union. It lies along 
the Saline river on its eastern boundary, Bayou Moro on the 
west, and the Ouachita river on its southwest boundary. Its 
area is 645 square miles. The general surface of the county 
is level, there being no mountains and but few hills. The 
soil is, in general, fertile, and produces well. The usual crops 
of cotton, corn, wheat, oats and fruits are grown. Grapes 
make a particularly good yield. Excellent timber of the best 
market kinds abound, such as pine, walnut, white oak, ash 
and cypress. 

There are thirty-eight public schools kept open from three 
to eight months in the } 7 ear, with a high school at Warren. 

There are nine Methodist churches, seven Baptist and two 
Presbyterian churches in the county. 

The towns are Warren, the county seat, Johnsville, and 
Moro Bay. 



BBADLE YCO UNTY. 



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IO58 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Warren, the county seat, is an interior town in the upper 
part of the county, on the Little Rock, Mississippi River & 
Texas Railwa} r , coming west from Arkansas City. It dates 
its existence from the year 1841. In that year John H. 
Marks, John Splawn and E. B. Owens were appointed a 
committee to locate the county seat, and they surveyed and 
platted the lots of the town of Warren, which was named 
after a favorite negro man servant belonging to Captain 
Hugh Bradley. John H. Marks and John Splawn being 
owners of the land, resigned as such Commissioners, and 
Nathaniel Barnett and A. S. Franklin were appointed Com- 
missioners in their stead. 

At the April term of court, 1843, said Commissioners, E. 
B. Owens, Nathaniel Barnett and A. S. Franklin, made 
their report, with deeds from Marks and Splawn to the land, 
which was approved by the court, and the town of Warren 
was confirmed as the permanent county seat. 

The town was incorporated February 5th, 1859, and re- 
incorporated April 8th, 1880. 

It contains a large brick court-house, recently improved. 
In the matter of churches, it has three, all comfortable and 
line buildings, a Methodist church, Presbyterian and Baptist. 

There are two hotels, the Kemp House and the Hale 
House. 

Two newspapers are published there : The Warren JVews, 
John E. Bradley, editor, and Swift' 's Fly 'ing Needle , W. T. 
Swift, editor. 



PERRY COUNTY. 



Perry County, the forty-fourth county created, was formed 
December 18th, 1840, out of territory taken from Conway 
county, and was named in honor of Commodore Oliver H. 
Perry. The temporary seat of justice was located at the 
house of John L. Houston, who was the first County Treas- 
urer, but was established at Perryville early in 1841, and has 
since remained there. The Bill for the creation of the county, 
introduced December 4th, 1840, by D. Q. Stell, Represent- 
ative from Conway count) 7 , proposed that the name of the 
county should be Lafave county, but upon the Bill being con- 
sidered by a committee to whom it was referred, the name 
was changed to Perry county. 

Perry county is an interior county, near the center of the 
State, south of the Arkansas river, northwest of Pulaski 
county and contiguous to it. Its area is about 600 square 
miles, and the population about 6,000. In surface about 
one-half of the county is broken, being hilly and moun- 
tainous, but contains fertile lands along the rivers and streams. 
The Arkansas river runs along its eastern boundary, and the 
Fourche le Fave, which is navigable as high as Perryville, 
runs through the center of the county. There is, as yet, 
no railroad in the county. The nearest railroad point is 
Morrillton, and the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad, which 
is three miles from the eastern limit of the county, and across 
the river. 

The principal crops grown are cotton and corn. Fine tim- 
ber is abundant, and where water transportation can be had, 
is easy of access to market. 

Perryville is on the Fourche le Fave river, near the center of 
the county. It was founded in 1840, and located upon land 
donated by John L. Houston and John Greathouse. The first 

1059 



io6o 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



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court-house was built about the }ear 1841 — a log house — which 
was destroyed by fire about the year 1848. After this a log 
house on the south side of the square, in the old town, was 
used for court-house purposes until 1872, when a large frame 
building was erected about half or three-quarters of a mile 
north of the site of the old one, where something of a settle- 
ment had sprung up, called the new town. This building was 
destroyed by fire in 1874. A third one, a frame structure, 
was erected in 1879, which was likewise destroyed by fire 
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o 

OUACHITA COUNTY. 



Ouachita Comity, the forty-fifth county created, was formed 
November 29th, 1842, out of territory taken from the county 
of Union, and took its name from the Ouachita river, which 
forms part of its eastern boundary. The temporary seat of 
justice was directed to be at the house of William L. Bradley 
until otherwise provided. In the following } r ear Ecore a 
Fabre, a point known of in early times as Fabre's Bluff, be- 
-came the permanent county seat. The place was afterwards 
given the name Camden, after Camden, South Carolina, 
which it now bears. 

Ouachita county is a southern county, only 24 miles north 
of the Louisiana line, separated from that State by the county 
of Union. Its area is 900 square miles. In surface it is level 
or undulating, with the greater portion alluvial soil. Cotton 
is the principal crop, of which about 10,000 bales are raised 
annually; but corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, tobacco and other 
general products are also grown. All kinds of fruits thrive, 
and are produced in abundance, and grasses are extensively 
grown. The timber product of the county is large and of all 
varieties. 



To62 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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OUACHITA COUNTY. I063 

The county is watered by the Ouachita and Little Missouri 
rivers, both navigable, and a number of creeks and bayous. 
It is traversed by two railroads. The Texas & St. Louis 
Railway crosses the county from northeast to southwest, and 
the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad runs from 
the northwest corner to Camden. 

Coal beds appear at two points, near Camden and at New- 
port Landing. 

There are 60 school-houses in the county, and man}' church- 
houses, of which the Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians 
preponderate. 

Camden, the county seat, is on the Ouachita river, near the 
center of the county. At a very early date a Frenchman, 
named Fabr6, settled there, and his place became known as 
Ecore a Fabre, "Fabre's Bluff." It was laid out as a town, 
called Camden, in 1839 an< ^ 1840; incorporated as a town in 
1844, and has a population of about 3,000. It has nine 
churches, three schools, a number of stores, cotton gin and 
compress, a bank — the Bank of Camden — two newspapers — 
the Beacon and the Herald — has telegraph and express offices 
and daily mails, electric light and other city equipments. 

The following sketch of the city of Camden is by Caleb 
H. Stone, Esq., long a resident of the place, to wit : 

I am indebted to Mr. Ira jSTunn for most of the facts relating to the settlement 
of Camden, and to Mr. Wm. Andrew Gates, for the sketch of the Tate settlement. 

While the century was in its teens, the country hereabouts was known as 
Arkansas county, Territory of Missouri. The seat of justice of this extensive 
county was at Washington (now in Hempstead Co.)- The rich ''Black Lands," 
near Washington, had already attracted the pioneer settler. 

About this time. 1817. Mr. John Nunn removed from Georgia to the lead mines, 
near Ste. Genevieve, Missouri Territory. There Mr. Ira Nunn was born in the 
spring of 1818. 

In the fall of that year the family moved again to Arkansas county, and set- 
tled west of Washington, near Columbus. 

In 1S19 Arkansas became a Territory, and the new county of Hempstead was 
made to embrace the greater portion of South Arkansas, reaching to the Bayou 
Bartholomew on the east. During this year (1S1D) the Tate brothers — Andrew, 
Richard and George — came up the Ouachita in keel-boats with their families and 
negro servants, in all about eighty persons. They were bound for the Ozan 
county, by way of the Little Missouri, but failed to reach there on account of low 



1064 



HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



water. Their first trouble occurred at a shoal below Ecore Fabre\ (now Camden). 
There they had to camp and carry their worldly goods around the shoal and drag 
the boats over the bar. When this was accomplished, they made merry on the 
banks of the Ouachita. 

The Tate families finally gave up all hope of reaching their destination, and 
settled about the mouth of the Little Missouri. Afterwards George Tate settled 
three miles northeast of Camden, near an old Indian mound — now abandoned, 
and known as the "Pile Place." 

At this time there were no "settlers" in what is now Ouachita county. There 
were some hunters and trappers ; but the Tates were the first to cultivate land, 
and own slaves and stock. 

In 1S21 Mr. John Nunn again moved, this time to Ecore Fabre, more com- 
monly called by the English speaking people, Fabre Bluffs or "The Bluffs," and 
settled for the last time, where his son Ira now lives. During the first year he 
built cabins for the family and servants. In 1825 he built the present residence of 
his son, Ira Nunn, which is on the lot adjoining the Opera House, built by Solo- 
mon Block, in 1SS6. It is of hewn logs, and still shelters a remnant of the family 
of 1S25. 

Mr. John Nunn purchased the squatter's claim of Jesse B. Bowman, who had 
a cabin near the steamboat landing; but not even a "garden patch" cleared. 
A few years before this time steamboats had commenced coming up the 
Ouachita, for the purpose of trading with the trappers along the river and the 
actual settlers about Washington. Their visits were not frequent, but the peo- 
ple managed to know the time of their coming and got their supplies in that 
way. The "Natchitoches" (Nackitosh), Captain John Johnston, was here when 
the Nunn family arrived. 

Mr. John Nunn died in 1831. Up to this time he had cleared and put in 
cultivation a forty acre field, embracing all of what is now called "under the 
hill." 

In the meantime other settlers were coming in. Matthew Campbell settled 
the "Treadway Place" in 1825. About the same time Hiram Smith settled be- 
tween that and the present town. His son, Roland B. Smith, is said to have been 
the first male child, born in Camden — some say Ouchita county. 

Up to 1831 about 150 Choctaw Indians lived in this section, and cultivated 
some corn at the Jack Hickman place, about five miles south of Camden. In 
that year the Choctaws were removed from Mississippi to their present location 
in the Indian Teritory, and those here followed their people westward. About 
the same time the remnant of the Quapaws were removed from about Pine 
Bluff to Red river, crossing the Ouachita at this place. After the Indians left 
Hiram Smith moved to a place a few mile? south of "The Bluffs," or Camden. 
He also, like Mr. Nunn, came from the west, having first settled in what is now 
Miller county, moving thence to Pigeon Hill, and finally to the place named. He 
was later in life County Judge and a Member of the Legislature. 

In 1833 Major Wm. L. Bradley, of Virginia, arrived. He was engaged in the 
boating interest, and when on shore made his home with Judge Smith, in the 
meantime making visits to the Bluffs. Mrs. Nunn and Major Bradley were mar- 
ried in 1834, and lived together about thirty years; Major Bradley died in 1865, 
and Mrs. Bradley in 1869. 

But to go back to 1833. Settlers were coming in rapidly. Union county was 
formed out of Hempstead, and Ecore Fabre" made the county seat— but it was 



OUACHITA COUNTY. I065 

soon removed to the more important point, Champagnolle. Small "stores"' 
were "opened under the hill," near the steamboat landing. The elder Pargoud 
sent a young man, named Thomas Patton, with a stock of goods as the first ven- 
ture in this line. Albert Rust came soon after, but moved with the county seat 
to Champagnolle. In after years Albert Rust became a noted politician, Mem- 
ber of Congress and "Rebel Brigadier." 

Two brothers, named Moore, also had a "store" in these early years. They 
were uncles of the McLaughlin brothers — noted steamboat pilots — of whom only 
"Charley" remains. 

In 1836 Arkansas became a State. In 1839 Ouachita county was formed, with 
Hempstead on the west and Union on the south, with Ecore Fabre as the county 
site or seat of justice. The town was surveyed or "laid off" in 1839 and 1840, and 
named Camden. The name was given by a former resident of Camden, South 
Carolina, named Bragg; an ancestor of Hon. Walter L. Bragg of the Inter-state 
Railroad Commissioners, and Drs. Junius M. and John Milton Bragg, physicians 
of Camden at this time, (18S9). 

Camden moved off slowly at first. In 1S43 and 1S44 it Commenced assum- 
ing the air of a real town. 

The small store-keepers, assumed the title of merchants. Lawyers and 
doctors made their appearance. Previous to this time, Washington furnished 
the legal talent as needed, and the names of many of them live in the history of 
the State. 

Old ladies with blue "reticules" were able to conquer the diseases of the 
country with "herbs," as well as attending to the natural ailments of humanity, 
in their primitive way. 

Dr. Joel Ponder was the first physician. He was called "Old Dr. Ponder," 
to distinguish him from his. son — the Dr. Joel Ponder of the present day. Judge 
Christopher C Scott was the first attorney to arrive. H3 became Circuit Judge 
in 1844, and afterwards one of the Supreme Judges of the State. 

A. A. Stith was the second lawyer to arrive, and afterwards became Circuit 
Judge. But this is talking of Camden, let us return to Ecore Fabre\ Deer were 
numerous within the present town limits, up to the year 1840. Bear and pan- 
thers were plentiful a few years earlier. When Mr. Ira Nunn was a small boy he 
went out one morning to the cow-pens, where the Eliott Block now stands, and 
saw a large bear walk slowly off through the bushes. The animal had been 
prospecting for veal. In 1S35 the servants were out getting wood, when the dogs 
— in hunters parlance — "treed" a panther, near where Colonel Lee now lives. 
Being informed of the fact, young Ira — being the only man at home — took the 
gun and killed it. That night the dogs "treed" another within two hundred yards 
of the house. Major Bradley, being at home, shot that one by "shining his eyes." 
The next day the same occurrence took place, Major Bradley still taking the 
leading part. In the early days the Tates and others made their bacon from bear 
meat, until thev got a stock of hogs. 

In the years when meat was not plentiful, the Tate's would drive their hogs 
down to the Smackover bottom and into what is now Columbia county, to get 
them fat; camping out to protect them from wild animals, and keep them to- 
gether. 

The settlement of the "hill country" and the history of Camden remains to 
be written. There are many now living who are competent, and whose duty it 
is to write it. It is not my native land. C. H. Stone. 



1066 HIS TO BY OF ARKANSAS. 

Judge Christopher C. Scott settled in Camden in 1844, 
and resided there till his death, in 1859. He was born April 
22d, 1807, in Scottsburg, Halifax county, Virginia. He 
studied law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1828, in 
Alabama, whither he had moved, and practiced in that 
State until 1844, when he came to Arkansas, settling in 
Camden. In 1846 he was elected Circuit Judge of the 
Eighth Circuit, and in 1848 was appointed by Governor 
Drew, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, for the unex- 
pired term of Judge Oldham, resigned. In 1850 he was 
elected Associate Justice for the full term of eight years, and 
was re-elected in 1858 for a second term, but died at the 
Anthony House, in Little Rock, January 19th, 1859, having 
contracted pneumonia while making the journey by stage 
from Camden to Little Rock, to discharge the duties of his 
office. In August, 1832, he married Miss Elizabeth Smith, 
daughter of Hon. Daniel Smith, for many years Judge of the 
Virginia Court of Appeals. Of this marriage there are five 
children now living, to-wit : Frank T. Scott, living at 
Camden; Mrs. F. Mary Tobin, New Orleans ; Christopher 
C. Scott, Arkadelphia ; Mrs. Julia S. Carhart, Clarendon, 
Texas; and Mrs. Nellie D. Tufts, Camden. 

Judge John T. Bearden was a citizen of Camden from 
1847 to 1886. He was born at Knoxville, Tennesee, August 
18th, 1826, son of Marcus D. and Eliza Bearden. He came 
to Arkansas, September 7th, 1847, and located at Camden, 
wherejie lived until January 1st, 1886, when he moved to the 
city of Los Angeles, California, arriving there January 18th, 
1886, and being now engaged in the practice of law. He 
was Representative in the Legislature of 1852 and 1853, and 
1879, and at the latter session was Speaker of the House. 
He was Circuit Judge of the Ninth Circuit from September, 
1886, to July, 1868, when he was removed by the Re-construc- 
tion Measures. He was in the Confederate Army as Adju- 
tant-General of A. T. Hawthorn's Brigade of Churchill's 



OUACHITA COUNTY. 1 067 

Division. He was married September 6th, 1859, at Camden, 
Arkansas, to Frances B. Stith. By this marriage there are 
two grown and married daughters, to-wit : Mrs. Ella R. 
Jennings, wife of A. H. Jennings, and Mrs. Laura M. 
Whitthorne, wife of W. R. Whitthorne. 

Caleb Hall Stone became a resident of Camden in i860, 
and has resided there continuously since. He was born at 
Bloomington, Indiana, August 7th, 1828, son of Ellis and 
Margaret Denny Stone, who were natives of Virginia, but 
married in Kentucky. He was educated at Indiana Univer- 
sity, Bloomington, Indiana, but before graduating enlisted in 
the Fourth Indiana Volunteers in the war with Mexico, and 
served therein to the close of that war. He came to Arkan- 
sas in October, i860, and settled at Camden, where he now 
resides, being engaged in the business of a real estate agent. 
He was seven years Alderman and two years Mayor of Cam- 
den, previous to 1878. In the Civil War of 1861 he entered 
the Confederate service, and for a few months was with Gen- 
eral Rust, in North Arkansas, in 1862, and afterwards was 
Lieutenant of Ordnance on duty at Camden, Shreveport and 
Jefferson, Texas, Arsenals. On the 4th of July, 1859, at St. 
Peters, Minnesota, he married Miss Maria M. Porter, whowas 
born at Athens, Ohio, in 1841. Of this marriage there are two 
children now living, to-wit : William Porter Stone, Lieuten- 
ant in the Second Artiller}/ Regiment of the United States 
Arm)/ ; and Frederick Lee Stone. 

Hon. Robert Emmett Salle was a resident of Camden for 
nineteen years, from 1865 to 1884. He was born at Holly 
Springs Mississippi, June 12th, 1846, son of Marcus Aurelius 
and Susan M. Salle. He came to Arkansas in 1865, and 
settled at Camden, engaged in the practice of law. He 
represented Ouachita county in the Legislature of 1882 and 
1883. On the 5th of July, 1877, in Mechanicsville, Sar- 
atoga county,* New York, he married Mrs. F. Jennie Viall 



Io68 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Baker, daughter of Job G. Viall, of that place. By this mar- 
riage there are two children now living, to-wit : a daughter, 
S. V. Salle, born April ist, 1878; and a son, George V., 
born January 13th, 1884. He moved to Mechanicsville 
July, 1884, and in 1885 opened a law office, practicing alone. 
In January, 1886, he became associated in the practice with 
John C. Green, of that place. He died May 6th, 1886, 
after an illness of only two days, and is buried at Mechanics- 
ville. « 

William King Ramsey became a resident of Camden in 
1865. He was born at Oak Hill, Wilcox county, Ala- 
bama, June ist, 1843, son of Rev. A. C. and Elizabeth A. 
Ramsey. His father, 81 years old, resides at Pine Apple, 
Wilcox county, Alabama. His mother died in 1854. He 
was attending the University of Alabama, at Tuskaloosa, 
when the war broke out, and enlisted as a private in Company 
"A," the Mobile Cadets, of the Third Alabama Infantry, in 
Battle's Brigade of Rhodes' Division of Stonewall Jackson's 
corps. He was in the Confederate Army for four years, and 
was in nearly all the battles, from Seven Pines to Appo- 
mattox. He came to Arkansas, November 25th, 1865, and 
located at Camden, where he has since lived. He was Dep- 
uty* Clerk of Ouachita county from November, 1874, to 
November, 1878, and was then elected Clerk three successive 
terms, 1878 to 1880, 1882. He was School Director of the 
Camden school district three years, 1877 to 1880; Alderman 
of the town of Camden three terms, 1885, 1886 and 1887; 
and appointed by President Cleveland Register of the United 
States Land Office, at Camden, in November, 1885. He 
has been twice married. On the 17th of November, 1869, 
at Camden, Arkansas, he was married to Miss Mary F. 
Vickers, from Hawesville, Kentucky. She died October 31st, 
1881. On the 6th of November, 1884, he was married to 
Mrs. Mattie V. Stanley. He has five children now living— 



OUACHITA COUNTY. I069 

two daughters and three sons, to-wit : Misses Marian L. 
and Annie V., and Ab. C, Carl C. and William K. 

Alfred A. Tufts became a resident of Camden in 1867. 
He was born at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, September 3d, 1847, 
son of Amos and Adelia A. R. Tufts. At an early age his 
parents moved to New York City, and he was principally 
raised there. In 1857 or 1858 his mother, then a widow, 
visited Cincinnati, and placed him at school there. He re- 
mained at school two or three years, when, becoming dissatis- 
fied, he went to Indiana and Illinois. At this time the war 
broke out and he enlisted, in July, 1862, at Shelbyville, Illi- 
nois, in Company "K," of the One Hundred and Twenty- 
sixth Infantry Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, in General 
Nathan Kimball's Division, and was also under command of 
General Hurlbut in the Sixteenth Army Corps. He partici- 
pated in the campaign in Tennesse and in the siege of 
Vicksburg. After the surrender of Vicksburg his division 
was assigned to service under General Fred. Steele, and parti- 
cipated in the campaign in Arkansas, which resulted in the 
capture of Little Rock. At the close of the war he was mus- 
tered out of service at Pine Bluff, July 12th, 1865, and 
finally discharged at Springfield, Illinois, in August, 1865. 
He then taught school for fifteen months, at the end of which 
time, in May, 1867. he came to Arkansas and located at 
Camden, where he has since resided. He was Deputy 
County and Circuit Clerk of Ouachita county from 1868 to 
to 1872, and County Clerk from 1872 to 1S74. He was 
Receiver of Public Moneys of the Camden Land District from 
1871 to 1873 and from 1875 to I ^5' He has taken a prom- 
inent part in the orders of Masonry, Odd-Fellowship and the 
Knights of P}?thias; is at present Commander of Knights 
Templar in Camden, and was Grand Commander of Knights 
Templar of the State in 1884, Grand Chancellor of Knights 
of Pythias of the State in 1883, and Supreme Representative 
of the same in 1887. On the 17th of February, 1873, he was 



I070 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

married, at Camden, to Miss Nellie D. Scott, youngest 
daughter of Judge Christopher C. Scott, deceased. The 
only child born of this marriage, a daughter, Maud, died at 
the age of two years. 

Colonel Henry Gaston Bunn became a resident of Cam- 
den about the year 1868. He was born in Nash county, 
North Carolina, on the 12th day of June, 1838. In 1844 
his father, David Bunn, removed to Fayette county, in what 
was then the Western District of Tennessee, but remained 
there only two years, when, in 1846, he came to Arkansas, 
and settled in Calhoun county, which was then almost an 
uninhabited wilderness, with but few settlements. Here 
H. G. Bunn grew up to manhood, receiving such instruc- 
tion as local schools and those of Princeton and El Dorado 
could furnish, until 1858, when he entered Davidson Col- 
lege, North Carolina.. The breaking out of the war inter- 
rupted the completion of his collegiate course, and he returned 
home and enlisted as a private in Company "A," of the Fourth 
Arkansas Infantry, a company raised in Calhoun county by 
Captain Joseph B. McCulloch. He was promoted from time 
to time, until at the close of the war he was Colonel of the 
regiment, and as such commanded the brigade to which hi 
regiment belonged, after the wounding of General D. H. 
Reynolds, the Brigadier-General in command. Colonel 
Bunn, being in command, made surrender of the brigade 
near Greensboro, North Carolina, April 26th, 1865, at the 
surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston's Army. Though 
being exposed to great and incessant dangers during the 
whole of the war, from the very first of it even unto the last, 
he escaped with only a slight wound in the head, received 
at the battle of Elkhorn, March 7th, 1862, caused by his 
being struck with a fragment of a shell. After the close of 
the war he returned to Hampton, the place of his residence, 
in Calhoun county, and having qualified himself therefor, 
entered upon the practice of law, in which he rapidly rose to 



MON TG OMER Y COUNTY. I O 7 1 

prominence. About 1868 he moved to Camden, where he 
has since resided, conducting successfully the practice of his 
profession. 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 



Montgomery County, the forty-sixth county created, was 
formed December 9th, 1842, out of territory taken from Hot 
Spring county. From the organization of the count} 7 , the 
county seat was at the present town of Mount Ida, but it was 
called by the name of Montgomery, until the July term, 
1850, of the County Court, at which date the name was 
changed to Salem. It continued under this name until the 
October term of the court, when the name was changed to 
Mount Ida, which it now bears. 

Montgomery is a western county, lying in the valley of the 
Ouachita river. Its area is about 900 square miles. In sur- 
face the county is much broken, being hilly and mountainous 
for as much as two thirds of its area. The usual crops are cot- 
ton, corn, wheat, oats and ordinary farm products. There is 
no railroad in the county as yet, the nearest railroad point be- 
ing Hot Springs, forty miles away. 

There are a number of mineral springs in the county, of 
which Maddox, Hutchinson's, Sulphur, Blood Springs and 
Mayberry Springs are the best known. 

Minerals exist in the county in quantities, and much ex- 
citement has arisen over finds of gold and silver, copper and 
antimony, at the Bear Mines, Silver City and other points. 
Mining operations on an extensive scale are in progress, with 
satisfactory results. 

There are fifty-nine free common schools, open three 
months in the year. The Baptist, Methodist and Christian 
denominations have organized congregations, but have only 
inferior church-houses. 



1072 



HIS TOE Y OF ABKANSAS. 



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MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 



!073 



The towns are Mount Ida, Black Springs, Buckville, Sil- 
ver City, Cedar Glades and Oden, all small towns. 

Mount Tela, the county seat, is an interior town, lying near 
the center of the county. It dates from the year 1840. Its 
present population is about 150. There are two churches at the 
place, a Methodist and Christian church. There are two 
hotels, the Watkins Hotel and the Smith House. As yet 
there is no newspaper published there. 



NEWTON COUNTY. 



Newton County, the forty-seventh county created, was 
formed December 14th, 1842, out of territory taken from the 
county of Carroll, and was named after Hon. Thomas W. 
Newton. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at 
the house of John Bellah, on "Hutson's Fork of Buffalo." It 
was afterwards established at Jasper, where it now is. 

Newton county is a northwest count}', separted from Mis- 
souri by Boone and Carroll counties. Its area is about 900 
square miles. In surface, the. county is considerably broken, 
but a considerable portion of the northern part of the 
'county is level and prairie lands. It is watered by the Buffalo 
Fork of White river, with numerous creeks as tributa- 
ries, but none of them navigable. There is no railroad in 
the county as yet. The timber growth of the county is varied 
and extensive, but difficult of shipment. 

There are sixty-nine free common schools in the county, 
kept open from four to eight months in the year, and church- 
houses of the Methodist, Baptist and other denominations, 
in all the principal neighborhoods. 

The chief towns are Jasper, Marshall, Prairie, Mt. Judea 
and Limestone Valley. 

68 



io74 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



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FULTON COUNTY. 



io 75 



Jasper, the county seat, is in the interior of the county, a 
little north of center. It was formed about 1842, and has a 
population of about 400. It has three churches, a district 
school, grist mill, cotton gin, a weekly newspaper, The Ar- 
kansas Wheel, and several stores. It has a daily mail. 



FULTON COUNTY. 



Fulton County, the forty-eighth county created, was 
formed December 21st, 1842, out of territory taken from 
Izard county, and was named for Governor William S. Ful- 
ton. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the 
house of Peter Ground. Early in 1843 it was established at 
Salem, which has since remained the county seat. 

Fulton county is an extreme northern border county, lying 
along the Missouri line. Its area is about 800 square miles. 
In surface, about one-half of the county is level or undulating, 
the remainder is hilly. The usual products of corn, wheat, 
oats, farm products and fruits are grown, but only little cot- 
ton. The upper portion of Black river flows through the 
countv, and various creeks also serve to water it. The Kan- 
sas City, Springfield & Memphis Railroad runs through the 
northeast corner of the county. 

There are sixty-nine free common schools in the county, 
kept open from four to six months in the year, and church- 
houses of the Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian denomina- 
tions in the principal neighborhoods. 

The chief towns are Salem, Myatt, Union and Viola. 

Salem, the county seat, is an interior town, near the center 
of the county. It was founded in 1843 by William P. 
Morris, and became at once the county seat. Its present 
population is about 150. It has one church — a frame build- 
ing— of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, of which Rev, 



1076 



III 8 TOBY OF AR KANSAS. 



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POLK COUNTY. 1077 

Mr. Brooke is pastor. The court-house is a frame structure. 
There are two hotels in the place, one in a brick building kept 
by William Wainright, and one in a frame building, kept by 
John M. Richmond. Two newspapers are published there: 
The Fulton County Informer, and The Banner. It is not 
an incorporated town. 



POLK COUNTY. 



Polk County, the forty-ninth county created, was formed 
November 30th, 1844, out of territory taken from Sevier 
county, and was named in honor of the newly elected Pres- 
ident, James K. Polk. The temporary seat of justice was 
directed to be at the house of James Pirtle, who was the first 
County Treasurer, at which place there was a post-office, 
called Panther. In the year 1844 the name was changed to 
Dallas, and it has since remained the county seat. 

Polk county is a western border county, l)ing along the 
Choctaw boundary line, south of the Arkansas river. Its 
northern boundary is the Rich Mountains. Its present area 
is about 900 square miles, and its population about 6,000. It 
is watered by the upper part of the Ouachita river and the 
Cossitot river, both of which have their sources in the countv. 

In surface, the county is about one-third broken, being hilly 
and mountainous in the northern part, but from the middle to 
the southern extremity there are some level lands. 

The soil is of average fertility, and the usual crops — cotton, 
corn, wheat and oats — are grown. 

There are mineral indications through the upper portion of 
the county, and traces of silver ores are in the eastern portion, 
but to what extent existing is but imperfectly known. 

There are sixty-two school districts in the county. 



1078 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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DALLAS COUNTY. IO79 

The towns of the county are Dallas, Cove, Mountain Fork 
and Big Bend. 

Dallas, the county seat, is near the center of the county, 
on a tributary of the Ouachita. It was first settled about the 
year 1845, and was incorporated as a town July 7th, 1879. 
Its population is about 300. It has four churches, a good 
school, steam grist and flouring mills, cotton gin, and a 
weekty paper. Mail, tri-weekly. 



DALLAS COUNTY. 



Dallas County, the fiftieth county created, was formed Jan- 
uary 1st, 1845, out of territory taken from the counties of 
Clark and Bradley, and was named after the Vice-President 
elect, George M. Dallas. The temporary seat of justice was 
directed to be at the house of Presley Watts, but in the month 
of January, 1845, the county seat was established at Princeton, 
where it has since remained. 

Dallas is an interior county, south. It lies along the 
Ouachita river, which forms its southwestern boundary. It is 
east of Clark county and south of Hot Spring and Grant, 
which bound it on the north. Its area is 650 square miles. 
In surface, it consists of about one-third hilly country, and one- 
third uplands, and one-third of level alluvial bottom lands. 
Cotton and corn are the principal crops grown, although all the 
usual products do well. Fruits of all kinds flourish, and are 
extensively produced. The timber product of the county is 
enormous, and the facilities for getting it to market are good, 
by way of the Saline river on the northeast and the Ouachita 
on the southwest. The St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas Railroad 
crosses the southeast corner of the county, there being only 
one station in the county, Fordyce. 



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DALLAS COUNTY. Io8l 

There are about twenty-eight school-houses, and churches 
of the Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian denominations. 
There are forty school districts. 

The chief towns are Princeton, Fairview, Fordyce, Tulip 
and Holly Springs. 

Princeton, the county seat, was founded in 1845. The first 
person who ever lived at its site was Presley Watts, who set- 
tled there in 1840. Its present population is about 200 per- 
sons. It has a good frame court-house, built in 1856, and 
four frame churches, a Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian, 
and the colored people have a Methodist church. A hotel is 
kept there, called the Holmes Hotel. As yet there is no 
newspaper published in the town. 

M. M. Duffie was born in Fairfield county, South Carolina, 
graduated at Erskine College in 1856, came to Arkansas and 
settled in Princeton the same year, and has resided there ever 
since. In 1858 he began the practice of law there. He has 
been a Member of the Legislature from Dallas county, and 
Member and President of the State Senate ; was Presidential 
Elector on the Cleveland ticket in the election of 1884, and as 
such carried the returns of the vote of Arkansas to Washing- 
ton. 

Judge Willis Lewis Somervell became a resident of the 
county in 1848, and settled at Tulip. He was born April 
19th, 1811, in Mecklenburg county, Va. His father, John 
Somervell, was a planter, and his mother was Frances 
Taylor, of Granville county, N. C. At an early age he went to 
West Tennessee with his uncle, Willis Lewis, for whom he was 
named, and whose wife was his mother's sister. He studied 
medicine, and was prepared to attend lectures when the death 
of his father and uncle changed all his plans. Mrs. Lewis 
would not consent for him to leave her, so he became him- 
self a planter. He married Mary Ann Martin, of Wake 
county, N. C, while on a visit to her sister, the wife of Gen- 
eral N. G. Smith, in Hardeman county, Tennessee, January 



lOb>2 IllSTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

16th, 1834; lived in that county until 1848, when they 
moved to Dallas county, Arkansas, and settled at Tulip. 

In 1863 he went to Texas, stopping at Waco, where he died 
November 18th, 1864, and is buried in the old cemetery on the 
Brazos, in Waco. His widow still survives him. His children 
now living are two sons, John M., Clerk of Howard county, and 
William, a planter, in Jefferson county; and four daughters, 
Mrs. Fannie King, Mrs. Sue Jones, wife of Senator James 
K. Jones; Mrs. Bettie Johnson, of Texarkana, and Miss 
Annie L. Somervell. The eldest daughter, who was Mrs. 
Kate Eaton, is dead; and the eldest son, Willis, was killed 
at the battle of Sharpsburg, in Maryland, September 17th, 
1862. 

o 

PRAIRIE COUNTY. 



Prairie County, the fifty-first county formed, was cre- 
ated November 25th, 1846, out of territory taken from the 
county of Pulaski. The temporary seat of justice was directed 
to be at the dwelling house of Hunt, on the Memphis 
road. Its name comes from the nature of the country, a 
large part of its area being prairie land, common to the 
western country. The county seat was first established at 
Brownsville, but after a time was located at Devall's Bluff. 
In 1875 it was moved to Des Arc, where it has since re- 
mained. 

A circumstance in the history of the county, which has occa- 
sioned much trouble and inconvenience, was the destruction 
by fire, on the 16th of September, 1854, of the Clerk and Re- 
corder's office, with all the records and all papers of the 
courts, the records of deeds, mortgages and schedules, and 
the entire contents of both offices. The inconvenience arising 
from such a disaster never dies out, and the immediate effects 
are felt for years in innumerable directions. 



PEAIBIE COUNTY. 



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I084 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Prairie county is an east-central interior county, lying along 
the Memphis & Little Rock Railway which passes through 
the county east and west near the center. It comprises in its 
area 460,800 acres of land, of which about 150,000 is prairie 
land. The entire surface of the county is a level plain, em- 
bracing in its limits very little uneven or broken land, being 
chiefly rich bottom lands or timbered uplands. The principal 
crops are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes and hay. Fruits 
also thrive well, and are largely produced. 

The putting up of hay has become a considerable industry 
in the county. The native grass of the prairies is cut, baled 
and shipped to distant markets, and makes a fair article of 
hay. A few years ago there were but few points at which 
hay was put up; now there are sheds, presses and side-tracks 
at every station on the railroad. 

The raising of cattle also has become one of the greatest 
industries of the county. Large bodies of the prairie lands 
are enclosed with wire fences and turned into stock ranches, 
from which cattle are shipped to Little Rock, Memphis and 
St. Louis. 

The county is well watered by White river, which runs 
through the eastern portion for forty miles ; Bayou Des Arcs 
in the east and northern portion, Wattensas (Wat-ten-saw) 
Bayou through the center, Bayou Two Prairies in the southern 
and southeastern portions, and Cache river on the eastern 
border. 

The prairies of the county are the favorite resort of hunts- 
men. In former times they were very extensively stocked 
with deer, grouse or prairie chickens, quail and wild pigeons. 
With the settling up of the country these have disappeared to 
a great extent, but are still to be found in sufficient quantities 
to afford exciting sport for those so inclined. 

One of the natural curiosities of the county is a pigeon-roost, 
about fifteen miles from Brownsville. Here at night-fall, in 
the pigeon season, year after year, wild pigeons were accus- 



PBAIBIE COUNTY. I085 

tomed to flock in by millions, settling on the trees in such 
numbers as to break off large limbs and branches, or bend 
down trees of considerable size. The noise of their flying 
into the roost could be heard for miles before reaching the 
place, sounding like the roar of a cataract. The roost was a 
tract of about four miles square, in which the most of the 
trees were dead. In it were multitudes of owls, wild cats and 
catamounts, which subsisted on dead and wounded birds left 
by hunters, or injuring themselves. Hunters and sportsmen 
visiting the roost were able to kill thousands in a short while, 
and a considerable traffic was carried on by shipping the birds 
to neighboring markets. Farmers in the neighborhood were 
long accustomed to feed them to their hogs in unlimited quan- 
tities. 

In the coldest of weather the temperature in the midst of 
the roost would be quite warm, from the great number of 
live bodies diffusing animal heat. On leaving the roost at 
da}break, it was the custom of the birds all to alight on the 
ground for a few moments, and then rise simultaneously with a 
deafening roar. So great was the number of these birds, that 
it was not an uncommon sight to see flocks of them passing 
across the sky so great as to take several moments to go by, 
and so thick as to obscure the sun for the time being. 

This was the condition of things within the recollec- 
tion of men as recently as twenty-five or thirty }-ears ago, 
but at the present time so much has been done toward the kill- 
ing of the birds in great quantities, that the breed has well 
nigh become extinct. To see a flock of wild pigeons now is 
rather the exception, where once it was the universal rule. 
They still visit the roost each season, but their numbers now 
are few and inconsiderable. 

The population of the county is about 12,000. In the 
census of 1880 it was 5,691 white, 2,744 colored; total, 
8,435. In 1885 it was given as 10,980. 



1 08 6 HIS TOR Y- OF ABKANSA S. 

Educational facilities in the county are good. There are 
public schools in almost every neighborhood, there being 
forty-six school districts, and thirty-seven maintaining schools. 
At Des Arc, Devall's Bluff, Hazen, and Hickory Plains 
there are fine public schools. There are churches at all the 
principal points in the county and embracing all denomina- 
tions. 

The towns of the county are Des Arc, Devall's Bluff, 
Hazen, Brownsville, Fredonia and Hickory Plains. 

Devall's Bluff, on White river, was at one time a place of 
activity and importance. Being the terminus of the railroad 
from Little Rock to White river in the direction of Memphis, 
it was a great shipping point for the interior, boats coming 
from Memphis, by way of the Mississippi, and White river 
is at all times navigable to this point and above. During the 
war the place was occupied by some 40,000 Federal troops, 
they making this place their base of operations in the State. 
During their occupancy, they built many store-houses and 
barracks, which are still standing, but in a dilapidated con- 
dition. 

Captain Joel M. McClintock has been a citizen of Devall's 
Bluff from April, 1864, to this date, with the exception of 
from May, 1873, to March, 1875, when he lived at Lonoke, 
having moved back to Devall's Bluff in March, 1875. He 
was born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, son of 
Ralph and Agnes McClintock. He received education in the 
county district schools, except a short term spent at Lombard 
University, in Galesburg, Illinois. He was admitted to the 
Bar in 1885, and is now engaged in the practice of law and 
conducting a real estate agency. On the breaking out of 
the Civil War he enlisted as a soldier in Company "E," of the 
Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and was afterwards First Ser- 
geant in Compan} 7 "D," of the Mississippi Marine Brigade, 
under General Ellett. On the 19th of August he was com- 
missioned by President Lincoln, Captain in the Fourth 



PBAIBIE COUNTY. I087 

Arkansas Colored Infantry, and was discharged from service 
at Little Rock, in February, 1864. On the 27th of June, 1865, 
at Devall's Bluff, he married Miss Sarah A. Crosson. He 
was Sheriff of Prairie county from July, 1868, to January 1st, 
1873, and first Sheriff of Lonoke county from May, 1873, to 
November, 1874. 

Des Arc, the county seat, is on White river, in the upper 
part of the countv. It dates its existence from the year 1831. 
In July of that year a post-office was established at the house 
of James Walker, and called "Des Arc," Lewis Kirk- 
patrick being made Postmaster. In 1851 George C. Watkins, 
owner of lands on which it is situated, caused a survey to be 
made by I. M. Moore, laying it off into lots and blocks for 
a town. Its present population is 850. It contains four 
churches: Old School Presbyterian, a brick structure ; Cum- 
berland Presbyterian, Methodist and Baptist, frame buildings. 
The colored people have also two churches, Methodist and 
Baptist, both frame buildings. 

The Des Arc Citizen, a weekly newspaper, is published 
there. It was established in 1854 by John C. Morrill. 

There are two hotels in the place : the Hedgepeth House 
and the Jackson House. 

The town was incorporated December 24th, 1854. 

Colonel Robert Smith Gantt became a resident of Prairie 

county in 1858, and lived there till 1868. He was born in 

Moulton, Alabama, in the year 1830, son of Edward S. and 

Sarah Gantt, who was Sarah Smith. Both the parents were 

natives of Maryland, but died in Alabama. He commenced 

the study of law in Moulton, Alabama, in 1845, being then 

only 15 years of age, reading in the law office of jrlon. Leroy 

Pope Walker, who was afterwards Confederate Secretary of 

War. He finished his studies in the office of Hon. D. P. 

Lewis, and was admitted to the Bar, November 30th, 1847, 

being but little over 17 years of age. He commenced the 

practice of law in Marshall county, Alabama, in the year 



I088 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

1849. Soon after he went there to live, and before he had 
attained the age of 20 3 7 ears he was appointed Judge of the 
County Court, which office he held for eight months, when he 
resigned, returning to Moulton in 1850, and remaining there 
until September 26th 1853, when he moved to Eastport, 
Mississippi, where he lived until April, 1858, when he moved 
to Arkansas and located at Brownsville. On the breaking 
out of the war he entered the Confederate Army as a Captain 
in the Fifth Arkansas Infantry, a regiment organized by 
Colonel, afterwards General, L. Marsh Walker, afterwards 
commanded successively by Colonels D. C. Cross and John 
Edward Murray, in which he served till the close of the war. 
In 1865 he was elected Prosecuting- Attorney of the circuit 
in which the capital was situated, and according as the law at 
that time stood, he thereby became ex-officio Attorney-General 
of the State, and served to October, 1866. He was State 
Senator of the Sixteenth District, composed of the counties 
of Pulaski and Prairie, at the session from November, 
1866, to March, 1867, and was a Member of a Committee 
sent by the Legislature to Washington to confer with Presi- 
dent Johnson as to the welfare of the State. 

In 1868 he became a member of the law firm with Judge E. 
H. English and P. D. English, of Little Rock, although still 
residing at Brownsville. After the death of his wife in Sep- 
tember, 1868, he moved to Little Rock, where he continued 
to reside, engaged in the practice of his profession, until his 
death, November 30th, 187 1, at the age of 41 years. He 
was an able lawyer ; a fine criminal practitioner and an elo- 
quent speaker. He was a Presidential Elector in 1868, on 
the Se}-mour and Blair ticket, and made a canvass in the in- 
terest of the Democratic nominees. On the 3d of May, 1855 
at Eastport, Mississippi, he was married to Miss Laura V. 
Shelley. By this marriage there are three daughters living, 
to-wit : Daisy, Olivia and Laura, who is Mrs. James H. 
Blocher. 



DREW COUNTY. 



Drew County, the fifty-second county created, was formed 
November 26th, 1846, out of territory taken from Bradley 
county, and was named in honor of the Governor, Thomas S. 
Drew. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at 
the house of Alexander M. Rawles. It remained there until 
1848, when, on the formation of Ashley county, which em- 
braced Rawles' house within its limits, the county seat was 
established at a place called Rough and Ready, one mile 
south of the present town of Monticello. In 1849 the county 
seat was established at Monticello, where it now is. 

Drew is a southeastern county, within twelve miles of the 
Mississippi river. Its area is about 800 square miles, and in 
surface it is about one-half rolling hills, and the other half 
alluvial, with the exception of about 2,000 acres of prairie 
land. 

The usual crops are cotton, corn, wheat, oats and potatoes. 
The soil is rich and produces well. 

The streams in the county are the Saline river and Bayou 
Bartholomew. The Little Rock, Mississippi River & Texas 
Railroad crosses the county east and west about the center. 

There are 52 common school districts, and 3 high schools, 
one at Monticello, one at Rock Springs and one at Selma; 75 
schools are taught in the count}/. There are about 50 
churches of the Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian denom- 
inations. 

The towns of the county are Monticello, Selma, Collins 
and Tillar. 

Monticello, the county seat, is on the Little Rock, Missis- 
sippi River &J Texas Railway, near the center of the county. 
The land on which it is situated was deeded to the county for 
: 69 1089 



1090 



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DBE W COUNTY. 1 09 1 

There are two hotels; a weekly newspaper, The Monti- 
cellonian, and an excellent graded school, having 350 
pupils. Prof. J. H. Hineman, principal. 

Hon. William F. Slemons, of Monticello, was born in 
Weakley county, Tennessee, March 15th, 1830; was educated 
at Bethel College ; removed to Arkansas in 1852; studied 
law, was admitted to the Bar in 1855, and practiced until 
1861 ; was a Member of the Arkansas State Convention in 
1861; was elected District Attorney in 1866, and re-con- 
structed out of office in 1868 ; was elected to the Forty-fourth 
and Forty-fifth Congresses, and was re-elected to the Forty- 
sixth Congress as a Democrat, receiving 11,226 votes against 
8,399 votes for Bradley, National. On the breaking out of 
the war he enlisted as a private, but was promoted, until lie 
became Colonel of the Second Arkansas Cavalry. On the 
13th of December, 1855, in Drew county, Arkansas, he mar- 
ried Miss Martha Howard, daughter of Edward H. Howard, 
a civil engineer and planter of Drew county. By this mar- 
riage there were seven children. 

Colonel Thomas M. Whittington became a resident of Mon- 
ticello in 1858 ; engaging in the practice of lav/ and planting. 
He was born in Greensboro, North Carolina, August 7th, 
1832, son of Colonel Nehemiah Whittington, an officer of the 
Warof 1812. He was a student at Trinity College, Randolph 
county, for four years, ending in 1852, when he commenced 
studying law in Greensboro, in the office of R. P. Dick, where 
he continued for four years, and then moved to Monticello, 
where he arrived November 14th, 1858, and commenced 
practicing law. On the breaking out of the war he raised a 
company for Colonel Rust's Third Arkansas Regiment in the 
Confederate Army, and was in service in Virginia, but being 
disabled was compelled to return home, where he assisted in 
raising the Twenty-fourth Arkansas Regiment, of which he 
was made Lieutenant-Colonel. At the close of the war he 
resumed the practice of law at Monticello, and is still en- 



1092 



HISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 



gaged therein. In 1878 he was State Senator for his district. 
He was twice married. On the 17th of March, 1861, at 
Monticello, he married Miss Mollie R. Cordell, who died in 
1866. There were two children by this marriage, both of 
whom died early. In June, 1873, in Monticello, he married 
Miss Mattie Belser, daughter of Laurence Belser, of Sumpter 
District, South Carolina. She died in 1875. 



ASHLEY COUNTY. 



Ashley County, the fifty-third county created, was formed 
November 30th, 1848, out of territory taken from Drew 
county, and was named in honor of Senator Chester Ashley. 
The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house 
of Isaac Denson, at or near a place called Fountain Hill. 
In October, 1849, George N. Denton, John W. P. Doyle 
and Thomas C. Denson, Commissioners, located the county 
seat at a place which they laid off into a town, and named 
Hamburg, which has since remained the county seat. 

Ashley county is a southeastern border county, lying along 
the Louisiana line, bounded east by Chicot county and west by 
the Saline river, separating it from Bradley and Union counties. 
Its area is 939 square miles. The surface is generally level, 
one-fourth being of a strictly alluvial character and very fer- 
tile, one-fourth of prairie land, and the remainder of fairly 
productive uplands. The ordinary staples, cotton, corn and 
grain, are produced. Considerable activity exists in the tim- 
ber trade, of which fine kinds and in unlimited quantities are 
found, and shipped by way of the Saline, Ouachita and 
Bayou Bartholomew streams. 

Beds of lignites or brown coal are found along the bank 
of the Saline and Ouachita. 

There are sixty free common schools in operation in the 



ASHLEY COUNTY. 



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1094 HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Methodist and Baptist, and two churches for the colored race. 
A weekly newspaper, called the Hamburg News, is published 
there by H. R. Downey, editor and proprietor. There are 
two hotels in the place. The town was incorporated De- 
cember 14th, 1854. 

Hon. John W. Van Gilder became a resident of Hamburg 
in 1854. He was born in Richmond, Jefferson county, Ohio, 
October 16th, 1825, son of Maud Katharine Van Gilder, who 
was Katharine Forbes; attended Franklin College, Ohio, from 
1840 to 1844; was admitted to the Bar in Tennessee in 1854, 
and in the same year moved to Arkansas, locating in Ham- 
burg, where he has since lived. He practiced law in Hamburg 
from 1854 to 1885, when he retired from practice. He was 
State Senator in 1883 and 1885, but had no taste for office. 
He was Captain of Home Guards during the war, being too 
feeble for active duty. He was twice married : first in Shelby 
county, Tennessee, to Miss Louisa A. Massey ; second in 
Fordyce, Arkansas, in 1886, to Mrs. M. E. Rawls, daughter 
of Colonel John R. Hampton. 

Hon. Marcus Lafayette Hawkins became a resident of 
Hamburg in 1855, and has resided there continuously since. 
He was born in Talladega, Alabama, March 29th, 1834, son of 
John C. and Millie Hawkins. He was admitted to the Bar 
in Canton, Mississippi, in November, 1855, came to Ar- 
kansas, December 15th, 1855, and located at Hamburg, 
engaging in the practice of law, where he now resides. 
He was a Member from Ashley county in the State Con- 
vention of 1861, and the Constitutional Convention of 1874, 
and is now Prosecuting-Attorney of the Tenth Judicial Circuit. 
On the breaking out of the war he entered the Second Arkan- 
sas Battalion of Rust's Brigade, commonly called Jones' 
Battalion, as a private soldier, and was made prisoner at the 
siege of Port Hudson. Afterwards he was Captain of Com- 
pany U I," of the Second Arkansas Cavalry, under Colonel 
W. F. Slemons, commanding a brigade in Price's Divi- 



Calhoun county. 1095 

sion. On the 1st of September, 1858, at Hamburg, he was 
married to Miss Harriet E. Hadley, daughter of James and 
Hannah H. Hadley. By this marriage there are six children. 



-o- 



CALHOUN COUNTY. 



Calhoun County, the fifty-fourth county created, was 
formed December 6th, 1850, out of territory taken from the 
counties of Dallas and Ouachita, and was named for John C. 
Calhoun, of South Carolina, then recently deceased. The 
temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the house of 
James Riggs. In 185 1 the county seat was located at Hamp- 
ton, where it has since remained. 

Calhoun is a southern county, separated by Union county 
from the State of Louisiana. It is bounded on the east by 
Ba}7ou Moro, and southwest by the Ouachita river. Its area 
is about 900 square miles. 

In surface, the county is generally level, but with about 
one- fifth of its entire surface hilly. Cotton, corn, tobacco, 
wheat, rye and oats form the principal crops. Fruits grow 
well, and are extensively cultivated. The timber product of 
the county is large, and with all the desirable kinds of timber, 
in easy reach of markets by means of the Ouachita river and 
the St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas Railroad, which crosses, from 
northeast to southwest, the northwest corner of the county. 

There are 37 public schools kept open for an average of 
six months in the year. There are about 30 churches in the 
county, of the Baptist, Methodist and Cumberland Presby- 
terian denominations. 

The principal towns of the county are Hampton, Sumraer- 
ville, Chambersville and Thornton. 

Hampton, the county seat, is near the center of the county, 
on the Champagnolle creek. It was located as the county 
seat in the autumn of 185 1, and was named after Hon. John 



1096 



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SEBASTIAN COUNTY. 



Sebastian County, the fifty-fifth county created, was formed 
January 6th, 185 1, out of territory taken from the counties of 
Crawford, Scott and Polk, and was named after Senator Wil- 
liam K. Sebastian. The temporary seat of justice was 
directed to be at the house of Eaton Tatum. The county seat 
was located at Greenwood, where it now is. In the establish- 
ment of the Constitution of 1874, and by Acts of the Legisla- 
ture of January 21st, 1861, and of 1875, two districts were 
created, with separate courts at Greenwood and Fort Smith. 

Sebastian is a western county, bounded north by the Ar- 
kansas river and west by the boundary line of the Indian 
Territory. Its area embraces 364,800 acres. 

In surface, about one-half the county is rolling, a small por- 
tion mountainous, with other portions of level and of prairie 
land. The country is high and elevated, and not as subject to 
malarial conditions as other portions of the State. The lands 
of the county are fertile and productive, and } 7 ield well all 
products common to the latitude, with abundance of fruit and 
grapes. 

The county is well supplied with transportation facilities by 
the Arkansas and Poteau rivers, and by two railroads, the 
Little Rock & Fort Smith, and the St. Louis & San Francisco, 
which touches at Van Buren, in the adjacent county of Craw- 
ford, but which is only five miles away, and on which travel 
reaches Fort Smith over a fine railroad bridge at Van Buren. 

There are seventy-one school districts, with forty-nine free 
common schools, in the county, which are kept open five 
months in the year, and in the city of Fort Smith nine 
months. 

There are churches at all the principal points in the county, 
in which all denominations are represented. 

1097 



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BIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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SEBASTIAN COUNTY. 1 099 

Greenwood, the county seat and seat of the Greenwood dis- 
trict is near the center of the county, not on any stream or 
railroad. It is located in the center of an extensive coal field, 
varying from 3 to 6 feet thick, at a depth of from 17 to 125 
feet. The Missouri Pacific Railway Company are building a 
road from Fort Smith south through this place, and when this 
is completed, coal mining will be commenced on a large scale, 
making an output of from 50 to 100 cars of coal daily. 

Mansfield is located at the present terminus of the Frisco 
extension, and has now 200 inhabitants. It has 11 stores, a 
livery stable, hotel, planing mill, grist mill and cotton gin. 
Although the railroad was not completed until late in the fall, 
upwards of 1,000 bales of cotton were shipped from this 
point during the season. It is located in a beautiful section of 
the county, as fertile as any in the State. 

Huntington is on the Frisco extension, about 30 miles from 
Fort Smith. A year ago where it stands was a wilderness, 
but the Kansas & Texas Coal Company began mining coal 
there, and now the place has upwards of 2,000 inhabitants. 
It is in the midst of an extremely rich coal field, and gives 
promise of making rapid growth and improvement. 

Hackett City is located 16 miles south of Forth Smith, in a 
valley between Back Bone and Sugar Loaf Mountains. 

Three years ago it was a small country village. It has 
now about 1,500 inhabitants, with some 25 business houses, 
with good hotels. It has a saw mill, planing mill, grist mill, 
cotton gin, and a weekly newspaper. It has two good church- 
buildings and a large school-house. 

Hon. J. A. Williams, editor of the Hackett City Horseshoe, 
was one of the prominent citizens of Sebastian county, resid- 
ing at Hackett City. He died in Little Rock, January 30th, 
1889, aged 52 years, while in attendance on the Legislature, 
of which he was Representative from his county. He was 
born in Crawford county, Arkansas, in 1836, and was serving 
his second term as Representative. He had been editor of 




STREET SCENE, FORT SMITH. 



SEBASTIAN COUNTY. HOI 

the Horseshoe for several years. He left at his decease a wife 
and seven children. 

Fort Smith, the county seat of the Fort Smith District, is on 
the south bank of the Arkansas river, and its western limit is 
the boundary line of the Indian Territory. A monumental 
stone stands at the northeast corner of the United States Reser- 
vation, which is the terminal point of the Government Survey 
between the United States and the Cherokee Nation. From 
this point the line runs northwest to the southwest corner of 
the State of Missouri. 

The town was laid out in 182 1 by John Rogers, who was 
in the Seventh Regiment of United States Infantry, stationed 
at Fort Smith. He was an uncle of "Uncle Jerry" Kannad} T , 
and was the proprietor of the lands on which the town was 
located. 

There are three large public school-houses for the white 
children, capable of seating 1,200 children, and a large brick 
school-house for colored children. In addition to the public 
schools, the German Lutherans have a large school, and there 
is a large convent school. In 1884 Congress made a magnifi- 
cent donation to the public schools of the city, granting 200 
acres, which were divided into 1,200 lots, of which about 400 
lots sold for $125,000, and from the total number of which 
the sum of nearly $400,000 has accrued from sales. 

Fort Smith is the second city in the State in size and popu- 
lation. It has gas and water works; electric lights, both arc 
and incandescent ; street railway ; about twenty miles of stone 
sidewalks, ice factory, cotton seed oil mill, and machine 
shops. It has many handsome public buildings, the princi- 
pal among which are the court-house of Sebastian county, the 
Federal court-house and post-office, Belle Grove and other 
school-houses, the opera-house, Masonic temple, etc., and 
churches, some fifteen in number, representing all denomi- 
nations. It is a beautiful and rapidly growing city, with a 
bright future before it. 



II02 HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

One of the celebrated men of the State, long a resident of 
Fort Smith, was Major William Quesenbury, or, as he pre- 
ferred to call himself, "Bill Cush," editor, artist, humorist, 
musician, cartoonist and poet. 

He was born near Fort Smith, then in Crawford county, 
August 21st, 1822, son of Henry and Susan Quesenbury. He 
was educated at St. Joseph's College, Bardstown, Ken- 
tucky. He lived at Fort Smith until 1847, when he located 
in Fayetteville, and while there became a newspaper editor of 
note, first conducting a paper of his own, but afterwards tak- 
ing editorial charge of the Arhansian, published at that 
place ; formerly conducted by E. C. Bouclinot, but who had 
now accepted an editorial engagement with the True Demo- 
crat, in Little Rock, leaving Major Quesenbury in charge. 
While conducting this paper he employed his gifts of carica- 
turing, in a series of wood-cut sketches, in the Gubernatorial 
race between Henry M. Rector and Richard H. Johnson, in 
i860, which were copied into numerous leading newspapers 
of the United States, exciting universal merriment. Wood- 
cut illustration in newspaper columns was then in its in- 
fancy. On the breaking out of the Mexican War he enlisted 
in Yell's Regiment, and became Quarter-master of the Regi- 
ment, and as such was present at the Battle of Buena Vista, 
actively engaged in doing the duty of Ordnance-sergeant in 
supplying ammunition to the troops. During the Civil War 
of 1 86 1 he served as Quarter-master under General Albert 
Pike. After the war he moved to Navasota, Texas, where 
he edited a paper called, the Navasota Tablet, until 1 881, when 
he moved to Neosho, Missouri, where he died August 21st, 
1888, on his sixty-sixth birthday. His death was extremely 
sudden. He was engaged in painting a portrait, and had 
worked on it till late in the evening, it being almost finished. 
He set up late reading, as was his custom, and retired feeling 
well in health, but died before daybreak. His daughter 
Bessie who inherited her father's talent as an artist, afterwards 



SEBASTIAN COUNTY. H03 

finished the portrait which he left incomplete. He married 
Miss Adeline Parks of Cane Hill, Washington county, Ar- 
kansas, who survived him. The children of this marriage 
nowlivingare Stanley Quesenbury at McKinney, Texas, Mrs. 
Minnie Q. Rose, at Belton, Cass county, Missouri; George 
and Bessie Quesenbury, who reside with their mother in 
Neosho. 

Major Quesenbury was possessed of remarkable gifts as a 
cartoonist and caricaturist. His crayon drawings, which were 
usually sketched with the utmost rapidity, were strangely gro- 
tesque, and were generally of Indian subjects with exaggerated 
features. Any pieces of paper which came in his way, the 
wrapping paper around store parcels, old newspapers or the 
backs of show bills, were made the ground for spreading upon 
them some grotesque sketch, often larger than life ; and it 
was his custom to paste these pictures about the walls of his 
room and even on the ceiling, until both wall and ceiling 
would be hidden bv the accumulation of sketches. 

As a poet he was easy and versatile, and some of his pro- 
ductions were unique and meritorious. In 1878 he read a 
poem, entitled Arkansas, before the Editorial Convention in 
Hot Springs, which was published in pamphlet form, and at- 
tained considerable local celebrity. 

He was a ready and fluent writer, and as a newspaper cor- 
respondent was unexcelled. One of his excellencies, which he 
preserved to the last, was a remarkably bold and picturesque 
handwriting. He was a thorough scholar and a man of 
much literary culture. A part of his life was that of a teacher, 
Prof. James Mitchell having been one of his pupils. 

The following, from an obituary notice of him in the 
Neosho Times, of September 6th, 1888, is a just summary of 
his many distinguishing characteristics : 

"Mr. Quesenbury possessed various elegant accomplishments. In the fine arts 
his taste was good and highly cultivated. His love of beautiful painting was 
notable, and he was himself a painter of decided talent and skill, leaving to his 
family and friends many pictures which show his excellence with the painter's 



no4 



HISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 



brush. In his nature there was a charming poetic vein, and delightful verse 
flowed from his soul and pen. His reading was extensive, and to the genius of 
the poet and artist he added the knowledge of the scholar. A quick observer, 
he knew the men around him and all the affairs that drew his attention. In 
character genial and kindly, in manner easy and attractive, he was a noble old- 
fashioned gentleman who loved his fellow-man, and whose memory will never 
fade out of the hearts of people who were happy to know him and call him 
friend." 

Colonel Ben. T. Duval has been a resident of Fort Smith 
since 1829, and has been a lawyer there since 1849, at which 
date lie began the practice of law there, and still continues 
being one of the leading lawyers of that section of the State. 
He was born at Wellsburg, Boone county, West Virginia, 
January 21st, 1827, son of Captain William Duval, who, in 
1825, was engaged in trading with the Indians on our western 
border. Captain Duval settled with his family in Fort Smith 
in 1829, and died in 185 1. Benjamin T. Duval was edu- 
cated at St. Joseph's College, inBardstown, Kentucky, where 
he graduated in 1843. He first studied law at Van Buren 
under Judge Jesse Turner, and then at Little Rock under 
General Albert Pike, where he was admitted to the Bar in 
1847, and began practicing in Fort Smith in 1849. In 1858 
he was Member of the Legislature from Sebastian county, 
and again in i860. In 1872 he was nominated for Attorney- 
General on the Coalition ticket, made between the Democrats 
and the Reform Republicans, and canvassed portions of the 
State, but the opposition ticket, headed by Elisha Baxter, pre- 
vailed. On the 22d of June, 1847, he married Miss Ellen. J. 
Field, daughter of William Field, of Little Rock, Clerk 
of the United States Court. She died about 1885. Some 
time after her death Colonel Duval married a second time. 

One of the early settlers of Fort Smith was Jeremiah R. 
Kannady, generally and familiarly called "Uncle Jerry." 
He was born in Beaver, Pennsylvania, February nth, 181 7. 
In the same vear his father moved to Newark, Licking 
county, Ohio, and in 1828 to Hebron in the same county. 
In 1832 the father died, and the family came to Fort Smith 



SEBASTIAN COUNTY. 



I0 5 



on the invitation of John Rogers, brother of Mrs. Kannady, 
who was military storekeeper there. The family reached the 
place March ist, 1836. Captain Rogers then took his 
nephew, Jeremiah Kannady, in with him as clerk, and after- 
wards as partner in the business for four years. From 1845 
to 1 86 1 Colonel Kannady was Post-sutler at Fort Smith. In 
1855 he commenced manufacturing carriages and wagons. 
During the war he was made Transportation-master, and built 
shops in Waco, Mount Pleasant and Dallas, at which place 
he was stationed. After the war he resumed milling and 
manufacturing, but as he grew old retired from business, 
having built a number of fine buildings in Fort Smith, the 
principal one being the Kannady Block. He died in Fort 
Smith, in 1887, in the 70th year of his age, beloved by 
all for his genial and kindly disposition. In 1847, May 
19th, he married, in Crawford county, Arkansas, Miss 
Sophia Barling, daughter of Aaron Barling, one of the first 
settlers of the town. 

A well-known and much beloved citizen of Fort Smith 
was Doctor Elias R. Duval. He was born at Fort Smith, 
August 13th, 1836, and graduated from the Medical Depart- 
ment of the Pennsylvania College, March, 1858, and began 
the practice of medicine in Fort Smith in 1S59, which he con- 
tinued without intermission, and with distinction and success, 
until his death, October 7th, 1885. He was a polished and 
fluent writer, and was the author of many medical and other 
works. On the 8th of Ma} r , i860, he married, in Van Buren, 
Miss Angela M. Dibrell, a daughter of Dr. James A. Dibrell, 
of that city. By this marriage there are four children : two 
daughters, Annie and Angela; and two sons, Benjamin T. 
and Dibrell Le Grand Duval. 

Major Elias Rector, who for forty-one years was a resident 
of Fort Smith, was one of the best known men in the State. 
He was the original of General Albert Pike's humorous poem, 

70 



Ho6 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

"The Fine Arkansas Gentleman," a parody on "The Old 
English Gentleman." He was born in Fauquier count}', 
Virginia, September 28th, 1802, the } r oungest son of Colonel 
Wharton Rector. He was educated at Bardstown and Lex- 
ington, Kentucky. When twenty-three years old, in 1825, he 
came to Little Rock, then a mere collection of cabins, and in 
1837 settled in Fort Smith. He was appointed by General 
Jackson, United States Marshal of the Western District of 
Arkansas, which position he held for sixteen } 7 ears, under four 
Presidents. After this he was appointed Southwestern Super- 
intendent of Indian Affairs, which position he held till 1861. 
During this time one of the duties discharged was the re- 
moval of Billy Bowlegs and the remnant of the Seminole 
tribe from Florida to the Indian Territor)-. He died at his old 
home near Fort Smith, November 22cl, 1878, aged seventy- 
six years. On the 25th of November, 1835, he married, at 
Fort Smith, Miss Catharine J. Duval, daughter of Captain 
William Duval. By this marriage there were eight children. 
The eldest was Harriet Amanda, who became Mrs. General 
W. L. Cabell, now of Dallas, Texas; she died in 1887 or 
1888. There are two sons, James B. and Elias, and three 
daughters. 

Colonel Elias C. Boudinot, a well known resident of Fort 
Smith, and a man of national reputation, was born near 
Rome, Georgia, August 1st, 1835. He is of Indian descent 
of the Cherokee tribe. In 1839, in a feud between two di- 
visions of the tribe, his father, Elias Boudinot, was assassinated 
by the opposing portion, after which E. C. Boudinot was sent 
to Manchester, Vermont, by his Uncle, Stand Waitie, where 
he received an education. In 1854 he began reading law in 
the office of Hon. A. M. Wilson, at Fayetteville, and was ad- 
mitted to the Bar there in 1856, and practiced for a time at 
that place, during which time he also assisted in editing the 
Arkansian, a weekly newspaper. In i860 he was made 
Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee, and 



SEBASTIAN COUNTY. 



1 107 



in 1861 was Secretary of the State Convention. On the 
breaking out of the war, he became Major in an Indian Regi- 
ment under his Uncle, Stand Waitie, as Colonel, in service on 
the Confederate side. Since the war he has been much of 
the time in Washington city, where he married, but has now 
resumed his permanent residence in Fort Smith. 

Colonel Boudinot is a vocalist and elocutionist of excellence, 
and on all social occasions affords much entertainment by his 
songs and recitations. 

Hon. W. M. Fishback has been a resident of Sebastian 
county the most of the time since 1858. He was born in 
Jefferson, Culpepper count)', Virginia, November 5th, 183 i, 
and was educated at the University of Virginia. After leav- 
ing college he taught school and read law. In 1857 he went 
to Illinois, but remained there only a } 7 ear, when he came to 
Arkansas, and located at Greenwood. He was elected to the 
Convention of 1861 as a Union man. When the war began 
he went north, returning to Little Rock in 1864, being 
shortly afterwards elected to the Legislature under the Mur- 
phy Government. In 1865 he was appointed Special Agent 
of the Treasury Department. After this he returned to Sebas- 
tian county and located at Fort Smith, where he now resides. 
In 1872, 1876, 1878 and 1884 he was a Member of the Leg- 
islature, and in 1874 a Member of the Constitutional Conven- 
tion, and a prominent candidate for Governor in 1888. 

William H. H. Clayton became a citizen of Fort Smith in 
1874. In that year he was appointed by President Grant, 
District Attorney of the United States for the Western Dis- 
trict of Arkansas, which has jurisdiction over the Indian 
country and a large part of Arkansas, and the court for which 
is held at Fort Smith. He was born in Delaware county, 
Pennsylvania, October 13th, 1840. He was educated at 
Village Green Seminary, in Delaware county, and after serv- 
ice as a Second Lieutenant in the One Hundred and Twenty- 
fourth Pennsylvania Infantry in the war, taught military tactics 



IIo8 HISTORY OF ABKANSAS. 

and other branches in that academy during 1863 and 1864. 
In the winter of 1864 he moved to Pine Bluff, where he en- 
gaged in planting until 1868, when he was appointed Circuit 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, and traveled through 
several counties in the interest of schools. In 1867 he began 
the study of law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1871, and 
was at once appointed Prosecuting Attorney of the First Cir- 
cuit, and subsequently Judge of that Circuit until 1874, when 
he was appointed District Attorney, and re-appointed by 
President Hayes in 1879. He is one of the prominent citi- 
zens of Fort Smith, and a successful lawyer. He is a brother 
of Ex-Governor Powell Clayton, and was a twin brother of 
John M. Clayton, of Pine Bluff. Judge Clayton married, in 
Pine Bluff, October 13th, 1869, Miss Florence A. Barnes, 
formerly of Arkansas Post, a daughter of William K. Barnes, 
and descended in the maternal line from the family of Hewes 
Scull, an early settler at the Post. Of this marriage there 
were five children. 

Judge Isaac C. Parker was appointed by President Grant, 
U. S. District Judge of the Western District of Arkansas, 
in 1875, which position he now holds, and at that date became 
a citizen of Fort Smith. He was born in Belmont county, 
Ohio, October 15th, 1838. In 1859 he began the practice of 
law in St. Joseph, Missouri. In 1868 he was elected Circuit 
Judge, and in 1870, and again in 1872, was elected Member 
of Congress. On the 12th of December, 1861, he married 
Miss Mary O' Toole, at St. Joseph, Mo. By this marriage 
there are two children : Charles and James J. Parker. 



COLUMBIA COUNTY. 



Columbia County, the fifty-sixth county formed, was cre- 
ated by the Legislature, December 17th, 1852, out of territory 
taken from the counties of Lafaj'ette, Union, Hempstead and 
Ouachita. No place was designated as the county seat, but 
an election was provided for in its creation to select Commis- 
sioners to locate one. Coleman W. Garrett, Ananias God- 
bold and Andrew J. Thompson were chosen Commissioners 
for the purpose, and they located it at Magnolia, in 1853, 
where it has since remained. 

A part of Union county was added December 21st, 1858, 
and the line between ^Columbia and Nevada counties was 
defined April 19th, 1873. 

Columbia is a southwestern county, lying along the Loui- 
siana line, and separated from Texas by the counties of Lafay- 
ette and Miller. Its area is about 900 square miles. 

In surface, the county is level, and over half of it alluvial 
soil of great richness. The usual crops of cotton, corn and 
grain, with fruits, are raised in abundance. Dorcheat bayou 
runs through the county north and south, but is not navi- 
gable. 

The St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas Railroad crosses the 
northern part of the county east and west. 

There are forty-six school districts in the county, and a 
hi^h-school at Magnolia. There are church-houses at all the 
principal points in the county. 

The chief towns are Magnolia, Buckner, McNeill and 
Waldo. 

Magnolia, the county seat, is situated near the center of the 
county, on a branch of the St. Louis & Texas Railway. It 
was founded in 1853 by Coleman W. Garrett, Ananias God- 

11 09 



IIIO 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1 1 II 

Colonel Dave Dixon has been a resident of Magnolia ever 
since the town was located. He was born in Talladega, 
Alabama, September 30th, 1838, son of William M. and 
Leah Dixon, late of Columbia county, but now deceased. In 
1850, at the age of twelve years, he came to Arkansas with 
his parents, they settling in what was then Lafayette county, 
but which afterwards, in 1853, became Columbia. He received 
such education as the county schools afforded. He was Dep- 
uty Clerk under R. G. Harper, the first Clerk of the county, 
from 1853 until Harper's death, in 1858, when, at the next 
general election he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, 
and re-elected in i860, 1862 and 1864, both of the latter 
times being when he was absent in service in the Confederate 
Army. At the close of the war he had just been elected 
Clerk, when he was displaced by Governor Murphy. He was 
re-elected again in 1866, and served to 1868, when he was 
disfranchised during the Re-construction, and so remained for 
four years. He was re-elected in 1872, and served till 1886, 
when" he declined to be again a candidate. His service as 
Clerk covers a period of twenty-four years, and he was elected 
to the position twelve times. On the breaking out of the 
war he entered the Confederate Arnry, and was Captain of 
Company "B," of the Nineteenth Arkansas Infantr}', in Gen- 
eral Albert Rust's Brigade of Van Dorn's Division, after- 
wards transferred to Bragg's Army of Tennessee and Ken- 
tucky, and served therein to the close of the war. On the 
14th of October, 1858, at Magnolia, he married Miss Nannie 
Pace. By this marriage there are three children now living, 
two sons and a daughter. 

Hon. Benjamin F. Askew became a citizen of Magnolia 
in 1853. He was born in Lenoir county, North Carolina, 
May 7th, 1827, son of John and Elizabeth Askew. He was 
admitted to the Bar in Alabama, on the 14th of March, 1852, 
and came to Arkansas in the same year. He settled at 
El Dorado in April, 1852, and lived there until March, 1853, 



1 1 1 2 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

when he moved to Magnolia, where he has since resided, and 
is now engaged in the practice of law and as a dealer in real 
estate. He was State Senator from his district in the ses- 
sions of 1873 and 1874, and introduced in the latter session a 
Bill to call a Constitutional Convention. On the 5th of June, 
1883, he was elected Circuit Judge of the Thirteenth Circuit. 
He served in the Confederate Army as Lieutenant in Com- 
pany "K," of the Nineteenth Arkansas Regiment, in Gen- 
eral Albert Rust's Brigade, and was afterwards Provost 
Marshal of Columbia county. He was twice married. In 
1856, in Lafayette county, Arkansas, he was married to Miss 
S. A. Keener. There are three children by this marriage 
now living. In 1869, in Columbia county, he was married 
to Miss Nancy E. Hartsfield. By this marriage there are 
four children. 

— o 

CRAIGHEAD COUNTY. 



Craighead Cou7?ty, the fifty-seventh county created, was 
formed February 19th, 1859, out of territory taken from the 
counties of Greene, Poinsett and Mississippi, and was named 
after State SenatorThomasB. Craighead, of Mississippi county. 
The temporary seat of justice was directed to be at the store of 
William Puryear, in Greenfield township, Poinsett county, 
and an election for Commissioners to locate it permanently 
was provided for. R. Stephens, G. B. Gibson and J. N. 
Burk were chosen Commissioners for the purpose and they lo- 
cated it at Jonesboro, founding the town, where it has since 
remained. 

Craighead is a northeast county, lying between Greene and 
Poinsett north and south, and Mississippi and Jackson east 
and west. Its area is about 720 square miles. 

In surface, the county is mostly level, and the lands fertile 
and productive. The usual crops, cotton, corn, grains and 



CBAiaHEAD COUNTY. 



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1 1 14 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



odist, Baptist and Presbyterian denominations in the promi- 
nent places of the county, and a Roman Catholic church at 
Jonesboro. 

. The principal towns are Jonesboro, Brookland, Obear, 
Bannerville, Nettleton and Herndon. 

Jonesboro, the county seat, is situated near the center of the 
county. 




CATHOLIC CHURCH, JONESBORO. 

It was founded in 1859, and was laid out, as we have 
seen, by R. Stephens, G. B. Gibson and J. N. Burk, 
Commissioners to locate the county seat. It was incorporated 
February 2d, 1883, and contains at present a population of 
about 2,000 persons. 

There are four churches in the town, three for the white 
and one for the colored people, all frame buildings. Those 



OBAIGHEAD COUNTY. 1 1 I 5 

for the white inhabitants are the Methodist, Baptist and Pres- 
byterian churches. The colored church is of the Methodist 
denomination. There are two newspapers published there, 
The yonesboro Times, by J. D. C. Cobb, and The Craig- 
head News, by Wren, Phelps and Rogers, editors.* 

There are four hotels, the Commercial, the Southern, the 
Robertson and the Hughes. 

On Saturday, 27th of April, 1889, Jonesboro was visited 
by a destructive fire, which consumed over 40 houses, including 
the large brick store of Marcus Berger. The fire originated in 
a large two-story frame house, and as a strong wind was 
blowing at the time, the flames spread with great rapidity. 
It was estimated that property of the value of from $150,000 
to $200,000 was consumed, on which there was insurance to 
the amount of $75,000 in various companies. 

W. W. Nesbitt was a leading citizen of Jonesboro; a South 
Carolinian by birth. He was Postmaster at the place in 
1889, under appointment of President Benjamin Harrison. 
He died October 16th, 1889, while serving in that capacity. 

Judge William Henderson Cate has been a resident of 
Jonesboro since 1865. He was born in Jefferson, Rutherford 
county, Tennessee, November nth, 1839, son of Noah and 
Margaret McKee Cate, who was Margaret McKee Hender- 
son. Noah Cate, his father, was a Baptist minister of prom- 
* inence during 40 years. Pie graduated at the University of 
Tennessee, at Knoxville, in 1857. He became a resident of 
Arkansas in 1865, locating at Jonesboro, where he has since 
lived. He at first taught school, worked on a farm and read 
law alternately, and was admitted to the Bar in 1866. He 
took a prominent part in behalf of the people in the militia 
troubles of 1869. He was a Member of the Legislature from 
Craighead county for the years 1871, 1873 and 1874; was 
Prosecuting-Attorney in 1878; was appointed Judge of the 
Second Circuit by Governor Beny, March 17th, 1884, and 
was elected to the position without opposition in September, 



Hl6 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

1884. He was nominated by the Democratic Convention for 
Congress, June 28th, 1888, and was elected to the position at 
the election, November 6th. On the breaking out of the 
Civil War, in 1861, he entered the Confederate Army in Com- 
pany "C," of Colonel J. A. Schnabel's Regiment, and was 
afterwards attached to the Third and Seventh Cavalr}-, in 
General M. M. Parson's Division, serving till the close of the 
war. From 1873 to 1875 he was President of the Iron 
Mountain & Helena Railroad Company. On the 7th of June, 
1887, he organized the Bank of Jonesboro, a prosperous insti- 
tution, and was President there to Jul} 7 , 1888. On the 17th 
of September, 1868, he married Virginia E. Warner, young- 
est daughter of Major Samuel A. Warner, of Craighead 
county. By this marriage there is one child, a son, William 
Warner Cate, born September 1st, 1869. 



CROSS COUNTY. 



Cross County, the fifty-eighth county created, was formed 
November 15th, 1862, out of territory taken from Poinsett, 
St. Francis and Crittenden counties, and was named in honor 
of Judge Edward Cross, one of the State's pioneers. 

The county seat was located at Wittsburg, where it re- 
mained until April, 1886, when it was moved to Vanndale. 

Cross county is an interior eastward county, lying west 
of Crittenden county. Its area is 600 square miles, and its 
population, in the census of 1880, was 5,050; of which 3,261 
were white and 1,789 colored. The eastern portion of the 
county is traversed by the St. Francis river, and the western 
portion by L'Anguille river, and through the center the St. 
Louis, Iron Mountain & Helena Road runs north and south, 
with the St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas Road crossing the north- 



CBOSS COUNTY. 



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Hl8 HIS TO BY OF ARKANSAS. 

WOODRUFF COUNTY. 



Woodruff County, the fifty-ninth county created, was 
formed November 26th, 1862, out of territory taken from 
Jackson and St. Francis counties, and was named in honor 
of the veteran pioneer, William E. Woodruff, Sr. 

The county seat was located at Augusta, where it now is. 

Woodruff county is an eastern interior county, lying east 
of White county. Its area is about 590 square miles, or 
384,000 acres. Its soil is of extraordinary fertility, and the 
farm products of the county are unsurpassed. White river 
constitutes the western boundary line of the county for its en- 
tire length. The St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas Railway, run- 
ning north and south, crosses the lower right-hand corner of 
the county, and the Batesville & Brinkley Railroad runs north 
and south, through the entire length of the county near the 
center. 

There are twenty-five school districts in the county, with 
about 2,800 pupils. There are eight Methodist, four Bap- 
tist and two Presbyterian churches. The principal towns are 
Augusta, Cotton Plant, Deview, Gray's Station, Riverside, 
and McCrory. 

Augusta, the county seat, is situated on White river, but is 
reached by a branch of the Batesville & Brinkley Road. It 
is a town which does a large business, and has always been a 
fine shipping point for the White river trade. It contains a 
number of handsome and valuable buildings, both brick and 
frame, and although having suffered greatly by fires, which 
have swept away large portions of the town, it has to a con- 
siderable extent been rebuilt. 

The population'of Augusta is about 1,200. The business 
houses number nineteen ; has four churches^ two for the 
whites and two for the colored; and two school buildings, one 
for the white pupils and one for the colored. The white 
school last year had an average attendance of 130 pupils. 



WOODBUFF COUNTY. 



III9 



Hon. James B. Dent became a resident of Woodruff county 
in November, 1865, engaging in planting. He was born in 
Morgantown, Virginia, now West Virginia, in 1837, son of 
James and Dorcas Dent, who was Dorcas Berkshire, sister of 
Ex-Supreme Judge Ralph Berkshire, of West Virginia. . He 
emigrated west to Illinois, where he attended Judson College, 
and received a practical business education in Chicago. At 
the breaking out of the war he enlisted in the First Illinois 
Cavalry of the United States Arm} 7 , and was Second Lieu- 
tenant of Company "A," in 1861, was Captain of Company 
"C," of the Fourteenth Illinois, and was afterwards Major of 
the same regiment, a command which was connected with 
"the Army of the Ohio." He was in the battle of Lexing- 
ton, Missouri, in 1861, and in all the battles around Knox- 
ville, including the siege, and was then with Sherman in all 
the operations from Dalton to Atlanta. After the war he be- 
came a citizen of Arkansas, locating in Woodruff county, at 
or near. Augusta, his present residence being at Riverside, 
three miles from Augusta. In 1874 he was in the Brooks- 
Baxter war as a supporter of Baxter. He was Assessor in 
1874, County and Probate Judge from 1882 to 1888, was a 
Delegate to the National Democratic Convention at St. Louis 
from the Second Congressional District, in 1888, and in the 
fall of 1888 was elected Representative in the Legislature from 
Woodruff county for the term from 1888 to 1890. 

Hon. Edward Sherman Carl Lee was a resident of Augusta 
from 1872, a telegrapher and artist. He was born in 
Virginia in the year 1852, son of R. B., Sr., and Charlotte 
Carl Lee who was Charlotte, Sherman. He came to Arkan- 
sas in 1859, and lived at Devall's Bluff from i860 to 1869, at 
Little Rock from 1869 to 187 1, at Clarendon from 187 1 to 
1872, and at Augusta from 1872. He represented Woodruff 
county in the Lower House of the Legislature of 1885 and 
1887. 



II20 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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LITTLE B1VEB COUNTY. 1 1 2 1 

practiced his profession at that place. He was the represent- 
ative of Woodruff county in the Legislatures of 1877 to 1879 
and 1 88 1, and was Delegate to the National Democratic Con- 
vention at Cincinnati, in which Hancock and English were 
nominated. He has often been a Delegate from Woodruff 
county to Democratic State Conventions. In May 1873, at 
Augusta, he was married to Laura McCurdy. By this mar- 
riage there are four children, three sons and a daughter. 



LITTLE RIVER COUNTY. 



Little River County, the sixtieth county created, was 
formed March 5th, 1867, out of portions of Hempstead and 
Sevier counties, and took its name from Little river, which 
forms its northern boundary. The temporary seat of justice 
was directed to be at the house of William Freeman, in Lick 
Creek township. In 1880 the county seat was established at 
the town of Richmond, where it now is. 

The area of Little River county is 522 square miles. It is 
a southwest border county, bounded on the north by Little 
river, on the west by the Choctaw Nation, south by Red river, 
which separates it from Texas, and east by Hempstead county. 

The general surface of the county is gently rolling, with a 
hilly elevation running east and west through the center of the 
county. Along Red river on the south there is considerable 
prairie land. The soil in the Red river bottom is of great 
richness, and produces abundantly all the usual crops grown in 
the latitude. In the bottom lands especially luxuriant growth 
of cane furnishes ample pasturage for stock. 

The towns are Richmond, Rocky Comfort, Millwood, Pey- 
tonsville, Minneola, Cerro Gordo and Little River. 

Richmond, the county seat, dates from the year 1853, when 
the first houses at the place were erected. The first stock of 

71 



1122 



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SHABP COUNTY. 



1123 



There are two newspapers published in the town, to-wit: 
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organ. 

There is one hotel in the place, kept by Mims & Moores. 

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SHARP COUNTY. 



Sharp County, the sixty-first county created, was formed 
July 1 8th, 1868, out of territory taken from the county of 
Lawrence, and was named after Ephraim Sharp, Represen- 
tative in the Lower House of the General Assembly. The 
county seat was located at Evening Shade, where it has since 
remained. 

Sharp is a northern county, the north point of it touching 
the Missouri line. It lies west of Randolph and Lawrence 
counties, north of Independence and east of Izard and Ful- 
ton. Its area is about 590 square miles. 

In general surface the county is rolling, about half being 
hilly and half level and undulating. In the bottoms the 
character of the soil is very fine, and in uplands varying. 
The timber growth of the county is excellent, embracing all 
the desirable kinds. In products it ranks with the best coun- 
ties in producing all the usual crops and fruits. In minerals, 
such as zinc, lead, manganese and iron, it has good indica- 
tions, and both iron and zinc have been mined to a small ex- 
tent at Calamine. The Kansas City, Springfield & Memphis 
Railroad passes through the county from northeast to south- 
west. 

There are veins of excellent marble at Highland and near 
Hardy. 

There are sixty-six school districts, with a school-house in 
each, kept open from three to ten months in the year, and 
high schools at Evening Shade, Liberty Hill and Ash Flat, 



1124 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



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GBANT COUNTY. 



II2 5 



and there are in successful operation in the vicinity, two grist 
mills, four saw and planing mills and quite a number of cot- 
ton gins. 

The second town in size is Ash Flat, in Richwoods town- 
ship, which is twelve miles north of Evening Shade and about 
nine miles from the K. C, S. & M. Railroad at Hardy. 
Ash Flat contains about 350 inhabitants, and is a good busi- 
ness point. Its citizens are live, wide-awake and enterpris- 
ing. It enjoys a good trade from the farmers adjacent, and 
its inhabitants and business men each year handle large quan- 
tities of cotton, wool, cattle, and other produce. The town 
has three general stores, two drug and grocery stores, two 
blacksmith shops, a hotel, an attorney, one real estate agent, 
two churches, and an elegant and commodious school-house. 



GRANT COUNTY. 



Grant County, the sixty-second. county created, was formed 
February 4th, 1869, out of territory taken from the counties 
of Saline, Hot Spring and Jefferson, and was named in 
honor of General Ulysses S. Grant. The temporary seat of 
justice was directed to be at the school-house in the northeast 
quarter of the northwest quarter section 2, township 5 south, 
range 13 west. Thomas A. Morris and William M. Allison, 
of Saline county, and J. W. Harrison, of Hot Spring county 
were appointed Commissioners to locate the county seat per- 
manently. It was located by them in the same year at Sher- 
idan, where it has since remained. 

Grant is a central county southwest from the capital, and 
onty a short distance from it, bounded by Jefferson, Cleve- 
land, Dallas, Plot Spring and Saline counties. Its area is 
642 square miles. 

In surface the county is level, much of the area of it being 
alluvial. The county has no railroad, but its eastern and 



1126 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



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GBANT COUNTY. 1 1 27 

The newspaper called the "Headlight," is published there 
by J. S. Williams. There are two hotels in the place, to- 
wit : the Sheridan Hotel, kept by C. H. Carson, and the 
Rhoden House, kept by R. C. Rhoden. 

Hon. John Watson Lybrand has been a resident of Jeffer- 
son and Grant counties since 1847. He was born in Lex- 
ington count}-, South Carolina, October 1st, 1845, son °^ 
Jacob and Nancy Lybrand, who was Nancy Taylor. The 
family came to Arkansas in 1847, and settled in Jefferson 
county. His occupation from youth up has been that of 
farming, in which he is now engaged, with that of a miller 
also. On the breaking out of the Civil War, he enlisted in 
the Confederate army in Company "A;" J. II. Holly Cap- 
tain, of the Ninth Arkansas Infantr} 7 , and John M. Bradley, 
Colonel. He was in Breckenridge's Brigade, and General 
John S. Bowen's Division, taking part in the battle of 
Shiloh, and in the last battle of Corinth, in which he was 
wounded and made a prisoner. When exchanged he came 
west of the Mississippi river and joined the Second Texas 
cavalry, Colonel Tom Baylor, in which he remained until 
just previous to Price's raid into Missouri, when he went with 
Anderson's battalion of Fagan's Advance Guard. On this 
expedition he was captured, and remained in prison until 
4 May, 1865. He was County Treasurer in 1872, County and 
Probate Judge in 1882 and 1884, and Representative in the 
Legislature of 1886. Fie has been twice married. In 1865 
at Grapevine, he married Sarah J. Ellis. By this marriage 
there are six children now living, to-wit : Nancy G., John 
E., Lycurgus C, Joseph S., William T. and Lot Houston. 
In 1883, at Malvern, he married Miss Fannie Macon. By 
this marriage there is one child, a son. 

Hon. Thomas B. Morton is one of the prominent men of 
Grant county. He was born at Hopkinsville, Kentucky, 
February 22d, 1843, and came to Arkansas in 1850, at which 
date his father moved to the State, locating at Pine Bluff. 



I 1 2 8 HIS TOE Y OF ARKANSAS. 

He studied law in the office of H. R. Withers, and was ad- 
mitted to the Bar in 1868. In 1869 he moved to Grant 
county, where he has since resided, Sheridan being generally 
his home. In September, 18S8, he was elected Senator for 
the Ninth District for a term of four years. 

On the 25th of January, 1872, he was married to Miss 
Martha E. Posey. By this marriage nine children were born. 



BOONE COUNTY. 



Boone County, the sixty-third county created, was formed 
April 9th, 1869, out of territory taken from the counties of 
Carroll and Marion, and is believed to have been named 
after Daniel Boone, the hunter, of Kentucky. The tem- 
porary seat of justice was directed to be at the house of H. 
W. Fick, in Jackson township, and was permanently estab- 
lished at the town of Harrison. 

Boone county is a northwestern county, bounded north by 
the Missouri line, east by Marion count) 7 , west by Carroll, 
and south by Searcy. White river is its principal river, and 
Eureka Springs, in Carroll county, is its nearest railroad 
point. Its area is about 648 square miles. 

In surface, it is divided between level and rolling lands, 
and the soil is productive, yielding abundant crops of the 
usual products. Considerable mineral indications occur, 
showing silver, zinc, copper and lead deposits. 

There are ninety-two schoo'l districts, with public schools in 
the county, open from three to nine months in the year, with 
high-schools at Harrison, Rally Hill and Valley Springs. 

Church buildings are in every township. 

The towns are Harrison, Lead Hill, Bellefonte, Valley 
Springs and Elixir. 

Harrison, the county seat of Boone county, has a popula- 
tion of over two thousand. It is now a beautiful city of brick, 



BOONE COUNTY, 



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HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 



Rev. J. J. Setliffe. The town also contains a commodious 
brick court house. There are two newspapers published 
there, the Boone Banner and the Harrison Times. 

There are five hotels, to-wit : the Arcade, the Alamo, the 
Fick and Lelan hotels, and Hotel Harrison. 



NEVADA COUNTY. 



Nevada Co?mty, the sixty-fourth county created, was 
formed by the Legislature, March 20th, 1871, out of terri- 
tory taken from the counties of Hempstead, Ouachita and 
Columbia. The temporary seat of justice was established at 
Mount Moriah. The permanent county seat was established 
first at Rosston, where it remained until by an election, held 
May 19th, 1877, it was voted to move it to Prescott, where it 
now is. 

Nevada county is in the southwestern part of the State, in 
the Ouachita River Valley, bounded by Clark, Pike, Hemp- 
stead, Lafa}*ette, Columbia and Ouachita counties. Its area 
is 575 square miles. 

In surface, the county is generally level, with no mountains, 
but about one-fifth of its area hills, and having from forty to 
fifty square miles of prairie land. The soil is fertile and pro- 
duces well the usual crops and fruits. 

The St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad crosses 
the northwestern corner of the county for a distance of about 
twenty miles. 

Mineral indications are shown in the county', and coal and 
iron have been found, but are undeveloped. 

There are sixty-five school districts and fifty free schools in 
the county, kept open an average of six months in the year; 
and churches of the Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian and 
other denominations. 



1132 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



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1 134 HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Hon. Thomas C. McRae, Member of Congress for the 
Third District, is a resident of Prescott. He was born at Mt. 
Holly, Union county, Arkansas, December 21st, 185 1. Af- 
ter receiving an academic education, he went to New Orleans 
and attended a business college, after which he went to the 
University of Virginia, and graduated in the Law Depart- 
ment, and in January, 1873, was admitted to the Bar, and 
became a partner with Colonel George P. Smoote, as Smoote 
& McRae. In 1877 he was a Member of the Legislature, 
and in 1887 was a Presidential Elector on the Hancock and 
English ticket. In 1884 he was elected to Congres, for the 
unexpired term of Colonel James K. Jones, elected to the 
Senate, and was re-elected in 1886 and 1 



LOGAN COUNTY. 



Logan County, the sixty-fifth county created, was first given 
the name of Sarber county, after J. Newton Sarber, Senator 
from the Sixth District. It was formed March 22d, 187 1, 
out of territory taken from the counties of Yell, Johnson, 
Franklin and Scott. The temporary seat of justice was 
located at Reveille. C. P. Anderson, James L. White and 
James S. Garner were appointed Commissioners to locate the 
county seat permanently; but afterwards, in 1873, James R. 
Saferry, Daniel R. Lee and James A. Shrigley were ap- 
pointed to locate it, and they established it at Paris, where it 
has since remained. By Act of the Legislature of December 
14th, 1875, the name of the county was changed to Logan 
county, in honor of Colonel James Logan, one of the pioneers 
in that part of the State. 

Logan is a northwestern county, south of the Arkansas 
river, bounded by the counties of Franklin, Johnson, Yell, 
Scott and Sebastian, and on its north border by the Arkansas 
river. Its area is 650 square miles. 



LOGAN COUNTY. 



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1 136 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

Paris, the county seat, has a population of about 1,000. It 
was first settled in 1874, and was incorporated as a town 
February 8th, 1879. It contains three churches, a good 
school, steam grist and cotton gin, has telephone communica- 
tion with other towns of the county ; daily mail ; it has two 
weekly newspapers, the Paris Express and the Paris Ser- 
pent, Magnor and Anderson, publishers. 

Colonel Walter Cauthron, one of the pioneers of Arkansas, 
and for fifty years a resident of what is now Logan county, 
from 1827 to 1877, was born in Franklin count)', Georgia, 
March 24th, 1797. When about ten years of age his parents 
moved to Illinois and settled near Belleville, which was then 
quite a small place. Soon after they settled in Illinois his 
father died, and his mother being left with but little means, 
and the county being thinly settled, his opportunities for 
receiving education were very limited. He lived there 
until December, 1820, when he set out on horseback for the 
Territory of Arkansas. He crossed the Arkansas river, at 
Little Rock, on the first day of January, 182 1. From Little 
Rock he traveled up the Arkansas river, on the south side, 
to Fort Smith, and at Perryville he fell in company with, at 
that time, young Lieutenant Bonneville, who was on his way, 
with an escort, to Fort Smith, where he had been assigned 
to duty. There were at this time a few settlements on the 
south side of the river. There was a small settlement at Per- 
ryville then, one at Chickalah, which is situated some ten 
miles west of Dardanelle, now Yell county; then on Short 
Mountain creek, near where Paris is now situated, in Logan 
county, then another small settlement on Big creek, at or 
near where Oak Bower is now situated, in Sebastian count) 7 . 
After reaching Fort Smith, he again set out alone on horse- 
back for the Red river country. In going across the wilder- 
ness, he often traveled for days at a time, seeing no human 
being, except, perhaps, an Indian hunter. At the time of his 
journey the grazing was so plentiful, even though it was 



LOGAN COUNTY. I 137 

winter, that his horse subsisted without difficulty thereon. 
When night overtook him, he would tie his horse to a stake, 
prepare his evening repast, spread his blanket underneath a 
tree and sleep soundly, except when disturbed by the howling 
of wolves, which were very numerous and troublesome. He 
went to the point where Fulton now is, and then journeyed 
down to Shreveport. In the Fall of 182 1 he made a journey 
back to his old home in Illinois on horseback, and returned to 
the Red river country. On the 18th day of August, 182 1, he 
was married to Miss Bashaba Wilson, on the Texas side of 
Red river, in what is now Red River count}/, Texas. Of this 
marriage there were born nine children, five sons and four 
daughters, all of whom lived to adult age, and have fam- 
ilies. . Five of them are still living. Charles Cauthron, 
his oldest son, and who was a Member of the Lower 
House of the General Assembly of Arkansas from Scott 
count\*, in 1850 and 185 1, now lives at Fort Worth, 
Texas. Captain C. W. Cauthron, the next oldest son now 
living, resides at Greenwood, Sebastian county, Arkansas. 
Thomas Cauthron, his youngest son, lives in Booneville, 
Logan county, Arkansas. Mrs. Parthenia Burnes, his oldest 
daughter now living, lives near Granberry, Hood county, 
Texas. Lucinda, his } 7 oungest child, lives at Greenwood, 
Sebastian county, Arkansas, and is the wife of Major M. T. 
Tatum, a leading merchant of that place. After his marriage 
he settled on the Arkansas side of Red river, near Walnut 
Prairie, and opened up a small farm, where he lived about 
two years. In 1824 he sold out, and removed to the Petit 
Jean Valley, and settled near where Tomlinson is now located, 
in Scott county. He remained here about three years. He 
then sold out, and settled near where Booneville is now 
located, in Logan county 7 . He opened up a farm and a store 
of general merchandise, and built a cotton gin, which was 
the first cotton gin, as well as the first store, that was ever 
established in this part of the country, and he named his place of 

72 



1 1 3 8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

business Booneville. In 1837 he sold out at Booneville, and 
settled on what is known as Cauthron's Prairie, about eight 
miles southwest of Booneville, opened a farm, and engaged in 
farming and stock-raising, where he remained until within 
about two years of his death. His first wife died January 
20th, 1849. On the 21st day of September, 1857, he was 
married to Mrs. Elmor S. Burton, who was the widow of 
Robert Burton, and the mother of Major C. C. Burton, who 
was Clerk of the Courts of Sebastian county, Arkansas, for 
several consecutive terms before the late war. She died Jan- 
uary 5th, 1875. After her death Colonel Cauthron broke up 
keeping house, and spent the remainder of his time, about 
equally, with his four children living in Arkansas. He died 
February 9th, 1877, at the residence of his son-in-law, T. G. 
Scott, near Sugar Grove, Logan county, at the age of 79 
3'ears, 10 months, and 16 days. The only public offices he 
ever held were : Colonel of Militia, to which he was appointed 
by Governor James S. Conway in 1836, and County Judge, 
being elected in 185 1, to fill the unexpired term of J. M. 
Sweeny, deceased. 

Colonel James Logan, one of the pioneers of Arkansas, 
and for whom Logan county was named, was born near Dan- 
ville, Kentucky, in the year 1792, son of David and Rachel 
Logan. In 1813 he married Rachel Steel, in New Madrid 
county, Missouri. In 1829 or 1830 he moved to Arkansas. 
In* 1834 ^ e represented Crawford county in the Territorial 
Legislature, and was a Member from Scott county in 1836. 
He was agent of the Creek Indians for some twelve 3'ears. 
He died in Scott, now Logan, county, in the winter of 1859. 
Of his f amity there are two children now living, to-wit : Col. 
Jonathan Logan, of Yell county T , and Mrs. Mary D. Garrett, 
wife of William Garrett, who was agent of the Creek Indians 
at or about the time of the late war. 

Hon. Ben. B. Chism, Secretary of State of 1889 to 1891, 
was a prominent citizen of Logan county. He was born at 



LOGAN COUNTY. H39 

Booneville, Scott, now in Logan, count)', in the year 1845, son 
of Dr. S. H. and Jeanetta Chism, who was Jeanetta Logan, 
a daughter of Colonel James Logan. He lived at Booneville 
until six 3/ears of age, when he moved to Chismville, in Scott 
county, where he lived until 1859, then moved to Roseville, in 
the same county, where he lived until 1886, when he became a 
resident of Paris, the county seat. In 1874 he was elected a Del- 
egate to the Constitutional Convention from Sarber county, now 
Logan county, and in the same year was commissioned a Col- 
onel of Militia by Governor Baxter. In 1876 he was elected 
State Senator for the counties of Yell and Logan. In 1888 he 
was elected Secretary of State for the two years from 1889 to 
1891. On the breaking out of the war, though only sixteen 
3'ears of age, he enlisted in Captain J. R. Titsworth's Com- 
pany of the Fifth Arkansas Infantry State Troops, and took 
part in the battle of Oak Hills, August 10th, 1861. After this 
he became a member of Captain David Arbuckle's Company 
in the Seventeenth Arkansas Infantry, which was consolidated 
with the Eleventh Arkansas, and commanded by Colonel 
John Griffith. For a long time, though only of the age of 
eighteen years, he commanded this company, Captain Ar- 
buckle having been made a prisoner at the fall of* Port Hud- 
son. Colonel John Griffith being placed in command of a 
Brigade, Captain Chism served as Aide-de-Camp on the 
Brigade Staff at the age of nineteen years. In the early part 
of 1864, with one man, he made a reconnaisance of the Fed- 
eral gunboat Petrel, on the Yazoo river, in Mississippi, and 
laid the plan for her capture, which was accomplished by one 
hundred dismounted cavalrymen", commanded by Colonel 
John Griffith. 



LINCOLN COUNTY. 



Lincoln County, the sixty-sixth county created, was formed 
March 28th, 1871, out of territory taken from the counties of 
Drew, Desha, Arkansas, Bradley and Jefferson, .and was 
named in honor of President Abraham Lincoln. The tem- 
porary seat of justice was fixed at the Cane Creek church, 
and was afterwards permanently established at Star City, 
where it now is. 

Lincoln is an interior county southeast, having the Arkan- 
sas river for its northeast boundaiy, Desha county east, Drew 
county south, Cleveland and Jefferson counties west. Its 
area is about 700 square miles. 

One of the post-offices in the count} 7 is called Heckatoo, 
probably named after the old Quapaw chief, whose name, in 
official documents, is given as Heckatoo, Heckaton and 
Hrackaton, usually given Heckaton. 

In surface, the county is level and mostly alluvial. The 
soil is of great fertility, and produces in abundance the usual 
crops. Cotton and corn are the chief staples. The timber 
product of the county is large and valuable. 

The Valley Railroad runs through or across the northeast- 
ern portion of the county from northwest to southeast. 

There are forty-three school districts, with about twenty- 
two public schools, kept open from three to six months in the 
year, and churches in all the principal neighborhoods. 

The towns of the county are Star City, Varner, Tyro, 
Garnett, Auburn and Glendale. 

Star City, the county seat, has a population of about 300. 
It was settled in 1871, and contains three churches, a school, 
weekly newspaper, "The Lincoln Ledger," R. M. Ham- 
mock, editor; steam saw and grist mills, and cotton gin. Mail 
is received tri-weekly, but there are daily stages to Pine Bluff. 

1140 



LINCOLN COUNTY. 



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1 1 4 2 SIS TOBY OF ABE AN 8 A S. 

State Senator from the counties of Desha, Jefferson, Arkansas, 
and Lincoln, for twelve years, from 1859, and was three times 
elected President of the Senate, and as such served as Gover- 
nor, as stated. He married Miss Caroline Cage, daughter of 
Jesse Cage, of Sumner county, Tennessee. She died some 
years ago. There were no children born of this marriage. 
After the war, in endeavoring to recover from its reverses, he 
began the practice of law in Little Rock, where he died Feb- 
ruary 25th, 1880, at the age of 65 years. 



CLAY COUNTY. 



The sixty-seventh county created, of date March 24th, 
1873, was given the name of Clayton count)', in honor of 
State Senator John M. Clayton, of the Twentieth Dis- 
trict, who had courteously assisted in getting through the 
Legislature, which was largely Republican, a Bill for its 
creation, introduced in the House by Hon. B. H. Crowley, 
Democrat. The new county was formed out of territory 
taken from the counties of Randolph and Greene. The county 
seat was located at Boydsville, where it still is, but by an Act 
of the Legislature of 1881, the county was divided into two 
districts, and Corning was made the place for holding courts 
for the Western District. By an Act of the Legislature of 
1875 the final t-o-n was stricken off of the name of the 
county, leaving it to read Clay county. 

Clay county is in the extreme northeast corner of the State 
of Arkansas, and is bounded on the north and east by the 
State of Missouri, south by Greene county, west by Randolph. 
The St. Francis river runs along its entire eastern boundary 
line, while Cache river flows through the center, north and 
south, and Black river in the west. It is intersected hy two 
railroads running northeast and southwest, to-wit : the St. 
Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Road in the west of the 



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I 144 HISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

Corning, which is also practically a county seat, has a pop- 
ulation of about 1,000. It was settled in 1873, and now con- 
tains the Southern Cooperage Works, steam saw and grist 
mills, cotton gin, several stores, schools, and a weekly news- 
paper, the Corning Index. Of hotels there are the Davis 
House, Ireland House, Green House and City Hotel. It has 
telegraph and express offices, and daily mail. 



BAXTER COUNTY. 



Baxter County, the sixty-eighth county created, was formed 
March 24th, 1873, out of territory taken from the counties of 
Marion, Fulton, Izard and Searcy, and was named in honor 
of Governor Elisha Baxter. The temporary seat of justice 
was established at Mountain Home, and that place also 
became the permanent county seat. 

1 Baxter is a northern border county, bounded north by the 
Missouri line, east by Fulton and Izard, south by Stone and 
west by Marion counties. Its area is about 600 square 
miles. 

In surface, the county varies, part being hill)/ and part level 
and undulating valley lands. The soil is generally fertile 
and of good productiveness. There is no railroad in the 
count)-, the nearest railroad point being fifty miles distant. 
A stage line from West Plains, Missouri, to Mountain Home 
is the chief line of travel to reach the county. 

There are forty public schools, kept open from four to eight 
months in the year, and one high-school at Mountain Home. 

There are about thirty churches in the county, embracing 
the different denominations. 

The towns of the county are Mountain Home, Gassville, 
Big Flat, Lone Rock, and Colfax. 



BAXTER COUNTY. 



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1 146 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

GARLAND COUNTY. 



Garland County, the sixty-ninth county created, was 
formed April 5th, 1873, out of territory taken from the 
counties of Saline, Hot Spring and Montgomery, and was 
named in honor of Hon. A. H. Garland. L. D. Belden, J. 
H. Banhousen and William Sumpter were appointed Com- 
missioners to locate the county seat. The area of the new 
county embraced in its limits the world-famed Hot Springs, 
and the permanent county seat was located at the town which 
had sprung up around them, named Hot Springs, and which 
has now grown to be one of the principal cities in Arkansas. 

Garland county is an interior county southwest, lying in the 
Ouachita river valley. Its area is about 624 square miles. 

In surface, the county is hilly and broken. Slate for roof- 
ing exists. Novaculite for oil stones is plentiful, and the 
Ouachita whetstones and honestones are of as fine a quality 
as found in the whole world. They are extremely fine 
grain, and possess the faculty of giving a peculiarly fine edge 
to cutting tools of eveiy description. Beautiful and curious 
crystals are found and marketed in quantities in the city of 
Hot Springs. Occasionally a freak of nature can be found in 
the shape of a crystal with an air-bubble inside, which, when 
tipped or shaken, the bubble moves about like in the spirit- 
level of the mechanic. 

All kinds of fruits are largely produced in the county, and 
the ordinary crops are grown. In the neighborhood of the 
city of Hot Springs a great deal is done in gardening to sup- 
ply the enormous hotel demand of the city. Grapes are a 
particularly good growth in the county. The Hot Springs 
NarrowGuage Railroad, from Malvern to Hot Springs, twenty- 
two miles, furnishes the medium of travel, connecting at 
Malvern with the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern 
Railroad, and other railroads through the county are pro- 
jected. 



GAEL AND CO UNTY. 



1 147 



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I 148 niSTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

There are good evidences that these springs were visited by 
De Soto's band, in their wanderings through the country in 
1 541. This is indicated by the account of the expedition 
given by the Portugese writer, signing himself "A Gentleman 
of Elvas," published in 1557, which has been repeatedly 
referred to in the first portion of this work. The narrative of 
this writer, which is minute and circumstantial, and appears 
in every way trustworthy, sets forth that, being at an Indian 
town called Caligoa, situated among the mountains, which 
are supposed to have been in the Ozark Mountains in the 
northwestern part of the State, he journe} 7 ed from thence 
southward ten days' journey, over rough country, until he came 
to the Province of Cayas, in which was a town called Tanico, 
near unto a river. This was evidently the region of the hot 
springs, for the writer says : "The Governor rested a month 
in the Province of Cayas, in which time the horses fattened 
and thrived more than in other places in a longer time, with 
the great plenty of maize and the leaves thereof, which I think 
was the best that has been seen, and they drank of a lake of 
very hot water and somewhat brackish. 

Until that time the Christians wanted salt, and there they 
made good store, which they carried along with them. The 
Indians do carry it to other places, to exchange it for skins 
and mantles. They make it along the river, which, when it 
ebbeth, leaveth it upon the upper part of the sand. And 
because they cannot make it without much sand mingled 
with it, they throw it into certain baskets which they have for 
that purpose, broad at the mouth and narrow at the bottom, 
and set it in the air upon a bar and throw water into it, and 
set a small vessel under it wherein it falleth, being strained 
and set to boil upon the fire. When the water is sodden 
away, the salt remaineth in the bottom of the pan." 

This indicates that they also visited the salt springs along 
the Ouachita. 



II^O HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

The Indians guided De Soto's band to the place of the 
springs, from which it is clear that the locality was known to 
them, and there is-no doubt that the medicinal properties of 
the waters were made use of by them in a rude way. 

The first person to settle at Hot Springs was Manuel Prud- 
homme, who built a cabin there in 1807. In the same year 
he was joined by John Perciful and Isaac Cates, who camped 
there and engaged in hunting and trapping. In 1810 or 181 1 
Perciful bought out Prudhomme's improvements. By 181 2 
some few visitors' occasionly came to the springs, but, by 1814, 
there were not exceeding four or five cabins at the place. In 
1820 Joseph Millard built a double log-cabin there, which he 
used for entertaining visitors, but abandoned it in 1826 or 
1827. At this date the habitations there were mere movable 
camps. In 1828 Ludovicus Belding, with his family, settled 
there, and found the valley entirely unoccupied. He built a 
house there in this year, and lived in it. His heirs made a 
claim to pre-empt the land on the ground of their residence 
there in this year and the year 1829. As early as 1829 the 
springs had begun to attract visitors in numbers, and the 
wonderful curative properties of the waters began to be 
known. 

In the year* 1830 Asa Thompson leased the springs and 
began to put up bathing-houses and to make accommodations 
for . visitors, and these are the earliest bath-houses of which 
there is any definite information. 

About the 3'ear 1829 a claim for the possession of the 
springs was made in the name of James Ball, holding an in- 
terest with one Grammont Filhiol, then of Monroe, Louisiana, 
alleging that the lands there had been granted by Estevan 
Miro, Governor of Louisiana in 1787, to Jean Filhiol, father 
of Grammont, who had sold in 1803 to one Narcissa Bour- 
grat, who had reconve}.ed to Jean Filhiol, who was Com- 
mandant of the District of the Ouachita from 1783 to 1800. 
It was clearly shown, however, by the testimony of Judge 



GAEL AND COUNTY. 115 I 

James McLaughlin, who had lived on the Ouachita since 1793, 
and who had been a surveyor under the Spanish Government, 
that the claim had never been regularly granted by the 
Spanish authorities, but was concocted in 1803, by the 
Spanish Commandant of the District of the Ouachita, Don 
Vincent Fernandez Techiero, successor to Jean Filhiol, who 
seeing that the Government was about to change, and "wish- 
ing to do something for his friends," prepared a scheme to 
make conveyances of lands, ante-dated to have the appear- 
ance of their having passed through several hands, which the 
United States would be bound to recognize when it took pos- 
session. Accordingly in his (McLaughlin's) presence a 
conveyance of the springs was drawn, dated 1787, and ran 
from'Estevan Miro, Governor, to Jean Filhiol; another bear- 
ing date November 25th, 1803, from Jean Filhiol to Nar- 
cissa Bourgrat, and then a later conveyance from Narcissa 
Bourgrat to Jean Filhiol. But when Filhiol's heirs attempted 
to recover the land in 1829, search was made of the Spanish 
records, and no such grant could be found recorded in either 
New- Orleans or St. Louis ; only the deed from Filhiol to 
Narcissa Bourgrat could be found, reciting that the previous 
grant had been made by Miro, and so when Judge McLaughlin 
gave his deposition as to the facts, the claim vanished into thin 
air. 

In 1820 Colonel Elias Rector, of St. Louis, located on the 
lands embracing the springs, a New Madrid certificate, 
originally issued to Francis Langlois, and by him assigned to 
Colonel Rector. Application for the entry of these lands 
was made January 27th, 1819. They were surveyed by 
James S. Conway, Deputy Surveyor, July 16th, 1820; the 
location of the claim was duly made, but on applying to the 
Department for a patent, the Commissioner withheld it on 
the ground that the Indian title had not at that time been ex- 
tinguished; and afterwards withheld it on the view given by 
Attorney-General William Wirt, that New Madrid certificates 



1152 



HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



were not locateable south of the Arkansas river ; that the New 
Madrid Act permitted the location only of such lands as were 
subject to entry at the date of that Act (1815), and not those 
which afterwards became so. While matters were pending 
in this shape, Congress, in 1832, passed an Act reserving the 
four sections of land, which embraced the springs, from pri- 
vate ownership by purchase, settlement or pre-emption. The 
heirs of Colonel Rector claimed the springs under the location 
of this certificate. The claim was represented by Henry M. 
Rector, who settled at the springs in 1843. In 1839 or 1 ^>4°-> 
John C. Hale settled at the springs, and after the death of 
John Perciful, in 1835, Hale bought from his widow, Sarah 
Perciful and his son David Perciful, their claim to the springs, 
and thereafter their interest was represented in him. In 1851 
Major William H. Gaines, who had been a large planter on 
the Mississippi river at Gaines' Landing, in Chicot count}', 
moved to the springs and married Maria Belding, one of the 
heirs and descendants of Ludovicus Belding, and thereafter 
their interest was represented by him. The three claimants 
began a litigation for the property in the year 1852, which 
only ended in 1876, by a decision of the Court of Claims at 
Washington, affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United 
States in favor of the United States Government, as against all 
three of the claimants, Hale claiming under the Perciful pre- 
emption right, Gaines claiming under the Belding pre-emption 
right, and Rector claiming under the New Madrid entry. 

In 1877 Congress appointed Commissioners to settle the 
rights of possession and purchase as between the different in- 
dividuals, numbering several thousand, who had settled on 
the property, holding by lease or purchase. Valuations were 
placed on the different parcels, and the Commissioners de- 
cided who was entitled to purchase the same. Finally the 
many and difficult questions arising out of the subject were 
determined, and questions of title permanently settled, and 
thereafter the substantial improvement of the place was very 



1 1 qz}. HISTORY OF ABE AN S AS. 

great. The Commissioners laid out a large and beautiful 
city, the Government still retaining ownership of a large part 
of it. The Hot Springs mountain to the east of the valley, on 
which ail the hot springs are situated, was made a perma- 
nent reservation, and the Government, in 1885, erected on it a 
splendid hospital, called the Army and Navy Hospital, for 
the use of sick and disabled soldiers and marines in the Gov- 
ernment service. 

By 187 1 the town had not greatly grown, though there 
were a number of good hotels there of that date. The farthest 
house up the valley was Colonel Whittington's residence, with 
one cottage opposite, where Captain H. C. Smith lived. 
Houses were then very scattered along the course of the Hot 
springs creek, until the Grand Central Hotel was reached, 
where the Opera House now stands. The Gaines' cottage 
was the farthest house to the south ; with the Episcopal Church, 
the Hot Springs Hotel, and theSumpter House, frame build- 
ings. In fact all the houses of that date were frame houses. 

On the site of the Arlington Hotel stood the Rector House, 
which was never torn down in the building of the larger 
house, but a part of the old hotel was incorporated in and 
built into the new one. 

In the spring of 1878 a disastrous fire swept the town al- 
most from one end of the valley to the other. Hardly a 
house was left standing on either side of the street, from the 
Arlington Hotel to the Malvern crossing. The houses were 
generally small frame structures, and were speedily consumed 
by the flames. Many of these small houses stood on the 
banks of the creek, east of the principal street, but in the re- 
building of the town no houses' were allowed to be erected on 
the east side of the street, but were all required to be erected 
west, leaving the space open to the banks of the creek. This 
space was constructed into a fine, broad street, which gives a 
good appearance to the place. 




CLUSTER OF BATH HOUSES, HOT SPRINGS. 



1 1 5 6 HISTOBT OF ARKANSAS. 

The city contains all the attributes of modern cities — gas, 
water, electric lights, opera houses, street cars, telegraph and 
telephone service ; a great number of excellent hotels, with 
daily mails, and is one of the most thrifty and enterprising 
cities in the State. It contains the largest hotel in the United 
States, the Hotel Eastman, containing 500 rooms, opened 
January 23d, 1890. 

After the settlement of the title took place, the growth of 
the place was rapid and permanent, and included many 
handsome and costly buildings. The bath-houses gathered 
along the banks of the Hot Springs creek: the Rammells- 
berg, Ozark, Palace, Old Hale, Horseshoe, Rector and other 
bath-houses, are magnificent structures, and rank among the 
very finest for the purpose anywhere in the nation. 

In 1832 Hiram A. Whittington settled at the springs. He 
was born in Boston, Massachusett, January 14th, 1805, came 
to Arkansas, and worked as a printer with William E. Wood- 
ruff, in the Gazette office, from December, 1826, to June, 
1832, when he left the place to recruit his health, and came 
to Hot Springs for the purpose in December of that year, and 
afterwards remained there. When he came, there was only one 
stopping place in the town called a hotel, but it was merely 
"two log pens with a 14-foot passage between," and roofed 
with clapboards. The second winter he sta}^ed there, 1833, 
there were not more than a half dozen people living in the 
valle}', and sixty or seventy visitors was the largest number of 
visitors at a time in the summer. He opened a boarding 
house, and kept it from 1836 to November, 1849. There was 
no local physician for fourteen years after he came. Dr. Wil- 
liam H. Hammond was the first to permanently locate there. 
He came in 1850, and died in 1859. Dr. G. W. Lawrence 
was the next physician to locate there. In 1851 Colonel 
Whittington established a home in the valley, which, at that 
time, consisted of fourteen acres purchased from Hon. Solon 
Borland. It was then far out of the settlement, but is now in 



GAEL AND COUNTY. 1 1 57 

the heart of the city. In 1832 Colonel Whittington was 
appointed by Governor Pope, Clerk of the Circuit Court of 
Hot Spring county, and held this office till 1835, when he 
was elected to the Legislature, and was re-elected in 1836, 
1838 and 1840. 

On the 1 2th of October, 1836, in Boston, Massachusetts, 
he married Miss Mary Burnham, who died April 15th, 185 1. 
By this marriage there were six children, only two of whom 
are now living, to-wit : Emeline, who is Mrs. Tatum, of Bel- 
ton, Texas, and Alfred Whittington, a prominent citizen of 
Hot Springs. 

Colonel Whittington died at Hot Springs, May 5th, 1890, 
in the 86th year of his age. 

Dr. George W. Lawrence became a resident of Hot Springs 
in October, 1859. He was born July 4th, 1823, at Plymouth, 
Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, son of William and 
Sarah Lawrence, of English descent. He graduated from the 
Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 
1846, and settled in Baltimore. He then moved to Sutter 
county, California ; from thence he returned to Catonsville, 
Maryland, and from there came to Arkansas. On the break- 
ing out of the war he entered the Confederate Army as Sur- 
geon, and remained until the close of the war, serving under 
Generals Albert Sidney Johnston, Hardee, Hindman, Green 
and Nichols. He was Centennial Commissioner of Arkansas 
in 1876. He died in Hot Springs, December 30th, 1889. 
He was twice married: June 6th, 1848, in Baltimore, and 
December 10th, 1872, at Little Rock. 

In 1866 M. C. O'Bryan came to Hot Springs and began 
merchandising, and is still there, one of the leading mer- 
chants, and doing a large business. He was born in Kerry, 
Ireland, September 22d, 1835 ; came to New Orleans with 
his mother in 1848, his father being dead. After trying vari- 
ous business ventures, with varying success, in New Orleans, 
Memphis, California, St. Louis, Paducah and Little Rock, he 



1 158 HI 8 TOBY OF AB KANSAS. 

started to Texas, but being taken sick at Rockport came to 
Hot Springs to recuperate, and with small capital began busi- 
ness March 10th, 1866. In 1869, March 7th, he married 
Miss Susannah Medlock, of Saline county. By this marriage 
there are five children : three sons and two daughters. 

In 1867 Captain Thaddeus Taylor settled at the springs, 
merchandising, and is still a resident of the city. He was 
born in Washington count} 7 , Georgia, January 2d, 1829. He 
taught school in Washington county, Georgia, also in Mount 
Holly, Union county, Arkansas, and then in Louisiana. He 
commenced merchandising at Prentiss, Bolivar county, 
Mississippi. In 1857 he went to Lewisburg, Arkansas, and 
engaged in merchandising with J. C. Rodgers, which bus- 
iness he continued until the time of the war, in which he en- 
listed in Colonel Arthur Carroll's Regiment of Cavalfy r . After 
the war he went with his family to Little Rock, and clerked 
in the store of Ottenheimer Bros, until 1867, when he went 
into business for himself at Hot Springs, and is now one of 
the leading and prosperous merchants of the place. In 1858, 
at Lewisburg, he married Mrs. Eliza J. Hibbard, whose 
maiden name was Bowers. By this marriage three children 
were born : a son, Thaddeus, and two daughters. 

Hon. John James Sumpter became a resident of Hot 
Springs in 1844. He was born in Warrenton, Warren coun- 
ty, Missouri, July 7th, 1842, son of James and Elizabeth 
Sumpter. His father came to Arkansas in October, 1843, 
and on the 14th of February, 1844, located at Hot Springs, 
where he died September 24th, 1861. His mother lives 
in Hot Springs with her son. He was admitted to the 
Bar in 1876. On the breaking out of the Civil War 
he enlisted in the Confederate Army as a private, in Com- 
pany "F," of the Third Arkansas Cavalry, and was com- 
manding a company at the surrender. He served under 
Generals Forrest, Van Dorn and Wheeler, and was in 
over 200 battles and skirmishes. His command covered the 



I I Go HI 8 TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

retreat from Dalton to Savannah, Georgia, and then through 
South Carolina to North Carolina, where it was surrendered 
with Johnston's Army in 1865. He was a Member of the 
Legislatures of 1871, 1873 and 1874; Sheriff of Garland 
countyfrom 1874 to 1876 ; Member of the National Democratic 
Committee from 1876 to 1884; elected to the State Senate 
for 1889 to 1891. On the 8th of November, 1866, at Little 
Rock, he was married to Nannie Etter Cayce, of Tennessee. 
By this marriage there are three children : two sons and a 
daughter. 

Dr. Henry M. Rector was born in Saline county, Jan- 
uary 8th, 1847, son of Governor Henry M. and Jane E. 
Rector. He lived in Little Rock until the war, during 
which, for a part of the time, he lived in Washington, 
Hempstead county. In 1867 he became a resident of Hot 
Springs, where he now resides, being at present engaged in 
the banking business. He graduated in medicine in the Mis- 
souri Medical College, and practiced as a physician in Hot 
Springs. He entered the Confederate Army as a private in 
McNeill's Regiment of Dockery's Brigade, of the Reserve 
Corps, and was afterwards transferred to Fagan's Advance 
Guard. In 1876 he was Representative of Garland county 
in the Legislature. In 1870, at Little Rock, he was married 
to Miss Hebe F. Gower, of Iowa City, Iowa. By this mar- 
riage there are four children now living : three daughters and 
a son. 

Hon. Elias Wharton Rector became a citizen of Hot 
Springs in 1870. He was born in Little Rock, June nth, 
1849, son of Governor Henry M. and Jane Elizabeth Rector, 
who was Jane Elizabeth Field, daughter of William Field, 
Clerk of the United- States Court for the Eastern District of 
Arkansas in early times. He lived in Little Rock from birth 
up to 1863 ; from 1863 to spring of 1865 at Washington and 
Columbus, Hempstead county ; from 1867 to 1870 at Little 
Rock; and from 1870 to the present time at Hot Springs. 



GAEL AND COUNTY. Il6l 

He attended the law school of the University of Virginia dur- 
ing the sessions of 1872 to 1873, 1873 to 1874, and was ad- 
mitted to the Bar in the fall of 1874. He was a Member of 
the Legislature from Garland county in 1886, and again in 
1888 to 1890. He was a prominent candidate for Governor 
in 188S, and made a brilliant canvass before the people. On 
the nth of November, 1875, he was married, at Friar's 
Point, Mississippi, to Miss Rosebud Alcorn, daughter of Gov- 
ernor James S. Alcorn, of Mississippi. By this marriage there 
are six children. 

William J. Little located at Hot Springs in 1871, and is 
now one of the most extensive grocery merchants in the State, 
as President and General Manager of the "Wra. J. Little 
Grocery Company." He was born in White count) 7 , Arkan- 
sas, February 23d, 1843. At the age of 16, his father gave 
him an interest in a store in White count)', which he con- 
ducted until the breaking out of the war, but lost it all in the 
progress of the war by its being appropriated by the Federal 
troops. He entered the Confederate Army and served till the 
close of the war. After the war he began clerking for Hut- 
chinson & Cox, in Little Rock ; was then Clerk in Auditor 
William R. Miller's office, and then traveled for four years for 
F. Mitchell & Bro., wholesale grocers. In 1871 he went into 
the grocery business at Hot Springs with M. C. 0'Bryan,and 
continued in that firm till March, 1877. Hewas then associated 
with J. T. Jenkins, as Little & Jenkins, a firm which existed 
till 1880, when he formed the Wm. J. Little Grocery Com- 
pany, August 13th, 1880. On the 9th of January, 187 1, he 
married Miss Ella Sumpter, daughter of James Sumpter, of 
Hot Springs. By this marriage there is one child, a son, 
William Walter. 

George Grey Latta became a resident of Hot Springs in 
1873. He was born at Fayetteville, North Carolina, Janu- 
ary 17th, 1848, son of William S. and Mary M. Latta, of 
Cartersville, Georgia. He was educated at the University of 




CLUSTER OF RESIDENCES. HOT SPRINGS. 



GARLAND COUNTY. 1 1 63 

North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, graduating in June, 1868; 
was admitted to the Bar in that State in 1868, and in Tennes- 
see in 1869. He came to Arkansas, January 17th, 1870, lo- 
cating at Arkadelphia. In 1871 he moved to Mount Ida, and 
lived there until May, 1873, when he moved to Hot Springs, 
where he now resides, engaged in the practice of law. He 
was Prosecuting Attorney of the Fifteenth Judicial District in 
1873, and Member of the Legislature the same year. He 
served in the Confederate Army as Lieutenant of Company 
"D," of the Twenty-eighth Tennessee Cavalry j in Hill's 
Brigade. On the 29th of February, 1876, he was married, at 
Knoxville, Tennessee, to Miss Fannie Brownlow. By this 
marriage there are three children : one daughter and two 
sons. 

Charles Northrup Rix became a citizen of Hot Springs in 
1878. He was born in Texas township, Kalamazoo county, 
Michigan, son of George and Olive A. Rix. He first attended 
school in a log school-house in Kalamazoo county, Michigan ; 
was then at a private school in Kalamazoo ; at the Theolog- 
ical Seminay at the same place, and graduated in the public 
school at Dowagiac, Michigan. He learned the carpenter's 
trade to earn enough to finish at the high school at Dowagiac, 
and was going by the same means to college, when the 
Civil War coming on prevented, as he quit work on the 
erection of a building at $1.25 per day, and joined the Federal 
Army. He was appointed Commissary-Sergeant of the First 
Indian Regiment of Mounted Infantry, raised in Fort Scott, 
Kansas, in 1862 ; served as Sergeant-Major of the regiment; 
was promoted to First Lieutenant of Company "D," April 
19th, 1863, when not twenty years old; was promoted to 
Captain of Company "D," September, 1864; served in the 
First Brigade of the Third Division, Army of the Frontier, 
and Third Brigade, First Division of the Seventh Army 
Corps; was Recorder of Mititary Commission and Judge- 
Advocate of two general Courts-Martial. He enlisted and 



1 1 64 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

commanded the first colored men ever enlisted in the U. S. 
Army. He served in the Army until May 31st, 1865 ; was 
then in the Paymaster Department until August, 1866; then 
engaged in the wholesale grocery business at Kansas City, 
Missouri 5 commenced banking business in Januar}', 1867, and 
has been continuously engaged therein since that date, except 
one year. He came to Arkansas, July 3d, 1878, and located 
at Hot Springs, where he now resides, being Cashier of the 
Arkansas National Bank of Hot Springs, and President of 
the Bank of Camden. He has been a Member of the Repub- 
lican County and State Central Committee for the past six 
years, and was a Delegate to the Republican National Con- 
vention in 1888. On the 19th of December, 1870, at Topeka, 
Kansas, he was married to Lucy Emma Thomas, daughter of 
the Hon. Chester Thomas, of that State. By this marriage 
there are two children, a son and daughter. 



FAULKNER COUNTY. 



Faulkner County, the seventieth county created, was formed 
April 12th, 1873, out of territory taken from the counties of 
Conway and Pulaski. The temporary seat of justice was 
directed to be at Conway Station, on the Little Rock & Fort 
Smith Railroad. A. D. Thomas, A. F. Livingston and J. 
F. Comstock were appointed Commissioners to locate the 
permanent place. The Commissioners continued it at Con- 
way, where it now is. 

Faulkner is an interior county north of center, bounded 
north by Van Buren and Cleburne, east by White and 
Lonoke, south by Pulaski, west by Perry and Conway. Its 
area is about 676 square miles. 

In surface the county is rolling, with some prairie land. 
The soil is of good fertility, and produces the usual crops. 
The timber product of the county is good and varied. The 



FAULKNER COUNTY. 



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I 1 66 HISTORY OF ABEANSAS. 

LONOKE COUNTY. 



Lonoke County, the seventy-first county created, was 
formed April 16th, 1873, out of territory taken from the 
counties of Prairie and Pulaski. The name is a joinder of the 
two words, lone oak, phonetically spelled, and was first em- 
ployed by Major George P. C. Rumbough in surveying to 
mark an oak tree standing on the old road from Brownsville 
to Little Rock, at or near the place where the present city 
stands, for it was the town which gave the name to the 
county. 

Both the temporary and permanent seat of justice was 
located at the town of Lonoke. 

Lonoke is a central county next east from Pulaski, and be- 
tween it and Prairie, north of Arkansas county and south of 
White. Its area is about 862 square miles. In surface the 
county is entirely level, about one-tenth being prairie land, 
affording excellent pasturage for stock, of which large num- 
bers are raised and annually sent to cattle markets. Dairy 
business is also largely followed. The soil is fertile, and pro- 
duces well the usual crops of cotton, corn, wheat, oats, pota- 
toes, garden vegetables and fruits. Small fruits succeed es- 
pecially well. 

The county is traversed in the center by the Little Rock 
& Memphis Railroad, running east and west for a distance 
of eighteen miles, and the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & 
Southern Railroad crosses the northwest corner, with a station 
at Austin. 

There are about sixty common schools in the county, with 
a high school at Lonoke, and about 100 church-houses of, the 
different denominations throughout the county. 

The principal towns are Lonoke, Cabot, Carlisle and 
Austin. 

The town of Lonoke, the county seat, is the largest and 
principal town of the county, situated near the geographical 



LONOKE COUNTY. 



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1 1 68 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

1878 to 1886, and at that date resigned the office to become 
Senator of the Twelfth District, composed of Lonoke and 
Prairie counties, which position he now fills. 

John C. England was born near Lonoke in 1850, and 
lived there till 1887, when he moved to Little Rock, but still 
retained his connection with the firm of John C. England & 
Co. He studied law, and in 1870 was admitted to the Bar, 
and has continued the practice ever since, coupled with real 
estate business. On the inauguration of Governor James P. 
Eagle, in 1889, he became Private Secretary to the Governor. 

C. W. England, a younger brother of John C. England, is 
a native of the county. He was born near Lonoke in 1855, 
and is also engaged in the practice of law and conducting real 
estate business at Lonoke. 

Hon. Wm. F. Hicks, editor of the weekly Democrat, was 
born in Anderson county, east Tennessee, in 1825. In 1835 
his father moved to Arkansas, and in 1836 he began working 
in the office of the Times and Advocate in Little Rock, and 
afterwards worked in the Gazette office to 1843. In 1846 he 
went to the Mexican War in Captain Pike's Compan}?, of 
Yell's Regiment, and was in the Battle of Buena Vista. In 
1854 he went to California, and edited the Daily California 
Express to 1865, at which date he returned to Arkansas and 
settled in Prairie county, from which Lonoke county was 
formed. He represented that county in the Constitutional 
Convention of 1868. In 1874 ne was elected to the State 
Senate, and again in 1882 for the term of 1886, and in 1886 
was elected to the Lower House of the Legislature. He has 
been Post-master several times, and also Mayor of Lonoke. 

Hon. James Edward Gatewood became a citizen of Des Arc 
in 1854, where he lived until recently, when he moved to 
Lonoke. He was born in Henderson county, Tennessee, 
May 19th, 1833, son of Thomas G. and Elizabeth R. Gate- 
wood. He graduated at the University of Mississippi, at Ox- 
ford, in 1853; read law at Holly Springs, Mississippi, in the 



LONOKE COUNTY. 1 1 69 

office of Clapp & Strickland ; was admitted to the Bar in Holly- 
Springs in 1854, by Judge P. T. Scruggs, who afterwards 
moved to Des Arc. He came to Arkansas in October, 1854. He 
was Mayor of Des Arc in i860 and 1861 ; State Senator from 
the Twelfth Senatorial District, composed of the counties of 
Lonoke and Prairie, elected in 1878 and served two terms ; 
was Special Judge of the Supreme Court in the case of Lusk 
vs. Perkins, et al. He entered the Confederate Army in 
Glenn's Company of Cleburne's First Arkansas Infantry, after- 
wards numbered the Fifteenth, and, on being discharged, 
entered Crocker's independent company, and afterwards a 
member of Bateman's Company of Morgan's Regiment in 
Cabell's Brigade; was Commissary, then Adjutant to the 
regiment, and then to the brigade, serving to the close of the 
war. He was twice married. On the 6th of January, 1858, 
in Prairie county, Arkansas, he was married to Virginia T. 
Brock. She died April 21st, 1862. On the 5th of July, 1866, 
in Marshall county, Mississippi, he was married to Annie C. 
Richmond. His children are six in number. 

Carlisle is nine miles east of Lonoke, on the Memphis & Lit- 
tle Rock Railroad, with a population of about 400 ; the country 
around is well settled ; hay, cotton and stock being the princi- 
pal exports. It is on the south and west side of Grand 
Prairie. 

The towrl has a newspaper, Carlisle New Departure; one 
grist mill and cotton gin, one wholesale hay manufactory, one 
public school building, one each Methodist and Baptist 
churches, and several stores. 

One of the leading enterprises of Carlisle is the Emonson 
Mercantile and Manufacturing Company. Besides a large 
mercantile interest, they have a grist mill, gin and wholesale 
hay manufacturing establishment. It has a fifty horse-power 
engine, and runs two hay presses, one cotton press, two gin 
stands and one grist mill. Their hay shed has a capacity of 

2,000 tons of baled hay. 

74 



1 1 70 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

A. Emonson, President of the company, was born in 
Norway in 1843, and came to Arkansas about the 3^ear 1877. 
By his energy and activity he has built up large business in- 
terests in which he is engaged. 

In the summer of 1888 settlement of atown, called England, 
was begun. James K. Brodie built a store there, and com- 
menced business, the first house built in the town. A 
public sale of lots was had January 30th, 1889, the town 
having been laid out before that date. The town is on the 
Altheimer branch of the St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas Railway. 

In Lonoke county there are the most extensive works of the 
mound-builders to be found in the southwestern portion of 
the United States. They are located on section 11, township 
1 south, range 10 west. 

These works consist of several mounds, the two largest 
being respectively sixty and seventy feet high, and each cov- 
ering an area of about one acre of ground. There are several 
smaller mounds of a variety of shapes, varying in height from 
eight to fifteen feet. 

On one side of the land on which these mounds are situa- 
ted is a beautiful body of water, called Mound Lake. 

There is a levee, constructed much in the style of our 
modern river levees, which encloses these mounds on all sides, 
except that bordering on the lake. This levee is one mile in 
length and semi-circular in form. 

These remains of the mound-builders contain great quanti- 
ties of pottery, arrow-heads, human bones, stone hatchets, 
and a variety of articles of rude manufacture. 

Adjacent to these works is a station on the St. Louis, Ar- 
kansas & Texas Railwa}', called Toltec, in honor of the mound- 
builders, supposed to be of the Toltec race, as the works are 
similar to those built by the Toltecs, the first -inhabitants of 
the city of Mexico. At this station a town-site has been plat- 
ted by Messrs. Gilbert Knapp and E. F. Officer, where al- 
ready considerable business is being transacted. 



CLEVELAND COUNTY. 1171 

CLEVELAND COUNTY. 



The seventy-second county created was given the name of 
Dorsey county, after Senator Stephen W. Dorsey, but by 
Act of the Legislature of 1885 the name of the county was 
changed to Cleveland county, in honor of President Grover 
Cleveland. It was formed April 17th, 1873, out of territory 
taken from the counties of Jefferson, Dallas, Bradley and 
Lincoln. The county seat was located at Toledo. In the 
summer of 1889 a vote was held on the subject of moving the 
county seat, which was determined in favor of Kingsland. 

Cleveland is an interior county south, bounded east by Lin- 
coln and Drew counties, south by Bradley, west by Dallas 
and the upper part of Calhoun, and north by Grant and Jef- 
ferson. Its area is about 550 square miles. 

In surface the land is somewhat hilly, and the soil of average 
fertility. .Cotton and corn are the staple products. Fruits 
produce well. 

The St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas Railway runs through 
the county from north to southwest. 

There are about twenty free common schools, open from 
three to six months in the year, forty-three school districts, 
fifteen school-houses, and church-houses in all the principal 
points. 

The principal towns of the county are Kingsland, Toledo, 
Rison and New Edinburgh. 

Toledo is a place of about 200 people. It contains a church, 
school, mill, and several stores, and receives mail semi- 
weekly. 

In March, 1889, the court-house of the county was burned, 
destroying all the court records and papers; but the county 
record books of deeds, mortgages, and similar records, were 
saved. 



1172 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



























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HOWARD COUNTY. 



11 75 



In surface, the county is level in the southern portion, but 
hilly and broken in other sections. Mineral indications exist, 
showing the presence of coal, kaolin, iron, antimony, gyp- 
sum, silver and lead. 

The only railroad in the county is from Nashville to Wash- 
ington, in the adjoining county of Hempstead. 

There are forty-two free common schools in the county, and 
churches at all the principal points. There are fifty-nine 
school districts and twenty-seven school-houses. 




PUBLIC SCHOOL, NASHVILLE, ARKANSAS. 

The chief towns are Center Point, Nashville, Saratoga, 
Mineral Springs and Corinth. 

Center Point, the county seat, was laid out as a town about 
1 85 1. It was incorporated first in 1859, and re-incorporated 
in 1 88 1. The present population is about 700. There are 
four churches there, to-wit : Methodist, Rev. J. R. Sanders, 



1 1 76 HISTOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

pastor; Baptist, Rev. J. A. Felts, pastor; Cumberland Pres- 
byterian, Rev. W. A. Dooley, pastor; and Christian, Rev. 
J. R. Jones, pastor. There is a newspaper published there, 
called the Dallas Signal, E. J. Ellis, editor. There are 
three hotels in the place: the "Meadon House," Mrs. L. J. 
Meadon ; the "Tinney House," kept by J. R. Tinney, and 
the ''Riven House," kept by J. L. Riven. 



LEE COUNTY. 



Lee County, the seventy-fourth county created, was estab- 
lished April 17th, 1873, out of territory taken from the coun- 
ties of Crittenden, Phillips, Monroe and St. Francis, and was 
named after General Robert E. Lee. The temporary seat of 
justice was directed to be at Marianna, and the place was 
continued as, and is now, the permanent county seat. 

Lee is a border county east, bounded north by St. Francis, 
south by Phillips, east by the* Mississippi river, and west by 
Monroe county^. Its area is about 600 square miles, the num- 
ber of acres being 385,099. 

In surface the county is undulating, but with no mountains. 
The soil is rich, being chiefly alluvial, and very fertile. The 
principal crops are cotton and corn, but all others usual to the 
latitude are grown. Fruits make a fine yield. The land is 
well timbered, and with growth of desirable kinds. 

The St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Helena Railroad runs 
through the county north and south, near the center. 

There are about forty-three free common schools, with a 
high school at Marianna, and about seventy-five churches of 
the different denominations, in the county. 

The towns are Marianna, LaGrange, Haynes, Spring 
Creek, and Moro. 

The town of Marianna, the county seat, was incorporated 
as a town in 187 1. Its present estimated population is about 



LEE COUNTY. 



II 77 



3 M 
ft! 00 


The present court-house is frame, but the sum of $15,000 has been appropriated, and is in the 
treasury, for a new brick court-house, to be built at an early date. There are two hotels in the place, 
to-wit: the Cotton Exchange and the Atlantic. The Marianna Index is published by B. M. 
Barringtom 


1,500. It has seven churches, all frame buildings. They are the Protestant Episcopal church, Rev. 
C. A. Bruce, rector; Presbyterian church, Rev. T. J. Home, pastor; Methodist Episcopal church, 
South, Rev. R. S. Deener; Baptist, Rev.W. H. Pasley; and also Methodist, Baptist and Southern 
Methodist churches for the colored race. 


1873 to 
1871 to 
1876 to 
1878 to 
1880 to 
1882 to 
1884 to ] 
1886 to ] 
1888 to J 



> 
H 
H 


lge Hance Newto 

son of John and 

e, graduating June 


a j- s. j x_ a x zr j 
tr f. x f- s a - 1 - 1 - 1 

pooosit»-tocooa5>f»- 


E. L. Black 

E.L. Black 

E.L. Black 

E.L. Black 

H. N. Word 

H. N. Word 

H. N. Word 

H. N. Word 


C 

O 
W 






5> i | 

C p 


M. H. Wing : 

F. H. Govan 

F. H. Govan. 

T. C. Merwin 

T. C. Merwin 

T. C. Merwin 

W. T. Derrick 

W. T. Derrick. 

W. T. Derrick. 


G 

r 

H 
R 


s born in Winchester, Franklin county, 
tton. He attended Union University 
attended the law school at Lebanon, 


W. H. Furbush 
W. H. Furbush 
W. H. Furbush 

C.H.Banks 

C. H. Banks 

C. H. Banks 

E. H. B, Dupuy 
V. M. Harrington 
V. M. Harrington.... 


CO 

a 
r 


B. B. Nunnally. 
B B. Nunnally 

B. B. Nunnally 

B. B. Nunnally 

D. S. Drake 

B. M. Govan. 

Julius Lesser. 

Julius Lesser. 


H 
R 

M 
> 

CO 

d 

R 
H 
R 


J. Roberts. 

P. Price 

Jake Shawl.. 

W. L. Howard. 

D. M. Lackie 

Thomas Foster 

J. G. Baldwin 

J. G. Baldwin 


O 

O 
R 
O 

a 

m 

R 


Tennessee, 

, of Murfree 

Tennessee, 


S. M. Wiley... 

S. M. Wiley 

S. M. Wiley 

H.N. Pharr. 

W. N. Pharr 

W. A. Johnson 
W. A. Johnson 
W. A. Johnson 
W. A. Johnson 


CO 

a 

R 
< 
S 
K 
O 
R 


April 15th, 

sboro, Ten- 

and gradu- 


Geo. H. W. Stuart. 
J. U. Jackson. 
C. W. Jones. 
H. \V. Cotter. 
P. R. Jones. 
V. M. Harrington. 
J. J. Sampson. 
J. A. Wilkes. 
Sam D. Bonner. 


> 

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1 178 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSA S. 

ated February, 1855, with first honors of the class. He was 
an Elector on the Fillmore ticket of 1856, being a Whig in 
politics ; since the war he has been an uncompromising Dem- 
ocrat. He came to Arkansas November 14th, i860, and 
since that date has been a resident of Marianna and vicinity, 
engaged in the practice of law. He was Judge of the County 
Court of Lee county in 1873, Judge of the Circuit Court of 
the Eleventh Judicial Circuit in 1874, and in 1888 was 
elected Member of the Legislature from 1889 to 1891. He 
served in the Confederate Army, in the Second Arkansas In- 
fantry, Hindman's Old Regiment, in Govan's Brigade, and 
Cleburne's Division. He was Adjutant-General on the Staff 
of General Govan. On the 6th of January, 1857, at Leba- 
non, Tennessee, he was married to Miss Cillie Motley. By 
this marriage there are four sons. 

Hon. John M. Hewitt was a distinguished citizen of Mari- 
anna. He was born in Frankfort, Kentuck}-, July 2 2d, 1841, 
and there grew up, receiving his education in the schools of 
that city. On the breaking out of the war, which occurred 
before he had completed his education, he enlisted in the Fed- 
eral Army as Adjutant of the Second Kentucky Cavalry, and 
served to the close of the war, taking part in many battles. Af- 
ter the war he was admitted to the Bar in Kentucky in 1865, 
and in 1866 came to Arkansas, and settled in St. Francis 
county, engaging in cotton planting. On the creation of Lee 
county, in 1873, he moved to Marianna, and began the prac- 
tice of law there in connection with planting. Taking an 
active part in politics, he at once became a leader. He was 
sent as a Delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 
1876. In 1880, 1882, 1884 and 1886 he was elected to the 
Legislature from Lee county, and on the assembling of 
that body in January, 1887, he was elected Speaker of the 
House, which position he held at the time of his death, which 
occurred at Marianna, February 28th, 1888, at the age of 47 
years. Having expressed a wish that he might be buried in 



LEE COUNTY. 



1179 



Memphis, where his wife formerly lived, his remains were 
transported thither, and were interred in Elmwood Cemetery, 
at that city, on Sunday afternoon, March 4th, 1888. 

In 1869 he married Miss Sallie Howard, of Memphis, who 
survives him. Of the children of this m.arriage one is living, 
a son, John M. Hewitt, Jr., born 1884. Mrs. Hewitt is a 
daughter of Wardlaw Howard, and grand-daughter of Thomas 
Polk, of Tennessee. 

John Mayhew Daggett became a resident of Marian na in 
1873. He was born in Attleboro, Massachusetts, November 
16th, 1845, son of Hon. John and Nancy McClellan Dag- 
gett. He graduated at Brown Universit} 7 , Providence, Rhode 
Island, in the class of 1868. Came to Arkansas April 23d, 
1873, located in Marianna May 10th, 1873, and has since re- 
sided there. He was admitted to the Bar in Marianna in 
1874; was Deputy Clerk of Lee county from 1873 to 1885 
most of the time, and was Postmaster at Marianna from Jan- 
uary, 1874, to March, 1885. He has been twice married. 
On the 18th of November, 1868, at Stonington, Connecticut, 
he was married to Miss E. Rose Brown. By this marriage 
there is one child, a son, John M., Jr. On the 14th of Oc- 
tober, 1879, at Denton, Texas, he was married to Olive An- 
derson. By this marriage there are three children, all 
sons. 

Philip Doddridge McCulloch, Jr., became a resident of 
Marianna in 1874. He was born at Murfreesbbro, Ruther- 
ford county, Tennessee, son of Dr. Philip Doddridge and 
Lucy V. McCulloch, who was Lucy V. Burrus. He gradu- 
ated at Andrew College, Gibson count)-, Tennessee; was ad- 
mitted to the Bar in Tennessee, August, 1872 ; came to Ar- 
kansas, February 25th, 1874, locating at Marianna, where he 
has resided continuously since, being engaged in the practice 
of law. He was admitted to the Bar in Arkansas in March, 
1874; was Prosecuting Attorney of the First Judicial District 



Il8o HI STOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

of Arkansas for three terms, from 1878 until- 1884, when lie 
declined a further election. He was Democratic Presidential 
Elector of the First Congressional District of Arkansas in 1888. 
He was married December 20th, 1876, at Marianna, Arkan- 
sas, to Miss Belle Mills. By this marriage there are three 
children, two sons and a daughter. 



STONE COUNTY. 



Stone County ', the seventy-fifth county created, was formed 
April 21st, 1873, out of territory taken from the counties of 
Izard, Independence, Van Buren and Searcy. The tempo- 
rary seat of justice was located at Mountain View, and was 
continued there, where it now is, as the permanent county 
seat. 

Stone is an interior county north, bounded north by Baxter 
and Izard counties, east by Independence, south by Cleburne 
and Van Buren, and west by Searcy. Its area is about 600 
square miles. 

In surface, the county is broken, one-fourth being mount- 
ainous and the rest hill)', with a few alluvial strips. Cotton, 
corn, wheat, oats and other farm products are grown. Fruits 
yaelcl well. The county possesses considerable mineral indi- 
cations. It has no railroad, the nearest railroad point being 
Batesville, in the adjacent county of Independence. 

There are thirty-four school districts and ten school-houses 
in the county, with a high school at Mountain View, and 
church-houses of the different denominations are throughout 
the county. 

The towns of the county are Mountain View, Sylamore, 
Marcella, Saint James and Timbo. 



STONE COUNTY. 



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1 1 82 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

CLEBURNE COUNTY. 



Cleburne County, the seventy-sixth and last county cre- 
ated in the State, was formed February 20th, 1883, out of 
territory taken from the counties of Van Buren, Independence 
and White, and was named in honor of General Patrick R. 
Cleburne. The temporary seat of justice was directed to be 
at the town of Sugar Loaf, which was continued as the 
permanent seat of justice. 

Seventy-six counties have been formed in the Territory and 
State, but there are only seventy-five now in existence, owing 
to the abolition of the county of Loveley, about one year af- 
ter its creation. 

Cleburne is an interior county, northwest of Independence, 
north of White and Faulkner, east of Van Buren, and south 
of Stone count}'. Its area is 604 square miles. 

In surface the county is broken, one-half being mountain- 
ous and a fourth hilly. In the valleys some alluvial lands of 
good fertility are to be found. In the mountains are consider- 
able mineral indications, of which lead, coal, silver and iron 
are shown. 

The county has no railroad. The Little Red river is the 
only navigable stream, which is capable of being ascended by 
boats in high water. 

There are numerous mineral springs in the county, among 
which the best known are the Sugar Loaf, the Quitman Cha- 
lybeate, and the Black Sulphur. 

There are forty-nine public schools in the count}', kept open 
from three to ten months in the year, and the Quitman College 
furnishes facilities for higher education. 

There are eighteen Methodist, ten Missionary Baptist, four 
Cumberland Presbyterian, and one Christian church in the 
county. 

The towns of the county are Sugar Loaf, Heber, Quitman 
and Shiloh. 



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APPENDIX A. 



List of Governors of Arkansas, and of the Country out 
of which Arkansas was Formed. . 



FRENCH GOVERNORS. 

Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle was the first person appointed Commandant of the 
Province of Louisiana. His commission bore date April 14th, 1684. He, however, did not 
live to reach the country to discharge the duties of the office. He was murdered in Texas, 
March 20th, 1687. 

1699 to July 22d, 17-01 M. D. Sauvolle 

1701 to 1712 ...Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville 

1712 to 1716. La Mothe Cadillac 

1716 to 1718 '. DeL'Epinay 

1718 to 1724 Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville 

1724 to 1726 Boisbriant, in the absence of Bienville 

1726 to 1734 '. Perier 

1734 to 1743 ....Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville 

1743 to 1753 Pierre de Rigand, Marquis de Vaudreuil 

1753 to 1863 The Baron de Kerlerec 

1763 to 1765 D'Abbadie 

1765 to 1768. M. Aubry, as Acting Governor, the last French Governor. 

The Province of Louisiana was ceded by France to Spain in 1763, but Spain did not take 
actual possession of the country until 1768, Monsieur Aubry remaining up to that date and gov- 
erning in the name of Antonio de Ulloa, the Spanish appointee, and a part of the time govern- 
ing jointly with him. 

SPANISH GOVERNORS. 

1766. Antonio de Ulloa appointed Governor, taking nominal possession of the Province in 
that year, but was expelled by the French colonists in an insurrection in October, 1768. 

1769 to 1770 .Count Alexander O'Reilly 

1770 to 1777 Luys de Unzaga 

1777 to 1784 Bernardo de Galvez 

1784 to 1791 Estevan Miro 

1791 to 1797 Francisco Lnys Hector, Baron de Carondelet 

1797 to 1799 Manuel Gayose de Lemoa 

1799 to 1801 '. Sebastian de Casa Calvo 

1801 to 1803 Juan Manuel de Salcedo 

In the year 1800 the Province of Louisiana was retro-ceded by Spain to France, but the 
French did not take immediate possession. Instead, the country remained under the Spanish 
authorities, and in charge, first, of De Casa Calvo, and next of De Salcedo, until November 30th, 
1803, when, in the name of Spain, the Marquis De Casa Calvo, as Commissioner, with Governor 
De Salcedo, delivered possession of the country to citizen Pierre Clement Laussat, as the rep- 
resentative of France. On the 20th of December, 1803, twenty days after the delivery to him, 
citizen Laussat delivered formal possession of the country to Commissioners of the United 
States. 

75 1 185 



I 1 86 HIS TOBY OF AUK AN S AS. 

AMERICAN GOVERNORS 
Of the Province of Louisiana. 

December 20th, 1803, to 3Iarch26th, 1804 William C. C. Claiborne 

Of the District of Louisiana. — Formed March 26th, 1804. 

March 26th, 1804, to March 3d, 1805 William Henry Harrison, as Governor of Indiana Territory 

Of the Territory of Louisiana. — Formed March 3d, 1805. 

March 3d, 1805, to 1807 GeneralJames Wilkinson 

1807 to 1809 Merriwether Lewis 

1809 to June 4th, 1812 : Benjamin A. Howard 

Of Missouri Territory. — Formed June 4th, 1812. 

June 4th, 1812, to October 31st, 1812 Benjamin A. Howard 

October 31st, 1812, to July 4th, 1819, William Clark, but with Frederick Bates acting as Governor 

in 1818. 

Of Arkansas Territory.— Formed July 4th, 1S19. 

July 4th, 1819, to 1825, James Miller, with Robert Crittenden acting as Governor from July 4th 

to December 26th, 1819, and at intervals in 1821, 1823 to 1825. 
1825 to 1828 George Izard 

1828 to 1829 Robert Crittenden, Acting Governor 

1829 to 1835 ~ John Pope 

1835 to 1836 William S. Fulton 

Of the State of Arkansas. — Created June 16th, 1S36. 

Number. 

1.— 1836 to 1840 James S. Conway 

2.— 1840 to April 29th, 1844 : Archibald Yell 

April 29th to November 9th, 1844 Samuel Adams, acting 

3.— November 9th, 1844, to 1848 Thomas S. Drew 

November, 1848 to January 10th, 1849 Thomas S. Drew 

January 10th to April 19th, 1849 Richard C. Byrd, acting 

4.— April 19th, 1849, to 1852 John Selden Roane 

5.— 1852 to 1856 Elias N. Conway 

1856 to 1860 Elias N. Conway 

6.— 1860 to November 4th, 1862 Henry M. Bector 

November 4th to November 15th, 1862 Thomas Fletcher, of Arkansas, acting 

7.— November loth, 1S62, to 1865 Harris Flanagin, Confederate Governor 

8.— April, 1S64, to July, 1868. Isaac Murphy 

9.— July, 1868, to March 14th, 1871 Powell Clayton 

March 14th, 1871, to January, 1873 Ozro A. Hadley, acting 

10.— January, 1873, to November 12th, 1874 Elisha Baxter 

11.— November 12th, 1874, to January 11th, 1877 Augustus H. Garland 

12.— January 11th, 1877, to January, 1879 William R. Miller 

January, 1879, to January, 188L William R. Miller 

13. — January, 1881, to January, 1883 Thomas J. Churchill 

14.— January, 1883, to January, 1885 James H. Berry 

15.— January, 1885, to January, 1887 Simon P. Hughes 

January, 1887, to January 17th, 1889 Simon P. Hughes 

16.- January 17th, 1889, to January, 1891 , ...James P. Eagle 



APPENDIX B. 



State, Judicial and Legislative Officers. 



The following List of Officers, State, Judicial and Legislative, is taken from the 
Biennial Report of the Secretary of State, of date October 1st, 1888, with corrections 
and additions: 

No. 1.— SECRETARIES. 

SECRETARIES OF ARKANSAS TERRITORY. 

Robert Crittenden ..appointed March 3d, 1819 

William Savin Fulton appointed March 8th, 1829 

Lewis Randolph appointed February 23d, 1835 

SECRETARIES OF STATE. 

Robert A. Watkins September 16th, 1836, to November 12th, 1840 

David B. Greer November 12th, 1840, to May 9th, 1842 

John Winfrey , May 9th to August 9th, 1842, acting 

David B. Greer August 9th, 1842, to August 28th, 1859, died 

Alexander Boileau September 3d, 1859, to January 21st, 1860 

Samuel M. Weaver January 21st, I860, to November 17th, 1860 

John I. Stirman November 17th, 1860, to November 13th, 1862 

Oliver H. Oates November 13th, 1862, to April 18th, 1864 

Robert J. T. White, provisional, from January 24th, to April 19th, 1864, and from then to March 

14th, 1871. 

James M. Johnson March 14th, 1871, to November 12th, 1874 

Benton B. Beavers November 12th, 1874, to January 17th, 1879 

Jacob Frolich January 17th, 1879, to January, 1885 

Elias B. Moore January, 1885, to January, 1889 

Benjamin B. Chism , January, 1889, to January, 1891 



No. 2.— AUDITORS. 

TERRITORIAL AUDITORS OF ARKANSAS. 

George W. Scott August 5th, 1819, to November 20th, 1829 

Richard C. Byrd November 20th, 1829, to November 5th, 1831 

Emzy Wilson November 5th, 1831, to November 12th, 1833 

William Pelham November 12th, 1833, to July 25th, 1835 

Elias N. Conway July 25th, 1835, to October 1st, 1836 

AUDITORS OF STATE. 

Elias N. Conway October 1st, 1836, to May 17th, 1841 

Alexander Boileau May 17th, 1841, to July 5th, 1841, acting 

Il8 7 



1 1 88 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Elias N. Conway July 5th, 1841, to January 3d, 1849 

Christopher C. Danley January 3d, 1849, to September 16th, 1854, resigned 

William R. Miller September 16th, 1854, to December 26th, 1854 

A. S. Huey December 26th, 1854, to November 10th, 1856 

William R. Miller November 10th, 1856, to March 5th, 1860 

Henry C. Lowe March 5th, 1860, to January 24th, 1861, acting 

William R. Miller January 24th, 1861, to April 18th, 1864 

James R. Berry April 18th, 1864, to October 15th, 1866 

William R. Miller October 15th, 1866, to July 2d, 1868 

James R. Berry July 2d, 1868, to January 6th, 1873 

Stephen Wheeler January 6th, 1873, to November 12th, 1874 

William R. Miller November 12th, 1874, to January 11th, 1877 

John Crawford January 11th, 1877, to January 17th, 1883 

Abner W. Files January, 1883, to January, 1887 

William R. Miller (died in office).... January, 1887, to November, 1887 

W. S. Dunlop appointed November 30th, 1887, to January, 1889 

W. S. Dunlop January, 1889, to January, 1891 



No. 3.— TREASURERS. 

TERRITORIAL TREASURERS OF ARKANSAS. 

James Scull August 5th, 1819, to November 12th, 1833 

Samuel M. Rutherford November 12th, 1833, to October 1st, 1836 

TREASURERS OF ARKANSAS. 

William E. Woodruff October 1st, 1836, to November 20th, 1838 

John Hutt November 20th, 1838, to April 20th, 1843 

Jared C. Martin April 20th, 1843, to December 9th, 1846 

Samuel Adams December 9th, 1846, to January 2d, 1849 

William Adams January 2d, 1849, to January 12th, 1851 

John II. Crease January 12th, 1851, to January 26th, 1855 

Archibald H. Rutherford January 27th, 1855, to November 13th, 1856 

John H. Crease November 13th, 1856, to February 2d, 1859 

John Quindley February 2d, 1859, to December 13th, 1860, died 

Jared C. Martin December 13th, 1860, to February 2d, 1861 

Oliver Basham February 2d, 1861, to April 18th, 1864 

E. D. Ayers April 18th, 1864, to October 15th, 1866 

Lewis B. Cunningham October 15th, 1866, to August 19th, 1867 ; removed by military 

Henry Page, August 19th, 1867 (military appointment). Elected 1868, to May 29th, 1874; resigned 

Robert C. Newton ...May 23d, 1874, to November 12th, 1874 

Thomas J. Churchill November 12th, 1874, to January 12th, 1881 

William E. Woodruff, Jr January 12th, 1881, to January, 1891 



No. 4.— ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL OF THE STATE. 

Robert W. Johnson 1843 

George C. Watkins October 1st, 1844 

John J. Clendenin . v January 7th, 1851 

Thomas Johnson September 8th, 1856 

J. L. Hollowell September 8th, 1858 

Pleasant Jordan September 7th, 1861 

Sam. W. Williams 1862 

Charles T. Jordan 1864 

Robert S. Gantt January 31st, 1865 






APPENDIX B. 1 1 89 

Robert H. Deadman October 15th, 1866 

JohnR. Montgomery July 21st, 1868 

Thomas D. W. Yonley January 8th, 1873 

James L. Witherspoon May 22d, 1874 

Simon P. Hughes November 12th, 1873, to 1876 

William F. Henderson January 11th, 1877, to 1881 

Charles Beattie Moore January 12th, 1881, to 1885 

Daniel W. Jones January, 1885, to 1889 

W. E. Atkinson January, 1889, to 1891 



No. 5.— SOLICITORS-GENERAL OF THE STATE. 

Samuel H. Hempstead 1857 

JohnM. Harrell..... 

J. D.Walker 

W. W. Wilshire 1865 

M. W.Benjamin 1868 

[Office abolished.] 



No. 6.— COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION AND OF 
STATE LANDS. 

James M. Lewis July 2d, 1868 

William H. Grey October 15th, 1872 

James Newton Smithee June 5th, 1874 

SUCCEEDED BY COMMISSIONER OF STATE LANDS. 

James Newton Smithee November 12th, 1874, to November 18th, 1878 

D. W. Lear October 21st, 1878, to November, 1882 

William P. Campbell October 30th, 1882, to March 31st, 1884 

Paul M. Cobbs „ , March 31st, 1884, to October 30th, 1890 



No. 7.— SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

Thomas Smith....... 1868 to 1873 

J, C. Corbin.. July 6th, 1873 

G. W. Hill December 18th, 1875, to October, 1878 

James L. Denton October 13th, 1875, to October 11th, 1882 

Dunbar H. Pope , October 11th to 30th, 1882 

Woodville E. Thompson October 20th, 1882, to October 30th, 1891 



No. 8.— SUPREME COURT STATE OF ARKANSAS, 
CHIEF JUSTICES. 

Daniel Ringo, 1836. Elbert H. English, 1854. 1 John McClure, 1871. %y[ 

Thomas Johnson, 1844. Thomas D W.Yonley, 1864. t Elbert H. English, 1874. 3 

George C. Watkins, 1852. § David Walker, 1866. * Sterling R. Cockrill, 1884* 

William W. Wilshire, 1868. §J 



1190 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Thomas J. Lacy, 1836. 
Townsend Dickinson, 1836. 
George W. Paschal, 1842. 
William K. Sebastian, 1843. 
Williamson S. Oldham, 1844. 
Edward Cross, 1845. 
William B. Conway, 1846. 
Christopher C. Scott, 1848. 
David Walker, 1848 and 1874. 
Thomas B. Hanley, 1856. § 
Felix I. Batson, 1858. § 



ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. 

Henry M. Rector, 1859. § 
Freeman W. Compton, 1859. *1 
Hulburt F. Fairchild, 1860. ||1 
Albert Pike, 1864. 1 
Charles A. Harper, 1864. 
Elisha Baxter, 1864. 
John J. Clendenin, 1866. * 
Thomas M. Bowen, 1868. % 
Lafayette Gregg, 1868. J 
John E. Bennett, 1871. % 
Marshal L. Stephenson, 1872. % 



Elhanah J. Searle, 1872. % 
William M. Harrison, 1874. 
John T. Bearden, 1874. ** 
Jesse Turner, 1878. 
John R. Eakin, 1878. 
Wm. W. Smith, 1882, died 1888. 
Burrell B. Battle, 1886. 3 
Simon P. Hughes, 1889. 
William E. Hemmlngway, 1889. 
M. H. Sandels, 1889. 



(*) Ousted by General C. H. Smith, Military Commander, sub-district Arkansas, under Re- 
construction Acts, (f) Under Murphy Constitution of 1864. {%) Constitution of 1868. (§) Re- 
signed, (if) Removed. (**) Appointed. (||) Died. (1) Also Confederate. (2) Died, 1884. 
(3) Re-elected. 



Albert Pike, 1836. 
Elbert H. English, 1844. 



REPORTERS, FROM 1836 TO 1889. 

Luke E. Barber, 1855. John M. Moore. 

Norval W. Cox, 1868. Beverly D. Turner. 

William W. Mansfield, appointed 1887. 



H. Haralson, 1836. 
Luke E. Barber, 1841. 



CLERKS. 

Norval W. Cox, 1868. 
Luke E. Barber, 1874. 



William P. Campbell (present 
incumbent) 1886. 



SPECIAL CHIEF JUSTICES. 



William Story. 
Freeman W. Compton. 
James L. Witherspoon. 
Samuel H. Hempstead. 
Charles Beattie Moore. 
Thomas Johnson. 
Robert A. Howard. 
George A. Gallagher. 
Burrell B. Battle. 



Samuel W. Williams. 
Abner Brice Williams. 
G. N. Causin. 
Isaac Strain. 
N. Haggard. 
Edward Cross. 
Richard C. S. Brown. 
Lebbeus A. Pindall. 
Samuel C. Roane. 
S. R. Harrington. 



George Conway. 
Sacfield Macklinin. 
John Whytock. 
Charles C. Farrelley. 
William W. Smith. 
Washington I. Warwick. 
Henry B. Morse. 
Beverly D. Turner. 
George W. Caruth. 



No. 9.— CHANCELLORS PULASKI CHANCEEY COUET. 



Hulburt F. Fairchild, July 30th, 1855. 
Uriah M. Rose, July 2d, 1860. 
Lafayette Gregg, November 25th, 1865. 
Thomas D. W. Tonley, February 12th, 1867. 



Washington I. Warwick, April 28th, 1873. 
John R. Eakin, November 6th, 1874, to 1878. 
Daniel W. Carroll, November, 1878, to 1886. 
Daniel W. Carroll appointed 1S86 for four years. 



Andrew J. Smith. 
William H. Bevens. 



CLERKS. 

Earl C. Bronough. Wm. Hunter. 

Gordon N. Peay. Daniel P. Upham. 

Allen R. Witt, November 2d, 1874, to 1876. 

Jonathan W. Callaway, October 31st, 1876, to October, 1886. 

S. R. Brown, October, 1886, to 1890. 



APPENDIX B. I I9I 

No. 10.— JUDGES AND PEOSECUTING ATTOENEYS. 

TEERITORIAL AND STATE. 

The judicial circuits of the State have been frequently changed. To give them all, and the 
Acts creating the same, would be to accumulate facts of but little interest or importance. In 
some instances the number of the judicial districts has been completely transferred to others, 
and new numbers adopted for the original; This will explain why it is that the name of an offi- 
cer found in one circuit will be afterwards on a circuit with a different number. The State in 
1873 was divided into sixteen circuits, but only for a term, when they were reduced to twelve. 
In giving the list of Judges, the number of the circuit is taken through to the present, regard- 
less of the changes that have been made in the number of the circuit. 



No. 10 1 .— TEEEITOEIAL CIECUIT JUDGES. 

FIRST CIRCUIT. 

COUNTIES AT FORMATION: ARKANSAS AND LAWRENCE. 

(*) Resigned. (t) Died. 

JUDGES. 

James Woodson Bates August 3d, 1819 

Stephen F. Austin, vice Bates July 10th, 1820, resigned 

Richard Searcy November 11th, 1820 

T. P. Eskridge December 10th, 1823 

Samuel C. Roane April 17th, 1829, to 1836 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 

W. B. R. Horner, November 1st, 1823. Thomas Hubbard, Nov. 5, 1828, to Feb. 15, 1832. 

G. D. Royston, September 7th, 1833. Shelton Watson, October 4th, 1835. 

A. G. Stephenson, January 23d, 1836. 

SECOND CIRCUIT. 

COUNTIES AT FORMATION: PULASKI, CLARK AND HEMPSTEAD. 
JUDGES. 

Neill McLean August 5th, 1819, to December 10th, 1820, resigned 

Thomas P. Eskridge 1820 

Richard Searcy December 10th, 1823 

James Woodson Bates _ November, 1825, to 1836 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 

Robert C. Oden, November 1st, 1823. Bennett H. Martin, January 30th, 1831. 

Townsend Dickinson, November 1st, 1823. J. W. Robertson, September 17th, 1833. 

Ambrose H. Sevier, January 19th, 1824. Absolom Fowler, November 12th, 1859. 

A. F. May,t March 29th, 1825. Samuel S. Hall, August 31st, 1831. 

Samuel C. Roane, September 26th, 1826. D. L. F. Royston, July 25th, 1835. 

W. H. Parrott, April 21st, 1827. B. B. Ball, July 19th, 1836. 

THIRD CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 
Samuel S. Hall December, 1823, to 1836 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 

Townsend Dickinson, January 10th, 1823. David Walker, September 13th, 1833. 

A. D. G. Davis, June 21st, 1829. Thomas Johnson, October 4th, 1835. 

David Walker, September 13th, 1833. Seaborn G. Sneed, November 11th, 1831. 



1192 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



FOURTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 
Chas. Caldwell December 27th, 1828 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 
E. T. Clark, February 13th, 1830. J. C. P. Tolleson, February 1st, 1831. 

William K. Sebastian, January 23d, 1S33. 



No. 10 2 . 



-CIRCUIT JUDGES AND PROSECUTING ATTOR- 
NEYS OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 

FIRST CIRCUIT. 



JUDGES. 



William K. Sebastian,* November 19th, 1840. 

J. C. P. Tolleson, February 8th, 1842. 

John T. Jones, December 2d, 1842. 

Thomas B. Hanly. 

George W. Beasley, September 6th, 1855. 

Charles W. Adams, November 2d, 1852. 

Mark W. Alexander. 

Earl C. Bronough, August 25th, 1858. 

Oliver H. Oates, March 3d, 1859. 



Earl C. Bronough, August 23d, 1860. 
James M. Hanks, September 17th, 1865. 
John E. Bennett, July 23d, 1868. 
Charles C. Waters, February 23d, 1871. 
Marshal L. Stephenson, March 24th, 1871. 
William H. H. Clayton, March 10th, 1873. 
Jesse N. Cypert, October 31st, 1874. 
M. T. Sanders, October 30th, 1882. 



W. S. Mosely, November 14th, 1840. 
A. J. Greer, November 9th, 1841. 
Stephen S. Tucker, January 20th, 1840 
Alonzo Thomas, August 5th, 1842. 
W. N. Stanton, December 2d, 1842. 
N. M. Foster, December 4th, 1843. 
A. II. Ringo, Blarch 2d, 1849. 
H. A. Badham, March 12th, 1851. 
L. L. Mack, September 6th, 1855. 
S. W. Childress, August 30th, 1856. 



PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 

Z. P. H. Farr, December 1st, 1862. 
Benjamin C. Brown, January 7th, 1865. 
Peter O. Thweat, October 15th, 1866. 
Charles B. Fitzpatrick, March 16th, 1871. 
Willam H. H. Clayton, March 23d, 1871. 
Eugene Stephenson, April 23d, 1873. 

C. A. Otey, October 31st, 1874. 

D. D. Leach, October 13th, 1876. 
P. D. McCulloch (three terms) .October 4th, 187 
Greenfield Quarles, October 30th, 1884. 



Lincoln Featherston, August 23d, 1860. 



S. Burndridge, October 30th, 1886. 



Counties in 1890: Phillips, Lee, St. Francis, Prairie, Woodruff, White and Monroe. 



SECOND CIRCUIT. 



Isaac Baker, November 23d, 1840. 
W. II. Sutton, January 11th, 1845. 
Josiah Gould, February 26th, 1849. 
John C. Murray, August 18th, 1851. 
Theodore F. Sorrells, August 22d, 1853. 
John C. Murray, August 22d, 1858. 
J. F. Lowery, December 12th, 1863. 
William M. Harrison, May 17th, 1865. 



JUDGES. 

William Story, July 23d, 1868. 

W. C. Hazeldine, April 14th, 1871. 

William F. Henderson, April 26th, 1874. 

L. L. Mack, October 31st, 1874. 

John G. Frierson, October 31st, 1882. 

William H.Cate, vice Frierson, deceased, March 

17th, 1884, elected September 1st, 1884. 
J. E. Riddick, October 30th, 1886. 



PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS 
John S. Roane, November 15th, 1840. 
Samuel Wooly, September 19th, 1842. 
J. W. Socage, November 29th, 1843. 
S. B. Jones, April 20th, 1846. 
Theodore F. Sorrells, February 26th, 1849. 
William Porter Grace, August 22d, 1853. 
S. F. Arnett, August 23d, 1856. 
Daniel W. Carroll, August 30th, I860. 
C. C. Godden, May 17th, 1865. 

Counties in 1890: Mississippi, Crittenden, Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, Greene, Clay and 

Randolph. 



William F. Slemmons, October 15th, 1866. 

D. D. Leach, December 10th, 1868. 
R. H. Black, May 6th, 1873. 
J. E. Riddick, October 13th, 1876. 
William H. Cate, October 14th, 1878. 

E. F. Brown, May 5th, 1879. 
W. B. Edrington (four terms), Oct. 30th, 1880. 
J. D. Block, October, 1888. 



APPENDIX B. 1 1 93 

THIRD CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 

Thomas Johnson, November 13th, 1840. L. L. Mack, March 15th, 1866. 

William B. Conway, November 15th, 1844. Elisha Baxter, July 23d, 1868. 

W. C. Scott, December 11th, 1846. James W. Butler, March 10th, 1873. 

B. H. Nealey, February 28th, 1851. William Byers, October 31st, 1874. 

W. C. Bevins, August 23d, 1856. Richard H. Powell (three terms), Oct. 30th, 1882. 

W. R. Cain, August 23d, 1860. James W. Butler, May, 1887. 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 

N. Haggard, November 13th, 1840. Thomas J. Ratcliff, July 8th, 1865. 

Stephen S. Tucker, January 20th, 1842. Milton D. Baber, October 15th, 1866. 

Samuel H. Hempstead, February, 1842. W. A. Inman, December 8th, 1868. 

A. R. Porter, December 2d, 1842. J. L. Abernathy, October 31st, 1874. 

S. C. Walker, December 2d, 1846. . Charles Coffin, October 14th, 1878. 

J. H. Byers, March 5th, 1849. M. N. Dyer (two terms), October 30th, 1882. 

William K. Patterson, August 30th, 1856. William B. Padgett, October 30th, 1886. 

Frank W. Desha, August 30th, 1860. J. L. Abernathy, October, 1888. 

L. L. Mack, July 8th, 1861. 

Counties in 1890: Jackson, Lawrence, Stone, Independence and Sharp. 

FOURTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 

J. M. Hoge, November 13th, 1840. William N. May, April 24th, 1868. 

Seaborn G. Sneed, November 18th, 1844. Marshal L. Stephenson, July 23d, 1868. 

A. B. Greenwood, March 3d, 1851. Charles B. Fitzpatrick, March 23d, 1871. 

Felix Batson, August 20th, 1853. J. H. Huckelberry, April 10th, 1872. 

J. M. Wilson, February 21st, 1859. James M. Pittman, October 31st, 1874. 

J. J. Green, August 23d, 1860. James H. Berry, October 21st, 1878. 

Yancey B. Sheppard, May 9th, 1863. James M. Pittman (three terms), October 31st, 
Thomas Boles, August 3d, 1865. 1882. 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 
Alfred M. Wilson, November 13th, 1840. Elias Harrell, August 11th, 1868. 

A. B. Greenwood, January 4th, 1845. Samuel W. Peel, April 26th, 1873. 

Hugh F. Thomasson, September 6th, 1853. E. I. Stirman, October 13th, 1876. 

Lafayette Gregg, August 23d, 1856. Hugh A. Dinsmore (three terms), Oct. 14th, 1878. 

Benton J. Brown, December 1st, 1862. J. Frank Wilson, October 30th, 1884. 

Jordan E. Cravens, January 7th, 1865. J. V. Walker, October 30th, 1886. 

Squire Boon, October 15th, 1866. S. M. Johnson, October 30th, 1888. 

Counties In 1890: Madison, Carroll, Benton and Washington. 

FIFTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 

John J. Clendenin, December.28th, 1840. William W. Mansfield, October 31st, 1874. 

William H. Field, December 24th, 1846. Thomas W. Pound, September 9th, 1878. 

John J. Clendenin, September 6th, 1854. William D. Jacoway, October 31st, 1878. 

Liberty Bartlett, November 12th, 1854. George S. Cunningham (three terms), October 
E. D. Ham, July 23d, 1S68. 31st, 1882. 

Benton J. Brown, September 30th, 1874. 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 
Robert W. Johnson, December 29th, 1840. Samuel W. Williams, May 10th, 1880. 

George C. Watkins, January 11th, 1845. Pleasant Jordan, September 7th, 1861. 

John J. Clendenin, February 17th, 1849, to Sep- Samuel W. Williams, July 6th, 1863. 

tember, 1854. John Whytock, December 19th, 1865. 

J. L. Hollowell, September 8th, 1858, to 1860. Robert H. Dedman, October 15th, 1866. 



1 1 9 4 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS, 



Newton J. Temple, August 15th, 1868. 
Arch Young, August 24th, 1872. 
Thomas Barnes, April 23d, 1873. 
J. P. Byers, October 31st, 1873. 

Counties in 1890: Johnson, Yell, Pope and Conway 



A. S. McKennon, October 14th, 1878. 

J. G. Wallace (two terms), October 31st, 1S82. 

H. S. Carter, October 30th, 1886. 



SIXTH CIRCUIT. 



JUDGES. 



"William B. Conway, December 19th, 1840 
John Field, February 2d, 1843. 
George Conway, August 1st, 1844. 
John Quillin, March 2d, 1849. 
Thomas Hubbard, August 22d, 1854. 
A. B. Stith, February 7th, 1856. 
Shelton Watson, September 26th, 1858. 
Len. B. Green, April 5th, 1858. 



Abner Brice Williams, January 28th, 1865. 
J. T. Elliott, October 2d, 1865. 
John T. Bearden, September 15th, 1866. 
William N. May, July 23d, 1868. 
John J. Clendenin, October 31st, 1874. 
Joseph W. Martin, October 31st, 1878. 
Frank T. Vaughan, October 31st, 1882. 
Joseph W. Martin, October 30th, 1886. 



PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 
Grandison D. Royston, November 11th, 1840. Thomas B. Gibson, January 11th, 1868. 



O. F. Rainy, June 12th, 1843. 
Isaac T. Tupper, January 18th, 1844. 
A. W. Blevins, January 11th, 1847. 
Edward A. Warner, March 3d, 1851. 
Orville Jennings, August 23d, 1853. 
Edward W. Gantt, August 22d, 1854. 
James K. Young, August 30th, 1S60. 
Robert Carrigan, September 13th, 1865. 
James F. Ritchie, October 15th, 1866. 



Charles C. Reid, Jr., April 30th, 1871. 
Frank T. Vaughan, September 18th, 1876. 
Thomas C. Trimble, September 30th, 1878. 
Frank T. Vaughan, September 30th, 1880. 
Thomas C. Trimble, October 31st, 1882. 
Robert J. Lea, October 30th, 1884. 
Gray Carroll, October 30th, 1886. 
Robert J. Lea, October 30th, 1888. 



Counties in 1890: Lonoke, Pulaski, Van Buren, Faulkner and Cleburne. 



SEVENTH CIRCUIT. 



JUDGES. 

Richard C. S. Brown, 1840. W. W. Floyd, November 30th, 1846. 

(By Act approved December 20th, 1849, the State was divided into six circuits, and hence 
the Seventh was abolished by operation of law.) 
William Byers, July 8th, 1861. John J. Clendenin, May 29th, 1874 

Richard H. Powell, May 11th, 1866. Jabez M. Smith, October 31st, 1874. 

John Whytock, July 23d, 1868. James B. Wood (two terms), October 31st, 1882. 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 



John M. Wilson, November 20th, 1840. 
Jonas M. Tebbetts, December 5th, 1844. 
Ehsha Baxter, December 7th, 1861. 
William B. Padgett, August 29th, 1865. 
William R. Coody, October 15th, 1866. 
Edward W. Gantt, July 31st, 1868. 



John M. Harrell, May 5th, 1873. 

M. J. Henderson, October 31st, 1874. 

James B. Wood, October 14th, 1878. 

Jethro P. Henderson (three terms), October 

31st, 1882. 
W. H. Martin, October 30th, 1888. 



Counties in 1890: Grant, Hot Spring, Garland, Perry and Saline. 



EIGHTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 

Christopher C. Scott, December 2d, 1846. William Davis, July 3d, 1848. 

(By Act approved December 29th, 1848, the State was divided into six circuits, hence the 
Eighth Circuit was abolished by operation of law.) 
James D. Walker, July 25th, 1861. Thomas G. T. Steele, February 23d, 1873. 

Elias Harrell, May 8th, 1865. L. J. Joyner, October 31st, 1874. 

William Story, March 27th, 1867. Henry B. Stuart, October 31st, 1878. 

Elhanah J. Earle, July 23d, 1868. Rufus D. Hearn, October 30th, 1886. 



APPENDIX B. 



PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 



"95 



Richard Lyons, February 5th, 1847. Duane Thompson, January 4th, 1874. 

Lafayette Gregg, November 13th, 1862. George A. Kingston, July 26th, 1871. 

N. W. Patterson, October 25th, 1865. J. D. McCabe, October 31st, 1874. 

C. G. Reagan, January 7th, 1865. James H. Howard, April 26th, 1873. 

Thomas M. Gunter, October 15th, 1866. Rufus D. Hearn (three terms), July 6th, 1874. 

J. R. Pratt, July 23d, 1868. W. M. Green (three terms), October 30th, 1884. 
Counties in 1890 : Montgomery, Polk, Howard, Sevier, Little River, Pike and Clark. 

NINTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 

Henry B. Stuart, November 28th, 1862. Charles E. Mitchell, October 31st, 1882. 

H. N. Hargrove, , 1865. Abner Brice Williams, vice Mitchell, resigned 

Elhanah J. Searle, February 25th, 1867. September 10th, 1884. 

G. W. McCowan, July 23d, 1868. Lawrence A. Byrne, elected November 4th, 1884. 

James T. Elliott, April 26th, 1873. Charles E. Mitchell, October 30th, 1886. 

J. K. Young, October 31st, 1874. 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 

Newton J. Temple, July 8th, 1861. John M. Bradley, April 26th, 1873. 

A. T. Craycraf t, January 7th, 1865. Daniel W. Jones, October 31st, 1874. 
Elhanah J. Searle, February 19th, 1866. Benjamin W. Johnson, October 13th, 1876. 

B. C. Parker, October 15th, 1866. John Cook, October 14th, 1880. 

Newton J. Temple, January 20th, 1867. T. E. Webber (four terms), October 31st, 1882. 

J. R. Page, January 9th, 1869. 

Counties in 1890: Hempstead, Lafayette, Nevada and Miller. 

TENTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 

H. P. Morse, July 23d, 1868. John M. Bradley, October 30th, 1882. 

Daniel W. Carroll, October 28th, 1874. Carroll D. Wood, October 30th, 1886. 

Theodore F. Sorrels, October 31st, 1874. 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 

J. McL. Barton, March, 29th, 1869. C. D. Woods, October 30th, 1882. 

.H. King White, April 20th, 1871. Marcus L. Hawkins, vice C. D. Wood, resigned 

. M. McGehee, April 29th, 1873.1 September 23d, 1886. 

John C. Barrow, October 31st, 1874. R. C. Fuller, October 30th, 1888. 

Counties in 1890: Chicot, Drew, Ashley, Bradley, Cleveland and Dallas. 

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 

J. W. Fox, April 26th, 1873. ■ Xenophon J. Pindall, October 31st, 1878. 

HanceN. Hutton, July 24th, 1874. John A.Williams (two terms), October 30th, 1882. 

John A. Williams, October 31st, 1874. 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 

Hugh M. McVeigh, April 26th, 1873. Thomas B. Martin, October 10th, 1878. 

Z. L. Wise, October 31st, 1874. John M. Elliott (five terms), October 10th, 1880. 

Counties in 1890 : Desha, Arkansas, Lincoln and Jefferson. 

TWELFTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 
P. C. Dooley, April 26th, 1873. R. B. Rutherford, October 2d, 1882. 

John IT. Rogers, April 20th, 1877. John S. Little, October 30th, 1886. 



1 196 HISTOBY OF ABRANSAS. 



PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 

D. D. Leach, April 26th, 1S73. A. C. Lewers (two terms), September 20th, 1884. 

John S. Little (three terms), April 2d, 1877. J. B. McDonough, October 30th, 1888. 

(By Act of April 16th, 1873, the State was divided into sixteen judicial circuits, but after 

two years reduced to eleven in number.) 

Counties in 1890: Scott and Sebastian. 

THIRTEENTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 

M. D. Kent, April 26th, 1873. Benjamin F. Askew, October 30th, 1882. 

C. W. Smith, October 30th, 1886. 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 

William C. Langford, April 26th, 1873. W. F. Wallace, June 5th, 1883. 

H. P. Smead (three terms), October 30th, 1884. 
Counties in 1890: Columbia, Union, Calhoun and Ouachita. 

FOURTEENTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGES. 

George A. Kingston, April 26th, 1873. Richard H. Powell, May, 1887. 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 

Duane Thompson, April 26th, 1873. De Roos Bailey, May, 1887. 

Counties in 1890: Izard, Boone, Baxter, Marion, Fulton, Searcy and Newton. 

FIFTEENTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGE. 

L. D. Belden, April 26th, 1873. 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY. 

George G. Latta, April 26th, 1873. 

SIXTEENTH CIRCUIT. 

JUDGE. 
Elisha Mears, April 26th, 1873. 
PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. 
H. R. Withers, September 27th, 1873. Yancey B. Shepard, April 30th, 1874. 

FIFTEENTH CIRCUIT. 

(Created March 7th, 1889.) 

JUDGE. 

Hugh F. Thomason. 

Counties: Logan, Franklin and Crawford. 



No. 10 3 .— JUDGES OF PULASKI CEIMINAL COURT. 

Washington I. Warwick, 1872 to January 11th, Charles P. Redmond, January, 1873, to October, 
1873. 1874. 

[Office abolished.] 



APPENDIX B. 1 197 

No. 11.— TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURES. 

First Territorial Legislature — (Composed of Governor and Supreme 
Judges) Held at the Post of Arkansas, from July 28th to August 3d, 1819. 

Robert Crittenden, Acting Governor. 

Charles Jouett, \ 

Robert P. Letcher, > Judges of Supreme Court. 

Andrew Scott. ) 

Speaker— Charles Jouett. Clerk— Geo. W. Scott. 



Special Territorial Legislature — Held at the Post of Arkansas, from 
February 7th to February 24th, 1820, and at the same place from October 
2d to October 25th, 1820, on a recess being taken to the first Monday 
in October from the February Session. 

This session was convened by the Territorial Governor under the law which passed the 
Congress of the United States, March 2d, 1819, forming Arkansas Territory, and is properly the 
first real territorial assembly of Arkansas. 

COUNCIL. 
President— Edward McDonald. Secretary— Richard Searct. 

Arkansas county, Sylvanus Phillips. Hempstead county, David Clark. 

Clark, Jacob Barkman. Lawrence, Edward McDonald. 

Pulaski, John McElmurry. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

Speaker— Jos. Hardin.* Clerk— J. Chamberlain. 

Arkansas County, W. B. R. Horner, and Hempstead County, John English and Rev. 

William O. Allen. William Stevenson. 

Clark, Thomas Fish. Lawrence, Joseph Hardin, Sr., and Joab Hardin. 

Pulaski, Radford Ellis and Thomas H. Tyndall. 
(*) Rev. Wm. Stevenson was first elected, served one day, and resigned "on account of 
indisposition," and Joseph Hardin elected in his place. 



Second Territorial Legislature — Held at Little Rock, from October 1st 

to October 24th, 1821. 

COUNCIL. 

President— Samuel C. Roane. Secretary— Richard Searct. 

Arkansas county, Neil McLane. Independence county, Peyton Tucker. 

Clark, Samuel C. Roane. Lawrence, William Jones. 

Hempstead, Robert Andrews. Miller, Claiborne Wright. 

Pulaski, Benjamin Murphy. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

Speaker— Wm. Trimble. Clerk— A. H. Sevier. 

The following list of Members is obtained from files of the Gazette of 1821 : 

Arkansas county, W. W. Trimble. Independence county, Robert Bean. 

Clark, Eli Langford. Miller, Stephen R. Wilson. 

Hempstead, John Wilson. Phillips, W. B. R. Horner, 

Pulaski, Thomas H. Tyndall, 



1 198 



HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 



Third Territorial Legislature— From October 6th to October 31st, 1823, 

COUNCIL. 

President— Samuel C. Roane. Secretary— Thomas W. Newton. 

Arkansas county, Andrew Latting. Independence county, Townsend Dickinson. 

Clark, Samuel C. Roane. Lawrence, William Humphreys. 

Crawford, John McLean. Miller, David Clark. 

Hempstead, Matthew Scoby. Phillips, Daniel Mooney. 

Pulaski, Thomas Mathers. 

HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. 
Speaker— Terence Fakrelly. Cleric- David E. McKinnet. 

Arkansas county, Terence Farrelly. Independence county, Robert Bean. 

Clark, Henry L. Biscoe. Lawrence, Thomas Culp. 

Crawford, John Nicks. Miller, John Evins. 

Hempstead, John Wilson. Phillips, W. B. R. Horner. 

Pulaski, Ambrose H. Sevier. 



Fourth Territorial Legislature— Held October 3d to November 3d, 1825. 

council. 

President— JACOB Barkman. Secretary— THOMAS W. NEWTON. 

Arkansas county, Bartley Harrington. Independence county, J. Jeffrey. 

Clark, Jacob Barkman. Lawrence, J. M. M. Kuykendall. 

Crawford, William Quarles. Phillips, J. W. Calvert. 

Hempstead, Daniel T. Witter. Pulaski, Allen S. Walker. 

Miller, Claiborne Wright. 

HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. 
Speaker— Robert Bean. Cleric— David Barber. 

Arkansas county, William Montgomery. Independence county, Robert Bean. 

Clark, John Callaway. Lawrence, John Heynes. 

Crawford, John Nicks. Miller, Aaron Hanscomb. 

Hempstead, John Wilson. Phillips, Henry L. Biscoe. 

Pulaski, Ambrose H. Sevier. 



Fifth Territorial Legislature— Held October 1st to October 31st, 1827 

Special Session held October 6th to October 28th, 1828— E. T. Clark, 

President of Council, John Clark, Secretary; J. Wilson, Speaker 

of House, and Daniel Kingo, Clerk. 

COUNCIL. 

President— Daniel T. Witter. Secretary— Thomas W. Newton. 

Arkansas county, Terence Farrelly. Hempstead county, Daniel T. Witter. 

Chicot, John Weir. Independence, D. Litchfield. 

Clark, I. Pennington. Izard, Jacob Wolf. 

Conway, Amos Kuykendall. Lawrence, William Humphreys. 

Crawford, John Dillard. Miller, J. H. Fowler. 

Crittenden, G. C. Barfield. Phillips, E. T. Clark, 

Pulaski, Edward Hogan, 



APPENDIX B. 



1 199 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
Speaker— Ambrose H. Sevier. Clerk -Andrew Roane. 



Arkansas and Chicot counties, William Mont- 
gomery. 
Clark, Joseph Hardin. 
Conway and Pulaski, Ambrose H. Sevier. 
Crawford, Mark Bean. 



Crittenden and Phillips counties, John Johnson, 
Hempstead, John Wilson. 
Independence and Izard, John Ringgold. 
Lawrence, G. S. Hudspeth. 
Miller, James Clark. 



Sixth Territorial Legislature— Held October 5th to November 21st, 1829. 



council. 



President— Chas. Caldwell. 



Secretary— J ohtx Caldwell. 



Arkansas county, Terence Farrelly„ 
Chicot, John Weir. 
Clark, David Fish. 
Conway, Amos Kuykendall. 
Crawford, Gilbert Marshall. 
Crittenden, G. C. Barfleld. 
Hempstead, George Hill. 
Independence, Aaron Gillett. 

Washington, 



Izard county, Jacob Wolf. 
Lafayette, J. Douglass. 
Lawrence, C. Stubblefleld. 
Miller, G. T. Lawton. 
Phillips, F. Hanks. 
Pulaski, Charles Caldwell. 
Sevier, Benjamin Patton. 
St. Francis, John Johnson. 
James Billingsley, 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— J ohn Wilson. 

Arkansas county, William Montgomery. 

Chicot, B. L. Miles. 

Clark, John Speer and Joseph Hardin. 

Crawford, Mark Bean, J. L. Cravens and Rich- 
ard C. S.Brown. 

Crittenden, W. D. Ferguson. 

Hempstead, J. Wilson and E, King. 

Independence, Caleb M. Manley and O. Mc- 
Arthur. 



Clerk— Daniel Ringo. 

Izard county, Robert Livingston. 
Lafayette, James Burnsides. 
Lawrence, George Hudspeth and John Rod- 
ney. 
Miller and Sevier, James Clark. 
Phillips, E. T. Clark. 

Pulaski, Allen S.Walker and Wharton Rector, 
St. Francis, Wright W. Elliott. 
Washington, John Alexander. 



Seventh Territorial Legislature— Held October 3d to November 7th, 

1831. 



COUNCIL. 



President— Charles Caldwell. 

Arkansas county, Terence Farrelly. 
Chicot, W. B. Patton. 
Clark, M. Collins. 
Conway, R. J. Blount. 
Crawford, Robert Sinclair. 
Crittenden, E. H. Bridges. 
Hempstead, Daniel T. Witter. 
Hot Spring, John Wells. 
Independence, James Boswell. 
Izard, Jacob Wolf. 
Jackson, Roland Tidwell, 



Secretary— Absalom Fowler. 



Jefferson county, W. P. Hackett. 
Lafayette, Jesse Douglass. 
Lawrence, David Orr. 
Monroe, William Ingram. 
Phillips, J. H. McKenzie. 
Pope, Isaac Hughes. 
Pulaski, Charles Caldwell. 
Sevier, B. G. H. Hartfleld. 
St. Francis, G. B. Lincicum. 
Union, I. Pennington. 
Washington, Robert McCamy, 



1200 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— William Trimble. 

Arkansas county, H. Stillwell. 

Chicot, John Gibson. 

Clark, John Wilson. 

Conway and Hot Spring, Nimrod Menifee. 

Crawford, C. Wolf and Richard C. S. Brown. 

Crittenden, James Livingston. 

Hempstead, W. Trimble and T. W. Scott. 

Independence and Jackson, Morgan Magness 

and Caleb S. Manley. 
Izard, Fred Talbott. 



Clerk -G. W. Febebeb. 

Jefferson county, N. Holland. 

Lawrence, G. S. Hudspeth and Robert Smith. 

Miller and Sevier, John Clark. 

Phillips, T. Hanks. 

Pulaski, Samuel M. Rutherford and Peter T. 
Crutchfield. 

Pope, Andrew Scott. 

St. Francis and Monroe, S.W. Calvert and Sam- 
uel Fillingim. 

Washington, Jas. Pope and Abraham Whinnery. 



Eighth Territorial Legislature — Held October 7th to November 16th, 

1S33. 



COUNCIL. 



President— John Williamson. 



Secretary— William F. Teomans. 



Arkansas county, Terence Farrelly. 
Chicot, Thomas Anderson. 
Clark, Asa Thompson. 
Conway, Amos Kuykendall. 
Crawford, Robert Sinclair. 
Crittenden, Wright W. Elliott. 
Hempstead, J. W. Judkins. 
Hot Spring, J. L. T. Calloway. 
Independence, James Boswell. 
Izard, Jacob Wolf. 
Jackson, Roland Tidwell. 



Jefferson county, J. H. Caldwell. 
Lafayette, G. G. Duty. 
Lawrence, Thomas H. Ficklin. 
Miller, James Clark. 
Monroe, L. Jones. 
Phillips, W. T. Moore. 
Pope, John Williamson. 
Pulaski, Allen Martin. 
Sevier, J. W. M. Hare. 
St. Francis, C. H. Alexander. 
Union, Hiram Smith. 
Washington, Mark Bean. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker — John Wilson. 

Arkansas county, Harold Stillwell. 

Chicot and Union, T. J. Thurmond. 

Clark, John Wilson. 

Conway, J. C. Roberts. 

Crawford, William Whitson and B. H. Mariin. 

Crittenden, 

Hempstead, William Shaw and H. Burt. 
Hot Spring and Sevier, John Clark. 
Independence, Peyton Tucker and Morgan 

Magness. 
Izard, Hugh Tinnin. 



Clerk— James B. Keatts. 

Jefferson county, Ignatius Bogy. 

Lafayette and Miller, Jacob Buzzard. 

Lawrence, G. S. Hudspeth and J. B. Hammond. 

Phillips, M. Hanks. 

Pope, W. Garrett. 

Pulaski, Samuel M. Rutherford and Richard C. 
Byrd. 

St. Francis, Jackson and Monroe, J. C. Saylor 
and John Hill. 

Washington, J. B. Dixon, J. Reagan, J. Alex- 
ander and J. Byrnsides. 



Ninth Territorial Legislature — Held October 5th to November 16th, 1S35. 

The following list of Members is from files of the Gazette of 183 5: 

COUNCIL. 
President— Charles Caldwell. Secretary— Simon T. Sanders. 



Arkansas county, James Smith. 
Chicot, John Clark. 
Conway, Amos Kuykendall, 



Crawford, Richard C. S. Brown. 
Clark, Abner E. Thornton. 
Carroll, Thomas H. Clark. 



APPENDIX B. 



1201 



Crittenden, Wright W. Elliott. 
Greene, George B. Croft. 
Hempstead, James W. Judkins. 
Hot Spring, Hiram A. Whittington. 
Izard, Jacob Wolf. 
Independence, John Ringgold. 
Jackson, Rowland Tidwell. 
Jefferson, Richard II. Young. 
Johnson, John W. Patrick. 
Lafayette, Jacob Buzzard. 
Miller, James Lattermore. 

HOUSE 



Mississippi, Thomas J. Mills. 
Monroe, Isaac Taylor. 
Phillips, William F. Moore. 
Pike, Elijah Kelly. 
Pope, John Williamson. 
Pulaski, Charles Caldwell. 
Sevier, Joseph W. McKean. 
St. Francis, Mark W. Izard. 
Union, Hugh Bradley. 
Washington, Mark Bean. 
Van Buren, John L. Lafferty. 
OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— John Wilson. 
Arkansas and Union counties, Bushrod W. 

Lee and Charles H. Seay. 
Carroll, JohnE. Stallings. 
Chicot, Hedgeman Triplett. 
Clark and Hot Spring, John Wilson. 
Conway and Van Buren, Thomas Mathers. 
Crawford, James Logan and Andrew Morton. 
Crittenden and Mississippi, John Troy. 
Hempstead, Wm. Shaw and James H.Walker. 
Independence, William Moore and Morgan 

Magness. 
Izard, Brown C. Roberts. 
Jackson, St. Francis and Monroe, John Hill 

and E. D. W. Scruggs. 



Cleric— Lewis B. Tully. 
Jefferson county, M. R. T. Outlaw. 
Johnson, John Ward. 
Lawrence and Greene, Joseph Porter, William 

Janett and A. Henderson. 
Lafayette, Thomas Jefferson Peel. 
Miller, N. Dandridge Ellis. 
Phillips, John J. Bowie. 
Pope, Laban C. Howell. 

Pulaski, William Cumins and Absalom Fowler. 
Sevier and Pike, James Holman. 
Washington, AbrahamWhinnery, David Walker, 

Francis Dunn, Thomas H. Tennant and. 

Onesimus Evans. 



No. 13.— STATE LEGISLATURES. 



First Legislature — Held September 12th to November 8th, 1836, and 
November 6th, 1837, to March 5th, 1S38. 



SENATE. 



President— Samuel C. Roane. 
Arkansas and Jefferson counties, Samuel C. 

Roane. 
Carroll, Searcy and Izard, C. R. Sanders. 
Chicot and Union John Clark. 
Conway and Van Buren, Amos Kuykendall. 
Crawford and Scott, Richard C. S. Brown. 
Crittenden and Mississippi, W. D. Furguson. 
Hempstead and Lafayette, George Hill. 
Independence and Jackson, John Ringgold. 



Secretary — A. J. Greer. 
Johnson and Pope counties, John Williamson. 
Lawrence and Randolph, Robert Smith. 
Phillips and Monroe, James Martin. 
Pike, Clark and Hot Spring, Abner E.Thornton. 
Pulaski, White and Saline, Richard C. Byrd. 
Sevier and Miller, J. W. McKeen. 
St. Francis and Greene, Mark W. Izard. 
Washington, William McKnight Ball, Robert 
McCamy. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— John Wilson. 
Arkansas county, Jas. Maxwell, Jas. Smith. 
Carroll, L. B. Tully, W. D. Reagan. 
Chicot, D. L. F. Royston, Anthony H. Davies. 
Clark, John Wilson. 
Conway, John Linton. 

Crittenden, C. N. Blakemore, J. N. Calvert. 
Crawford, John Drennen, John Lautor, A. 

Morton. 
Greene, Alexander Tucker. 
Hempstead, J. W. Judkins, Grandison D. 

Royston. 

76 



Clerk— S. H. Hempstead. 
Hot Spring county, Samuel W. Reyburn. 
Independence, Townsend Dickinson. 
Izard, Thomas Gulp. 
Jackson, Rowland Tidwell. 
Jefferson, W. Phillips. 
Johnson, E.B. Alston, Samuel Adams. 
Lawrence, J. Hardin. 
Miller, A. G. Milton. 
Mississippi, P. H. Swain. 
Monroe, Isaac Taylor. 
Phillips, J. C. P. Tolleson, J. J. Shell. 



1202 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



Pike, Asa Thompson. 

Pope, M. G. H. Teevault, J. J. Moose. 

Pulaski, John H. Cocke, Richard C. Byrd. 

Randolph, W. Pibourn, J. J. Anthony. 

Saline, Charles Caldwell. 

Scott, James Logan. 

Seai-cy, B. C. Brown, 



St. Francis, P. Little, C. Frank. 
Union, A. J. May. 
Van Buren, Luke Grimes. 
White, Martin Jones. 

Washington, Abraham Whinnery, James Boone, 
J. C. Blair, J. M. Hoge. 



Note.— Special session held from 6th of November, 1837, to March 5th, 1838, W. B. Woody 
was elected from Washington county, in place of J. M. Hoge; John Bruton, in Pope county, in 
place of M. G. H. Teevault; D. M. Mason from Conway county, in place of John Linton; Beall 
Gaither from Carroll county, in place of L. B. Tully; W. S. Lockhart from Saline county, in 
place of Charles Caldwell; J. W. Calvert from St. Francis county, in place of P. Little; W. S. 
Bradley from Union county, in place of A. J. May; W. F. Moore from Phillips county, in place 
of I. C. P. Tolleson ; T. M. Collins from Crittenden county, in place of C. M. Blakemore ; C. H. 
Moore from Jackson county, in place of Rowland Tidwell; Peter Hanger from Chicot county, 
in place of D. L. F. Royston. 

On December 6th, 1837, John Wilson, the Speaker, was expelled from the House of Repre- 
sentatives, and Grandison D. Royston elected Speaker. 



Second Legislature— Held November 5th to December 17th, 1838. 



SENATE. 



President -Makk W. Izard. 



Arkansas and Jefferson counties, J. Smith. 
Carroll, Searcy and Izard, C. R. Saunders. 
Chicot and Union, John Clark.* 
Conway and Van Buren, Amos Kuykendall. 
Crittenden and Mississippi, W. D. Ferguson.* 
Crawford and Scott, Richard C. S. Brown. 
Hempstead and Lafayette, J. H. Walker.* 
Jackson and Independence, D. J. Chapman. 
Johnson and Pope, John Williamson. 



Secretary— J . M. Stewart. 



Lawrence and Randolph counties, Robert 

Smith.* 
Madison, Benton and Washington, Onesimus 

Evans,* Abraham Whinnery.* 
Miller and Sevier, J. W. McKean. 
Monroe and Phillips, James Martin. 
Pike, Clark and Hot Spring, Abner E. Thornton. 
Pulaski, White and Saline, Richard C. Byrd.* 
St. Francis and Greene, Mark W. Izard.* 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— Gilbert Marshal. 

Arkansas county, Stephen Van Rensellear Ry- 
an, J. Maxwell. 

Carroll, T. H. Clark, F. G. Willbourn. 

Chicot, H. Triplett, W. H. Gaines. 

Clark, Archibald H. Rutherford. 

Conway, Nimrod Menifee. 

Crawford, J. Turner, W. Duval, J. Miller. 

Crittenden, W. C. Trice, L. H. Bedford. 

Greene, N. Murfree. 

Hempstead, BenjaminP. Jett, Allen M. Oakley. 

Hot Spring, Hiram A. Whittington. 

Independence, Charles F. M. Noland, Morgan 
Magness. 

Johnson, Sam. Adams, E. B. Alston. 

Lafayette, James Trigg. 

Lawrence, J. Hutchinson. 

White, J. 

(*) Held for four years from 1836. 



Clerk— Samuel H. Hempstead. 

Marion county, B. C. Roberts. 

Mississippi, P. H. Simon. 

Monroe, L. D. Maddox. 

Pike, A. Thompson. 

Pope, B. H. Martin, A. C. Sadler. 

Pulaski, Absalom Fowler, Lorenzo Gibson. 

Randolph, W. Pibourn, James Martin. 

Saline, W. S. Lockert. 

Scott, Gilbert Marshall. 

Sevier, George Taaffe. 

St. Francis, C. Neely, W. S. Moseley. 

Union, Hogan Moss. 

Van Buren, J. L. Lafferty. 

Washington, Williamson S. Oldham, Washing- 
ton L. Wilson, John McGarrah, Robert Bed- 
ford, G. W. Sanders, Robert Hubbard. 

P. Brown. 



APPEXD1X B. 



I203 



Third Legislature — Held November 2d to December 28th, 1S40. 



SENATE. 



President— Mark W. Izard. 



Secretary— J OHN WlDGERT. 



Arkansas, Jefferson and Desha counties, J. 

Smith.* 
Benton and Madison, Abraham Whinnery.* 
Carroll, Marion and Searcy, W. C. Mitchell. 
Chicot and Union, J. Clark.* 
Conway and Tope, J. Williamson. 
Crawford and Scott, J. A. Scott. 
Crittenden and Mississippi, W. D. Ferguson.* 
Hempstead, J. H. Walker.* 
Hot Spring and Saline, Charles Caldwell. 
Independence, Morgan Magness. 



Izard and Lawrence counties, J. S. Ficklin. 
Johnson and Franklin, Samuel Adams. 
Miller and Sevier, T. W. Scott. 
Monroe and Phillips, D. Thompson. 
Pike and Clark, AbnerE. Thornton.* 
Poinsett and St. Francis, Mark W. Izard.* 
Pulaski, Richard C. Byrd. 
Randolph, W. Black. 

Washington, Onesimus Evans,* David Walker. 
White, Van Buren and Jackson, Lewis B. 
Tully. 



(*) Held over. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— George Hill. 

Arkansas county, B. L. Haller. 

Benton, Robert Hubbard. 

Carroll, Beall Gaither. 

Chicot, Anthony H. Davies, P. Littell. 

Clark, S. Buckner, Alexander H. Rutherford. 

Conway, J. Stephenson, D. Q. Stell. 

Crawford, William Duvall, Tyree Muasett. 

Crittenden, T. M. Collins, A. G. Greer. 

Desha, S. H. Davis. 

Franklin, E. S. Moffatt, W. Clements. 

Greene, R. Hardwick. 

Hempstead, T. T. Williamson, G. Hill. 

Hot Spring, Hiram A. Whittington. 

Independence, Chas. F. M. Noland, J. H. Egner. 

Izard, W. M. Wolf. 

Jackson, James Robinson. 

Jefferson, M. W. Dorris. 

Johnson, A. E. Pace, Moreau Rose. 

Lafayette, M. Wright. 

Lawrence, W. B. Marshall, George Humphrey. 



Clerk— Stephen S. Tucker. 

Madison county, G. W. Sanders, H. S. Wilson. 

Marion and Searcy, B. C. Roberts, S. Leslie. 

Mississippi, P. H. Swain. 

Monroe, Isaac Taylor. 

Phillips, J. J. Shell, F. Hanks. 

Pike, John Wilson. 

Poinsett, Charles Neely. 

Pope, John Bruton, G. C. Sadler. 

Pulaski, William Cummins, Lorenzo Gibson, 

Charles P. Bertrand. 
Saline, R. Brazil, David Dodd. 
Scott, T. M. Scott, S. Humphry. 
Sevier, H. F. Hawkins, W. Scott. 
St. Francis, William Strong, W. S. Moseley. 
Union, Hiram Smith. 
Van Buren, George Counts. 
Washington, John McGarrah, W. L. Larre- 

more, L. C. Blackmore, W. D. Reagan, G. A. 

Pettigrew. 
White, James Walker. 



Fourth Legislature — Held November 7th, 1S42, to February 4th, 1843. 



SENATE. 



President— Samuel Adams. 



Arkansas, Jefferson and Desha counties, Jas. 
Yell. 

Benton and Madison, J. G. Walker. 

Carroll, Marion and Searcy, W. C. Mitchell. 

Chicot, Union and Bradley, J. Clark. 

Conway and Pope, John Williamson.* 

Hempstead, William Trimble. 

Independence, Morgan Magness.* 

Jackson, White and Van Buren, Lewis B. Tul- 
ly. 

Johnson and Franklin, Samuel Adams.* 



Secretary— John WiDGERY. 



Lafayette and Sevier counties, T. W. Scott.* 

Lawrence and Izard, J. S. Ficklin.* 

Mississippi and Crittenden, A. G. Greer. 

Phillips and Monroe, D. Thompson. 

Pike and Clark, T. C. Hudson. 

Pulaski, Richard C. Byrd. 

Randolph and Greene, W. Black. 

Saline and Hot Spring, Samuel W. Rayburn. 

Scott and Crawford, J. A. Scott.* 

St. Francis and Poinsett, C. Neely. 

Washington, David Walker,* Mark Bean. 



1204 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— Williamson S. Oldham. 

Arkansas county, Richmond Peeler. 

Benton, Alfred B. Greenwood. 

Bradley, John H. Marks. 

Carroll, G. W. Baines and J. Fancher. 

Clark, Hains Flanagin and J. D. Stewart. 

Conway and Perry, Thomas S. Haynes and 

Geo. W. Lemoyne. 
Crawford, A. G. Mayer and William Reeves. 
Crittenden, Thos. M. Collins and Peter G. Rives, 
Desha, Chas. A. Stewart. 
Franklin, W. A. Martin and J. Miller. 
Greene, Rice Hardwick. 
Hempstead, Geo. Conway and John Field. 
Hot Spring, Lorenzo Gibson. 
Independence, Beniah Bateman and W. Byers. 
Izard, Johoiada Jeffrey. 
Jackson, David C. Waters. 
Jefferson, John Selden Roane. 
Johnson, Wm. Gray and Wm. McCain. 
Lafayette, James E. Nott. 

Lawrence, Geo. Humphrey and John Milligan. 
Madison, Wm. Gage and Daniel Vaughan. 



Clerk— Stephen S. Tucker. 

Marion and Searcy counties, John Campbell 
and Brown C. Roberts. 

Mississippi, W. M. Finley. 

Monroe, John C. Johnson. 

Phillips, Elish Burke and T. B. Hanly. 

Pike, Wm. Bizzell. 

Poinsett, A. T. Robertson. 

Pope, M. T. Logan and P. Tackett. 

Pulaski, John W. Cocke, Peter T. Crutchfield 
and Jared C. Martin. 

Randolph, Wm. A. Houston and B. J. Wiley. 

Saline, Robert Calvert and R. Brazil. 

Scott, J. F. Gaines and A. Thompson. 

Sevier, A. J. Armstrong and W. Scott. 

St. Francis, John W. Calvert andC.L. Sullivan. 

Union, Albert Rust. 

Van Buren, George Counts. 

Washington, Alfred W. Arrington, Lee C. Blake- 
more, George Clyne, Moses Stout and Wil- 
liamson S. Oldham. 

White, John Arnold. 

Yell, Wm. J. Parks. 



Fifth Legislature— Held November 4th, 1844, to January 10th, 1845. 



SENATE. 



President— John Williamson. 

Benton and Madison counties, J. G. Walker.* 

Carroll and Newton. W. C. Mitchell. 

Chicot, Union and Bradley, J. Clark.* 

Conway and Perry, D. Q. Stell. 

Crawford, Hans Smith. 

Greene and Randolph, Wm. Black.* 

Hempstead, Wm. Trimble.* 

Hot Spring and Saline, Samuel W. Reyburn. 

Independence, C. H. Pelham. 

Izard, Van Buren and Fulton, J. C. Gaines. 

Jackson, David Maxwell. 

Jefferson, Arkansas and Desha, James Yell.* 



(*) Held over. 



Secretary— John M. Ross. 



Johnson county, Moreau Rose. 

Lawrence, J. S. Ficklin. 

Mississippi and Crittenden, P. G. Rives.* 

Phillips, M. Irwin. 

Pike and Clark, T. C. Hudson.* 

Pope and Yell, John Williamson. 

Pulaski, Thomas W. Newton. 

Scott and Franklin, J. F. Gaines. 

Searcy and Marion, J. D. Shaw. 

Sevier, Lafayette and Pike, J. W. McKean. 

St. Francis and Poinsett, Chas. Neely. 

Washington, Mark Bean,* Robert McCamy. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— John Selden Roane. 

Arkansas county, Harris Cross. 

Benton, A. B. Greenwood and R. Hubbard. 

Bradley, E. E Dowdy. 

Carroll, G. E. Birnie and T. H. Clarke. 

Chicot, Wilford Garner. 

Clark, Joseph Gray and William Owens. 

Conway, J. J. Simmons and John Hardin. 

Crawford, A. G. Mayers, John Selden Roane 

and William J. Duval. 
Crittenden, Thomas M. Collins. 
Desha, William H. Sutton. 



Cleric -Stephen S. Tucker. 

Franklin county, J. D. Steele and O. B. Alston. 

Fulton, Lewis R. Wells. 

Greene, G. B. Croft and James Clarke. 

Hempstead, H. W. Smith and T. M. R. Bank- 
head. 

Hot Spring, P. S. Physick and J. Shipp. 

Independence, B. Bateman, M. Clarke and 
Mortimore W. Baltimore. 

Izard, Thomas Riggs. 

Jackson, M. P. McCoy and G. W. Cromwell. 
Jefferson, Martin W. Dorriss. 



APPENDIX B. 



I20 5 



Johnson, J. B. Wilson, W. W. Floyd and John Poinsett, Richmond Hall. 



B. Brown. 

Lafayette, John O. Hightower. 

Lawrence, A. A. Simpson, John B. Ham- 
mond and William B. Marshall. 

Madison, J. C. Summer, H. C. Berry and Geo 
W. Sanders. 

Marion, Albert R. Robinson. 

Mississippi, William L. Ward. 

Monroe, Jordan B. Lambert. 

Newton, Martin Tackett. 

Ouachita, William Foster. 

Perry, William Russell. 

Phillips, E. Burke and F. B. Culver. 

Yell, Will 



Pope, James B. Logan. 

Pulaski, Charles P. Bertrand, Absalom Fowler 

and Frederick W. Trapnall. 
Randolph, Wm. Mitchell and Wm. Stubblefield. 
Saline, Charles Caldwell. 
Searcy, Isham Hodges. 
Sevier, Paul R. Booker and H. K. Brown. 
St. Francis, Brice M. G. Blackwell and Elisha 

Franks. 
Van Buren, William Oliver. 
Washington, J.Billingsly, C.A.Miller, I. Strain, 

T. Wilson and L. C. Blakemore. 
White, John Cook, 
iam J. Parks. 



Sixth Legislature — Held November 2d to December 23d, 1S46. 



SENATE. 

President— Wm. K. Sebastian. Secretary— John M. Ross. 

Arkansas, Jefferson and Desha counties, Rich- Izard, Van Buren and Fulton counties, J. C. 

ard C. Byrd. Gaines.* 

Benton and Madison, J. B. Dickson. Jackson, White and Monroe, D. Maxwell.* 

Carroll and Newton, W. C. Mitchell.* Johnson, Moreau Rose.* 

Chicot, Union and Bradley, John R. Hampton. Lawrence, 

Conway and Perry, D. Q. Stell.* Marion and Searcy, J. D. Shaw.* 

Crawford, Hans Smith.* Ouachita and Clark, B. W. Pearce. 

Crittenden and Mississippi, G. W. Underbill. Phillips, William K. Sebastian. 



Franklin and Scott, J. F. Gaines.* 
Hempstead, H. P. Poindexter. 



Pope and Yell, John Williamson.* 
Pulaski and Perry, Thomas W. Newton.* 



Hot Spring, Saline and Montgomery, Samuel Randolph and Greene, William Black. 

W. Rayburn. Sevier, Lafayette and Pike, J. W. McKean.* 
Independence, John Minikin, (a) St. Francis and Poinsett, S. L. Austell. 
Washington, Robt. McCamy* and J. E. Mayfleld. 

(a) In place of C. H. Pelham. 
(*) Held over. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— Albert Rust. 

Arkansas county, Harris Cross. 

Benton, J. H. Hammock and Wm. Thompson. 

Bradley, Josiah Gould. 

Carroll, S. S. Matlock and J. W.-Turman. 

Chicot, Wilford Garner. 

Clark, E. B. Kirby and William Gentry. 

Conway, Richard Griffin and Amos Kuykendall. 

Crawford, Eli Bell, Richard C. S. Brown and 
G. W. Clarke. 

Crittenden, Thomas M. Collins. 

Desha, Isaiah Halcomb. 

Franklin, O. B. Alston and F. Dunn. 

Fulton, Lewis R. Wells. 

Greene, G. B. Croft and J. M. Mitchell. 

Hempstead, Tyra Hill and James P. Jett. 

Hot Spring, Moses R. Woods. 

Independence, Henry Neill, Charles F. M. 
Noland and John C. Brickey. 

Izard, Daniel Jeffrey. 

Jackson, G. W. Cromwell and E. H. Ben- 
nett. 



C7er£-JoNAS M. Tebbetts. 

Jefferson county, Jordan N. Embree. 
Johnson, AV. M. H. Newton, Samuel Farmer 

and Samuel Turner. 
Lafayette, James Abraham. 
Lawrence, W. B. Marshall, James Childers and 

Samuel Robinson. 
Madison, Joseph Dennis, J. F. Wright and 

George W. Forrest. 
Marion, Nathan Clements. 
Mississippi, Elliott H. Fletcher. 
Monroe, Lewis B. Tully. 
Montgomery, Granville Whittington. 
Ouachita, Thomas Woodward. 
Perry, Nathaniel King. 
Phillips, Bailey Kendall and E. Burke. 
Pike, Elisha Kelly. 
Poinsett, James Scott. 
Polk, Edward L. Pryor. 
Pope, J. B. Annis and James Bruton. 
Pulaski, Charles P. Bertrand, Richard Fletcher 

and Peter T. Crutchfleld. 



I2o6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 

Randolph, J. B. Anthony and B. J. Wiley. Union, Albert Bust. 

Saline, Green B. Hughes. Van Buren, Luke Grimes. 

Scott, Edward A. Featherston. Washington, R. Buchanan, J. Billingsly, R. A. 

Searcy, Samuel Leslie. Sharpe, M. Stout and Isaac Murphy. 

Sevier, C. Pettigrew and C. P. Williams. White, Thomas J. Lindsay. 

St. Francis, F. E.Patrick and Wm. H.Patterson. Yell, Theodore P. Sadler. 



Seventh Legislature — Held November 4th, 1848, to January 10th, 1849. 

SENATE. 
President— Richard C. Btrd. Secretary— John M. Ross. 

Arkansas, Jefferson and Desha counties, Johnson county, W. A. McClain. 

Richard C. Byrd.* Lawrence and Fulton, A. A. Simpson. 

Benton and Madison, J. B. Dickson.* Ouachita and Clark, Harris Flanagin. 

Carroll and Newton, W. C. Mitchell. Phillips and Monroe, Elisha Burke. 

Chicot, Bradley and Drew, Josiah Gould. Pope and Yell, John Williamson. 

Crawford, G. W. Clarke. Pulaski, C. W. Wilson. 

Crittenden and Mississippi, G. W. Underhill.* Saline and Perry, Henry M. Rector. 

Franklin and Scott, S. H. Chism. Searcy and Marion, J. D. Shaw.* 

Hempstead, H. P. Poindexter.* Sevier, Polk and Lafayette, A. J. Armstrong. 

Hot Spring and Montgomery, Samuel W. Rey- St. Francis and Poinsett, S. L, Austell.* 

burn.* Union, J. R. Hampton. 

Independence and Izard, J. A. Watkins. Washington, J. E. Mayfield* and Robert Mc- 
Jackson, White and Conway, D. Maxwell. Camy. 



(*) Held over. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

Speaker— EDWARD A. Warren. Cleric- J ONAS M. Tebbetts. 

Arkansas county, Lewis Refeld. Mississippi county, Elliott H. Fletcher. 

Bradley, Robert Ederington. Monroe, Phillip Costar. 

Benton, J. H. Hammock and W. H. Howell. Montgomery, James Hudson. 

Carroll, T. Gaskins and G. Greer. Newton, Isaiah Dodson. 

Chicot, James Singleton. Ouachita, A. A. Stith and Edward A.Warren. 

Clark, J. H. Crow. Perry, William Russell. 

Conway, J. Gordon and H. H. Higgins. Phillips, John Martin and W. E. Preston. 

Crawford, G. J. Clark, D. C. Price and T. E. Pike, William Gilmore. 

Wilson. Poinsett, Benjamin Harris. 

Crittenden, Thomas M. Collins. Polk, Edward H. Featherston. 

Dallas, William F. Smith. Pope, J. M. Shinn and J. J. Stirman. 

Desha, Thomas B. Flonrnoy. Prairie, James Erwin. 

Drew, Wilford Garner. Pulaski, Charles P. Bertrand and Frederick 
Franklin, F. Dunn and G. C. Sadler. W. Trapnall. 

Fulton, Lewis R. Wells. Randolph, B. R. Baker and J. Bumpass. 

Hempstead, J. S. Cannon and C. B. Mitchell. Saline, W. M. Scott and William Henslee. 

Hot Spring, Moses R. Woods. Scott, Milton Gilbreath. 
Independence, H.C. Dye and D.C.Montgomery. Searcy, Samuel Leslie. 

Izard, Thomas Riggs. Sevier, Allen T. Pettus. 

Jackson, James Robinson. St. Francis, P. T. Hill and M. W. Izard. 

Jefferson, Ambrose Hudgins. Union, M. Keese, J. Reynolds and SheltonWat- 
Johnson, John H. Strong and S. Farmer. son. 

Lafayette, David H. Dickson. Van Buren, David Maddox. 

Lawrence, W. B. Marshall and S. Robinson. Washington, J. Billingsly, John Enyart, I. 
Madison, John Berry and John Gage. Murphy, J. Thompson and Alfred M.Wilson. 

Marion, John H. Deeds. White, Perry Moore. 
Yell, R. Nettles and William J. Parks. 



APPENDIX B. 



I207 



Eighth Legislature — Held November 4th, 1S50, to January 13th, 1851. 

SENATE. 
President— John R. Hampton. Secretary— John M. Ross. 

Arkansas, Jefferson and Desha counties, Na- Johnson county, W. McClain. 

poleon B. Burrow. Lawrence and Fulton, A. A. Simpson. 

Benton and Madison, J. Berry. Marion, Searcy and VanBuren, H. S. Maxwell. 

Carroll and Newton, William C. Mitchell. Phillips and Monroe, Elisha Burke. 

Chicot, Ashley, Drew and Bradley, T. N. Byers. Pope and Yell, John Williams. 
Conway, Jackson and White, F. De Shough. Pulaski and Prairie, Richard Fletcher. 
Crawford, George W. Clarke. Randolph and Greene, James Ellis. 

Crittenden and Mississippi, G. W. Underhill. Saline and Perry, Henry M. Rector. 
Dallas and Ouachita, A. S. Huey. Scott and Franklin, S. H. Chism. 

Hempstead and Pike, H. P. Poindexter. Sevier, Polk and Lafayette, S. McKneely. 

Hot Spring, Clark and Montgomery, J. H. Crow. St. Francis and Poinsett, Mark W. Izard. 
Independence and Izard, J. D. Watkins. Union, John R. Hampton. 

Washington, Robert McCamy and J. Billingsly. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
Speaker— Thompson B. Flournov. Secretary— Benjamin T. Duval. 

Arkansas county, A. H. Ferguson. Mississippi county, E. H. Fletcher. 

Benton, D. Chandler and J. Jackson. Monroe, R. Pyburn. 

Bradley, H. F. Bailey. Montgomery, Hiram A. Whittington. 

Carroll, B. W. Ayers and T. Denton. Newton, Isaiah Dodson. 

Chicot, James Singleton. Ouachita, T. Armstrong and T. Woodward. 

Clark, B. M. Hart. Perry, Edward Simpson. 

Conway, E. W. Adams and J. Gordon. Phillips, W. E. Preston and J. C. Tappan. 

Crawford, A. Martin, W. Russell, Jr., and Pike, Wm. Gilmer. 

Harvey Stewart. Poinsett, Benjamin Harris. 

Crittenden, T. H. Bradley. Polk, A. G. Atkins. 

Dallas, George C. Eaton. Pope, J. G. Bruton and C. E. Tobey. 

Desha, Thompson B. Flournoy. Prairie, Benjamin T. Embry. 

Drew, Hugh Rogers. Pulaski, Daniel W. Carroll and Frederick 
Franklin, G. E. Miller and J. J. Walker. Trapnall. 

Fulton, Samuel Billingsley. Randolph, H. Mcllroy and Wm. Mitchell. 

Greene, A. L. Stewart. Saline, J. M. Wills and D. Dodd. 

Hempstead, E. Kinsworthy and W. Sissell. Scott, Charles Cauthron. 

Hot Spring, S. A. Emerson. Searcy, Samuel Leslie. 
Independence, H.W. Baker and J. S. Trimbel. Sevier, R. V. R. Green. 

Izard, S. E. Rosson. St. Francis, C. Caldwell and F. E. Patrick. 

Jackson, J. G. Witherspoon. Union, L. Miirph, C. L. McRae and Shelton 
Jefferson, T. S. James. Watson. 

Johnson, Oliver Basham and S. Farmer. Van Buren, J. L. Lafferty. 

Lafayette, Valentine Sevier. AVashington, G. B. Anderson, L. C. Blakemore, 
Lawrence, A. J. Hardin. G. Cline, Jonas M. Tebbetts and T. Wilson. 

Madison, G. W. Forreste and P. M. Johnson. White, P. A. Moore. 
Yell, R. Nettles and T. P. Sadler. 



Ninth Legislature— From November 1st, 1S52, to January 12th, 1S53. 

SENATE. 
President— Thomas B. Hanley. Secretary— John M. Ross. 

Arkansas, Jefferson and Desha counties, Na- Carroll and Newton counties, W, C. Mitchell. 

poleon B. Burrow. Chicot, Ashley and Drew, William M. Harrison, 

Benton and Madison, J. Berry. Clark and Montgomery, Michael Bozeman. 

Calhoun and Ouachita, A. S. Huey. Conway. Jackson and White, F. De Shough. 



I2o8 



HISTOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Crawford and Sebastian, George W. Clark. 
Crittenden and Mississippi, G. W. Underbill. 
Dallas and Bradley, B. C. Harley. 
Hempstead and Pike, H. P. Poindexter. 
Hot Spring and Saline, George W. Henson. 
Independence and Izard, D. J. Cbapman. 
Johnson, Moreau Rose. 
Lawrence and Fulton, W. E. Davidson. 
Marion, Searcy and Van Buren, H. S. Maxwell 

Washington, 



Phillips and Monroe, Thomas B. Hanley. 

Pope and Yell, George W. Lemoyne. 

Pulaski, Prairie and Perry, Richard Fletcher. 

Randolph and Greene, James Ellis. 

Scott and Franklin, Jesse Miller. 

Sevier, Lafayette and Polk, Benjamin F. Haw- 
kins. 

St. Francis and Poinsett, Mark W. Izard. 
, Union, John K. Hampton. 
John Billingsly. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— Benjamin P. Jett. 

Arkansas county, A. H. Ferguson. 

Ashley, Thomas B. Savage. 

Benton, J. H. Hammock and W. J. Howard. 

Bradley, W. D. Barnett. 

Calhoun, Wm. S. Thornton. 

Carroll, John H. Brittain and T. Denton. 

Chicot, James S. Peek. 

Clark, A. B. Clingman and James L. Wither- 

spoon. 
Conway, A. Hays and J. Quindley. 
Crittenden, J. A. Lovejoy. 
Crawford, A. Morton and J. D. Shannon. 
Dallas, S. A. Sanders. 
Desha, Shelby W. Wilson. 
Drew, W. D. Crook. 
Franklin, J. T. Turner. 
Fulton, S. H. Talbert. 
Greene, P. K. Lester. 
Hempstead, Benjamin P. Jett and T. H. W. 

Maddux. 
Hot Spring, John G. Halliburton. 
Independence, W. C. Bevens, Frank W. Desha 

and J. H. Safford. 
Izard, Thomas Black. 
Jackson, James Robinson. 
Jefferson, A. D. Horsley. 
Johnson, Oliver Basham and V. Wallace. 
Lafayette, James H. Caruthers. 
Lawrence, W. B. Marshall and G. P. Nunn. 

Yell, D. F 



Secretary— James H. Hobbs. 

Madison county, P. M. Johnson and A. Wood. 

Marion, J. A. Wilson. 

Mississippi, Thomas J. Blackmore. 

Monroe, no return. 

Montgomery, R. S. McFarlane. 

Newton, G. B. Cecil. 

Ouachita, John T. Bearden, J. B. Rumph. 

Perry, Atchinson. 

Phillips, G.Jeffries and A. Wilkins. 

Pike, Samuel Kelly. 

Poinsett, Lewis II. Sutfln. 

Polk, J. T. Hayden. 

Pope, J. S. Bowden and James Bruton. 

Prairie, Benjamin C. Totten. 

Pulaski, William E. Ashley and Benjamin F. 

Danley. 
Randolph, H. Mcllroy. 
Saline, James F. Fagan. 
Scott, M. Gilbreath. 
Searcy, John Campbell. 
Sebastian, Samuel M. Rutherford. 
Sevier, A. T. Pettus. 

St. Francis, C. Caldwell and C. L. Sullivan. 
Union, T. Bustian, A. T. Raney, D. Ross and 

Albert Rust. 
Van Buren, J. B. Lewis. 
Washington, G. Cline, W. N. Bowers, S. R. 

Moulden and Thomas Wilson. 
White, Wm. Norman. 
. Huckaby. 



Tenth Legislature — From November 6th, 1854, to January 22d, 1855. 



SENATE. 



President—B. C. Harley. 



Arkansas, Desha and Jefferson counties, A. 

H. Ferguson. . 
Benton and Madison, John Berry. 
Carroll and Newton, John McCoy. 
Chicot, Ashley and Drew, William M. Harri 

son. 
Clark and Montgomery, W. F. S. Barkman. 
Conway, Jackson and White, W. S. Keith. 



Secretary— W. L. D. Williams. 

Crawford and Sebastian counties, J. J. Green. 
Crittenden and Mississippi, Thomas B. Craig- 
head. 
Dallas and Bradley, B. C. Harley. 
Hempstead and Pike, P. R. Booker. 
Hot Spring and Saline, G. W. Hinson. 
Independence and Izard, D. J. Chapman. 
Johnson, Moreau Rose. 



APPENDIX B. 



I209 



Lawrence and Fulton, W. H. Judkins. 
Marion, Searcy and Van Buren, C. Coker.. 
Ouachita and Calhoun, J. H. Scogin. 
Phillips and Monroe, Thomas B. Hanly. 
,Pope and Yell, George W. Lemoyne. 



Randolph and Greene, W. R. Cain. 
Scott and Franklin, Jesse Miller. 
Sevier, Lafayette and Polk, Benjamin F. Haw- 
kins. 
St. Francis and Poinsett, W. A. Jones. 



Pulaski, Prairie and Perry, Benjamin C. Tot- Union, John H. Askew, 
ten. Washington, John Enyart. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— Samuel Mitchell. 

Arkansas county, Samuel Mitchell. 

Ashley, John R. Allen. 

Benton, M. Douglass and Abraham Whinnery. 

Bradley, Robert Ederington. 

Calhoun, J. J. Harris. 

Carroll, Bradley Bunch and John Haggin. 

Chicot, Wm. J. Keale. 

Clark, J. E. M. Barkman and A. B. Beale. 

Conway, Anderson Gordan and J. J. Jones. 

Crawford, J. M. Brown and A. Morton. 

Crittenden, James F. Barton. 

Dallas, Wm. T. M. Holmes. 

Desha, Solon B. Jones. 

Drew, William G. Guice. 

Franklin, Gaddis E. Miller 

Fulton, S troth e-r E. Burgess. 

Greene, James K. Norsworthy. 

Hempstead, H. Bishop and J. S. Cannon. 

Hot Spring, E. C. Jones. 

Independence, Elisha Baxter, Frank W. 

Desha and D. C. Montgomery. 
Izard, John A. Beck, 
Jackson, William K. Patterson. 
Jefferson, George C. Tuley. 
Johnson, H. G. Butts and J. G. Watson. 
Lafayette, Alexander Byrne. 
Lawrence, G. R. Jones and G. P. Nunn. 
Madison, P. M. Johnson and A. Wood. 



Clerk— James H. Hobbs. 

Marion county, W. B. Flippin. 

Mississippi, Joseph C. Harding. 

Monroe, FraDcis P. Redmond, 

Montgomery, W. Stringfellow. 

Newton, William Ramsey. 

Ouachita, C. II. Thorn and W. S. Wade. 

Perry, Levin D. Hill. 

Phillips, R. B. Macon and W. D. Rice. 

Pike, W. B. Gould. 

Poinsett, A. T. Puryear. 

Polk, William Jernigin. 

Pope, James Bruton and William D. Poe. 

Prairie, E. M. Williams. 

Pulaski, Henry M. Rector and Jos. Stillwell. 

Randolph, William R. Hunter. 

Saline, Alfred R. Hockersmith. 

Scott, James Logan. 

Searcy, Samuel Leslie. 

Sebastian, Samuel Edmondson. 

Sevier, Charles Pettigrew. 

St. Francis, S. L. Austell and J. W. Calvert. 

Union, B. U. Matthews, G. Newton, W. E. 

Powell and John Prince. 
Van Buren, Jesse Witt. 
Washington, Lafayette Gregg, S. R. Mouldin, 

Bryan H. Smithson and Thomas Wilson. 
White, John Terry. 
Yell, B. J. Jacoway. 



Eleventh Legislature— From November 3d, 1856, to January 15th, 1857. 



SENATE. 



President— John R. Hampton. 



Secretary— John D. Kimbell. 



Benton and Madison counties, Isaac Murphy. 
Carroll and Newton, W. W. Watkins. 
Chicot, Drew and Ashley, R. M. Gaines. 
Clark and Montgomery, W. F. S. Barkman. 
Conway, Perry and Yell, John I. Stirman. 
Crawford and Franklin, J. P. Humphrey. 
Crittenden and Mississippi, Thomas B. Craig- 
head. 
Dallas and Bradley, John R. Hampton. 
Hempstead and Pike, Grandison D. Royston. 
Independence, J. S. Trimble, 
Jefferson, Arkansas and Desha, A. H. Ferguson. 
Johnson and Pope, W. W. Floyd. 
Lawrence and Fulton, W. B. Marshall. 



Ouachita and Calhoun counties, J. H. Scog- 

gins. 
Phillips and Monroe, F. P. Redman. 
Pulaski and Prairie, Benjamin C. Totten. 
Randolph and Greene, Wm. R. Cain. 
Saline, Hot Spring and Montgomery, W. H. 

Hammond. 
Searcy and Marion, Calvin Coker. 
Sebastian and Scott, Green J. Clark. 
St. Francis and Poinsett, Wm. A. Jones. 
Union, John H. Askew. 
Van Buren and Izard, S. E. Bosson. 
Washington, John Enyart. 
White, Jackson and Conway, Wm. S. Keith. 



I2IO 



HIS TOBY OF AB KANSAS. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— Samuel Mitchell. 

Arkansas county, Samuel Mitchell. 

Ashley, John Hill. 

Benton, M. Douglass and T. Quarles. 

Bradley, Mason B. Lowery. 

Carroll, B. W. Ayers and Bradley Biinch. 

Calhoun, H. W. Ashley. 

Chicot, Nathan Ross. 

Clark, A. B. Beall and W. C. Gentry. 

Columbia, J. C. C. Moss and E. C. Turner. 

Conway, James P. Venable. 

Crawford, R. C. Oliver and M. B. West. 

Crittenden, Henry B. Edmonson. 

Dallas, James M. Lea. 

Desha, John Patterson. 

Drew, William D. Trotter. 

Franklin, William W. Mansfield. 

Fulton, James Estis. 

Hempstead, D. Griffin and D. Block. 

Hot Spring, Lemuel A. Cook. 

Independence, D. C. Montgomery, J. W. But- 
ler and M. H. Jackson. 

Izard, Miles Jeffrey. 

Jackson, A. L. Yancey. 

Jefferson, Thomas F. James. 

Johnson, W. M. H. Newton and H. G. Wilson. 

Lafayette, Lewis B. Fort. 

Lawrence, L. S. Bobo, L. Williams and James 
Childers. 

Madison, G. W. Foreste and J. S. Polk. 

Marion, D. C. Williams. 



Clerk— Samuel M. Scott. 

Mississippi county, Thomas M. Harding. 

Monroe Oliver H. Oates. 

Montgomery, Henry Heffington. 

Newton, Samuel Hudson. 

Ouachita, N. S. Graves and S. T. Abbott. 

Perry, Levin D. Hill. 

Phillips, Francis H. Moody. 

Pike, Elijah Kelley. 

Poinsett, B. Harris. 

Polk, Samuel Gray. 

Pope, W. A. Barker and J. S. Bowden. 

Prairie, William L. Moore. 

Pulaski, Lorenzo Gibson and Samuel W, Wil- 
liams. 

Randolph, W. R. Hunter. 

Saline, L. H. Bean. 

Scott, J. F.Lee. 

Sebastian, Samuel Edmondson and R. H. Mc- 
Connell. 

Searcy, Joseph Stephenson. 

Sevier, Charles Pettigrew. 

St. Francis, J. W. Calvert and Jos. T. Haral- 
son. 

Union, Shelton Watson, Green Newton and 
D. L. Kilgore. 

Van Buren, Gilbert Cotterell. 

Washington, John Billingsley, Ben. F. Boone 
and William T. Neal. 

White, Ben. Johnson. 

Yell, William J. Parks. 



Twelfth Legislature — Held November 1st, 1858, to February 21st, 1859. 



SENATE. 



President— Thomas Fletcher (of Ark.) 

Benton and Madison counties, M. Douglass. 
Carroll and Newton, W. W. Watkins. 
Chicot, Drew and Ashley, R. M. Gaines. 
Clark, Polk and Pike, A. A. Pennington. 
Conway, Perry and Yell, John I. Stirman. 
Crawford and Franklin, J. P. Humphries. 
Dallas and Bradley, John R. Hampton. 
Hempstead, Sevier and Lafayette, A. H. Carri- 

gan. 
Independence, J. S. Trimble. 
Jefferson, Arkansas and Desha, Thos. Fletcher. 
Johnson and Pope, W. W. Floyd. 
Lawrence and Fulton, W. B. Marshall. 

White and Jackson 



Secretary— John D. Kimbell. 

Marion and Searcy counties, D. C. Williams. 
Mississippi and Crittenden, Thos. B. Craighead. 
Ouachita and Calhoun, J. B. McColloch. 
Phillips and Monroe, F. P. Redmond. 
Pulaski and Prairie, Francis A. Terry. 
Randolph and Greene, James F. Davis. 
Saline, Hot Spring and Montgomery, W. H, 

Hammond. 
Sebastian and Scott, G. J. Clark. 
St. Francis and Poinsett, William A. Jones. 
Union and Columbia, John H. Askew. 
Van Buren and Izard, S. E. Rossen. 
Washington, Bryan H. Smithson. 
, Decius McCreery. 



APPENDIX B. 



I2II 



HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— Oliver H. Oates. 

Arkansas county, Samuel Mitchell. 

Benton, R. E. Doak and T. Quarles. 

Bradley, W. Y. McCammon. 

Calhoun, "Willis Robertson. 

Carroll, Bradley Bunch and G. C. Gordon. 

Chicot, J. M. Batchelor. 

Columbia, G. Gouch and J. C. C. Moss. 

Clark, Henry B. Stuart and A. Weir. 

Conway, W. W. Edwards. 

Crawford, J. J. Green and S. M. Hayes. 

Crittenden, Oliver P. Lyles. 

Dallas, Matthew M. Duffle. 

Desha, J. P. Johnson. 

Drew, C. P. Hemmingway. 

Franklin, De Rosa Carroll. 

Fulton, John S. Shaver. 

Greene, J. S. Anderson. 

Hempstead, Rufus K. Garland and D. Griffin. 

Hot Spring, Lemuel A. Cook. 

Independence, D.Montgomery, Elisha Baxter 

and Andrew J. Ford. 
Izard, Miles Jeffrey. 
Jackson, G. Hammond. 
Jefferson, Jordan N. Embree. 
Johnson, S. Farmer and W. M. H. Newton. 
Lafayette, Ethan A. Murphy. 
Lawrence, J. Childres, L. Williams and P. S. 

Roberts. 
Madison, B. Vaughan and T. Bateman. 
Marion, J. B. Carlisle. 



Clerk— Samuel M. Scott. 

Mississippi county, Thos. B. Craighead. 

Monroe, Oliver H. Oates. 

Montgomery, Henry Heffington. 

Newton, John McCoy. 

Ouachita, S. T. Abbott and J. B. Thrower. 

Perry, Levin D. Hill. 

Phillips, Thos. C. Anderson. 

Pike, Gideon Mason. 

Poinsett, David Fitzpatrick. 

Polk, Samuel Gray. 

Pope, W. A. Barker and David West. 

Prairie, Hamilton Reynolds. 

Pulaski, James B. Johnson and Wm. Q. Pen- 
nington. 

Randolph, Michael Beshoar. 

Saline, Wm. A. Crawford. 

Scott, John H. Forbett. 

Sebastian, R. H. McConnell and Benjamin T. 
Duval. 

Sevier, Wm. K. McKean. 

St. Francis, Poindexter Dunn and J. C. John- 
son. 

Searcy, Israel Burns. 

Union, D. L. Kilgore, Nathan Bussey and D P. 
Saxon. 

Van Buren, L. R. Venable. 

Washington, Wm. T. Neal, Thos. Wilson and 
Jeremiah Brewster. 

White, Bracey McRae. 

Yell, John A. Jacoway. 



Thirteenth Legislature — From November 5th, 1S60, to January 21st, 1861 ; 

held Special Sessions November 4th to November 18th, 1861, and March 

5th to March 22d, 1862. 

SENATE. 



President— Thomas Fletcher (of Ark.) 

Benton and Madison counties, M. Douglass. 
Carroll and Newton, W. W. Watkins. 
Chicot, Drew and Ashley L. H. Besler. 
Clark, Polk and Pike, Abraham A. Pennington. 
Conway, Perry and Yell, George W. Lemoyne. 
Crawford and Franklin, Jesse Miller. 
Dallas and Bradley, Joseph Gray. 
Hempstead, Sevier and Lafayette, A. H. Car- 

rigan. 
Hot Spring, Montgomery and Saline, James F. 

Fagan. 
Independence, J. S. Trimble. 
Izard and Van Buren, S. E. Rosson. 
Jefferson, Arkansas and Desha, Thos. Fletcher, 



Secretary— John D. Kimbell. 

Johnson and Pope counties, A. M. Ward. 
Lawrence and Fulton, Z. P. McAlexander. 
Marion and Searcy, W. C. Mitchell. 
Mississippi and Crittenden, Thos. B. Craig 

head. 
Ouachita and Calhoun, J. B. McColloch. 
Phillips and Monroe, Oliver H. Oates. 
Pulaski and Prairie, Francis A. Terry. 
Randolph and Greene, J. F. Davies. 
Scott and Sebastian, G. J. Clark. 
St. Francis and Poinsett, W. A. Jones. 
Union and Columbia, John H. Askew. 
Washington, R. W. Mecklin. 
White and Jackson, Decius McCreery. 



1212 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— Bradley Bunch. 

Arkansas county, John T. Gibson. 

Ashley, Bobert Tucker. 

Bradley, A. McLean. 

Benton, J. Dunnagin and J. P. Putnam. 

Calhoun, Elam Williams. 

Carroll, Bradley Bunch and J. Childers. 

Columbia, D. L. Kilgore and A. C. Wheeler. 

Clark, Charles Cargile. 

Craighead, . 

Chicot, Bat. Jones. 

Conway, Robt. N. Harper. 

Crawford, J. M. Brown and Andrew Morton. 

Crittenden, B. L. Armstrong. 

Dallas, Edward M. Harris. 

Desha, James P. Clayton. 

Drew, William M. Harrison, C. F. Hemming- 
way. 

Franklin, John P. Humphries. 

Fulton, J. W. Ware. 

Greene, L. L. Mack. 

Hempstead, Rufus K. Garland and Orville Jen- 
nings. 

Hot Spring, Jas. M. Sandei-s. 

Independence, J. F. Saffold, William B. Pad- 
gett and W. B. Massey. 

Izard, Thos. W. Edmonson. 

Jackson, W. H. Stone. 

Jefferson, F. F. Yell and James A. Hudson. 

Johnson, Jordan E. Cravens and L. Robinson. 

Lafayette, Robt. P. Crowell. 



Clerk -Samuel M. Scott. 

Lawrence county, W. Ferguson and W. Sharp. 

Madison, J. C. Montgomery and S. E. Kenner. 

Marion, E. H. Messeck. 

Mississippi, John R. Acree. 

Monroe, Z. P. H. Farr. 

Montgomery, D. A. Woolard. 

Newton, Thomas Raines. 

Ouachita, Carnal H. Thorn. 

Perry, F. R. Janes. 

Phillips, J. C. O. Smith and Thomas J. Key. 

Pike, Willis Jones. 

Poinsett, Phillip Van Patten. 

Polk, Peter B. Allen. 

Pope, J. S. Bowden. 

Pulaski, John T. Trigg and William O. Pen- 
nington. 

Prairie, John C. Davie. 

Randolph, James H. Perkins. 

Saline, Robert Murphy. 

Scott, James F. Lee. 

Searcy, B. F. Stephenson. 

Sebastian, John T. Loudon and Benjamin T. 
Duval. 

St. Francis, G. W. Seaborn and J. W. Landrum. 

Sevier, A. T. Pettus and W. D. S. Cook. 

Union, D. R. Coulter and T. F. Nolen. 

Van Buren, J. B. Lewis. 

Washington, Jno. Crawford, B. F. Boone, J. 
Mitchell and L. M. Bell. 

Yell, Jno. H. Jones. 



Fourteenth Legislature— Held November 5th to December 1st, 1862. 



SENATE. 



President— Thomas Fletcher* (of Ark.) 

Benton county, J. Dungan. 

Bradley and Dallas, John R. Hampton. 

Calhoun and Ouachita, E. H. Whitfield. 

Carroll and Newton, Bradley Bunch. 

Chicot, Drew and Ashley, L. H. Besler. 

Clark, Pike and Polk, I. W. Smith. 

Crawford and Franklin, H. F. Cater. 

Greene, Randolph and Craighead, J. M. 
lard. 

Hempstead, Lafayette and Sevier, B. Wil- 
liams. 

Hot Spring, Montgomery and Saline, F. Leach. 

Independence, J. S. Trimble. 

Izard and Van Buren, William Sherman. 



Pol- 



Secretary— John D. Kimbell. 

Johnson and Pope counties, Ben. T. Embry. 

Jefferson, Arkansas and Desha, Thos. Flet- 
cher. 

Lawrence and Fulton, S. Halliburton. 

Marion and Searcy, Eli Dodson. 

Mississippi and Crittenden, 

Phillips and Monroe, 

Poinsett and St. Francis, Philip Van Pat- 
ten. 

Prairie and Pulaski, Joseph Stillwell. 

Sebastian and Scott, G. J. Clark. 

Union and Columbia, J. C. Wallace. 

Washington, Hiram Davis. 

White and Jackson, Robert Anthony. 



(*) Governor H. M. Rector having resigned, Thomas Fletcher became acting Governor, and 
J. R. Hampton was elected President. 



APPENDIX B. 



1213 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— John Harrell. 

Arkansas county, S. R. Richardson. 

Ashley, Robert Tucker. 

Benton, J. H. Hammock and W. B. Fain. 

Bradley, J. R. Collins. 

Calhoun, B. T. Teague. 

Carroll, I. R. Holt and A. A. Baker. 

Chicot, J. M. Lowery. 

Clark, S. M. Scott. 

Columbia, Charles A. Gantt and T. A. Goodwin. 

Conway, Russell Welborn. 

Craighead, Z. Stoddard. 

Crawford, John Harrell and R. C. Oliver. 

Crittenden, . 

Dallas, E. M. Harris. 

Desha, Alex. Harding. 

Drew, B. Collins and E. H. Haynes. 

Franklin, A. L. Berry. 

Fulton, S. W. Cochran. 

Greene, Samuel Wilcockson. 

Hempstead, John R. Robins and M. V. Cheat- 
ham. 

Hot Spring, E. C. Jones. 

Independence, S. B. Wycough, W. D. Jenkins 
and J. B. Porter. 

Izard, R. H. Powell. 

Jackson, Rufus W. Martin. 

Jefferson, W. Williams and N. B. English. 

Johnson, L. B. Howell and W. H. Connelly. 

Lafayette, A. M. McCollum. 



Clerk— Alden M. Woodruff. 

Lawrence county, T. J.Warner andG. R. Jones. 
Madison, James R. Berry and R. F. Naylor. 
Marion, J. E. Hull. 

Mississippi, . 

Monroe, . 

Montgomery, C. G. Hurt. 
Newton, Robert W. Harrison. 
Ouachita, Henry N. Farr. 
Perry, William Wilson. 

Phillips, . 

Pike, W. B. Gould. 

Poinsett, A. M. Winn. 

Polk, J. B. Williamson. 

Pope, John McFadden. 

Prairie, B. M. Barnes. 

Pulaski, Wm. O. Pennington and Thos. Fletcher. 

Randolph, J. H. Purkins. 

Saline, Robert Murphy. 

Scott, Lijah Leming. 

Sebastian, J. Carnall and C. B. Neal. 

Searcy, John Bradshaw. 

Sevier, A. T. Pettus and G. Pettigrew. 

St. Francis, J. T. Harralson and Ed. Mallory. 

Union, R. Goodwin and T. R. Williams. 

Van Buren, John L. Lafferty. 

Washington, E. H. Phillips, J. M. Tuttle, Rich 

ard C. Byrd and C. R. Fenton. 
White, Thomas Mosely. 
Yell, William Sissell. 



Fifteenth Legislature — From April 11th to June 2d, 1864, and November 
7th, 1864, to January 2d, 1S65, and April 3d to April 22d, 1865. 



SENATE. 



President— C. C. Bliss. 

Carroll and Newton counties, J. McCoy. 

Chicot, Drew and Ashley, W. C. Vanlanding- 
ham. 

Conway, Perry and Yell, F. M. Stratton. 

Clark, Pike and Polk, L. D. Cantrell. 

Dallas and Bradley, R. H. Stanfleld. 

Franklin and Crawford, L. C. White. 

Fulton and Lawrence, J. J. Ware. 

Independence, E. D. Rushing. 

Jefferson, Arkansas and Desha, Isaac C. Mills. 

Johnson and Pope, William Stout. 

Hempstead, Sevier and Lafayette, F. W. Gil- 
pin. 



Secretary— A. N, Hargrove. 

Hot Spring, Saline and Montgomery, Enoch H. 

Vance. 
Madison and Benton, E. D. Ham. 
Marion and Searcy, Thomas Jefferson. 
Mississippi and Crittenden, T. Lamberton. 
Ouachita and Calhoun, W. H. Harper. 
Phillips and Monroe, J. Q. Taylor. 
Pulaski and Perry, Truman Warner. 
Randolph and Greene, J. M. Lemons. 
Scott and Sebastian, Charles Milor. 
St. Francis and Poinsett, A. B. Fryrear. 
Van Buren and Izard, King Bradford. 
Washington, J. M. Gilstraps, 



White and Jackson, James Nanny. 



1214 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Sjjeaker— H. B. Allis. 

Arkansas county, G. C. Cressen. 

Ashley, . 

Benton, R. H. Whimpey and J. Shortis. 
Bradley, W. W. Scarborough. 
Calhoun, E. A. Accerman. 
Carroll, J. W. Plumley and J. F. Seaman. 
Clark, G. N. Green. 

Chicot, . 

Columbia, . 

Conway, G. W. Galloway. 

Crawford, J. Austin and J. G. Stephenson. 

Crittenden, F. Thruesby. 

Craighead, . 

Dallas, James Kennedy. 

Desha, . 

Drew, William Cox and F. H. Boyd. 

Franklin, F. M. Nixon. 

Fulton, Simpson Mason. 

Phillips, J. A. Butler and J. F. Hanks. 

Pike, M. Stinnette. 

Poinsett, . 

Pope, Robert White. 

Polk, John Ware. 

Prairie, J. B. Claiborne. 

Pulaski, O. P. Snyder and S. L. Holman. 

Randolph, . 

Saline, Warren Holliman. 
White, John F. Randall. 
Yell, 



Clerk— F. M. Sams.* 

Hempstead county, J. Boen and L. Worthing - 

ton. 
Hot Spring, James Whitten. 
Independence, P. Misener, J. Clem and Alex. 

Harper. 
Izard, J. B. Brown. 
Jackson, H. T. McLarue. 
Jefferson, H. B. Allis and D. C. Hardeman. 
Johnson, J. Rogers and A. P. Melsom. 
Lafayette, J. C. Hall. 
Lawrence, R. Shell and E. Sharp. 
Madison, T. H. Scott and G. W. Seamans. 
Marion, J. W. Orr. 

Mississippi, . 

Monroe, E. Wilds. 

Montgomery, J. C. Priddy. 

Newton, James R. Vanderpool. 

Ouachita, G. W. Neill. 

Perry, George A. Cunningham. 

Scott, Thomas Cauthron. 

Searcy, James J. Barnes. 

Sebastian, J. R. Smoot and J. Snyder. 

St. Francis, R. A. Moore and C. S. Still. 

Sevier, J. Gillcoat and A. Musgrove. 

Union, . 

Van Buren, L. M. Harris. 

Washington, J. Pierson, W. H. Nott, Y. D. 

Waddle and Wm. J. Patton. 
Bert Johnson. 



(*) Succeeded by William A. Counts. 



Confederate Legislature — Special Session held at Washington, from Sep- 
tember 22d to October £d, 1864. 



SENATE. 



President -Thos. Fletcher (of Ark.) 

Bradley and Dallas counties, John R. Hamp- 
ton. 

Benton, J. Dunagin. 

Calhoun and Ouachita, E. H. Whitfield. 

Carroll and Newton, Bradley Bunch. 

Chicot, Drew and Ashley, L. Belser. 

Clark, Pike and Polk, I. W. Smith. 

Crawford and Franklin, H. F. Carter. 

Greene, Randolph and Craighead, * 

Hempstead, Lafayette and Sevier, Abner Brice 
Williams. 

Hot Spring, Montgomery and Saline, F. Leech. 

Independence, J. S. Trimble. 

Izard and Van Buren, A. Adams. 



Secretary— S. H. Batless. 

Jefferson, Arkansas and Desha counties, 

Thomas Fletcher. 
Johnson and Pope, Ben.T. Embry 

Lawrence and Fulton * 

Marion and Searcy * 

Mississippi and Crittenden * 

Phillips and Monroe ■ * 

Poinsett and St. Francis * 

Prairie and Pulaski, Jos. Stillwell. 

Sebastian and Scott * 

Union and Columbia, I. C. Wallace. 

Washington -* 

White and Jackson * 

Yell, Perry and Conway, W. C. Hunt. 



(*) Does not appear to have been represented. 



APPENDIX B. 



121 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— J. F. Lowky. 

Arkansas county- * 

Ashley, Robert Tucker. 
Benton, W. B. Fain. 
Bradley, J. R. Collins. 
Calhoun, B. T. Teague. 

Carroll * 

Chicot, J. F. Lowry. 

Clark, S. M. Scott. 

Columbia, C. A, Gantt and T. A. Goodwin. 

Conway * 

Craighead, Z. Stoddard. 
Crawford, R. C. Oliver. 

Crittenden * 

Lafayette, Alex. Byrne. 

Lawrence * 

Madison, * 

Marion, * 

Mississippi, * 

Monroe, * 

Montgomery, C. C. Hurt. 

Newton, * 

Ouachita, H. N. Furr. 
Perry, William Wilson. 

Phillips, * 

Pike, W. B. Gould. 

Poinsett, * 

Polk, J. W. Miller. 
Pope, John McFadden 



Cleric— Edmund Burgevin, 
Dallas county, E. M. Harris. 
Desha, Alex. Harding. 
Drew, Benj. Collins and E. H. Haynes. 
Franklin, A. L. Perry. 

Fulton * 

Greene, Samuel Wilcoxson. 

Hempstead, J. B. Robbins and M. V. Cheatham. 

Hot Spring, E. C. Jones. 

Independence * 

Izard, * 

Jackson — - — * 
Jefferson, W. Williams. 
Johnson, W. H. Connelly. 
Prairie, B. M. Barnes. 
Pulaski, Thomas Fletcher. 

Randolph, * 

Saline, * 

Scott, L. Leming. 

Searcy, * 

Sebastian, John Carnall and C. B. Neal. 
Sevier, A. D. Hawkins and H. K. Brown. 
St. Francis, E. Maloney. 
Union, Robert Goodwin and Lewis Murph. 

Van Buren, * 

Washington, E. H. Phillips and Richard C. 

Byrd. 
White, — — * 
Yell, William Sissell. 



(*) Does not appear to have been represented. 

Note— The Senate and House Journals for this session do not give the counties from which 
the Senators and Representatives are from, save in a few instances. 



Sixteenth Legislature— From November 5th, 1866, to March 23d, 1867. 



SENATE. 



President— Andrew Hunter. 
1st District, Benton and Madison counties, 

Dunigan. 
2d, Carroll and Newton, W. W. Watkins. 
3d, Washington, F. B. Earle. 
4th, Crawford and Franklin, Jesse Turner. 
5th, Sebastian and Scott, II. L. Holliman.* 
6th, Johnson and Pope, J. E. Cravens. 
7th, Yell, Perry and Conway, S. Forrest. t 
8th, Marion and Searcy, E. Dotson. 
9th, Izard and Van Buren, Allen R. Witt. 
10th, Independence, L. H. Simms. 
11th, Lawrence and Fulton, J. E. Thompson. 
12th, Greene and Randolph, J. H. Purkins. 
13th, Poinsett and St. Francis, C. L. Sullivan 
14th, Mississippi and Crittenden, O. P. Lyles, 
25th, Hot Spring, Montgo 



Secretary— Wyatt C. Thomas. 

15th District, Phillips, and Monroe counties, 
H. M. Grant. 

16th, Prairie and Pulaski, Robert S. Gantt. 

17th, White and Jackson, Wm. Hicks. 

18th, Jefferson, Arkansas and Desha, W. M. 
Galloway. 

19th, Chicot, Drew and Ashley, Daniel H. Rey- 
nolds. 

20th, Bradley and Dallas, Andrew Hunter. 

21st, Union and Columbia, M. H. Roberts. 

22d, Calhoun and Ouachita, John R. Fellows.* 

23d, Hempstead, Lafayette and Sevier, Abner 
B. Williams. 

24th, Clark, Pike and Polk, Abraham A. Pen- 
nington, 
mery and Saline, Jabez M. Smith. 



(*■) Decided by Senate not a member; succeeded by I. H. Scott, 
(f) In place of S. D. Sevier, resigned. 



I2l6 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— Bradley Bunch. 

Arkansas county, E. G. Abbott. 

Ashley, J. H. Johnson. 

Benton, William E. Gould and W.W.Reynolds. 

Bradley, Frederic W. Sorrels. 

Calhoun, Met. L. Jones. 

Carroll, Bradley Bunch and James H. Berry. 

Chicot, William A. Daniels. 

Clark, John F. Riggs. 

Columbia, W. H. C. Reed and A. C. Wheeler. 

Conway, J. W. Duncan. 

Craighead, William J. Kelley. 



Clerk— John King. 

Lawrence county, W. C. Sloan and W. G. Math- 

eny. 
Madison, L. B. Sanders and John Carroll. 
Marion, Jesse Mooney. 
Mississippi, William W. Sawyers. 
Monroe, Simon P. Hughes. 
Montgomery, G. K. Robinson. 
Newton, H. C. Duckey. 
Ouachita, B. F. Riddick. 
Perry, J. W. Stout. 
Phillips, H. P. Slaughter and W. N. Mixon. 



Crawford, Hugh F. Thomason and Granville Pike, J. A. McCollum. 



Wilcox. 
Crittenden, Robert C. Jones. 
Cross, David Fitzpatrick. 
Dallas, T. J. Cameron. 
Desha, W. C. Weatherford. 
Drew, L. L. Brooks and Benjamin Collins. 
Franklin, Thomas D. Berry. 
Fulton, J. H. Tracy. 
Greene, Samuel Wilcoxen. 



Poinsett, J. A. Meek. 

Polk, J. D. Baker. 

Pope, Charles E. Tobey. 

Prairie, W. T. Jones. 

Pulaski, Robert C. Newton and Charles C. Far- 

relly. 
Randolph, J. F. Harrison. 
Saline, B. S. Medlock. 
Scott, E. Leming. 



Hempstead, John R. Eakin andT). M.Cochran. Searcy, Benjamin F. Taylor. 



Hot Spring, William C. Kelley. 

Independence, C. G. W. Magness and J. C. 
Brickey. 

Izard, W. C. Dixon. 

Jackson, Lucien C. Gause. 

Jeiferson, Reed Fletcher and Witt William- 
son, Jr. 

Johnson, John W. May and J. S. Green. 

Lafayette, John S. French. 



Sebastian, J. Hackett and B. Harper. 

Sevier, A. D. Hawkins and W. T. Holman. 

St. Francis, J. M. Parrott and O. E. Dorris. 

Union, J. C. Ardis and R. M. Wallace. 

Van Buren, J. J. Edwards. 

Washington, J. R. Pettigrew, J. B. Russell, W' 

H. Brooks and John Enyart. 
White, B. G. Blassingame. 
Woodruff, L. M. Ramsauer. 



Yell, Thomas W. Pounds. 



Seventeenth Legislature — Held April 2d to July 23d, 1868, and November 
17th, 1868, to April 10th, 1869. 



SENATE. 



President— James M. Johnson. 



Secretary— Isaac W. Caehart. 



1st District, Jackson, Craighead, Poinsett, Cross 
and Mississippi counties, D. H. Goodman. 

2d, Lawrence, Randolph and Greene, P. H. 
Young. 

3d, Madison, Marion, Carroll, Fulton and Izard, 
Marshal L. Stephenson. 

4th, Independence and Van Buren, E. D. Rush- 
ing. 

5th, Searcy, Pope and Conway, Z. Keeton. 

6th, Newton, Johnson and Yell, J. Newton Sarber. 

7th, Washington and Benton, T. J. Hunt. 

6th, Crawford, Franklin and Sebastian, Valen- 
tine Dell. 

9th, Crittenden, St. Francis and Woodruff, E. 
G. Barker. 

10th, Pulaski and White, Ozro A. Hadley. 



11th District, Phillips and Monroe counties, Ben- 
jamin Thomas and A. H. Evans. 

12th, Prairie and Arkansas, A. Hemmingway. 

13th, Scott, Polk, Montgomery and Hot Spring, 
D. P. Beldin. 

14th, Hempstead, George W. Martin. 

loth, Lafayette and Little River, G. S. Scott. 

16th, Union and Calhoun, H. A. Millen. 

17th, Clark, Pike and Sevier, J. C. Ray. 

18th, Columbia, George W. McCown. 

19th, Ouachita, J. P. Portis. 

20th, Jefferson and Bradley, Samuel W. Mal- 
lory and O. P. Snyder. 

21st, Dallas, Saline and Perry, Enoch H. Vance. 

22d, Ashley, Chicot, Drew and Desha, W. Har- 
bison and J. W. MasoD. 



1217 



APPENDIX B. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
Speaker— John G. Price. Clerk— Frank E. Wright. 

1st District, Jackson, Craighead, Poinsett, 12th District, Prairie and Arkansas counties, 

Cross and Mississippi counties, W. W. G. M. French, Isaac Ayers, W. S. McCul- 

Stansberry, N. L. Pears (5), A. M. Johnson lough and Thomas M. Gibson. 

and J. A. Houghton. 13th, Scott, Polk, Montgomery and Hot Spring, 

2d, Lawrence, Randolph and Greene, Ephriam J. V. Harrison and J. H. Demby. 

Sharp, J. Hufstedler and J. M. Linsay. 14th, Hempstead, S. T. Mitchell (1), S. D. Bel- 

3d, Madison, Marion and Carroll, Benjamin din and R. R. Samuels. 

Vaughan, J. A. Fitzwater, J. T. Hopper 15th, Lafayette and Little River, Alfred M. 

and P. A. Williams. Merrick, A. T. Carroll and M. Hawkins. 

4th, Independence and Van Buren, J. Clem, 16th, Union and Calhoun, Robert F. Catterson 

J. Ferguson and Jesse Millsaps. and Lovinski Ivy. 

5th, Searcy, Pope and Conway, Walter W. 17th, Clark, Pike and Sevier, W. A. Britton, Sol. 

Brashear, J. R. Hall and H. W. Hodges. Exon, W. P. Cooledge and J. R. Bush. 

6th, Newton, Johnson and Yell, D. R. Lee (4), 18th, Columbia, W. A. Beasley, D. J.Smith and 

William N. May and Sam. Dial. M. M. Olive. 

7th, Washington and Benton, S. Bard, J. Yoes, 19th, Ouachita, N. N. Rawlings and W. H. 

E. D. Fenno and J. F. Owen. Wright. 

8th, Crawford, Franklin and Sebastian, J. B. 20th, Jefferson and Bradley, P. Mosely, H. St. 

C. Turman, D. H. Divilbiss, A. J. Singleton John, J. M. Gray, J. J. Williams, G. W. 

and A. Gunthur. Davis and William T. Morrow. 

9th, Crittenden, St. Francis and Woodruff, D. 21st, Dallas, Saline and Perry, G. H. Kyle and 

Coates (3) , E. R. Knight, Asa Hodges and J. G. Gibbon. 

Daniel P. Upham. 22d, Ashley, Chicot, Drew and Desha, N. M. 

10th, Pulaski and White (2), Mason W. Benja- Newell, C. F. Simms, R. S. Curry, D. S. 

min, John G. Price, A. L. Bush, Sol. Miller, Wells and Z. H. Manees. 

F. M. Chrisman and John Goad. 

11th, Phillips and Monroe, J. A. Butler, M. 
Reed, J. C. Tobias, t William H. Gray, J. J. 
T. White and J. K. Whitson. 



(1) Resigned, succeeded by D. Hunt. (2) M. W. Benjamin appointed Solicitor-General, 
succeeded by C. C. Farrelly. (3) Resigned, succeeded by W. H.Willis. (4) Resigned, suc- 
ceeded by R.W.Wishard. (5) Died during the session, succeeded by D. Nichols, (t) J.C.To- 
bias died during the session, succeeded by Joseph Brooks. 



Eighteenth Legislature — From January 2d to March 25th, 1871. 

SENATE. 
President— James M. Johnson. Secretary— U. L. Archer. 

1st District, Jackson, Craighead, Poinsett, 4thDistrict, Independence and Van Buren coun- 

Cross and Mississippi counties, J. G. Frier- ties, E. D. Rushing. 

son. 5th, Searcy, Pope and Conway, A. D. Thomas. 

2d, Lawrence, Randolph and Greene, P. H. 6th, Newton, Johnson and Yell, John N. Sar- 

Young. ber. 

3d, Madison, Marion, Carroll, Fulton and 7th, Washington and Benton, Alexander Cara- 

Izard, William Dugger. loff. 

77 



12 1 8 HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 

8th, Crawford, Franklin and Sebastian cor.n- loth, Lafayette and Little River counties, 
ties, Valentine Dell. James Torrans. 

?tn, Crittenden, St. Francis and Woodruff, Asa 16tli, Union and Calhoun, John H. Askew. 
Hodges. 17th, Clark, Pike and Sevier, James Howard. 

10th, Pulaski and White, Ozro A. Hadley and ISth, Columbia, R. B. Archer. 

W.Riley. . 19lh, Ouachita, James Thomas Elliott. 

11th, Phillips and Monroe, J. T. White and 20th, Jefferson and Bradley, Samuel W. Mai- 
Frank Gallagher. lory and O. P. Snyder. 

12th, Prairie and Arkansas, A. Hemmingway. 21st, Dallas, Saline and Perry, Samuel F. Duffle. 

13th, Scott, Polk, Montgomery and Hot Spring, 22d, Ashley, Chicot, Drew and Desha, J. W. 
D. P. Beldin. Mason and William Harbison. 

14th, Hempstead, George II. Martin. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
Speaker— Charles W. Tankersley. Cleric— Joseph R. Richards. 

1st District, Craighead, Cross, Jackson, Mis- 11th District, Monroe and Phillips, G. W. 

sissippi and Poinsett counties, William H. Hollibaugh, A. Mays, John M. Peck, Austin 

Cate, Charles Minor, L. D. Rozell and J. A. Barrow, Charles C. Waters and J. M. Alex- 

Meek, ander, Jr. 

2d, Greene, Lawrence, Randolph and Sharp, J. 12th, Arkansas and Prairie, E. R. Wiley, Geo. 

D. Glass, M. Harvey, George Thornburgh.t H. Joslyn, B. C. Morgan and A. O. Espy. 

and W. 15. Janes.* 13th, Hot Spring, Montgomery, Polk, Scott and 

3d, Boone, Madison, Carroll, Fulton, Izard and Grant, J. F. Lane, John J. Sumpter, Jas. 

Marion, E. P. Watson, G. J. Crump, F. J. M. Bethel.} 

Eubanks and J. S. O'Neal. 14th, Hempstead, Burrill B. Battle, W. R. 

4th, Independence and Van Buren, William B. Basden, I. C. P. McLendon. 

Padgett, W. H. Palmer and W. E. Wilson. 15th, Lafayette and Little River, Thomas Orr 
5th, Comvay, Pope and Searcy, T. D. Hawkins, C. Barbour and W. C. Hazeldine. 

B. F. Taylor and N. H. Cleland, 16th, Calhoun and Union, Thomas Gray and 

6th, Johnson, Newton and Yell, J, L. Garner, Alex. Mason. 

B. W. Herring and W. G. Harris. 17th, Clark, Pike and Sevier, G. Haddock, Chas. 

7th, Benton and Washington, J. F. Owen, W. Tankersley, John Wagner, and T. G. T. 

Blartin F. Tygart, Thomas Wilson, James Steele. 

M. Pittman. 18th, Columbia, D. J. Smith, F. M. Thompson 

8th, Crawford, Sebastian and Franklin, James and U. G. Wood. 

M. Pettigrew, Charles B. Neal, J. B. Stevens 19th, Ouachita, D. E. Jenkins and M. A. Fricks. 

and J. P. Grady. 20th, Bradley, Jefferson and Grant, Wm. 

9th, Crittenden, St. Francis and Woodruff, Young, George W. Prigmore, John M. Clay- 
Adam Johnson, Jeff. Haskins, M. A. Kohn, ton, R. S. Parker, E. G. Hale and Carl 

Thomas W. Ham. Pope. 

10th, Pulaski and White, Curtis A. Whittemore, 21st, Grant, Perry, Saline and Dallas, W. R. 

Robert A. Howard, J. W. Pilkington, John Harley and J. H. Scales. 

Goad, Joseph W. House and E. H. Cham- 22d, Ashley, Chicot, Drew and Desha, A. J. 

berlain. - Robinson, C. W. Preddy, H. Marr, E. A. 

, Fulton, J. W. Harris and John Webb. 

(,t) Declared to be disqualified. 

(*) Admitted in place of G. Thornburgh. 

(t) Admitted in the place of C. K. Kymes, P. B. Allen and N. Ellington. 



Nineteenth Legislature— From January 6th to April 25th, 1873. 

SENATE. 
President— Volney V. Smith. Secretary— W. W. Orrick. 

1st District, Jackson, Craighead, Poinsett, 2d District, Greene, Lawrence, Randolph and 
Cross and Mississippi counties, J. G. Frier- Sharp counties, Thomas J. Ratcliff, 

son. 






APPENDIX B. 12 19 

• 
3d, Madison, Marion, Carroll, Fulton and 12th, Arkansas, Prairie and Lincoln, P. C. 

Izard, Wm, Dugger. Dooley. 

4th, Independence and Van Buren, R. W. 13th, Scott, Polk, Montgomery and Hot Spring, 

McChesney. D. P. Beldin. 

5th, Searcy, Pope and Conway, A. D. Thomas. 14th, Hempstead and Nevada, John Brooker. 
6th, Newton, Johnson, Yell and Sarber, Thos. 15th, Lafayette and Little River, J as. Torrans. 

A. Hanks. 16th, Union and Calhoun, William A. Coit. 

7th, Washington and Benton, Alex. Caraloff. 17th, Clark, Pike and Sevier, James Howard. 
8th, Crawford, Franklin and Sebastian, J. D. 18th, Columbia and Nevada, Benjamin F. 

Arbuckle. Askew. 

9th, Crittenden, St. Francis and Woodruff, Asa 19th, Ouachita, James Thomas Elliott. 

Hodges. 20th, Jefferson, Bradley, Grant and Lincoln, 

10th, Pulaski and White, John Goad, R. B. John M. Clayton and R. A. Dawson. 

White. 21st, Dallas, Saline, Perry and Grant, Benton 

11th, Phillips and Monroe, J. T. White and B. Beavers. 

Frank Gallagher. 22d, Ashley, Chicot, Drew, Desha and Lincoln, 

S. A. Duke and S. H. Holland. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
Speaker— Charles W. Tankersly. CZerA-HENRY M. Cooper. 

1st District, Craighead, Cross, Jackson and 12th Disrict, Arkansas, Prairie and Lincoln coun- 
Mississippi counties, Roderick Joiner, ties, M. M. Erwin, J. F. Preston, James P. 
William H. Cate, Hiram M. McVeigh, F. W. Eagle and D. J. Hinds. 
Lynn. 13th, Scott, Polk, Montgomery, Hot Spring 

2d, Green, Lawrence, Sharp and Randolph, and Grant, L. D. Giibreath, John J. Sump- 
George Thornburgh, B. H. Crowley and ter, Geo. G. Latta. 
Wm. G. Matheny. 14th, Hempstead and Nevada, R. T. Page, Arch 

3d, Carroll, Fulton, Izard, Marion and Boone, Apperson and W. A. Marshall. 

W. L. Chapman, Joseph Wright, J. M. 15th, Lafayette and Little River, M. Hawkins, 
Foster and J. F. Cunningham. M. D. Kent and A. M. Hankins. 

4th, Independence and Van Buren, Joe Cleve- 16th, Union and Calhoun, W. Robertson and 
land, Rufus Lee, John G. Nunn. W. B. Coit. 

5th, Searcy, Pope and Conway, Benton Turner, 17th, Clark, Pike and Sevier, Charles W. Tan- 
Tancey B. Shappard, J. F. Stephenson. kersly and G. A. Kingston. 

6th, Newton, Johnson, Yell and Sarber, John 18th, Columbia and Nevada, W. M. C. Reid, W. 
N. Sarber, P. H. Spears, Jas. A. Shrigley. A. Beasley and J. C. Walker. 

7th, Benton and Washington, David Chandler, 19th, Ouachita and Nevada, H. A. Millen and 
James H. Berry, D. Bridenthal, T. W. C. Thrower. 

Thomasson. 20th, Jefferson, Bradley, Grant and Lincoln, 

8th, Crawford, Sebastian and Franklin, J. A. A. E. Beardsley, A. J. Wheat, W. Murphy, 

Davie, C. E. Berry, L. C. White and S. L. Ferd. Havis, V. M. Gehee and J. M. Mer- 

Strong. rett. 

9th, Crittenden, St. Francis and Woodruff, W. 21st, Dallas, Saline, Perry and Grant, J. W. 
L. Copeland, Adam Johnson, Chas. Brown Gossett and W. R. Harley. 
and J. H. Johnson. 22d, S. W. McLeod, John C. Kollins, Xen- 

10th, Pulaski and White, L. B. Mitchell, J. M. ophon J. Pindall, Oscar F. Parish, J. T. W. 

Gist, Washington I. Warwick, N. Brown, Tillar and J. E. Joslyn. 

J. B. Clopton and John N. Murphy. 

11th, Phillips and Monroe, J. W. Williams, 
Tony Grissom, John W. Fox, W. H. Fur- 
bush, G. H. W. Stewart and H. H. Robin- 
son. 

Extraordinary Session— Convened by Governor Elisha Baxter, May 11th, 
1874, and held until May 28th, 1874. 

SENATE. 
President— Volney V. Smith. Secretary— W '. W. Orrick. 

1st District, Jackson, Craighead, Poinsett, 2d District, Greene, Lawrence, Randolph and 
Cross and Mississippi counties, J. G. Fri- Sharp counties, Thomas J. Ratcliff, 

erson. 



I 2 2 O HIS TOB Y OF ARKANSAS. 

3d, Madison, Marion, Carroll, Fulton and 12th, Arkansas, Prairie and Lincoln, G. T. Love- 
Izard, Wm. Dugger.* joy.t 
4th, Independence and Van Buren, R. W. 13th, Scott, Polk, Montgomery and Hot Spring, 

McChesney. D. P. Beldin. 

5th, Searcy, Pope and Conway, John R. Homer 14th, Hempstead and Nevada, James K. Jones. t 

Scott.f 15th, Lafayette and Little River, Jas. Torrans.f 

6th, Newton, Johnson, Yell and Sarber, Thos. 16th, Union and Calhoun, W. A. Coit.* 

A. Hanks. 17th, Clark, Pike and Sevier, J. D. McCabe.t 

7th, Washington and Benton, J. Dunagin.t 18th, Columbia and Nevada, Benjamin F. 

8th, Crawford, Franklin and Sebastian, Benton Askew. 

J. Brown. t 19th, Ouachita, Henry G. Bunn.f 

9th, Crittenden, St. Francis and "Woodruff, J. 20th, Jefferson, Bradley, Grant and Lincoln, 

M. Pollard. | John M. Clayton and R. A. Dawson. 

10th, Pulaski and White, John Goad and 21st, Dallas, Saline, Perry and Grant, Benton B. 

Reuben B. White. Beavers. 

11th District, Phillips and Monroe counties, 22d, Ashley, Chicot, Drew, Desha and Lincoln, 

Ezra Sawyer. | S. A. Duke and S. H. Holland.* 



(*) Does not appear that he was present during the session. 

(f) Elected at a special election held on the 4th day of November, 1873. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
Speaker— James H. Berry. Clerk— Charles C. Reid, Jr. 

1st District, Jackson, Craighead, Poinsett, 12thDistrict, Prairie, Arkan sasand Lonoke conn - 

Cross and Mississippi counties, J. F. Davis, ties, James P. Eagle, L. B.Mitchell and M. 

Franklin Doswell and R. Joyner. M. Erwin. 

2d, Lawrence, Randolph and Greene, Chas. 13th, Scott, Polk, Montgomery and Hot Spring. 

Coffin, P. K. Lester and B. H. Crowley. H. H. Barton and John J. Sumpter. 

3d, Madison, Marion, Carroll, Fulton, Izard 14th, Hempstead, O. P. Anderson, J. D. Conway 

and Boone counties, D. G. Hart and J. M. and D. J. Montgomery. 

Foster. 15th, Lafayette and Little River, George S. 

4th, Independence and Van Buren, W. D. Mc- Scott, John P. Burton and M. E. Hawkins. 

Clellan andJoe Cleveland. 16th, Union and Calhoun, Benjamin W. Johnson 

5th, Searcy, Pope and Conway, L. W. Davis and O. P. Richardson. 

and J. S. Venable. 17th, Clark, Pike and Sevier, H. H. Arnold, D. 

6th, Newton, Johnson, Yell and Sarber, A. D. D. Brock and A. J. Marsh. 

King and M. Hixon. 18th, Columbia and Nevada, W. A. Beasley, W. 

7th, Washington and Benton. H. C. Reid and J. C. Walker. 

8th, Crawford, Franklin and Sebastian, J. F. 19th, Ouachita, H. M. Purefoy and J. A. Ainsley. 

Wheeler. 20th, Jefferson, Bradley, Grant and Lincoln, B. 

9th, Crittenden, St. Francis and Woodruff, S. McGuire, C. C. Johnson, W. W. Hughey 

P. Swepston, J. M. Thompson and J. F. and A. J. Wheat. 

Smith. 21st, Dallas, Saline and Perry, M. M. Duffie and 

10th, White and Pulaski, W. B. Carter, Lee L. J. W. Gossett. 

Thompson and J. M. Gist. 22d, Ashley, Chicot, Drew and Desha, J. T. W. 

11th, Phillips and Monroe, T. M. Jacks, P. Mc- Tillar, L. L. Johnson, Abner W. Files and 

Gowan and W. Foreman. Xenophon J. Pindall. 



Some of the members of this session do not appear to be assigned to any district in the 
Journal of 1873. 



APPENDIX B. 



1221 



Twentieth Legislature— From November 10th, 1874, to March 5th, 1875, 
and November 1st to December 10th, 1875. 



SENATE. 



President— Bradley Bdnch. 



Clerk— TllOS. W. NEWTON. 



1st District, Greene, Craighead and Clay coun- 
ties, E. Foster Brown. 

2d, Randolph, Lawrence and Sharp, Lewis 
Williams. 

3d, Carroll, Boone and Newton, Bradley 
Bunch. 

4th, Johnson and Pope, Charles E. Toby. 

5th, Washington, B. F. Walker. 

6th, Independence and Stone, L. H. Sims, 

7th, Woodruff, St. Francis, Cross and Critten- 
den, J. M. Pollard (1) 

8th, Tell and Sarber, Joshua W. Toomer. 

9th, Saline, Garland, Hot Spring and Grant, 
Hugh McCallum. 

10th, Pulaski and Perry, James M. Loughbor- 
ough and William H. Blackwell. 

11th, Jefferson, George Haycock. 

12th, Lonoke and Prairie, William F. Hicks. 

13th, Arkansas and Monroe, Wm. Black. 

14th, Phillips and Lee, J. W. Williams (2) 

15th, Chicot and Desha, X. J. Pindall. 



16th District, Lincoln, Dorsey and Dallas coun- 
ties, Thos. Fletcher. 
17th, Drew and Ashley, G. W. Norman. 
18th, Union and Bradley, B. W. M. Warren. 
19th, Calhoun and Ouachita, Christopher 

Thrower. 
20th, Hempstead and Nevada, James K. Jones. 
21st, Columbia and Lafayette, J. G. Johnson. 
22d, Little River, Sevier, Howard and Polk, B. 

F. Forney. 
23d, Fulton, Izard, Marion and Baxter, D. G. 

Hart. 
24th, Benton and Madison, C. J. Reagan. 
25th, Crawford and Franklin, Jesse Turner. 
26th, Van Buren, Conway and Searcy, John 

Campbell. 
27th, White and Faulkner, Joseph W. House. 
28th, Sebastian and Scott, J. F. Wheeler. 
29th, Poinsett, Jackson and Mississippi, J. T. 

Henderson. 
30th, Clark, Pike and Montgomery, Oliver D. 

East. 



(1) Died, and C. L. Sullivan elected to fill vacancy. 

(2) Died, and Gray elected to fill the vacancy. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— Abraham A. Pennington. 

Arkansas county, R. C. Chaney. 

Ashley, J. D. Bragg. 

Baxter, R. D. Casey. 

Benton, James Putnam and J. H. Rice. 

Boone, J. N. Coffey. 

Bradley, Solomon Gardner. 

Calhoun, Mose Hill. 

Carroll, H. M. Moore. 

Chicot, F. G. Davis. 

Clark, A. N. Wier and J. O. Browning. 

Clay, E. B. Headlee. 

Columbia, J. T. Poe and Baley Baker. 

Conway, J. P. Venable. 

Craighead, J. S. Anderson. 

Crawford, James Greig (1). 

Crittenden, W. L. Copeland. 

Cross, G.M. Sharpe (2). 

Dallas, W. C. Barrett. 

Desha, J. A. Robinson. 

Dorsey, B. B. Martin. 

Drew, D. S. Wells. 

Faulkner, S. B. Burns. 



Clerk— 3. W. GauldinG. 

Franklin county, A. D. Sadler. 

Fulton, E. D. Rhea. 

Garland, J. J. Gillis. 

Grant, W. N. Cleveland. 

Greene, E. W. Powell. 

Hempstead, J. Hannah and J. E. Bostlc. 

Hot Spring, Abraham A. Pennington. 

Howard, O. P. Anderson. 

Independence, T. J. Morgan and J. S. Trimble. 

Izard, E. O. Wolf. 

Jackson, W. M. Baird. 

Jefferson, L. B. Baston, L. J. Maxwell and 

Ned Hill. 
Johnson, J. S. Green. 
Lafayette and Miller, Thomas Orr (3). 
Lawrence, J. B. Judkins. 
Lee, P. Polk and H. P. Slaughter. 
Lincoln, B. F. Sanders. 
Little River, John B. Durham. 
Lonoke, W. L. Frazier and J. H. Bradford. 
Madison, W. C. Cluck. 
Marion, W. B. Flippin. 



1222 



HIS TOBY OF ABE AN S AS. 



Randolph, James Dodson. 

Saline, Alex. Russell. 

Sarber, Seth Spangler. 

Scott, I. Frank Fuller. 

Searcy, James H. Love. 

Sebastian, Robert H. McConnell and R. T. Kerr. 

Sevier, L. H. Norwood. 



Monroe, F. W. Robinson. 

Montgomery, Alfred Jones. 

Mississippi, J. J. Ruddell. 

Nevada, William L. Bright. 

Newton, J. H. T. Dodson. 

Ouachita, J. B. Rumph and W. F. Avera. 

Perry, Morgan G. Smyers. 

Phillips, TonnyGrissom, A. H. Miller and Perry Sharp, Joshua Wann. 

Coleman. Stone, J, M. Foster. 

Pike, W. Howard (4). St. Francis, George P. Taylor. 

Poinsett, T. J. McClelland. Union, J. M. McRae and J. B. Moore. 

Polk, Calvin Cochran. Van Buren, Jesse Witt. 

Pope, N. D. Shinn. Washington, W. F. Do well, J. S. Williams and 

Prairie, J. D. Booe. T. J. Patton. 

Pulaski, Robert A. Little, Charles S. Collins, White, T. W. Wells and T. C. Humphrey. 

Richard C. Wall and Henry Wildburger. Woodruff, W. P. Moore. 

Yell, A. M. Fulton. 

(1) Resigned, and M. C. Moore elected to serve in the adjourned session of 1875. 

(2) Died, and Drake elected to fill vacancy in the adjourned session of 1875. 

(3) Resigned before his term expired. 

(4) W. Hoover elected for the adjourned session of 1875. 



Twenty-First Legislature— Held January 8th to March 8th, 1877. 



senate. 



President— James K. Jones. 



Secretary— J ACOB Fkolich. 



1st District, Greene, Craighead and Clay 

counties, B. H. Crowley. 
2d, Randolph, Lawrence and Sharp, Joseph 

B. Judkins. 
3d, Carroll, Boone and Newton, Bradley 

Bunch. 
4th, Johnson and Pope, Chas. E. Tobey. 
5th, Washington, Alfred M. Wilson. 
6th, Independence and Stone, L. H. Sims. 
7th, Woodruff, St. Francis, Cross and Critten- 
den, C. L. Sullivan, vice J. M. Pollard, 

deceased. 
8th, Yell and Logan, Benjamin B. Chism. 
9th, Saline, Garland, Hot Spring and Grant, 

Abraham A. Pennington. 
10th, Pulaski and Perry, Samuel W. Williams, 

vice Jas. M. Loughborough, deceased, and 

William H. Blackwell. 
11th, Jefferson, George Haycock. 
12th, Lonoke and Prairie, William F. Hicks. 
13th, Monroe and Arkansas, A. H. Ferguson. 
-14th, Phillips and Lee, A. L. Stanford. 



15th District, Desha and Chicot counties, X. J. 
Pindall. 

16th, Lincoln, Dorsey and Dallas, M. M. Duffie. 

17th, Drew and Ashley, G. W. Norman. 

18th, Bradley and Union, John R. Hampton. 

19th, Calhoun and Ouachita, Christopher 
Thrower. 

20th, Hempstead and Nevada, James K. Jones. 

21st, Columbia and Lafayette, James G. John- 
son. 

22d, Little River, Sevier, Howard and Polk, M. 
J. Mulkey. 

23d, Fulton, Izard, Marion and Baxter, H. C. 
Tipton. 

24th, Benton and Madison, C. G. Reagan. 

25th, Crawford and Franklin, H. B. Armistead. 

26th, Van Buren, Conway and Searcy, John 
Campbell. 

27th, White and Faulkner, Joseph W. House. 

28th, Sebastian and Scott, R. T. Kerr. 

29th, Jackson, Mississippi and Poinsett, Ben- 
jamin Harris. 

30th, Clark, Pike and Montgomery, O. D. East. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
Speaker— D L. Killgore. Clerk— Thomas W. Newton. 



Arkansas comity, Robert C. Chaney. 
Ashley, Hogan Allen. 
Baxter, Van B. Tate. 



Benton county, J. Dunigan and E. P. Watson. 
Boone, R. B. Weaver. 
Bradley, John R. Barnett. 



APPENDIX B. 



1223 



Calhoun, Moses Hill. 

Carroll, W. S. Poyner. 

Chicot, T. E. Willing. 

Clark, H. H. Coleman and Alf. J. Hearn. 

Clay, E. B. Headlee. 

Columbia, D. L. Kilgore and W. H. C. Reid. 

Conway, F. P. Hervey. 

Craighead, W. Mooney. 

Crawford, J. J. Warren. 

Crittenden, James Wafford. 

Cross, Britton Koleson. 

Dallas, Robert Martin. 

Desha, S. J. Peoples. 

Dorsey, W. H. Blankenship. 

Drew, James R. Cotham. 

Faulkner, Jesse E. Blartin. 

Franklin, T. D. Berry. 

Fulton, James F. Cunningham. 

Garland, Henry M. Rector, Jr. 

Grant, Thomas B. Morton. 

Greene, Jason H. Hunter. 

Hempstead, James A. Williamson and George 

H. Andrews. 
Howard, R. L. Duncan. 
Hot Spring, J. S. Williams. 
Independence, Thomas J. Stubbs and E. C. 

Gray.- 
Izard, John W. C. Gardner. 
Jackson, J. A. Stinson. 
Jefferson, C. H. Rice, Anderson Ebberson and 

Wm. Murphy. 
Johnson, A. S. McKennon. 
Lafayette and Miller, Henry F. Best. 
Lawrence, John K. Gibson. 
Lee, Patrick Price and Crockett Brown. 
Lincoln, T. H. Sawyer. 
Little River, John B. Durham. 



Logan, B. Priddy. 

Lonoke, James P. Eagle and A. D. Law- 
horn. 

Madison, F. M. Sams. 

Marion, J. F. Wilson. 

Mississippi, J. H. Williams. 

Monroe, J. K. Wbitson. 

Montgomery, Wm. R. Cubage. 

Nevada, Thos. C. McRae. 

Newton, Wm. R. Lee. 

Ouachita, W. F. Avera and L. W. Mathews. 

Perry, Jesse H. Jones. 

Phillips, Berry Coleman, J. M. Donohoe and 
T. M. Jacks. 

Pike, B. D. Brock. 

Poinsett, L. B. Cobb. 

Polk, Joseph G. McLeod. 

Pope, Lewis W. Davis. 

Prairie, J. S. Thomas. 

Pulaski, William C. Ratcliffe, M. J. McHenry, 
Z. P. H. Farr and E. L. Maynard. 

Randolph, Peter M. Pearce. 

Saline, Isaac Harrison. 

Scott, James H. Smith. 

Searcy, A. Davis. 

Sebastian, Wm. M. Fishback and C. Milor. 

Sevier, N. P. Floyd. 

Sharp, Sam. II. Davidson. 

St. Francis, R. W. Peevy. 

Stone, J. M. Foster. 

Union, B. W. M. Warren and A. S. Morgan. 

Van Buren, Z. B. Jennings. 

Washington, T. W. Thomason, W. C. Braley 
and C. W. Walker. 

White, T. W. Wells and W. E. Fisher. 

Woodruff, T. E. Stanley. 

Yell, Joseph T, Harrison. 



Twenty-Second Legislature— Held January 13th to March 13th, 1879. 



SENATE. 



President— M. M. Duffie. 

1st District, Greene, Craighead and Clay coun- 
ties, B. H. Crowley. 

2d, Carroll, Boone and Newton, W. W. Watkins. 

3d, Randolph, Lawrence and Sharp, J. B. Jud- 
kins. 

4th, Johnson and Pope, John F. Hill. 

5th, Washington, Alfred M. Wilson. 

6th, Independence and Stone, Jas. Rutherford. 

7th, Woodruff, St. Francis, Cross and Critten- 
den, R. J. Williams. 

8th, Yell and Logan, Benjamin B. Chism. 

9th, Saline, Garland, Hot Spring and Grant, 
Abraham A. Pennington. 

10th, Pulaski and Perry, William L. Terry and 
E. D. Boyd. 



Secretary— Lon T. Kretchmar. 

11th District, Jefferson county, H. King White. 

12th, Lonoke and Prairie, James E. Gatewood. 

13th, Arkansas and Monroe, A. H. Ferguson. 

14th, Phillips and Lee, A. L. Stanford.—" 

15fch, Desha and Chicot, Charles H. Carlton. 

16th, Lincoln, Dorsey and Dallas, M. M. Duf- 
fle. 

17th, Drew and Ashley, Thos. M. Whittington. 

18th, Bradley and Union, John R. Hampton. 

19th, Calhoun and Ouachita, Jno. R. Thornton. 

20th, Hempstead and Nevada, Chas. E. Mitchell. 

21st, Columbia, Lafayette and Miller, W. H. C. 
Reid. 

22d, Little River, Sevier, Howard and Polk, M. 
J. Mulkey. 



1224 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



23d District, Fulton, Izard, Marion and Baxter 28th District, Sebastian and Scott counties, 

counties, H. C. Tipton. R. T. Kerr. 

24th, Benton and Madison, E. P. Watson. 29th, Poinsett, Jackson and Mississippi, Ben- 

25th, Crawford and Franklin, H. B. Armistead. jamin Harris. 
26th, Van Buren, Conway and Searcy, W. S. 30th, Clark, Pike and Montgomery, Charles A. 

Hanna. Gantt. 

27th, White and Faulkner, J. W. Duncan. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— J Ames T. Bearden. 

Arkansas county, C. B. Brinkley. 

Ashley, E. L. Lowe. 

Baxter, Van B. Tate. 

Benton, D. H. Williams and W. M. Keith. 

Boone, W. S. Black. 

Bradley, J. R. Barnett. 

Calhoun, O. P.H. Richardson. 

Carroll, J. G. Morris. 

Chicot, J. H. Dickinson. 

Clark, J. W. Miller and W. H. Weir. 

Clay, Green B. Hollifield. 

Columbia, J. C. Walker and J. E. Askew. 

Conway, Lewis Miller. 

Craighead, S. A. Warren, Jr. 

Crawford, David H. Creckmore. 

Crittenden, A. C. Brewer. 

Cross, T. E. Hare. 

Dallas, Wm. Owens. 

Desha, Lebbeus A. Pindall. 

Dorsey, E. L. McMurtry. 

Drew, Dana E. Barker. 

Faulkner, Joseph Roden. 

Franklin, Elias Turner. 

Fulton, J. M. Archer. 

Garland, W. H. Barry. 

Greene, J. E. Riddick, vice W. P. Steel, dec'sd. 

Grant, L. H. Kemp. 

Hempstead, J. D. Conway and A. W. Hobson. 

Howard, Wm. J. Lee. 

Hot Spring, G. W. Holder. 

Independence, J. G. Martin and Thomas J. 

Stubbs. 
Izard, W. E. Davidson. 
Jackson, Charles Minor. 
Jefferson, J. A. Hudson, R. A. Dawson and 

W. C. Payne. 
Johnson, Louis Felton. 
Lafayette and Miller, J. C. Tyson. 
Lawrence, R. P. Mack. 

Yell, George S 



Clerk— John G. Holland. 

Lee county, Jas. P. Brown and W. H. Furbush. 

Lincoln, John G. Simmons,, 

Little River, G. D. Britt. 

Logan, B. Priddy. 

Lonoke, J. M. King and A. W. Bumpass. 

Madison, W. C. Cluck. 

Marion, W. B. Flippin. 

Mississippi, John O. Blackwood. 

Monroe, Lecil Bobo. 

Montgomery, J. H. Dempy. 

Nevada, John E. Loudermilk. 

Newton, W. R. Lee. 

Ouachita, John T. Bearden and O. A. Greening. 

Perry, G. Thomas Holmes. 

Pike.H. W.Carter. 

Phillips, Greenfield Quarles, Thomas B. Hanly 

and W. R. Burke. 
Poinsett, R. Joyner. 
Polk, E. H. Jordan. 
Pope, E. L. McCracken. 
Prairie, J. S. Thomas. 
Pulaski, W. J. Murphy, E. L. Maynard, Isaac 

Gilliam and Martin Sinnott. 
Randolph, R. H. Black. 
Saline, Isaac Harrison. 
Scott, A. G. Washburn. 
Searcy, Isaac Burns. 
Sebastian, Wm. M. Fishback and R. H. McCon- 

nell. 
Sevier, Cyrus H. Holman. 
St. Francis, George P. Taylor. 
Sharp, Sam. H. Davidson. 
Stone, J. H. Morris. 

Union, M. L. Jamison and J. C. Wright. 
Van Buren, James H. Fraser. 
Washington, W. C. Braley, W. T. Walker and 

Elias B. Moore. 
White, L. N. Brown and William R. Coody. 
Woodruff, T. E. Stanley. 
Cunningham. 



Twenty-Third Legislature — Term January 8th to March 19th, 1881. 

SENATE. 
President— H. C. Tipton. Secretary— John G. Holland. 

1st District, Greene, Craighead and Clay conn- 3d District, Carroll, Boone and Newton counties, 

ties, J. C. Hawthorne.* W. W. Watkins. 

2d, Randolph, Lawrence and Sharp, J. B. Jud- 4th, Johnson and Pope, John F. Hill. 

kins. 5th, Washington, J. S. Williams. 1 



APPENDIX B. 



1225 



6th District, Independence and Stone coun- 
ties, James Rutherford. 
7th, Woodruff, St. Francis and Crittenden, R. 

J. Williams. 
6th, Yell and Logan, James T. Harrison.* 
9th, Saline, Garland and Hot Spring, J. S. Wil- 
liams.* 
10th, Pulaski and Perry, William L. Terry and 

E. D. Boyd. 
11th, Jefferson, N. T. White.* 
12th, Lonoke and Perry, James E. Gatewood. 
13th, Arkansas and Monroe, Lecil Bobo.* 
14th, Phillips and Lee, H. M. Grant.* 
15th, Desha and Chicot, Charles H. Carlton. 
16th, Lincoln, Dorsey and Dallas, John Niven.* 
17th, Drew and Ashley, Thomas M. Whitting- 

ton. 
18th, Bradley and Union, B. W. M. Warren.* 
19th, Calhoun and Ouachita, John R. Thorn- 
ton. 



20th District, Hempstead and Nevada counties, 

Charles E. Mitchel. 
21st, Columbia, Lafayette and Miller, W. H. C. 

Reid. 
22d, Little River, Sevier and Howard. Pole Mc- 

Phetridge. 
23d, Fulton, Izard, Marion and Baxter, H. C. 

Tipton.* 
24th, Benton and Madison, E. P. Watson. 
25th, Crawford and Franklin, Hugh F. Thom- 

ason.* 
26th, Van Buren, Conway and Searcy, W. S. 

Hanna. 
27th, White and Faulkner, J. W. Duncan. 
28th, Sebastian and Scott, J. P. Hall.* 
29th, Poinsett, Jackson and Mississippi, John 

B. Driver.* 
30th, Clark, Pike and Montgomery, Charles A. 

Gantt. 



(*) Elected September 6th, 1880, for four years. 

(1) Died shortly after the convening of the Senate, and Thomas Wainright elected at a 
special election to fill the vacancy. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— George Thornbueg. 

Arkansas county, R. C. Chaney. 

Ashley, Abner W. Files. 

Baxter, Van B. Tate. 

Benton, E. S. McDaniel and J. Dunagin. 

Boone, R. B. Weaver. 

Bradley, W. H. Wheeler. 

Calhoun, J. G. Hill. 

Carroll, E. J. Black. 

Chicot, James F. Robinson. 

Clark, J. F. Biggs and T. J. Clingan. 

Clay, P. H. Crenshaw. 

Columbia, R. L. Emerson and H. T. Hawkins. 

Conway, E. B. Henry. 

Craighead, Joseph A. Meek. 

Crawford, Robert E. Nettles. 

Crittenden, Robert F. Crittenden. 

Cross, T. E. Hare. 

Dallas, W. C. Barrett. 

Desha, Lebbeus A. Pindall. 

Dorsey, N. V. Barnett. 

Drew, L. E. Baker. 

Faulkner, G. W. Bruce. 

Franklin, Idus L. Fielder. 

Fulton, J. M. Archer. 

Garland, W. F. Clyde. 

Grant, W. N. Cleveland. 

Greene, J. D. Markham. 

Hempstead, L. D. Beene and J. B. Robins. 

Hot Spring, Samuel H. Emerson. 

Howard, R. D. Owens. 

Independence, F. D. Denton and J. M. Sanders. 

Izard, Thomas Black. 



Clerk— Paul M. Cobbs. 

Jackson county, J. M. Parish. 

Jefferson, Carl Polk, W. C. Payne and A. Eber- 
son. 

Johnson, F. R. McKennon. 

Lafayette and Miller, L. T. Waller. 

Lawrence, George Thornburgh. 

Lee, John M. Hewitt and G. Marchbanks. 

Lincoln, J. Collins. 

Little River, G. D. Britt. 

Logan, J. J. Boles. 

Lonoke, A. D. Tnrner and G. M. Chapline. 

Madison, Daniel Boone. 

Marion, F. M. Cash. 

Mississippi, Hiram M. McVeigh. 

Monroe, J. K. Whitson. 

Montgomery, A. C. King. 

Nevada, John A. Ainsley. 

Newton, J. B. Moss. 

Ouachita, O. A. Greening and B. F. Riddick. 

Perry, James A. Brazil, 

Phillips, Greenfield Qnarles, A. G. Jarman and 
J. P. Roberts. 

Pike, J. A. Davis. 

Poinsett, N. J. Willis. 

Polk, A. P. Alexander. 

Pope, H. Clabe Howell. 

Prairie, J. G. Thweat. 

Pulaski.W. E. Gray, Beverly D.Williams, Wash- 
ington I. Warwick and Casper Altenberg. 

Randolph, Thomas Foster. 

Saline, J. W. Adams. 

Scott, F. C. Gaines. 



1226 



BIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS. 



Searcy, B. F. Taylor. 

Sebastian, E. F. Tiller and Jesse Martin. 

Sevier, R. D. Murphy. 

Sharp, W. A. Turner. 

St. Francis, John Parham. 

Stone, B. F. Williamson. 



Union, R. W. Wallace and A. O. Jones. 

Van Buren, Z. B. Jennings. 

Washington, Elias B. Moore, T. W. Thomason 

and S. E. Marrs. 
White, William R. Coody and L. N. Brown. 
Woodruff, T. E. Stanley. 



Yell, M. L. Davis. 



Twenty-Fourth Legislature— Held January 8th to March 28th, 1883. 



SENATE. 



President— J. B. Judkins. 



Secretary— J ohn G. Holland. 



1st District, Green, Craighead and Clay coun- 
ties, J. C. Hawthorne, 

2d, Randolph, Lawrence and Sharp, J. B. Jud- 
kins. 

3d, Carroll, Boone and Newton, R. B. Weaver. 

4th, Johnson and Pope, Ben. T. Embry. 

5th, Washington, Thomas Wainwright. 

6th, Independence and Stone, B. F. William- 
son. 

7th, Woodruff, St. Francis, Cross and Critten- 
den, Robert F. Crittenden. 

8th, Yell and Logan, James T. Harrison. 

9th, Saline, Garland, Hot Spring and Grant, 
J. S. Williams. 

10th, Pulaski and Perry, Lee L. Thompson and 
G. T. Holmes. 

11th, Jefferson, N. T. White. 

12th, Lonoke and Prairie, William F. Hicks. 

13th, Arkansas and Monroe, Lecil Bobo. 

14th, Phillips and Lee, H. M. Grant. 

15th, Desha and Chicot, Henry Thane. 

16th, Lincoln, Dorsey and Dallas, John 
Nivens. 



17th District, Drew and Ashley counties, J. W. 
Van Gilder. 

ISth, Bradley and Union, B. W. M. Warren. 

19th, Calhoun and Ouachita, John R. Thornton. 

20th, Hempstead and Nevada, Charles M. Nor- 
wood. 

21st, Columbia, Lafayette and Miller, L. T. 
Waller. 

22d, Little River, Sevier, Howard and Polk, 
Pole McPhetridge. 

23d, Fulton, Izard, Marion and Baxter, H. C. 
Tipton. 

24th, Benton and Madison, J. T. Walker. 

25th, Crawford and Franklin, Hugh F. Thom- 
ason. 

26th, Van Buren, Conway and Searcy, Z. B. 
Jennings. 

27th, White and Faulkner, T. W. Wells. 

28th, Sebastian and Scott, J. P. Hall. 

29th, Poinsett, Jackson and Mississippi, John 
B. Driver. 

30th, Clark, Pike and Montgomery, Jesse A. 
Ross. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— W. C. Bkaly. 

Arkansas county, A. D. Matthews, 

Ashley, W. G. Rolfe. 

Baxter, Van B. Tate. 

Benton, H. H. Patterson, Jr., and S. S. Graham. 

Boone, F. W. Rowan. 

Bradley, D. J. McKinney. 

Calhoun, Green B, Talbot. 

Carroll, B. W. Goudelock. 

Chicot, John G. B. Sims. 

Clark, T. J. Clingan and Gordon Deaton. 

Clay, E.B. Headlee. 

Columbia, R. L. Emerson and H. P. Smead. 

Conway, W. S. Hanna. 

Craighead, Joseph A. Meek. 

Crawford, T. Comstock. 

Crittenden, Daniel Lewis. 

Cross, W. C. Malone. 

Dallas, W. R. Harley. 



Clerk— Thomas W. Newton. 

Desha county, W. B. Peterson,, 

Dorsey, R. F. Foster. 

Drew, David E. Barker. 

Faulkner, J. H. Harrod. 

Franklin, Idus L. Fielder. 

Fulton, E. B. Lucas. 

Garland, W. P. Walsh. 

Greene, J. B. Boykin. 

Grant, James H. Crutchfield. 

Hempstead, W. L. Leslie and J. A. Todd. 

Hot Spring, Sam. H. Emerson. 

Howard, W. J. Lee. 

Independence, Geo. Martin and F. D. Denton. 

Izard, W. E. Davidson. 

Jackson, W. M. Baird. 

Jefferson, B. Waterhouse, W. H. Young and 

R. Sherrill. 
Johnson, J. W. May. 



APPENDIX B. 



1227 



Lafayette, M. M. Murray. 

Lawrence, W. M. Ponder. 

Lee, John M. Hewitt and H. P. Rogers. 

Lincoln, G. H. Joslyn. 

Little River, James S. Dollarhide. 

Logan, B. Priddy. 

Lonoke, O. N. Owens and W.M. Hereford. 

Madison, W. T. Brooks. 

Marion, F. M. Cash. 

Miller, J. C. Tyson. 

Mississippi, F. G. McGavock. 

Monroe, John B. Baxter. 

Montgomery, John A. Watkins. 

Nevada, J. A. Ansley. 

Newton, M. T. Brisco. 

Ouachita, Robert E. Salle and J. N. Scales 

Perry, J. F. Sellers. 

Phillips, S. H. Brooks, R. B. Macon and 

J. Moore. 
Pike, J. A. Davis. 
Polk, J. E. Johnson. 



Poinsett, N. J. "Willis. 
Pope, N. W. Kuhn. 
Prairie, R. B. Carl Lee. 

Pulaski, J. T. Jones, Charles Choinski, Gran- 
ville Ryles and F. W. White. 
Randolph, R. C. Mack. 
Saline, S. W. Adams. 
Scott, G. B. James. 

Sebastian, R. H. McConnell and S. E. Smith. 
Searcy, B. F. Taylor. 
Sevier, William T. Campbell. 
Sharp, W. M. Davidson. 
Stone, W. J. Cagle. 
St. Francis, W. S. Brooks. 

Union, William C. Langford and C. T. Gordon. 
Van Buren, J. M. Blasingame. 
Washington, Elias B. Moore, S. E. Marrs and 
John W. C. Braly. 

White, A. J. McGinnis and James F. Rives, Jr. 
Woodruff, Alexander Hall. 
Yell, D. F. Huckaby. 



Twenty-Fifth Legislature— Held January 12th to March 28th, 1885. 



SENATE. 



President— R. B. Weaver. 



Secretary— John G. Holland. 



1st District, Greene, Craighead and Clay coun- 
ties, J. S. Anderson. 

2d, Randolph, Lawrence and Sharp, S. J. John- 
son. 

3d, Carroll, Boone and Newton, R. B. Weaver. 

4th, Johnson and Pope, Ben. T. Embry. 

6th, Washington, T. W. Thomason. 

6th, Independence and Stone, B. F. William- 
son. 

7th, Woodruff, St. Francis, Cross and Critten- 
den, Robert F. Crittenden. 

8th, Yell and Logan, Theo. F. Potts. 

9th, Saline, Garland, Hot Spring and Grant, 
Jabez M. Smith. 

10th, Pulaski and Perry, Lee L. Thompson and 
G. T. Holmes. 

11th, Jefferson, James M. Hudson. 

12th, Lonoke and Prairie, William F. Hicks. 

13th, Arkansas and Monroe, Robt. H. Crockett. 

14th, Phillips and Lee, Geo. B. Peters. 

15th, Desha and Chicot, Henry Thane. 

16th, Lincoln, Dorsey and Dallas, J. G. Sim- 
mons. 

17th, Drew and Ashley, J. W. Van Gilder. 



18th District, Bradley and Union counties, Sol. 
Gardner. 

19th, Calhoun and Ouachita, John R. Thornton. 

20th, Hempstead and Nevada, Charles M. Nor- 
wood. 

21st, Columbia, Lafayette and Miller, L. T. 
Waller. 

22d, Little River, Sevier, Howard and Polk, J. 
H. Williams. 

23d, Fulton, Izard, Marion and Baxter, Van B. 
Tate. 

24th, Benton and Madison, J. T. Walker. 

25th, Crawford and Franklin, James M. Petti- 
grew. 

26th, Van Buren, Conway and Searcy, Z. B. 
Jennings. 

27th, White and Faulkner, T. W. Wells. 

28th, Sebastian and Scott, R. H. McConnell. 

29th, Poinsett, Jackson and Mississippi, J. W. 
Stayton. 

30th, Clark, Pike and Montgomery, Jesse A. 
Ross. 

31st, Garland and Montgomery, George W. 
Baxter. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
Speaker— James P. Eagle. Clerk— Thomas W. Newton. 



Arkansas county, William H. Halli Bur$m. 
Ashley, Hogan Allan. 
Baxter, A. G. Byler. 



Benton county, James A. Rice and Z. Baker. 
Boone, B. B. Hudgins. 
Bradley, A. C. Jones. 



1228 



HIS TOBY OF ARKANSAS'. 



Calhoun, R. G. Harper. 

Carroll, J. P. Fancher. 

Chicot, G. H. Jones. 

Clark, II. W. McMillan and J. F. Biggs. 

Clay, John H. Payne. 

Cleburne, Henry Hardy. 

Columbia, H. T. Hawkins and J. C. Colquitt. 

Conway, Hiram Dacus. 

Craighead, T. D. Culverhouse. 

Crawford, J. H. Huckleberry. 

Crittenden, Asa Hodges. 

Cross, N. TV. Norton. 

Dallas, W. L. Patterson. 

Desha, I. G. Bailey. 

Drew, David E. Barker. 

Dorsey, J. M. Taylor. 

Faulkner, J. H. Harrod. 

Franklin, W. R. McLane. 

Fulton, S. A. Brown. 

Garland, W. H. Barry. 

Grant, J. H. H. Smith. 

Greene, J. B. Boykin. 

Hempstead, A. H. Carrigan and Charles A. 

Bridwell. 
Hot Spring, R. M. Thrasher. 
Howard, J. A. Corbell. 

Independence, Jesse A. Moore and J. C. Yancy. 
Izard, J. B. Baker. 
Jackson, J. W. Jones. 
Jefferson, W. B. Jacko, Ed. Glover and S. H. 

Scott. 
Johnson, Isaac McCracken. 
Lafayette, J. B. Brooks. 
Lawrence, George Thornburg. 
Lee, J. M. Hewitt and John M. Hax'din. 
Lincoln, Thos. R. Klrsh. 
Little River, J. T. Henderson. 



Logan, M. C. Scott. 

Lonoke, Jas. P. Eagle and A. D. Tanner. 

Madison, Joel N. Bunch. 

Marion, T. H. Flippin. 

Miller, John A. Roberts. 

Mississippi, J. II. Bradford. 

Monroe, John B. Baxter. 

Montgomery, Wm. P. Birch. 

Nevada, E. E. White. 

Newton, E. B. Jones. 

Ouachita, W. T. Avera and T. J. Bibb. 

Perry, J. F. Sellers. 

Phillips, J. P. Roberts, William R. Burke and S. 

H. King. 
Pike, J. P. Copeland. 
Poinsett, Benjamin Harris. 
Polk, J. G. Hudgins. 
Pope, C. E. Tobey. 
Prairie, R. B. Carl Lee. 
Pulaski, Dan O'Conner, J. T. Jones, J. W, 

Vaughn and T. E. Gibbon. 
Randolph, Perry Nettles. 
Saline, J. A. P. Hingham. 
Scott, A. G. Washburn. 
Searcy, J. W. S. Leslie. 

Sebastian, William M. Fishback and J. S. Little. 
Sevier, A. C. Wheeler. 
Sharp, R. B. Belamy. 
St. Francis, John Parham. 
Stone, W. J. Cagle. 

Union, William C. Langford and A. W. Bird. 
Van Buren, Jesse Milsaps. 
Washington, B. F. Walker, H. P. Green and R. 

A. Medeoris. 
White, G. W. Lewis and Joseph Piercy. 
Woodruff, Ed. S. Carl Lee. 
Yell, W. A. Clement. 



Twenty-Sixth Legislature — Term, January 10th to March 31st, 1887. 



SENATE. 



President— David E. Barker. 



Secretary— John G. Holland. 



1st District, J. S. Anderson. 

2d, S. J. Johnson. 

3d, H. A. Crandall. 

4th, G. T. Cazort. 

5th, T. W. Thomason. 

6th, George Martin. 

7th, Riddick Pope. 

8th, T. F. Potts. 

9th, JabezM. Smith. 

10th, J. T. Jones and James 

11th, James M. Hudson. 

12th, W. P. Fletcher. 

13th, Robert II. Grockett. 

14th, George B. Peters. 

15th, W. H. Logan. 



16th District, J. G. Simmons. 
17th, David E. Barker. 
18th, S. Gardner. 
19th, J. M. Meek. 
20th, F.M. Thompson. 
21st, Lawrence A. Byrne, 
22d, J. II. Williams. 
23d, Van B.Tate. 
24th, D. II. Hammons. 
Edward Williams. 25th, J. M. Pettigrew. 
26th, W. S. Hannah. 
27th, John Dunaway. 
28th, R. II. McConnell. 
29th, Jo*hn W. Stayton. 
30th, J. P. Copeland. 
31st, George W. Baxter. 



APPENDIX B. 



I229 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— John M. Hewitt. 

Arkansas county, W. H. Halli Burton. 
Ashley, Hogan Allen. 

Baxter, A. G. Byler. 

Benton, Z. Baker and W. J. Blackburn. 

Boone, B. B. Hudgins. 

Bradiey, C. L. Hayle. 

Calhoun, S. L. Owens. 

Carroll, W. R. Phillips. 

Chicot, H. C. Newsom. 

Clark, R. P. Phillips and I. W. Smith. 

Clay, J. H. Hill. 

Cleburne, Thomas R. Brice. 

Cleveland, R. F. Foster. 

Columbia, J. C. Colquitt and J. C. Jackson. 

Conway, G. E. Trower. 

Craighead, J. M. Raines. 

Crawford, Hugh F. Thomason. 

Crittenden, S. S. Odom. 

Cross, J. D. Block. 

Dallas, W. L. Patterson. 

Desha, G. H. Joslyn. 

Drew, N. Y. Wadsworth. 

Faulkner, J. F. Campbell. 

Franklin, R. F. Hooper. 

Fulton, W. M. Green. 

Garland, Elias W. Rector. 

Grant, John W. Lybrand. 

Greene, D. L. Fitzgerald. 

Hempstead, J. T. Holt and Lee Clow. 

Hot Spring, J. M. Fowler. 

Howard, J. A. Corbell. 

Independence, John C. Stroud and R. H. Grif- 
fith. 

Izard, George Ferguson. 

Jackson, H. L. Remmel. 

Jefferson, Ed. Jefferson, H. B. Burton and W. 
B. Jacko. 

Johnson, T. P. King. 

Lafayette, D. L. King. 

Lawrence, B. A. Morris. 

Lee, John M. Hewitt and C. A. Otey. 



Cleric— Jonathan W. Callaway. 

Lincoln county, Thomas R. Kirsh. 

Little River, H. C. Head. 

Logan, E. C. Burchette. 

Lonoke, A. J. Patton and W. F. Hicks. 

Madison, H. M. Moore. 

Marion, W. W. Seward. 

Miller, C. C. Deprato. 

Mississippi, H. F. Blythe. 

Monroe, W. J. Blackwell. 

Montgomery, N. H. Harley. 

Nevada, J. A. Ansley. 

Newton, M. T. Briscoe. 

Ouachita, Samuel O, Sevier and J. C. Marshal. 

Perry, J. J. Cook. 

Phillips, R. B. Macon, James P. Clarke and J. 
N. Donohoe. 

Pike, J. P. Dunn. 

Poinsett, G. M. Hughey. 

Polk, B. F. Thompson. 

Pope, W. L. Sibley. 

Prairie, J. D. Booe. 

Pulaski, L. C. Balch, G. W. Granberry, W. A. 
Compton and P. Conrad. 

Randolph, C. J. Johnston. 

Saline, P. M. Trammel. 

Scott, A. G. Washburn. 

Searcy, Thomas L. Thompson. 

Sebastian, J. B. McDonough and James A. Wil- 
liams. 

Sevier, E. V. Maxey. 

Sharp, Sam. Wainwright. 

St. Francis, L. P. Featherston. 

Stone, W. H. H. Oyler. 

Union, F. M. Betts and P. F. Matthews. 

Van Buren, W. M. Peel. 

Washington, R. J. Wilson, W. M. Davis and 
H. M. Maguire. 

White, H. C. Knowlton and Wm. Rowe. 

Woodruff, Ed. S. Carl Lee. 

Yell, W. A. Clement. 



Twenty-Seventh Legislature— Convened January 14th, 18S9. 



SENATE. 



President— W. S. Hanna. 

1st District, B. H. Crowley. 

2d, Sam. H. Davidson. 

3d, H. A. Crandall. 

4th, G. T. Cazort. 

5th, J. N. Tillman. 

6th, George Martin. 

7th, Riddick Pope. 

8th, W. A. Clement. 

9th, Thomas B. Morton. 

10th, J. T. Jones and James Edward Williams. 



Secretory— John G. Holland. 

11th District, J. W. Crawford. 
12th, W. P. Fletcher. 
13th, C. W. Brickell. 
14th, James P. Clarke. 
15th, W. H. Logan. 
16th, W. L. Patterson. 
17th, David E. Barker. 
18th, B. W. M. Warren. 
19th, J. M. Meek. 
20th, F. M. Thompson. 



1230 



HIS TOBY OF AUK AN S AS. 



21st, Lawrence A. Byrne. 
22d, W. P. McElroy. 
23rd, W. E. Davidson. 
24th, D. H. Hammons. 
25th, S. A. Miller. 



26th, W. S. Hanna. 
27th, John Dunaway. 
28th, A. G. Washburn. 
29th, Benjamin Harris. 
30th, J. P. Copeland. 
31st, John J. Sumpter. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



Speaker— B. B. Hudgins. 

Arkansas county, W. H. Halli Burton. 

Ashley, Hogan Allen. 

Baxter, II. H. Hilton. 

Benton, Dan. M. Setser and P. A. Rodgers. 

Boone, B. B. Hudgins. 

Bradley, W. R. Quinney. 

Calhoun, G. W. Dickinson. 

Carroll, W. R. Phillips. 

Chicot, G. H. Jones. 

Clark, H. W. McMillan and I. T. Welch. 

Clay, J. W. Dollison. 

Cleburne, J. M. Brundidge. 

Cleveland, W. J. Stanfield. 

Columbia, H. T. Hawkins and D. L. Kilgore. 

Conway, Z. A. P. Venable. 

Craighead, J. A. Meek. 

Crawford, Lee Neal. 

Crittenden, Asa Hodges. 

Cross, J. P. Patterson. 

Dallas, J. O. Browning. 

Desha, G. H. Joyslin. 

Drew, N. Y. Wadsworth. 

Faulkner, J. E. Martin. 

Franklin, M. Stroup. 

Fulton, J. L. Short. 

Garland, E. W. Rector. 

Grant, L. H. Kemp. 

Greene, A. P. Cox. 

Hempstead, Lee Clow and A. B. Jones. 

Hot Spring, Wm. Lambert. 

Howard, Jas. D. Shaver. 

Independence, Wm. P. Huddleston and J. C. 

Stroud. 
Izard, D. D. Shaver. 
Jackson, Jos. M. Stayton. 
Jefferson, S. S. Woolfork, Ed. Jefferson and S. 

W. Dawson. 
Johnson, J. W. Coffman. 
Lafayette, W. H. King. 
Lawrence, Charles Coffin. 



Clerk -John G. B. Simms. 

Lee county, Hance N. Hutton and W. L. Howard. 

Lincoln, H. W. Williams. 

Little River, H. G. Head. 

Logan, H. Stroup. 

Lonoke, H. T. Bradford and W. F. Hicks. 

Madison, W. T. Brooks. 

Marion, J. C. Floyd. 

Miller, R. L. Trigg. 

Mississippi, J. O. Blackwood. 1 

Monroe, G. W. Lowe. 

Montgomery, G. Witt. 

Nevada, O. S. Jones. 

Newton, M. T. Briscoe. 

Ouachita, J. W. Juniel and T. J. Babb. 

Perry, J. F. Sellers. 

Phillips, S. L. Cook, J. H. Carr and J. N. Don- 

ohoe. 
Pike, J. P. Dunn. 
Poinsett, L. J. Collins. 
Polk, J. Id. Green. 
Pope, W. L. Sibley. 
Prairie, W. R. Gibbon. 
Pulaski, Charles T. Coffman*, Wm. Nickell*, J. 

R. Walters* and G. W. Granbery.* 
Randolph, Perry Nettle. 
Saline, V. D. Lafferty. 
Scott, W. A. Houck. 
Searcy, T. L. Thompson. 

Sebastian, J. A. Williamst and J. Frank Weaver. 
Sevier, E. V. Maxey. 
Sharp, R. B. Bellamy. 
St. Francis, Wm. Manning. 
Stone, J. W. Humphrey. 
Union, C. T. Gordon and W. D. Jameson. 
Van Buren, R. S. Hill. 
Washington, J. Crawford, T. Wainwright and 

T. B. Greer. 
White, Sam. J. Crabtree and J. M. Allen. 
Woodruff, James B. Dent. 
Yell, W. A. Nolan. 



(*) Resigned February 18th, 
Owens and A. Moreheart. 

(t) Died January 30th, 1889. 
(t) Died January 14th, 1889. 



3, and succeeded by Green Thompson, A. F. Rice, E. J. 



APPENDIX C. 



SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS 
FROM THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 



SENATORS IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 

CLASS 1. 



Ambrose H. Sevier (resigned), 1836 to 1849. 
Solon Borland (resigned), 1848 to 1855. 
Robert W. Johnson, 1855 to 1861. 
Charles B. Mitchell,* 1861 to . 



Benjamin F. Rice, 1868 to 1873. 
Stephen W. Dorsey, 1873 to 1879. 
James D. Walker, 1879 to 1885. 
James K. Jones, 1885 to 1891. 



(*) Mitchell was elected for the term ending March 4th, 1867, but did not occupy his seat af- 
ter the secession of the State, resigning it, it is believed. 



CLASS 2. 



William S. Fulton (died), 1836 to 1841. 
Chester Ashley (died), 1844 to 1848. 
William K. Sebastian,* 1848 to 1865. 
,t 1865 to 1868. 



Alex. McDonald, 1868 to 1871. 
Powell Clayton, 1871 to 1877. 
Augustus H. Garland ** 1877 to 1889. 
James H. Berry.ft 1885 to 1895. 



(*) W. K. Sebastian was expelled from the United States Senate on suspicion of sympathy 
with the Rebellion of 1861. In 1878 the resolution of expulsion was reversed by the Senate. 
Sebastian was elected for the term ending March 4th, 1865, but did not occupy his seat after the 
winter session of 1860-61. 

(|) Both seats were unoccupied or vacant for the remainder of the term of Sebastian and 
Mitchell after March 4th, 1861. 

(**) Appointed Attorney-General of the United States. 

(tt) Elected to fill Garland's unexpired term. 

During the first session of the (Murphy) Legislature of 1864 Elisha Baxter, on May 2d, 1864, 
W. M. Fishback on May 5th, and W. D. Snow on December 30th, were respectively elected to 
the Senate for the terms ending March 4th, 1865, and March 4th, 1867. None of them were ad- 
mitted. 

Charles B. Mitchell and Robert W. Johnson, in 1862, were elected Confederate State Sena- 
tors, and served as such. Mitchell died September 18th, 1864, and A. H. Garland was elected to 
his vacancy. Johnson and Garland served until the fall of the Confederacy. 

John T. Jones and Andrew Hunter were elected Senators by the Legislature of 1866; Hun- 
ter resigned, and A. H. Garland was elected. All were denied admission by the Senate. 



REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS FROM ARKANSAS. 



REPRESENTATIVES. 



TERRITORIAL. 



James Woodson Bates. 

Henry W. Conway 

Ambrose H. Sevier 



STATE. 



Archibald Yell 

Edward Cross 

Archibald Yell (resigned) 

Thomas W. Newton (vice Yell). 

Robert W. Johnson 

A. B. Greenwood 



1231 



Session of 
Congress. 



16 and 17 

18, 19, 20 

21, 22, 23, 24 



25 
26, 27, 28 

29 

29 
30, 31, 32 

33 



YEAR. 



1820 to 1823 
1823 to 1827 
1827 to 1836 



1836 to 1839 
1839 to 1845 
1845 to 1847 

1847 

1847 to 1853 
1853 to 1855 



1232 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS FROM ARKANSAS— Concluded. 



REPRESENTATIVES. 



STATE. 



Edward A. Warren 

A. B. Greenwood ..: . 

Albert Rust.. 

A. B. Greenwood 

Edward A. Warren 

Thomas C. Hindman 

Albert Rust 

Thomas C. Hindman (the Civil War prevented his taking his seat). 

Edward W. Gantt (the Civil War prevented his taking his 6eat) 

Vacant * 



Vacant 

Vacant 

William Byers (never admitted in Congress) 

G. H. Kyle (never admitted in Congress) 

James M. Johnson (never admitted in Congress) 

Logan H. Roots 

James Hinds (died) 

James T. Elliott (vice Hinds) 

Thomas Boles 

Logan H. Roots 

Anthony A. C. Rogers (seat contested by James T. Elliott) 

Thomas Boles 

O. P. Snyder 

John Edwards (contested) 

Thomas Boles (vice Edwards, ousted) 

James M. Hanks 

Asa Hodges (seat contested by L. C. Gause) 

O. P. Snyder (seat contested by M. L. Bell) 

William W. Wilshire (ousted by T. M. Gunter, contestant) 

William J. Hynes (seat contested by J. M. Bradley, at large) 

LucienC. Gause 

William F. Slemons 

William W. Wilshire 

Thomas M. Gunter 

Lucien C. Gause 

William F. Slemons ., 

Jordan E. Cravens 

Thomas M. Gunter. 

Poindexter Dunn 

William F. Slemons 

Jordan E. Cravens 

Thomas M. Gunter. 

Poindexter Dunn 

James K. Jones 

Jordan E. Cravens 

Thomas M. Gunter 

Poindexter Dunn 

James K. Jones 

John H. Rogers 

Samuel W. Peel 

Clifton R. Breckinridge, State at large 

Poindexter Dunn 

Clifton R. Breckinridge 

James K. Jones 

John H. Rogers 

Samuel W. Peel 

Thomas C. McRea, (in place of J. K. Jones, elected to Senate of United 

States) 

Poindexter Dunn... 

Clifton R. Breckinridge 

Thomas C. McRae 

John H. Rogers 

Samuel W. Peel 

William H. Cate (ousted in favor of L. Featherstone, contestant) 

Clifton R. Breckinridge (unseated September, 1890) 

Thomas C. McRea 

John H. Rogers 

Samuel W. Peel 



Session of 
Congress. 



33 
34 
34 
35 
35 
36 
36 
37 
37 
38 
38 
38 
39 
39 
39 
40 
40 
40 
40 
41 
41 
41 
42 
42 
42 
42 
43 
43 
43 
43 
44 
44 
44 
44 
45 
45 
45 
45 
46 
46 
46 
46 
47 
47 
47 
47 
48 
48 
48 
48 
48 
49 
49 
49 
49 
49 

49 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 
51 
51 
51 
51 
51 



YEAR. 



1853 to 
1855 to 
1855 to 
1857 to 
1857 to 
1859 to 
1859 to 
1861 to 
1861 to 
1863 to 
1863 to 
1863 to 
1865 to 
1865 to 
1865 to 
1867 to 
1867 to 

1869 

1867 to 
1869 to 
1869 to 
1869 to 
1871 to 
1871 to 
1871 to 
1871 to 
1873 to 
1S73 to 
1873 to 
1873 to 
1875 to 
1875 to 
1875 to 
1875 to 
1877 to 
1877 to 
1877 to 
1877 to 
1879 to 
1879 to 
1879 to 
1879 to 
1881 to 
1881 to 
1881 to 
1881 to 
1883 to 
18S3 to 
1883 to 
1883 to 
1883 to 
1885 to 
1885 to 
1885 to 
1885 to 
1885 to 



1855 
1857 
1857 
1859 
1859 
1861 
1861 
1863 
1863 
1865 
1S05 
1865 
1867 
1867 
1867 
1869 
1869 

1869 
1871 
1871 
1871 

1873 
1873 
1873 

1873 
1875 
1875 
1875 
1875 
1877 
1877 
1877 
1877 
1879 
1879 
1879 
1879 
1881 
1881 
1881 
1881 
1883 
1883 
1883 
1883 
1885 
1885 
1885 
1885 
1885 
1887 
1887 
1887 
1887 
1887 



1885 to 1887 
1887 to 1889 
1887 to 1889 
1887 to 1889 
1887 to 1889 
1887 to 1889 
1889 to 1891 
1889 to 1891 
1889 to 1891 
1889 to 1891 
1889 to 1891 



On May 10, 1861, Robert W. Johnson, Augustus H. Garland, Hugh F. Thomason, Albert Rust 
and W. W. Watkins were elected Delegates to the Provisional Confederate Congress at Mont- 
gomery, Ala. At the general election of 1862, there were chosen Representatives to the Confed- 
erate Congress at Richmond: Thomas B. Hanley, First District; Grandison D. Royston, Second 

District; Augustus H. Gai-land, Third District; Felix I. Batson, Fourth District 

At the general election, 1864, there were chosen Representatives to the Confederate Congress at 
Richmond: Thomas B. Hanley, First District; Rufus K. Garland, Second District; Augustus H. 
Garland, Third District (resigned) ; D. W. Carroll, vice A. H. Garland ; Felix I. Batson, Fourth 
District, 






APPENDIX D. 



OFFICERS OF THE FEDERAL COURTS IN ARKANSAS. 
THE GENERAL COURT. 

r . n _ ra Tiniiiff \& Judge in Missouri Territory from 1817. Served to the appointment and 
i^eoige jjumii. j q ua iifl oa tion of the Superior Court in the Territory of Arkansas. 

Joshua Norvell, Prosecuting Attorney. John Dodge, ClerJc. 



OFFICERS OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE TERRITORY OF 

ARKANSAS. 

Charles Jouett, J 

Robert T. Letcher, J Judges. Appointed by the President in 1819. 

Andrew Scott. ) 

David E. McKinney, Clerk. 

JUDGES. 

Benjamin Johnson, January 23d, 1820, to June, James Woodson Bates, 1828. 

1836. Edward Cross, 1830. 

Andrew Scott, 1820 to 1827. Charles S. Bibb, 1832. 

Joseph Selden, 1821 to 1824. Alexander M. Clayton, 1832, vice Judge Bibb, 

William Trimble, 1824. , deceased. 

Thomas P. Eskridge, 1827. Thomas J. Lacy, 1834. 

Archibald Yell, 1835. 



JUDGES OF THE FEDERAL COURT AFTER THE ADMISSION OF THE 
STATE INTO THE UNION. 



JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT DOING CIRCUIT COURT DUTY. 

Peter V. Daniel, 1850 to 1861. Samuel F. Miller, 1865, present incumbent. 

CIRCUIT JUDGES. 

John F. Dillon. David J. Brewer, to 18S9. 

Henry C. Caldwell, March 13th, 1890. 

DISTRICT JUDGES. 

Benjamin Johnson, 1836 to 1848. Daniel Ringo, 1848 to 1861. 

Henry C. Caldwell, 1864 to 1890. 

IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS. 

Daniel Ringo as District Judge of the Eastern District, from 1851, the organization of the 
court to 1S61. 

Henry C. Caldwell, as District Judge of the Eastern District, 1864 to 1871. 

William Story, May term, 1871. 

Isaac C. Parker, March 19th, 1875, present incumbent. 



DISTRICT ATTORNEYS. 



Joshua Norvell, 1819 to 1820. 
William Trimble, 1820, 
Samuel C. Roane, 1824. 
Samuel S. Hall. 
William C. Scott. 
Absalom Fowler. 
Grandison D. Royston. 
Samuel H. Hempstead. 
Joseph Stillwell. 



J. W. McConaughey. 
Charles P. Redmond, 1S64. 
Orville Jennings, 1865. 
John Wytock, 1866. 
William G. Whipple, 1868 to 1873. 
S. R. Harrington, 1873 to 1877. 
Charles C. Waters, 1877 to 1885. 
Joseph W. House, 1885 to 1889. 
Charles C. Waters, April, 1889. 



1233 



1234 HIS TOBY OF ABKANSAS. 

IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT. 

Jesse Turner, from 1851, the foundation of the J. H. Huckleberry, 1869. 

court, to 1856. Newton J. Temple, October, 1872. 

Alfred M. Wilson, 1856 to 1861. W. H. H. Clayton, 1874 to 1885. 

E. D. Ham, 1865. M. H, Sanders, 1885 to 1889. 

W. H. H. Clayton, 1889. 

CLERKS. 
At Arkansas Post: John Dodge, 1819. 

At Little Rock: David E. McKinney, William Field, Robert J. T. White, 1864 to 1865, Charles 
P. Redmond, Ralph L. Goodrich, 1873, present incumbent. 
At Helena: Samuel P. Delatour, Samuel I. Clark. 

IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT. 

Alexander McLean, 1851. James O. Churchill, Dec. 4th, 1867. 

Samuel F. Cooper, Nov. 21st, 1865. Stephen Wheeler, May 20th, 1875, present in- 

cumbent. 

MARSHALS. 

EASTERN DISTRICT. 

George W. Scott, 1830. Isaac C. Mills, 1868 to 1876. 

Elias Rector. Robert F. Catterson. • 

Thomas W. Newton. James Torrans. 

Henry M. Rector, 1643 to 1845. Joseph T. Brown. 

Luther Chase. David B. Russell, 1881 to 1885. 

John Quindley. Thomas Fletcher, 1885 to 1889. 

William O. Stoddard, 1865. Oscar M. Spellman, April 1st, 1889. 

IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT. 

George W. Knox, 1851 to 1855. J. N. Sarber. 

Samuel Hays, 1855 to 1859. James F. Fagan. 

Luther C. White, 1865. Daniel P. Upham. 

Jos. S. C. Rowland. Valentine Dell. 

William A. Britton. Thomas Boles. 

Logan H. Roots. John Carroll, 1885 to 1889. 

Jacob Yolo, 1889. 

REGISTERS IN BANKRUPTCY. 

IN THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS. 

At Little Rock : Albert W. Bishop, 1867 to 1874 ; Fay Hempstead, 1874. 
At Batesville : Elisha Baxter, in 1868. 
At Helena: Charles C. Waters. 

IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS. 
At Fort Smith : W. M. Fishback, 1868; J. K. Barnes, 1876. 



APPENDIX E. 






Aggregate Population by Counties, and of the State, at Yi 

Dates. 



COUNTIES. 


1810 


1820 


1830 


1840 


1850 


1860 


1870 


1880 


1880 
White. 




1,062 


1,260 


1,426 


1,346 


3,245 
2,058 


8,884 
8,590 


8,268 
8,042 


8,038 

10,156 

6,004 

20,328 

12,146 

6,285 

5,671 

13,337 

10,117 

15,771 

7,213 

8,370 

14,090 

12,755 

7,037 

14,740 

9,415 

5,050 

6,505 

8,973 

12,231 

12,786 

14,951 

6,720 

9,023 

6,185 

7,480 

19,015 

7,775 

9,917 

18,086 

10,857 

10,877 

22,386 

11,565 

5,730 

8,782 

13,288 

9,255 

6,404 

14,885 

12,146 

11,455 

7,907 

9,919 

7,332 

9,574 

5,729 

12,959 

6,120 

11,758 

3,872 

21,262 

6,345 

2,192 

5,857 

14,322 

8,435 

32,616 

11,724 

8,389 

8,953 

9,174 

7,278 

19,560 

6.192 

9,047 

5.089 

13,419 

9,565 

23,884 

17,794 

8,646 

13,852 


4,97 
5,02( 
5,95! 

20,16' 

' 12,051 

4,071 

3,581 

13,271 
1,56! 

10,56 
7,19 
6,04 
8,58' 
9,54i 
6,771 

13,33 
1,89' 
3,26 
4,29! 






















2,228 


3,710 


9,306 


13,831 
7,032 
8,646 
3,853 
5,780 
7,214 

11,953 




















3,829 


8,388 
4,103 
9,383 
9,234 
' 9,735 












Carroll 








2,844 
3,806 
2,309 


4,614 
5,115 
4,070 


Chicot. 






1,165 
1,369 


Clark 




1,040 


Clay 
































12,449 
6,697 
3,066 

7,850 
4,920 


11,397 
8,112 

4,577 
" " 8,957 
3,831 
3,915 
5,707 
6,125 
9,960 








982 


2,892 


3,583 














2,440 
1,272 


4,266 
1,561 


7,960 
2,648 
























6,877 
2,911 
3,276 


8,283 
6,459 
9,078 










1,598 


2,45! 










6,47' 












11,361 










2,665 


3,972 
1,819 


7,298 
4,024 


9,627 

4,843 


14,15! 


Fulton 








6,68' 












7,45' 
















3,943 

7,573 
13,768 
5,877 


5,62! 










1,586 
4,921 
1,907 


2,593 
7,672 
3,609 


5,843 
13,989 
5,635 


7,40! 






2,246 


2,512 

458 


9,59! 






7,031 
7,40| 














2,031 

1,266 

333 

772 


3,669 
2,240 
1,540 
2,566 
3,433 
2,200 
2,835 


7,767 
3,213 
3,086 
5,834 
5,227 
5,220 
5,274 


14,307 
7,215 
10,493 
14,971 
7,612 
8,464 
9,372 


14,566 
6,806 
7,268 

15,733 
9,152 
9,139 
5,981 


16,70! 








10,63: 








8,11! 








5,33 








11,07 








748 
2,806 


2,11 






5,592 


8,31 






4,13 


















4,2ll 
















3,236 


3,06 
















13,90 


















8,14' 










2,775 
1,325 


4,823 
2,308 


7,740 
6,192 


8,231 
3,979 


11,33 










7,86 


Miller 




999 


356 


5,32 






1,410 
936 


2,368 
2,049 
1,958 


3,895 
5,657 
3,633 


3,633 
8,336 
2,984 


4,67 








461 


4,30 








5,47 i 












9,23 












1,758 
9,591 
978 
6,935 
1,861 
2,308 
1,263 
4,710 
2,097 
5,657 
3,275 
4,479 
3,903 
3,083 
1,979 


3,393 

12,936 
2.465 

14,877 
4,025 
3,621 
4,262 
7,883 
8,854 

11,699 
6,261 
8,672 
6,540 
5,145 
5,271 
9,238 

10,516 


4,374 

12,975 
2,685 

15,372 
3,788 
1,720 
3.376 
8,386 
5,604 

32,066 
7,466 
6,714 
3,911 
7,483 
5,614 

12.940 
4,492 
5,400 


6,11 












5,5(- 












3,01 


Phillips 




1,197 


1,152 


3,547 

969 

1,320 


5,44 


Pike 




5,9; 










1,9( 


Polk _ 








5,7!" 








1,483 


2,850 


13,4 


Prairie 






5,6 


Pulaski 




1,921 


2,395 


5,350 
2,196 
2,499 
2,061 
1,694 
936 


17,6 " 






11,0 


St. Francis 






1.505 


4,9 t 








7,5 , ' 


Scott 








9,1' 










7,2- 










17 ,f 








634 


2,810 


4,240 


5,( 








8,r ■ 
















4,! 








640 


2,889 

1,518 

7,148 

929 


10,298 
2,864 
9,970 
2,619 


12,288 
5,357 

14,673 
8,316 


10,571 
5,107 
17,266 
10,347 
6,981 
8,048 


6,! . 








9,' 








2,182 


22, . 
15, 
4, 
12, 


White 






Woodruff 








Yell 










3,341 


6,333 












The State.. 1 196 


368 


1,062 


14,255 


30,388 


97,574 


209,897 


435,450 


484,471 


802,525 


591, . 


Year """" 


-~~ 


im 




1830 


1840 




1860 


1870 


1880 


isi 

Whi 



- Note.— 



3 tiken. 



V 



1236 



HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 



TABLE SHOWING GAINS IN POPULATION AT VAEIOUS 

DATES. 



Population in Census 



nsus: 1785, 


196. 




1799, 


368, gain 


of 172. 


1810, 


1,062, " 


694. 


1820, 


14,255, « 


" 13,193. 


1830, 


30,388, " 


" 16,133. 


1840, 


97,574, " 


" 67,186. 


1850, 


209,897, " 


" 112,322. 


1860, 


435,450, " 


" 225,553. 


1870, 


484,471, << 


" 49,021. 


1880, 


802,524, " 


" 318,054. 



ADDITION AND COERECTION. 

Chapter XII, page 295, in the biography of Governor Thomas 
S. Drew, read: Thomas Stevenson Drew was born in Wilson 
county, Tennessee, August 25th, 1802, son of Newt. Drew, of 
Southampton county, Virginia, who moved to Tennessee in 1797 
or 1798; came to Arkansas in 1818, and settled on the Ouachita 
river, eighteen or twenty miles from Camden. Governor Drew 
died near Lipan, in Hood county, Texas, in 1879. 



Page. 

Adams, Samuel 295 

John D 793 

W.W 781 

Amendment, Thirteenth 582 

Fourteenth 598, 601 

" Fifteenth 615 

Fishback 281 

Anthony, J. J., Death of 284 

krkadelphia 855 

Arkansas, Area 17 

" Name 18, 28 

" Indians 18 

City 1046 

" County 823 

<-<*— ---Jiojtf 827 

" Capture of Post 510 

Arsenals, Built 287 

" Captured 350 

Ashley, Chester. 763 

County 1092 

Askew, B.F 1111 

Atlanta, Battle of 563 

Augusta '.' 1118 

Ayres, E. D. 797 

Badgett, N. H 772 

Baldwin, D. J 784 

Banks 265 

" Real Estate 268 

«' State 267 

Barber, Luke E 297,786 

Bartlett, L. 804 

Basham, G. L. 812 

Batesville. 905 

Batson, Felix 1 1010 

Battle, B. B 817 

Baxter, County 1144 

" Elisha 625 

" J. B 960 

Bearden, J. T 1066 

Bell, M. L 976 

Benjamin, M. W , 808 

Benton, County 1035 

Bentouville 1033 

" Battle of 588 

Berry, J. H 674 

" J. R 1033 

Berryville. 997 

Bertrand, Charles P 766 

Bevens, W. C 910 

Bienville 80,92, 93 

Blackburn, W. Jasper 792 

Bobo, L 958 

Boles, Thomas 1054 

Bond, J. B 804 

Bonds: 274 

Boone, County 1128 

Borland, Solon 789 

Boudinot, E. C 1106 

Boundary 200,201,203,228,287,292 

Bowie Knife, Origin of 873 

Brack, Jacob 785 

Bradley, County 1056 

Bridewell, C. A _ .*.. 874 

Brinkley 960 

Brodie, George 783 

" Robert 794 



Brooks, Joseph 622,631 

" and Baxter War 633 

Brown, B. J 900 

Buena Vista, Battle of 308 

Bunch, Bradley 997 

Bunn, H. G 1070 

Byrd, Richard C 318 

Byrne, L. A 879 

Cache River, Skirmish at 484 

Caldwell, Charles. 1027 

" Henry C 805 

Calhoun, County 10<)5 

Campbell, W. P 819 

Camden ic 

Cantrell, W. A 7 

Capital^ Removal of l 

Carl, Lee Ed. S. .: 11 

Carroll, County 9: 

'• D. W 9 

Caruth, G. W 8 

Cate, YV. H 11: 

Cauthron, Walter ....Ill 

Census 10: 

Centennial Celebration 65 

Cession to Spain 9 

" to Fiance 107, 10 o 

Chancellors 1190 

Cherokees 140, 144,196,201 

Chicot, County 912 

Chickamauga, Battle of 529 

Chism, B. B 1138 

Choctaws 142,202 

Churchill, Thomas J 664,672 

Claiborne, YY'illiam C. C 124 

Clarendon 958 

Clark, County 848 

" Sol. F 806 

Clarksville 1010 

Clay, County , 1142 

Clayton, Powell 606 

" John M 976 

" W. H. H. 1107 

Cleburne, County 1182 

" Patrick R...368, 409, 472 to 479, 572, 887 

Clendennin, John J 784 

Cleveland, County 1171 

Cobbs, Paul M 932 

Cockrill, S. R 811 

Coffin, Charles 838 

Columbia, County 1109 

Compton, F. W 809 

Confederate Regiments 361 to 433 

Confiscation Proceedings 596 

Congressmen, List of 1231 

Constitution 256, 360, 582,603,645 

Convention 255, 345, 353, 581, 602 

Conway, County 918 

" Henry W .T7. 199, 215, 766 

" Elias N 323 

" James S •. 241, 261 

" John R 287 

Corinth, Battle of 494 

Craighead, County 1112 

Cravens. J. E 1011 

Crawford, County 892 



1237 



1238 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Crittenden, County 921 

Robert 162,250 

Crockett, Robert H 832 

Cross, County 1116 

" Edward 865 

Crutchfield, Peter T 773 

Cummins, William 769 

Cunningham, Charles E 807 

" Matthew 763 

Curran, James M 786 

Cypert.J.N 1016 

Daggett, John M 1179 

Dallas, County 1079 

Davies, A. H 916 

Davis, William S 791 

Deal Mute Institute 609 

Dent, J. B 1119 

Des Arc 1087 

Desha, J3en 254 

" County 1044 

De Soto's Journey 29 

DeTonti, Henry .61,78,99 

Dibrell.JamesA 900 

Digest of Laws 170,248,285,315,332 

District, of Arkansaw... 134 

" Louisiana. 133 

" NewMadrid 631,677 

Dixon, David 1111 

Dodd, David 579 

Dodge, R. L 788 

Doswell, P .; 989 

Drennan, John 896 

Drew, County 1089 

" Thomas S 295, 817, 1236 

Duffle, M. M 1081 

Dunlop, W. S 958 

Dunn, Poindexter 927 

Duval, Ben. T 1104 

" E. R 1105 

Dwight Mission 195 

Eagle, James P 691 

Eakin, John R 685,871 

Edgerton.R. A : , 807 

Electoral Vote 273, 290, 297, 340, 611, 622, 656, 680 

Elkhorn, Battle of 451 

Emancipation of Slaves 470 

England, J. C 1168 

C. W 1168 

English, E. H 677 

Eskridge, Thomas P 254 

Essex, Thomas : 815 

Exposition, New Orleans _ 685 

" Boston 688 

Fagan, J. F 368, 459, 487, 515 

Fairchild.H. F 910 

Falling of the Stars 246 

Faulkner, County 1164 

S. C 917 

Fayetteville 940 

" Capture of 485 

Federal Officers, List of 1233 

Files, A. W 818 

Fishback, W. M 1107 

" Amendment. 281 

Flanagin, Harris 506 

Fletcher, H. L 809 

J. G. 797 

". Thomas 506, 810 

" W. P 1167 

Forrest City 931 

Forts, French 91 

Fort Smith 1101 

Franklin, Battle of 570 

" County. 1039 

French Governors 84, 94, 1185 

Fulton, County 1075 

" William S 222, 253 



Pagb. 

Gallagher, George A 795 

Gantt, R. S 1087 

Garland, A. H 648 

" County... 1146 

Gazette 173 

Gee, W. H 1055 

Generals, List of 364 

Geological Survey 332 

George, Brothers 773 

Gettysburg, Battle of 513 

Gibb, E. W 813 

Goodrich, R. L . 803 

Governors, List of 1185 

Grace, W. P 976 

Grant, County 1125 

Gratiot, John R '. 869 

Green, Joshua F 792 

Greenwood, A. B 1037 

Greene, -County 1000 

Grejrg, L 943 

Griffith, H. 785 

" S. L 807 

Gunter, T. M 942 

Hadley, O. A - 619 

HalliBurton, W. H 831 

Hallie, Fight 637 

Hamburg 1093 

Hanger/Peter 794 

Hanley, Thomas B 885 

Hardships in Domestic Life 507 

Harrison, W. M 979 

Hawkins, M. L 1094 

Hearn.R. D 859 

Helena 882 

" Battle of 515 

Hempstead, County 859 

Edward 152 

" Fay 792 

" S. H 781 

Henry, J. A 774 

Hewitt, J. M 1178 

Hicks, W. F 1168 

Hill, W. F. 614 

Hindman, T. C 368,375,487,553,610, 888 

Hodges, Asa * 923 

Howard, Benjamin A ;-.. 137 

" County 1173 

Hot Spring, County 953 

Hot Springs. 1147 

Hughes, G. B. 1028 

" J. L 1028 

" Simon P 682 

Hunter, Andrew 1028 

Huntsville 1033 

Hutton.H. N 1177 

Iberville 82 

Independence, County 891 

Indians 18, 139,140, 142, 156 

" Emigration of 236 

Industrial University 616 

Insane Asylum 670 

Izard, County 924 

" George 205 

Jackson, County 982 

Jacksonport 987 

Jacoway, W. D 1053 

Jefferson, County 963 

Johnson, Benjamin 192, 320, 774 

" B. S _ 776 

" County 1008 

" Francis 776 

" Richard II 776 

" Robert W 775 

" Thomas 790 

Johnston's Campaign 552 

Jones, Dan. W 870 

» J. K 872 



INDEX. 



1239 



Page. 

Jones, Paul 879 

Jonesboro 1113 

" Battle of 556 

Jordan, Pleasant 787 

Joutel's, Journey 67 

Judges, List of ..: 1190, 1223 

Karns, John P 783 

Kennard, M. S .'. 927 

Kennesaw Mountain, Battle of 559 

Kimball, E. W 814 

" G. L 1054 

Kirkwood, John 799 

Knight, John E r. 790 

Knights of Pythias, Grand Lodge Formed 670 

Kramer, Frederick 797 

Kuklux,Klan 609 

Laclede, Pierre Liguest 103 

Lafayette, County 923 

LaHarpe's Journey 88 

Langford, W. C 953 

LaSalle's Journey 53 

Latta, G. G 1161 

Laivrenee, County 833 

" g. w..:..~z^:..~:::.:....... 1157 

« w. m 910 

Law's Grant 84 

Lee, County 1176 

Legislators 1197 to 1230 

Legislatures, 169, 193, 199, 209, 210, 219, 224, 255, 
261, 285, 289, 297, 321, 323, 327, 330, 
335, 345, 504, 582, 600, 608, 615, 616, 
630, 651, 660, 662, 668, 676, 684, 687, 
693. 

Lewis, Merriwether 137 

Lewisville :. 934 

Lincoln, County 1140 

Little, W. J.. . 1161 

Little River County 1161 

Little ttock, History of 699 

" Capture of 527 

" Biographies of Citizens 763-820 

Logan, County .'. 1134 

" James 1137 

Lonoke, County 1166 

Loughborough, James M 811 

Louisiana, Province of 82, 129 

" Purchase 108, 129 

" Territory 133 

Lybrand, J. W 1127 

Lyon, Matthew 198 

Mack, L. L 1003 

Madison, County 1031 

Malvern 955 

Mangum,L. H _. 886 

Mansfield, W. W !l041 

Marianna.— 1176 

Marion 923 

" County 1029 

Mark's Mills, Battle of 578 

Marquette's Voyage 48 

Martial Law 612 

Martin, J. W 802 

Masons, Grand Lodge of Formed 286 

McCauley, J. C 1016 

McClintock, J. M 1086 

McCulloch, P. D 1179 

McRae, D ; 1014 

, " T. C !."...:.:.".".V. '."..'.1134 

McVeigh, H. M 993 

Melbourne " 926 

Mexican War .............'..... 299 

Military Board 360 

" Districts ". 600 

Militia , . "" B14 

Miller, County .".............. 875 

" James 162 

" William R. 658 



Page. 
Minor, Charles - 987 

» L 989 

Missionary Ridge, Battle of » 537 

Missouri Territory 151 

Mississippi, County >■ 991 

Mitchell, C. C 881 

'■ James 815 

Monroe, County 956 

Montgomery, County 1071 

Monticello .... 1089 

Moore, C. B 783 

" J. M 664 

Morrillton _ 920 

Morton, T. B 1127 

Mountain Meadow Massacre 333 

Murphy, Isaac... .583, 1035 

Murray, B 798 

Nashville, Battle of 573 

New Madrid, Certificates 151 

" County 155 

" District. 134 

" Earthquake '. 147 

" Settlement 101 

Newport 989 

Newton, County. 1073 

" Robert C. 768 

" Thomas W 767, 769 

Nevada, County 1130 

Nutall's Journey 181 

Oak Hill, Baltic of 440 

Odd-Fellows, Grand Lodge Formed.. 320 

Osages 196 

" Treaty with 139 

Osborn,M 794 

Osceola 995 

Overflow, Arkansas River 245 

" Red River ...248, 291 

Ouachita, County 1061 

Palmer, J. C , 962 

J. L 800 

Parker, Isaac C 1108 

Pearce, N. B 1038 

Pea Ridge, Battleof 451 

Peay, Nicholas 770 

Peel, S. W. 1038 

Penitentiary.. 285 

" Burned ... 313 

Perry, County 671, 1059 

Perryville, liattleof 492 

Philips, County 882 

Pierce, H. N 810 

Pike, Albert 779 

" County x 998 

" Exploration of Z. M 136 

Pine Bluff 968 

" Battle at 545 

" River at 663 

Pindall, L. A. 1047 

X.J 1048 

Pittman, J. M 943 

Poinsett, County. 1041 

Poison Spring, Battle of 578 

Polk, County 1075 

Pope, County 620,846 

" John 221 

" W. F 774 

Population 1236 

Port Hudson, Siege of. 518 

Postofflce, First 156 

Powell, R. H 926 

Prairie, County 1082 

" Grove, Battle of 487 

Prescott. 1132 

Price's Raid 579 

Pritchard, Reese 774 

Prohibition 329 

Pulaski, County 839 



1240 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Quapaws 156, 159 

" Line 157 

Quarles, Greenfield 888 

Quesenbury, William __ 1102 

Railroads 326, 334 

Ramsey, W. K 1068 

Randolph, County 1019 

Ratcliffe, W. P 781 

Read, Opie P 817 

Re-construction 599 

Rector, Henry M 343 

" Elias 1105 

" E. W 1160 

" H. M 1160 

Redmond, Charles P „. 805 

Registration 611 

Regiments 299, 361 to 433, 546 

Reider, Jacob 773 

Reporters 664, 1190 

Resaca, Battle of _ 553 

Retrocession to France 107 

Reynolds, D. H 917 

Ringo, Daniel 777 

Ringold Gap, Battle of 540 

Ritchie, J. F 981 

Rix, C.N 1163 

Roane, John S _ 318 

" Sam. C 974 

Roots, L. H 813 

Rose, U. M 801 

Royston, Grandison D 867 

Russellville 949 

Saline, County 1025 

Salle, R. E 1067 

Sarasin.F. A. 788 

Schools 290, 345, 583, 60S, 631, 651, 687 

" for the Blind 335 

Scott, Andrew 160, 766, 946 

" C. C 1066 

" C. G 898 

" County 1004 

" John R. H 948 

O. D ; 881 

26 



Seal . 

Searcy 1013 

" County 1049 

" Richard 907 

Sebastian, County 1097 

W. K 884 

Secession 356 

Senators, List of 1231 

Sevier, A. H '/. 215, 316, 935" 

" County 935 

Sharp, County * 1123 

Shiloh, Battle of 453 

Simms, Thomas H 870 

Slemons, W. F 1091 

Smith, Bernard 766 

" W. W 689 

Somervell, W. L 1081 

Spanish Governors 96, 103 

" Grants 98, 104 

Stanley, T. F 1120 

State-House 237 

Steamboats 148, 217, 225, 253 

St. Francis, County 929 

Stephenson, M. L 891 

Stone, C. H 1067 

" County 1180, 



Pagb. 

Stuart, H. B. 857 

Sumpter, J. S 1158 

Tappan, J. C 885 

Taylor, Thad 1158 

Telegraph Line, First 339 

Ten .Sections of Land, The 232 

Territory, Arkansas 169 

" Louisiana 133 

" Missouri 151 

Terry W. L 804 

Texarkana 876 

Thornburgh, George 837 

Thweatt, P. O 890 

Trans-Mississippi Department 482 

Treason, Proceedings for 597 

Treaties, Indian. 139, 141, 144, 156, 201, 204 

Troops 300,361, 546 

Tucker, S. H 777 

Tufts, A. A. 1069 

Turner, B. J 1017 

" Jesse 895 

Union, Admission to 257 

" County 949 

Upper Louisiana. 99, 133 

VanBuren 894 

" County 1006 

VanGilder, J. W 1094 

VanHoose, J. H 944 

Vicksburg, Siege of 514 

Wait, William B 780 

Walker, David 942 

J. D 940 

AYarren 1058 

Washburn, Cephas 195, 701 

C.P 948 

Washington. 863 

" County 938 

Watkins, George C 764 

" Isaac 764 

" Robert A 764 

Weaver, Samuel M 786 

Webb, A. W 791 

Welch, T. R 800 

Western District Federal Court 322 

Whipple, W. G 809 

White, Countv 1011 

Whittington.'H. A , 1156 

Wiedman, E 872 

Wilkinson, James 134 

" Exploration 136 

Williams, Sam. W... 796 

A. B _ 866 

Wilshire, W. W 807 

Winfield, A. R 747 

Witter, Daniel T 866 

Woodruff, County 1118 

William E 170 

Jr 767 

Worthen, G. A 791 

R. AY 792 

Wright, J. C 952 

Tell, Archibald 287 

" County 1051 

Yellow Fever. 661, 663 

Yonley, T. D. W. 769 






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